Axial skeleton by Ivo Klepáček
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, axial skeleton thorax, columna vertebral column, pelvis Varieties, malformations
skeleton axiale – cranium, ossicula columna vertebralis, costae, os sacrum
skeleton appendiculare – cingulum membri superioris, scapula; cingulum membri inferioris, coxa
axial skeleton
Ossa membri superioris – humerus, ulna, radius, carpalia, metacarpalia, phalanges
Ossa membri inferioris – femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsalia, metatarsalia, phalanges
C1-7 vertebrae cervicales
Th 1-12 vertebrae thoracicae
axial skeleton L1-5 vertebrae lumbales
S1-5 vertebrae sacrales os sacrum
Co1-5 Os coccygis
Části obratle Vertebral parts
axial skeleton
Development of vertebral column Mesenchymal cells from the sclerotome (somite part) are cummulated in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar
axial skeleton
sacral and coccygeal levels
Each sclerotome participates on creation of the two vertebrae Sclerotomes surround notochord and relate to neural tube
axial skeleton
Mesodermal cells are organized in paraaxial mesodermal groups (somites), in their dorsolateral part dermomyotome and ventromedial part -
sclerotome
axial skeleton PAX 1 SHH
axial skeleton
Thoracic vertebra Th
axial skeleton 5/ articular facet
Cartilaginous stage of vertebral development Primary ossification centres: prenatal month 3 One in the centrum One in each half of the vertebral arch
axial skeleton
1. year – halves fuse 3.-6. year – arches and bodies fuse
Secondary ossification centres:
year 14
• One for the tip of the spinous process • One for the tip of the transverse processess • Two annular (circling) epiphyses
axial skeleton
Ossification finishes about year 18-25
Th axial skeleton Aortic impression
C4
axial skeleton Obecný vzhled krčního obratle General feature of the cervical vertebra
Ossification starts from anterior arch yr 1
axial skeleton
C1
Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)
axial skeleton
C1
Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)
axial skeleton 1 Vertebral artery 2 C1 nerve 3 anterior branch C1 nerve 4 posterior branch C1 nerve 5 plexus venae vertebralis
C1 + C2
axial skeleton
Axis has other primary ossifying centers in dens and apex of dens
axial skeleton One centrum inside anterior arch – year 1 Two centers inside posterior arch and other centers inside massae laterales
Typical feature of the C4 vertebra and vertebra C6 (massive carotic tubercle (tuberculum caroticum) and C7 - vertebra prominens
axial skeleton C7 has two ossifying centers inside procc. transversarii (year 7)
(huge and palpable spinous process (processus spinosus))
axial skeleton
C4 C7
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L
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Os sacrum
axial skeleton Promontorium Promontory
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Ossification, homologous signs and varieties of the vertebrae
axial skeleton
Some vertebral parts exhibit similar origin
Cervical and lumbar ribs become part of the transverse processess
axial skeleton
Remnants of notochord persists as chordoma
Sacralisation Lumbalisation Spondylosthesis Hemivertebra Srůst obratlů
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton Spina bifida
Vertebrae (Vertebras) Cervical 1-7 Thoracic 1-12 Lumbar 1-5 Sacral 5 Coccyx
axial skeleton
axial skeleton Hyperextensio colli arcus fracturae colli posterioris
axial skeleton Hyperextensio colli Fractura et dislocatio corpuis vertebrae et discus intervetebralis
axial skeleton Hyperflexio colli Fractura colli disci intervertebralis
Canalis vertebralis
axial skeleton Vertebral canal
Connection in the vertebral column Synchondrosis intervertebral discs, syndesmosis ligaments, synostosis sacral bone aand coccyx, diarthroses intervertebral joints
axial skeleton
• Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilagines) •Articulationes zygapophysiales (intervertebral joints)
• Ligamenta flava (interarcual), interspinous, intertransverse ligaments • Longitudinal ligaments (anterior and posterior) a their derivatives (sacrococcygeal ligg.)
