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a. 0right$fi 0right$field$ eld$ right, right, lighted lighted microsc microscopic opic field field
Cell Theory
. !ar$field$ right image image of the the specimen against a dar dar field of view at an oli8ue angle
1. All living things are structurally made made up of cells. (Matthias Scheliden, Theodor Theodor Schwann)
c. 3hase$con 3hase$contrast trast$$ enhances enhances the density density difference differencess in the organelles causing certain structures to appear righter or darer than the others- for oserving living cells in their natural condition
2. The cell is the fundame fundamental ntal unit unit of life. (enry (enry !utrochet) !utrochet) ". #ells come from from the division of pre$e%isting cells. cells. (&udolf 'irchow)
d. !ifferential$interference$cont !ifferential$interference$contrast$ rast$ contrasting righter or darer appearance of various organelles through technical optical methods
&oert ooe$ coined the term cell; *nglish +ather of Microscopy Anton 'an eeuwenhoe$ discovered acteria and other microscopic organisms in rainwater- studied structure of plant and animal cells- +ather of Microscopy
e. 9mmuno$fluorescent$ 9mmuno$fluorescent$ certain type of protein can e e determined determined
+rancesco &edi and aaro SpallananiSpallanani- disproved Theory of Spontaneous /eneration
f.
&oert 0rown$ discovered nuclei within cells +eli% !uardin$ noted that all living things contain a thic elly fluid (sarcode (sarcode))
*lectron Microscope$ uses a eam of electrons and magnetic or electrostatic fields as lenses
Matthias Schleiden (otanist) and Theodor Schwann (oologist)$ all plants and animals are made up of cells
a. Transmiss Transmission ion electron electron microscop microscope$ e$ a eam of electrons electrons is aimed aimed through a very thin specimen- magnetic fields end the eam of electrons
ohannes 3urine$ coined the term protoplasm, term protoplasm, the living matter of the cell &udolf 'irchow$ 4omnia cellula e cellula5 or cells come from pre$e%isting cells
. Scanning Scanning electron electron microscop microscope$ e$ specimen specimen is thinly coated coated y a metal and then omarded with electrons
ouis 3asteur$ proof of 'irchow6s Theory of 0iogenesis 7accharias anssen$ first compound microscope Microscopy ight Microscope$ image is formed y asorption of light in the specimen and its transmission through a set of lenses
#onfocal$ #onfocal$ use laser laser eams eams and special special optics optics for :optical :optical sectioning6- "!
+ractionation$ taes cells to separate maor organelles for the study of their individual functions omogeniation$ disruptions of cells Cellular Structure
Three Maor 3arts; #ytoplasm$ main metaolic life activities- largely water- reservoir for the entry and e%it of materials in the cell- consists of; a. A thic, thic, semifluid semifluid aggregat aggregatee of chemical chemical compoun compounds ds (cytosol (cytosol)) . 9ntern 9nternal al mem memran ranee (cytomembrane (cytomembrane)) 3rotein$ most aundant among the organic components of the cytoplasmprovides materials for the growth and development of the cell #ell memrane$ outer oundary of the cell- consists of a doule layer of fats or lipid ( phospolipid or glycolipid) glycolipid) with scattered proteins- differentially permeale- has three maor functions; a. Separates Separates the content contentss of the cell from the e%terna e%ternall environmen environmentt . &egulates &egulates the passage passage of materi materials als into and and out of the cell cell c. Allows Allows communi communicatio cation n with with other other cells cells
d. io molecule>ion n to cross the cell memrane freely as it enters>e%its the cell *%. #ystic firosis
. #arrier 3rotein$ selectively interacts with a specific molecule>ion so that it can cross the cell memrane to enter>e%it the celltransports sodium ions and potassium ions across the cell memrane- re8uires AT3 energy c.
#ell &ecognition 3rotein$ a glycoprotein that identifies the cell *%. M# (maor histocompaility comple%)
d. &eceptor 3rotein$ a protein that is shaped in such a way that a specific molecule can ind to it *%. 3ygmies are short not ecause they do not produce growth hormones ut ecause their cell memrane growth hormone receptions are faulty and cannot interact with growth hormone. e.
*nymatic 3rotein$ a protein that catalyes a specific reaction *%. Adenylate cyclase that is involved in metaolism