General Biology
0ater / only su" that can pass in and out $ahit walang ?.7'
Cell theory 1. 2. 3.
All ani animal mals s and plan plants ts are are compos composed ed of cells and cell products Smallest Smallest unit having having the proper properties ties of life Continu Continuity ity of of life life arises arises directly directly from from he growth and division of single cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoe and !o"ert #ooe $1%3&' (heodore Schwann and )atthias Schleiden * all living things are made of cells+ After ,- yrs. !udolf irchow * all cells come from cells Cells / "asic structural and functional unit of living organisms. 0hy are cells so small * (he smaller the sie the larger the surface are
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General (ype 1. 2.
1. 2. 3. 8. ,. 9. :. %. &.
6utrition Bios Biosy ynthe thesis sis 7igestion A"sorption Bios Biosy ynthe thesis sis Cell Cellul ular ar !es !espi pira rati tion on Secretion !esponse !epr eproduc oducti tion on
Characteristics Characteristics of All Cells *
A su surroun ounding mem mem" "ran rane 3 chemicals * car"ohydrates / surface of the cell * protein / em"edded * phospholipids / hydropho"ic / contains fatty acid hydrophilic / contains glycerol $Alcohol'
)odern )odel / ;luid )osaic )odel < ;luid / =ows and "ehaves lie <)osaic / com"ination of di>. chemical components
5roar 5roaryotic yotic / witho without ut true nucleus nucleus uary uaryoti otic c / with with true true nucl nucleus eus / true aryo* nuceus
5roaryotes * * * *
#uman !BC / concave para mas umapit ang o4ygen 5rocesses of Cells * need energy that occurs from chemical reactions occurring in a cell
5rot 5rotop opla lasm sm / cel celll cont conten ents ts in in thic thic =uid =uid @rgan @rganell elles es / stru structu cture res s for for cell cell functi function on Cont Contro roll cen cente terr wit with h 76A 76A $car $carri ries es genetic info'
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"ef "efor ore e nuc nucle leus us+D +D lac lacs s a true true mem"rane*"ound nucleus ?nde ?ndepe pend nden ent t sin singl gle* e*ce cell ll org organ anis ism m $"acteria' Cyto Cytopl plas asm m is is not not comp compar artm tmen enta tali lie ed d * no internal organelles lie a nucleus ?ncl ?nclud ude e the the two two ing ingdo doms ms of of "ac "acte teri ria a *Bacteri are the simplest cellular organisms * Bacteria have diverse array of shapes (hey (hey can can adh adher ere e in chai chains ns and and mos mosse ses s although the cells remain separate ;irst irst cell ell ty type on on ea earth rth Cell Cell type type of Bact Bacter eria ia and and Ar Archae chaea a 6o me mem"rane "o "ound 6ucl 6uclei eiod od / reg regio ion n of 76A 76A con conce cent ntra rati tion on @rga @rgane nell lles es not not "ou "ound nd "y mem" mem"ra rane ne
uaryotes *
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tru true e nucl nucleu eus+ s+DD has has a mem" mem"ra rane ne** enclosed nucleus that houses the 76A in a comple4 structures called chromosomes. Contain or organelles #ave #ave spe speci cial al net netwo wor r of of minu minute te Elaments and tu"ules 'cytoseleton' which gives shape for the cells and allows movement ?nclu ?nclude de all prote protests sts fun fungi gi plants plants and animals )uch )uch larg larger er than than pro proar aryo yoti tic c cel cells ls * comple4 internal compartmentaliation * mem"rane "ound organelles / specialied structure where particular cell processes occur * Largest organelle / nucleus
uaryotic Contains a nucleus and other mem"rane "ound organelles !od shaped chromosomes ;ound in all ingdoms e4cept monera
5roaryotic 7eos not contain a nucleus or other mem"rane*"ound organelles @ne circular chromosome ;ound only in the ingdom monera
Cell according to sie 1. 2.
)icroscopic )acroscopic
According to shape 1. 2. 3. 8. ,. 9.
@val / w"c of men Spherical / r"c of men Cu"oidal / idney tu"ules Columnar / stomach and intestine Stellate / nerve cell Spindle shape / muscle cell
According to ;unction 1. 2.
Somatic or pediative !eproductive of se4 cells
)eans of @"taining nergy 1.
2.
Autotrophs / self feedersD use light* energy on chemical energy to manufacture their own "iomolecules $some "acteria plants' #eterotrophs*other feeders
Cell organiation 1. 2.
