Biology, Chapter 1 Reviewer

Biology, Chapter 1 LIFE’s HIERARCHY of ORGANIZATION Biosphere  All the environments on earth that support life Ecosystem  All of the organisms living in a particular area inclusive of the non-living things they interact with Community  Entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem Poupulation  Individuals of the species living in an area. Organism  Individual living thing Organ system  Group of organs that works in a system to perform functions Organ  An independent part of the organ system that performs functions Tissues  Makes up an organ; made by groups of similar cells Cell  Basic unit of life  Separated from its environment by a membrane Molecule  Cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds Atom  Smallest particle of ordinary matter DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  Found in the chromosome  Genetic information responsible for heredity and programming the production of an organism‟s molecules.  Unit/s of inheritance that transmit information from parents  offspring  Double helix-ed (two strands)  The diversity of life results from differences in DNA structure  A <–> T nucleotides  C <–> G Gene  discreet unit of the DNA RNA  A <–> U  C <–> G

Producers  Plants and other photosynthetic organisms Consumers  Organisms that eat plants and/or other animals Bacteria/Fungi  Decompose wastes and remains of organisms; “recyclers” in the ecosystem Two things for ecosystem to be successful  recycle chemicals necessary for life  move energy through the ecosystem o energy enters as light; exits as heat CELLS  basic unit/s of life  enclosed by a membrane; regulates passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings o Eukaryotic  has DNA  has nucleus  has organelles separated by membranes  organelles are found in the cytoplasm  e.g.: plants, animals, protists, fungi o Prokaryotic  has DNA  has nucleoid  mostly unicellular  e.g.: bacteria

PROPERTIES THAT ARE COMMON TO ALL ORGANISMS  Order – o all things exhibit complex organization e.g. structure and organization of bones in the body  Regulation o mechanisms that maintain an organism‟s internal environment e.g.: regulation of blood flow  Growth and Development o genes control the pattern of growth  Energy Processing o organisms take in energy, transform it to perform activites  Response to the Environment o responds to environmental stimuli e.g.: venus flytrap, perspiration of humas  Reproduction o the ability to produce their own kind  Evolutionary Adaptation Taxonomy  The branch of biology that names and classifies species Charles Darwin  Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection o presented evidence to support idea of evolution o „species today are descendants of ancestral species  Theory: descent with modification  Natural Selection o The process of nature, acc. to Darwin, selects organisms  Evolution o Core theme of biology o Explains the unity and diversity of life  unity: vertical (hierarchal organization)  diversity: horizontal (evolution of species) Genome  full set of chromosomes; all the inheritable traits of an organism Science  Derived from a Latin verb meaning to know  the goal of science is to understand natural phenomena  “discoveries” Technology  applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose  “inventions”  Science helps Technology, vice versa o Technological advances come from scientific research; research benefits from technology Discovery Science  Data: verifiable observations and measurements  Detailed dissection and description  Uses inductive reasoning o Derives general principles from a large number of specific observations Hypothesis-based Science  Seeks natural causes and explanations for observations o Hypothesis  Proposed explanation for a set of observations  Uses deductive reasoning o From general to specific o Logic used to come up with ways to test hypothesis Discovery Science vs. Hypothesis-based Science  Ds: scientists observe and describe objects and phenomena  HbS: proposes hypotheses, scientists make deductions, test predictions