Discus intervertebralis 1/4 až 1/5 of full length of the vertebral column
axial skeleton thicker in lumbar region
serves as elastic bumper dry in the elderly age
axial skeleton
Herniation into vertebral canal – usually in lumbar or lower cervical region
axial skeleton Herniation into vertebral body - Schmorle´s node
axial skeleton “articulationes uncovertebrales“
Long and short ligaments
axial skeleton
Long and short ligaments
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Klouby páteřní articulationes intervertebrales
axial skeleton Volné pouzdro, možnost uskřinutí řas (meniskoidy)
Craniovertebral connections Atlantooccipital joint (Articulatio atlantooccipitalis)
axial skeleton
Atlantoaxial lateral and mediana joint (Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis et mediana)
Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton Ligamentum cruciforme Ligamentum apicale et alar ligaments
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis et atlantooccipitalis
axial skeleton
Vertebral column movements It is a count of all intrervertebral joints movements
axial skeleton
• direction of the movement depends on orientation and arrangements of the articular facet • Motions: •Anteflexion and retroflexion •Lateroflexion •Rotation and torsion •Spring-like movements
Flexion, extension, Lateral, flexion, hyperextension, Rotation, torsion It is a count of all intrervertebral joints movements
axial skeleton
• direction of the movement depends on orientation and arrangements of the articular facet Motions: •Anteflexion and retroflexion •Lateroflexion •Rotation and torsion •Spring-like movements
Movements
axial skeleton
Flexion, extension (retroflexion)
mostly in the neck and lumbar parts; in the thoracic region is eventual movement blocked by ribs
Lateroflexion neck and lumbar parts Rotation (demirotation, torsion) krční úsek, méně hrudní
Spring-like movements thoracic and lumbar parts
Gyratory movements
(flexion, extension and lateroflexion – neck and lumbar part)
The range of movements is limited by: thickness, elasticity and compressibility of the IV disc; shape and orientation of the zygapophysial joints tension of articular capsules of above joints resistance of the back muscles and ligaments (flava ligg., longitudinal posterior lig.)
axial skeleton
Vertebral column curvatures In sagittal and coronal planes Juvenilis et adultus
axial skeleton Fetus
Lordosis – ventrally curved Kyfosis - dorsally curved Dorsal convexity (kyphosis fetalis)
anomalies: Flat back curved back hunchback Scoliosis Physiologic and idiopatic scoliosis
Neck lordosis appears first; after that lumbar lordosis (during time of first steps)
axial skeleton
fully developed lordoses appear about year 5 – 6 – it is a proove of the fully developed neck and postural back muscles
Vertebral column curvatures Concave and convex curves in median plane
axial skeleton
Kyphosis Lordosis (C4-5; L3-4) Pathologic curvatures Scoliosis
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
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hyperkyphosis
hyperlordosis
Záda prohnutá (velmi vyvinuté svaly)
Záda plochá (chabé svaly)
Bočitost (Scoliosis)
Costa Žebro Rib
axial skeleton
Costae verae C1- 5 Costae spuriae C6- 8
axial skeleton
Costae fluctuantes C11- 12 Rib, costa (lat.) : true, false, floating
axial skeleton Formation of the ossifying centers: Red – order of the center appearance Black – fetal month or year, when they are appeared
Development of the sternum
BMP 2, BMP 4, BMP 7 transmitting factors are responsible for the bone morphogenesis
axial skeleton Sternal bars
axial skeleton
Connections in thorax Sternoclavicular joint Costovertebral joints
axial skeleton • artt. costotransversaria (
• art. capitis costae (joints of the head of ribs) costotransverse
joints)
• artt. sternocostales sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints and interchondral joints
axial skeleton Articulatio sternoclavicularis
sternoclavicular joint
axial skeleton
Připojení žeber
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
articulationes costochondrales et interchondrales
axial skeleton
Costochondral and interchondral connections
axial skeleton
axial skeleton “articulationes uncovertebrales“
Thorax as a whole Forms and changes during life
axial skeleton
• Vat (inspiration-like) •Asthenic (expiration-like) also described as a fthisic (TBC) thorax
newborn
axial skeleton Thoracic (pulmonary) grooves
adultus
axial skeleton Inspiration Expiration
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Costa prima C1 Sulcus a. subclaviae Sulcus v. subclaviae
Tubercula mm. scaleni anterioris et medii
Development of the ribs Mesenchymal cells from the sclerotome are cummulated in the three main areas:
axial skeleton
True
ribs False ribs Floating ribs
axial skeleton
Pelvis pelvis major false (greater) pelvis
axial skeleton
pelvis minor true pelvis
Osifikace os coxae
axial skeleton Hip bone ossification
Shenton line
axial skeleton Köhler “teardrop”
axial skeleton
axial skeleton Rozdíly mezi tvarem mužské a ženské pánve Male and female pelvis - differences in external form
axial skeleton male
female
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
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Tepny Arteries
axial skeleton
Žíly Veins
axial skeleton
Connections in the pelvis Iliosacral left and right joints
axial skeleton
Sacroiliac long ligaments (ventral, interosseous, dorsal) Iliolumbal ligaments Symphysis
axial skeleton
Symphysiss pubica
axial skeleton pubic symphysis
KONEC axial skeleton END
