AHLUSSUNNAH WAL JAMA'AH
Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah, Jama'ah , disingkat Aswaja, sering dinamakan pula dengan Sunni. Terminologi ini, sesungguhnya sederhana, singkat dan sudah tidak asing lagi di telinga kita bahwa diakui atau tidak masih banyak mengundang mengundang persepsi. Sebagian memahami Aswaja identik dengan "Islam". Sebagian yang lain melihat Aswaja hanya sebagai "madzhab". Ada pula yang yang mengartikan Aswaja sebagai karakteristik komunitas kaum muslimin yang mengamalkan aktifitas tertentu, seperti tahlilan, selamatan, berjanjenan ( Maulud Maulud Nabi Nabi Muhammad SAW), baca doa qunut, dan sebagainya. Bagaimanakah kita memahami Aswaja yang relevan? Apakah kita juga memahami Aswaja seperti salah satu pemahaman di atas? Bagaimana dengan Aswaja dalam NU? Dan masih banyak lagi pertanyaan mengenai Aswaja. Pengerti Pengerti an Aswaja
Terminologi Ahlussunnah Terminologi Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah (Aswaja) secara baku belum dijumpai dalam referensi lama (maraji' (maraji' awwaliyyah). awwaliyyah). Bahkan pada masa al Asy'ari yang oleh banyak kalangan dianggap sebagai pendiri Madzhab pendiri Madzhab Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah, Jama'ah , belum juga ditemukan istilah tersebut. Pengenalan istilah tersebut sebagai suatu aliran dalam Islam baru nampak pada ashab al Asy'ar y atau sering disebut Asy'ariyyah disebut Asy'ariyyah (sunni) (sunni) Defisini Aswaja sering diungkapkan adalah " maa ana ana ' alaihi wa as ashhaabi" hhaabi" (terjemah bebasnya : jalan yang kami tempuh). Tentu ini bukanlah definisi, karena cakupannya bisa diklaim oleh madzhab dan aliran Islam yang ada di dunia. Namun, secara garis besar dapat kita simpulkan bahwa Aswaja adalah orang-orang yang memiliki metode berfikir keagamaan yang mencakup semua aspek kehidupan yang berlandaskan atas dasar-dasar moderasi, keseimbangan dan toleran. Definisi ini mungkin berlainan dengan definisi yang selama ini berkembang di masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, reorientasi terhadap konsep Aswaja perlu dikaji kembali dengan tidak mengesampingkan sumbangan pemikiran dari ulama-ulama terdahulu Aswaja dal dal am NU
Paham Aswaja yang dikembangkan NU secara umum bepangkal pada tiga pandangan pokok, yaitu mengikuti al Asy'ari dan Asy'ari dan al Maturidi dalam Maturidi dalam bertauhid (teologi), (teologi), menganut salah satu madzhab empat (Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i dan Hanbali) dalam fiqh dalam fiqh,, dan mengikuti faham al Junaidi dan Junaidi dan al Ghazali dalam Ghazali dalamtasawwuf tasawwuf . Dengan berpangkal pada tiga pandangan pokok tersebut, NU mengantisipasi perubahan zaman, terutama bidang hukum dan politik, disamping menggunakan empat sumber hukum Islam (al Quran, Hadits, Ijma' dan Qiyas), juga mengacu pada lima pokok tujuan syari'ah, sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh imam asy Syatibi, yaitu melindungi agama, jiwa, keturunan atau kehormatan, harta dan akal sehat. Lima pokok tujuan syari'ah tersebut masih ditopang lagi dengan kaidah-kaidah fiqh (argumen-argumen rasional, misalnya al umuuru bimaqaashidiha , al yaqiinu laa yuzaalu bisysyak , adldlaruru yuzaalu, yuzaalu , al masyaqqah tajliibuttaisiir danal danal 'aaddah al muhakkamah. muhakkamah. Dari kelima kaidah tersebu, kemudian lahir kaidah-kaidah fiqh lainnya sebagai cabang-cabangnya, misalnya dar ul mafaasid muqaddamun 'alaa jalbil mashaalih , al muhaafadlatu 'alal qadiimishshalih wa al akhdzu bil jadiidil ashlah, ashlah , dan lain-lain. Dengan berpijak pada kaidah tesbut, dalam aspek sosial kemasyarakatan, NU mencoba mengembagkan sikap-sikap sebagai berikut, yakni tawassuth (moderat/bersikap tawassuth (moderat/bersikap tengah), tasammuh (toleran), tasammuh (toleran), tawazzun (seimbang), dan amar ma;ruf nahi munkar (mendorong berbuat baik dan mencegah berbuat munkar). F ormu lasi lasi B aru Aswaja Aswaja : Aswaja Aswaja se seabagai abagai M adzhab adzhab Ber Ber fi ki r 1