nicellular / cell and organism are one $"acteria and protist' )ulticellular / cells are integrated for proper functioning and general starts life as a single cell that divides and grows
Cell Structures and organelles 1. *
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Cell mem"rane $5lasma mem"rane' ncloses protects and separates a cell from other cells and from surrounding =uids #olds the cell together and give shape Selectively permea"leD dou"le layer of lipids and proteins @utermost "oundary of cells
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;ilters materials coming in and out of the cell 2. Cell wall * Surrounds the plasma mem"rane of most plant cells * ;ound in plants fungi and many protist * 5rotects and support plant cells gives deEnite shape * Contains pectin $Felly*lie su"stance' released during cooing and forms a gel as it cools 3. 5rotoplasm * elly*lie living su"stance of the cell that is translucent grayish and slimy $colloidal suspension*often moves or streams within the cell.' * ?t may "e foam*lie or contain small E"ers or threads comprises water minerals salts and many inds of organic compounds 8. 6ucleus H control center of the cellD plays the central role in cellular reproduction nd in conFunction with the environment in determining what sort of di>erentiate a cell undergo and why form it will e4hi"it of maturity 7irects the meta"olic activity of the living cell Components a. 6uclear mem"rane / dou"le layer of lipids and proteinsD separate the nuclear material for the cytoplasm ". 6ucleolus / atleast one is present or not nucleiD taes part in protein synthesis c. Chromatin / Ene strands spread through the nucleoplasm d. Chromosomes / contracted and distinct chromatin when a cell is dividing ,. @rganelles * #ighly organied structures contained in the cytoplasm * Cellular machinery * (wo general inds * 7erived from mem"ranes Bacteria*lie organelles <aai"ang 76A / plastids and mitochondria a"ility to duplicate a' ndoplasmic !eticulum * Systems of dou"le mem"ranes that live parallel to one another appearing to form channel * Separates di>erent area of the cellD also provide surface
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Cell structures are attached providing a chmical reaction <(ransports su"stances within cells
(wo typesI *
!ough / marami ri"osome J protein synthesis * Smooth / lac ri"osome J liver natin "' !i"osomes * Small units non mem"rane "ound structures * Site for protein synthesis * Attached to ! * Contain enymes that carry out the synthesis of proteins * Contain large amounts of !6A mode c' )itochondria * Small rod*shaped organelle rounded cylinders or glo"ules enclosed "y mem"rane * #ave their own 76A * Bound "y dou"le mem"rane < A(5 $cellular respiration' * Brea down fuel molecules $cellular respiration' < Glucose / Lysosome < ;atty acids * !elease energy
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Smaller than mitochoindria and have a simple mem"rane * Bounded "y a single mem"rane * Contain enymes that "readown proteins $digestive enymes' * Aid in cell renewal * Breadown olad cell parts * 7igest invaders g' 5ero4isomes * )ico"odiesD participate in the o4idation of certain nutrients * Converts hydrogen pero4ide to #2o and @2 * Bounded "y single mem"rane * Contain digestive enyme * 7eto4iEes alcohol * Breas down fatty acid * 5roduces hydrogen pero4ide h' 5lastids * Largest cytoplasmic organelles found in the cells of most plants "ut not in fungal or animal cells * 7erived from photosynthetic "acteria * Stores photosynthetic pigments a' Chromoplasts / colored plastidsD contain pigments "' Leucoplasts / colorless plastidsD storage of starch oils and proteins 5hotosynthesis / taes place into chloroplasts * maes cellular food / glucose i' acuoles * )em"rane*enclosed cavities Elled with either =uid or granular material * )em"rane "ound storage sacs * )ore common in plants than animals * ;ood / contain food particles * Contractile / e4pel e4cess water and wastes from the cell * Storage of materials * <5lasmolysis / shrining of vacuoles F' Cytoseleton * ?nterconnected system of E"ers threads and e4tends "etween the nucleus and plasma mem"rane of euaryotic cells gives the cells their internal organiation * @verall shape and capacity to move * K!einforces plasma mem"rane 1. )icroElaments / part of cytoplasm * responsi"le for contraction of cell 2. )icrotu"ules / important in the maintenance of the shape of the cell cell division and the movement of inclusions and organelles within the cell * Cell locomotion
* main components of =agella and centrioles 3. ?ntermediate Elaments / for cell to cell Function )echanical support Anchor organelles #elp move su"stances ' Cilia * Short and numerous mova"le hairlie structures proFecting from free surfaces * )ove su"stances outsie human * ;are a"sorption l' ;lagella * A few appendases and are relatively in proportion to the sie of the cell m' )icrovilli / minute Engerlie proFections of the cell mem"rane * sites of osmosis where =uids may pass in and out of the cell n' 5inocytic esicles / in*pocetings of the cell mem"rane Elled with water * 0hen water is needed "y the cell the plasma mem"rane engulfs a droplets of water in a process of pinocytosis o' 5ilus $pili' * Surface proFections of "acteria that are protein Elaments which help many "acteria and various surfaces either to one another 5lasmodesma $plasmodesmata' / of multicelled plants a Function "etween lined walls of adFacent cells through which nutrients and other su"stances =ow • • •
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Cytoplasm iscous =uid containing organelles Components of cytoplasm ?nterconnected Elaments E"ers ;luid / cytosol Site of cells meta"olic activities Centrioles / animals 5airs of microtu"ular structures )ove the chromosomes during cell division Splitting done "y mitotic spindle / produced "y centrioles that pull the chromosomes * have cells and muscles $wala tayong centriole' * di nagdidivide upon maturity 76A #ereditary material Chromosomes * contains 76A and proteins *terms for cell division Chromatin / when not yet divided * contains 76A and protein present during resting activity storage of the cell 6ucleolus )ost cells have 2 or more 7irect synthesis of !6A ;orms ri"osomes
6ucleus )itochondria 5lastids
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