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Formulasi baru Aswaja, format atau coraknya bebeda dengan rumusan deinitif Aswaja yang difahami selama ini dalam konteks fiqh. Pergeseran pemahaman akan terlihat cukup tajam antara generasi tua dan generasi muda. Jika yang petama meletakkan fiqh sebagai kebenaran "ortodoksi", sedanghkan yang kedua menempakan fiqh sebagai paradigma "interpretasi sosial". Oleh karena iu, apabila kelompok yang pertama selalu menundukkan realitas kepada kebenaran fiqh, maka untuk kelompok kedua justru menggunakan fiqh sebagaicounter sebagaicounter discourse dalam discourse dalam belantara drama sosial yang tengah berlangsung. Ada lima ciri yang menjonol dalam "paradigma berfiqh yang baru" petama, selalu diupayakan interpretasi ulang dalam mengkaji teks-teks fiqh untuk mencari konteksnya yang baru, Kedua , makna bermadzhab diubah dari bermadzhab scara tekstual (madzhab Qouli) menjadi bermadzhab secara metodologis (madzhab manhaji). manhaji) . Ketiga , verifikasi mendasar terhadap mana ajaran yang pokok (ushul) dan (ushul) dan mana yang cabang (furu'). Keempat , fiqh dihadirkan sebagai etika sosial, bukan sebagai hukum positif negara. Kelima , pengenalan metodologi pemikiran filosofis teutama dalam masalah sosial budaya. Dari kelima siri paradigma tersebut, ciri kedua (bermadzhab secaramanhaji) secaramanhaji),, merupakan paradigma paling fundamental dan strategis. Gus Dur, secara tegas penah mengugkapkan betapa pentingnya madzhab manhaji. Dengan menggunakan madzhab manhaji jalan masuk untuk melakukan terobosanterobosan baru dalam setting dalam setting transformasi sosial, ekonomi, politik maupun budaya menjadi terbuka lebar. Wall ahu A ' lam..... lam....... ..
BAB I MASUKNYA ISLAM DAN BERKEMBANGNYA KEI INDONESIA Standar Kompetensi : Kemampuan mengidentifikasi, mengenal dan merekontruksi sejar ah penyebaran dan dakwah Islam di Indonesia. Kompetensi Dasar : Mendiskripsikan proses masuknya islam ke indonesia dan perkembangannya Indikator : a. Menjelaskan sejarah masuknya Islam di Indonesia b. Menyebutkan daerah yang pertama kali kedatangan Islam c. Menyebutkan tahun masuknya islam ke Indonesia d. Menyebutkan cara-cara yang dilakukan dalam penyebaran Islam di Indonesia e. Menyebutkan tokoh-tokoh penyebar Islam di Indonesia f. Menyebutkan Negara asal pembawa Islam di Indonesia g. Menyebutkan gelar yang diberikan kepada penyebar Islam di Indonesia h. Menyebutkan kerajaan Islam yang pertama di Indonesia
i. Menyebutkan ajaran/paham ke-Islaman yang berkembang di Indonesia dan madzhab yang dianut oleh paham tersebut
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a) Teori Gujarat Teori Gujarat adalah sebuah teori yang dicetuskan oleh Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936) yang mengatakan bahwa Islam masuk ke Indonesia dari wilayah-wilayah di anak benua India. Tempat-tempat seperti Gujarat, Bengali dan Malabar disebut sebagai asal masuknya Islam di Nusantara.
Dalam L‘arabie et les didasarkan pada pengamatan dalam Islam pada masa-masa mengatakan, teorinya didukung Nusantara dengan daratan India.
Indes Neerlandaises, Snouck mengatakan teori mengatakan teori tersebut tidak terlihatnya peran dan nilai-nilai Arab yang ada awal, yakni pada abad ke-12 atau 13. Snouck juga dengan hubungan yang sudah terjalin lama antara wilayah
Hal ini dibuktikan dengan : 1. Adanya persamaan Batu Nisan di Cambay, Gujarat dangan Batu Nisan yang ada di Pasai (Aceh) bertanggal 17 Dzulhijjah 831 H / 27 September 1428 M dan Batu Nisan di Gresik (makam Maulana Malik Ibrahim) bertanggal 822 H / 1419 M. 2. Pada waktu itu para pedagang Arab yang singgah di Gujarat dalam rangka perdagangan timur tengah dengan dengan Indonesia. Namun betul memang, Teori gujarat yang katanya dicetuskan oleh Hugronje -yang juga mengaku-aku masuk Islam, bukanlah murni temuannya. Hugronje hanya mengambil pendapat DR. Jan Pijnappel (1822-1901) seorang sejarawan Leiden yang menyatakan hal tersebut terlebih dahulu. Jan Pijnappel sendiri adalah seorang orientalis Leiden yang concern pada manuskrip melayu. Diantaranya ia pernah menulis ulang Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan untuk Pelajar Melayu. Dia juga mengedit naskah Maleisch-hollandsch woordenboek atau Kamus Belanda-Melayu yang kemudian diterbitkan pada tahun 1875. Sarjana Belanda ini juga menulis kajian tentang Pantun Melayu yang diterbitkan tahun 1883 dengan judul Over de Maleische Pantoens.Selain menerbitkan karya sendiri, Pijnappel juga menerbitkan karya penelitian tentang Kalimantan yang ditulis oleh Carl A.L.M. Schwaner, yang pernah ditunjuk Kerajaan Leiden mejadi Anggota Dewan Sains di Hindia-Belanda Orientalis yang wafat tahun 1901 itu menyatakan bahwa Islam masuk ke Nusantara lewat pedagang dari Gujarat. Penjelasan ini didasarkan pada seringnya kedua wilayah India dan Nusantara ini disebut dalam sejarah Nusantara klasik.. Dalam penjelasan lebih lanjut, Pijnapel menyampaikan logika terbalik, yaitu bahwa meskipun Islam di Nusantara dianggap sebagai hasil kegiatan orang-orang Arab, tetapi tet api hal ini tidak langsung datang dari Arab, melainkan dari India, terutama dari pesisir barat, dari Gujarat dan Malabar. Jika logika ini dibalik, maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa meskipun Islam di Nusantara berasal dari India, sesungguhnya ia dibawa oleh orang-orang Arab. Namun sekalipun selangkah lebih maju dari ketidakjujuran Hugronje, yang meminorkan peran Arab atas masuknya Islam ke Nusantara, teori Pijnappel ini pun juga sarat kritik.
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Melayu tentang hubungan rohani yang mesra antara mereka dengan tanah ta nah Arab sebagai sumber utama Islam di Indonesia dalam menimba ilmu agama. Dalam pandangan Buya Hamka, orang-orang Islam di Indonesia mendapatkan Islam dari orang- orang pertama (orang Arab), bukan dari hanya sekadar perdagangan. Bahan argumentasi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan Buya Hamka adalah sumber lokalIndonesia dan sumber Arab. Menurutnya, motivasi awal kedatangan orang Arab tidak dilandasi oleh nilainilai ekonomi, melainkan didorong oleh motivasi spirit penyebaranagama Islam. Dalam pandangan Hamka, jalur perdagangan antara Indonesia dengan Arab telah berlangsung jauh sebelum tarikh masehi Sedangkan, Sayyed Naquib Al Attas dalam bukunya ―Islam dan Sejarah Kebudayaan Melayu‖ menyatakan bahwa sebelum abad XVII seluruh literatur Islam Islam yang relevan tidak mencatat satupun penulis dari India. Pengarang-pengarang yang dianggap oleh Barat sebagai India ternyata berasal dari Arab atau Persia, bahkan apa yang disebut berasal dari Persia ternyata berasal dari Arab, baik dari aspek etnis maupun budaya. Nama-nama dan gelar pembawa Islam pertama ke Nusantara menunjukkan bahwa mereka orang Arab atau ArabPersia. Diakui, bahwa setengah mereka datang melalui India, tetapi setengahnya langsung datang dari Arab, Persia, Cina, Asia Kecil, dan Magrib (Maroko). Meski demikian, yang penting bahwa faham keagamaan mereka adalah faham yang berkembang di Timur Tengah kala itu, bukan India. Sebagai contoh adalah corak huruf, nama gelaran, hari-hari mingguan, cara pelafalan Al-Quran yang keseluruhannya menyatakan ciri tegas Arab. Teori berpendapat bahwa agama Islam masuk ke Indonesia pada abad 13 dan pembawanya berasal dari Gujarat (Cambay), India. Dasar dari teori ini adalah: a. Kurangnya fakta yang menjelaskan peranan bangsa Arab dalam penyebaran Islam diIndonesia. b. Hubungan dagang Indonesia dengan India telah lama melalui jalur Indonesia – Indonesia – Cambay – Cambay – Timur Timur Tengah – Tengah – Eropa. Eropa. c. Adanya batu nisan Sultan Samudra Pasai yaitu Malik Al Saleh tahun 1297 yang bercorak khas Gujarat. Pendukung teori Gujarat adalah Snouck Hurgronye, WF Stutterheim dan Bernard H.M. Vlekke. Para ahli yang mendukung teori Gujarat, lebih memusatkan perhatiannya pada saat timbulnya kekuasaan politik Islam yaitu adanya kerajaan Samudra Pasai. Hal ini juga bersumber dari keterangan Marcopolo dari Venesia (Italia) yang pernah singgah di Perlak ( Perureula) tahun 1292. Ia menceritakan bahwa diPerlak sudah banyak penduduk yang memeluk Islam dan banyak pedagang Islam dari India yang menyebarkan ajaran Islam. Akhirnya dari berbagai data-data itu, sumber sejarah banyak menginformasikan Islam masuk ke Nusantara pada abad ke-7 Masehi, bukan abad 13 seperti kata Pijnappel. Untuk menunjang hal itu ada beberapa fakta diantaranya berita dari Cina Zaman Dinasti Tang yang menerangkan bahwa pada tahun 674 M, orang-orang Arab telah menetap di Kanton.
b) Teori Arabia : Teori ini merupakan teori baru yang muncul sebagai sanggahan terhadap teori lama yaitu teori Gujarat. Teori Makkah berpendapat bahwa Islam masuk ke Indonesia pada abad
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a. Pada abad ke 7 yaitu tahun 674 di pantai barat Sumatera sudah terdapat perkampungan Islam (Arab); dengan pertimbangan bahwa pedagang Arab sudah mendirikan perkampungan di Kanton sejak abad ke-4. Hal ini juga sesuai dengan berita Cina. b. Kerajaan Keraja an Samudra Pasai menganut aliran mazhab Syafi‘i, dimana Syafi‘i, dimana pengaruh mazhab Syafi‘i terbesar pada waktu itu adalah Mesir dan Mekkah. SedangkanGujarat/India adalah penganut mazhab Hanafi. c. Raja-raja Samudra Pasai menggunakan gelar Al malik, yaitu gelar tersebut berasal dari Mesir. Pendukung teori Makkah ini adalah Hamka, Van Leur dan T.W. Arnold. Para ahli yang mendukung teori ini menyatakan bahwa abad 13 sudah berdiri kekuasaan politikIslam, jadi masuknya ke Indonesia terjadi jauh sebelumnya yaitu abad ke 7 dan yang berperan besar terhadap proses penyebarannya adalah bangsa Arab sendiri. d. Adanya perkampungan arab (Pekojan) di pesisir utara pantai Sumatra (Aceh) pada tahun 684 M. e. Pada tahun 632 M para saudagara arab melakukan ekspedisi perdagangan ke Cina, namun sebelumnya singgah dulu di Aceh, sejak saat itulah awal Islam masu k ke Indonesia. Tokoh yang memperkenalkan teori ini adalah Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah atau HAMKA,salah seorang ulama sekaligus sastrawan Indonesia. Hamka mengemukakan pendapatnya ini pada tahun 1958, saat orasi yang disampaikan pada dies natalis Perguruan Tinggi Islam Negeri (PTIN) di Yogyakarta. Ia menolak seluruh anggapan para sarjana Barat yang mengemukakan bahwa Islam datang ke Indonesia tidak langsung dari Arab. Bahan argumentasi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan HAMKA adalah sumber lokal Indonesia dan sumber Arab. Menurutnya, motivasi awal kedatangan orang Arab tidak dilandasi oleh nilainilai ekonomi, melainkan didorong oleh motivasi spirit penyebaran agama Islam. Dalam pandangan Hamka, jalur perdagangan antara Indonesia dengan Arab telah berlangsung jauh j auh sebelum tarikh masehi. Dalam hal ini, teori HAMKA merupakan sanggahan terhadap Teori Gujarat yang banyak kelemahan. Ia malah curiga terhadap prasangka-prasangka penulis orientalis Barat yang cenderung memojokkan Islam di Indonesia. Penulis Barat, kata HAMKA, melakukan upaya yang sangat sistematik untuk menghilangkan keyakinan negeri-negeri Melayu tentang hubungan rohani yang mesra antara mereka dengan tanah Arab sebagai sumber utama Islam di Indonesia dalam menimba ilmu agama. Dalam pandangan HAMKA, orang-orang Islam di Indonesia mendapatkan Islam dari orang- orang pertama (orang Arab), bukan dari hanya sekadar perdagangan. Pandangan HAMKA ini hampir sama dengan Teori Sufi yang diungkapkan oleh A.H. Johns yang mengatakan bahwa para musafirlah (kaum pengembara) yang telah melakukan islamisasi awal di Indonesia. Kaum Sufi biasanya mengembara dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya untuk mendirikan kumpulan atau perguruan tarekat. c) Teori Persia: Teori ini berpendapat bahwa Islam masuk ke Indonesia abad 13 dan pembawanya berasal dari Persia (Iran). Dasar teori ini adalah kesamaan budaya Persia dengan budaya masyarakat Islam Indonesia seperti: a. Peringatan 10 Muharram atau Asyura atas meninggalnya Hasan dan Husein cucu Nabi Muhammad, yang sangat di junjung oleh orang Syiah/Islam Iran. Di Sumatra Barat peringatan tersebut disebut dengan upacara Tabuik/Tabut. Sedangkan di pulau Jawa ditandai
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c. Penggunaan istilah bahasa Iran dalam sistem mengeja huruf Arab untuk tanda- tanda bunyi Harakat. d. Ditemukannya makam Maulana Malik Ibrahim tahun 1419 di Gresik. e. Adanya perkampungan Leren/Leran di Giri daerah Gresik. Leren adalah nama salah satu Pendukung teori ini yaitu Umar Amir Husen dan P.A. Hussein Jayadiningrat. f. Penggunaan istilah Persia dalam tanda bunyi harokat haro kat dalam pengajian Al Qur‘an g. Mayoritas bermadzhab Mayoritas bermadzhab Syafi‘i. Daerah lain yang pertama menerima islam adalah Jawa, hal ini didasarkan bukti-bukti sebagai berikut : 1. Pada tahun 674 M raja Ta-cheh (Muawiyah) mengirim utusan ke kerajaan Kalingga untuk mengetahui keadaan kerajaan tersebut. Berdasarkan utusan tersebut diketahui bahwa pada waktu itu sudah ada penduduk yang beragama Islam. 2. Di desa Leran, Manyar, Gresik ditemukan makam Fatimah binti Maimun yang berangka tahun 475-495 475-495 H (1082-1101 M) Ketiga teori tersebut, pada dasarnya masing-masing memiliki kebenaran dan kelemahannya. Maka itu berdasarkan teori tersebut dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa Islammasuk ke Indonesia dengan jalan damai pada abad ke – 7 dan mengalami perkembangannya pada abad 13. Sebagai pemegang peranan dalam penyebaran Islamadalah bangsa Arab, bangsa Persia dan Gujarat (India). Demikianlah uraian uraian materi tentang proses proses masuknya Islam ke Indonesia. Proses masuk dan berkembangnya Islam ke Indonesia pada dasarnya dilakukan dengan jalan damai melalui beberapa jalur/saluran yaitu melalui perdagangan seperti yangdilakukan oleh pedagang Arab, Persia dan Gujarat. Pedagang tersebut berinteraksi/bergaul dengan masyarakat Indonesia. Pada kesempatan tersebut dipergunakan untuk menyebarkan ajaran Islam. Selanjutnya diantara pedagang tersebut ada yang terus menetap, atau mendirikan perkampungan, seperti pedagang Gujarat mendirikan perkampungan Pekojan. Dengan adanya perkampungan pedagang, maka interaksi semakin sering bahkan ada yang sampai menikah dengan wanita Indonesia, sehingga proses penyebaran Islam semakin cepat berkembang. Perkembangan Islam yang cepat cep at menyebabkan muncul tokoh ulama atau mubaliqh yang menyebarkan Islam melalui pendidikan dengan mendirikan pondok-pondok pesantren. Pondok pesantren adalah tempat para pemuda dari berbagai daerah dan kalangan masyarakat menimba ilmu agama Islam. Setelah tammat dari pondok tersebut, maka para pemuda menjadi juru dakwah untuk menyebarkan Islam di daerahnya masing- masing. Di samping penyebaran Islam melalui saluran yang telah dijelaskan di atas,Islam juga disebarkan melalui kesenian, misalnya melalui pertunjukkan seni gamelan ataupun wayang kulit. Dengan demikian Islam semakin cepat berkembang dan mudah diterima oleh rakyat Indonesia. Proses penyebaran Islam di Indonesia atau proses Islamisasi tidak terlepas dari peranan para pedagang, mubaliqh/ulama, raja, bangsawan atau para adipati. Di pulau Jawa, peranan mubaliqh dan ulama tergabung dalam kelompok para wali yang dikenal dengan sebutan Walisongo atau wali sembilan yang terdiri dari: 1. Maulana Malik Ibrahim dikenal dengan nama Syeikh Maghribi menyebarkan Islam diJawa Timur.
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4. Sunan Drajat juga putra dari Sunan Ampel nama aslinya adalah Syarifuddin, menyebarkan Islam di daerah Gresik/Sedayu. 5. Sunan Giri nama aslinya Raden Paku menyebarkan Islam di daerah Bukit Giri (Gresik) 6. Sunan Kudus nama aslinya Syeik h Ja‘far Shodik menyebarkan ajaran Islam di daerah Kudus. 7. Sunan Kalijaga nama aslinya Raden Mas Syahid atau R. Setya menyebarkan ajaranIslam di daerah Demak. 8. Sunan Muria adalah putra Sunan Kalijaga nama aslinya Raden Umar Syaid menyebarkan islamnya di daerah Gunung Muria. 9. Sunan Gunung Jati nama aslinya Syarif Hidayatullah, menyebarkan Islam di Jawa Barat (Cirebon) Demikian sembilan wali yang sangat terkenal di pulau Jawa, Masyarakat Jawa sebagian memandang para wali memiliki kesempurnaan hidup dan selalu dekat dengan Allah, sehingga dikenal dengan sebutan Waliullah yang artinya orang yang dikasihi Allah. Teori Ci na d). Teori Teori Cina mengatakan bahwa proses kedatangan Islam ke Indonesia (khususnya di Jawa) berasal dari para perantau Cina. Orang Cina telah berhubungan dengan masyarakat Indonesia jauh sebelum Islam dikenal di Indonesia. Pada masa Hindu-Buddha, etnis Cina atau Tiongkok telah berbaur dengan penduduk Indonesia — Indonesia — terutama terutama melalui kontak dagang. Bahkan, ajaran Islam telah sampai di Cina pada abad ke-7 M, masa di mana agama ini baru berkembang. Sumanto Al Qurtuby dalam bukunya Arus bukunya Arus Cina-Islam-Jawa menyatakan, menurut kronik masa Dinasti Tang (618-960) di daerah Kanton, Zhang-zhao, Quanzhou, dam pesisir Cina bagian selatan, telah terdapat sejumlah pemukiman Islam. Teori Cina ini bila dilihat dari beberapa sumber luar negeri (kronik) maupun lokal (babad dan hikayat), dapat diterima. Bahkan menurut sejumlah sumber lokat tersebut ditulis bahwa raja Islam pertama di Jawa, yakni Raden Patah dari Bintoro Demak, merupakan keturunan Cina. Ibunya disebutkan berasal dari Campa, Cina bagian selatan (sekarang termasuk Vietnam). Berdasarkan Sajarah Banten dan Hikayat Hasanuddin, nama dan gelar raja-raja Demak beserta leluhurnya ditulis dengan dengan menggunakan istilah Cina, seperti ―Cek Ko Po‖, ―Jin Bun‖, ―Cek Ban Cun‖, ―Cun Ceh‖, serta ―Cu -cu‖. NamaNama-nama seperti ―Munggul‖ dan ―Moechoel‖ ditafsirkan merupakan kata lain dari Mongol, sebuah wilayah di utara Cina yang berbatasan dengan Rusia. Bukti-bukti lainnya adalah masjid-masjid tua yang bernilai arsitektur Tiongkok yang didirikan oleh komunitas Cina di berbagai tempat, te rutama di Pulau Jawa. Pelabuhan penting sepanjang pada abad ke-15 seperti Gresik, misalnya, menurut catatan-catatan Cina, diduduki pertama-tama oleh para pelaut dan pedagang Cina. Semua teori di atas masing-masing
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Pada awalnya, tokoh-tokoh penyebar Islam di Indonesia adalah para pedagang. Selain membawa dan menawarkan dagangan, mereka juga memperkenalkan dan menyiarkan Islam kepada para penduduk. 1. Sumatra a) Syeikh Ismail, Seorang ulama Makkah yang tinggal di Pasai. Beliau berhasil mengislamkan Meurah Silu yang berganti nama Malikus Shalih (raja Samudra Pasai pertama). b) Syeikh Abdullah Al Yamani, ulama Makkah, berhasil mengislamkan penguasa Kedah yang berganti nama Sultan Muzahffar Syah. c) Said Mahmud Al Hadramut, berhasil mengislamkan Raja Guru Marsakot dan rakyatnya yang berada di wilayah Barus (Sumatra Utara) d) Syeikh Burhanudin Ulakan, Ulama Minangkabau penganut tarekat Syatari yah e) Sayyid Usman Syahabudin, Ulama Riau yang menyiarkan Islam di kerajaan Siak. 2. Jawa Penyebar Islam di Jawa dikenal dengan sebutan wali songo, yaitu : a) Maulana Malik Ibrahim b) Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat) c) Sunan Giri (Raden Paku) d) Sunan Kudus (Ja‘far Shadiq) e) Sunan Bonang (Makhdum Ibrahim) f) Sunan Drajat (Syarifudin Hasyim) g) Sunan Gunung Jati (Syarif Hidayatullah h) Sunan Kalijaga (Raden Mas Sahid) i) Sunan Muria (Raden Prawoto) 3. Madura Madura baru terislamkan pada abad ke-15 M. adapun tokokh yang berjasa adalah 1. sunan Padusan, (Raden Bendoro Diwiryopodho/Usman Haji) di daerah Sumenep, 2. Buyut Syeikh dan empu Bageno yang berdakwah di Sampang.
Daerah Lain 4. Kalimantan : Tuan Tunggang dan Datuk ri Bandang 5. Sulawesi : a) Maulana Husain (ternate), b) Syeikh Mansur (Tidore), c) Katib Sulung, Datuk ri Patimang, (Goa),
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1. Dari pembahas di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa sejarah Islam masuk ke Indonesia mempuyai tiga teori : Teori pertama : Yaitu teori Gujarat, India, Islam di percayai datang dari wilayah Gujarat (India), melalui peran para pedagang muslim India sekitar abad ke 13 M. Teori Kedua : Yaitu teori Makkah, Islam dipercayai masuk ke Indonesia langsung dari Timur Tengah melalui jara pedagang muslim arang sekitar abad ke 7 M. Teori Ketiga : Yaitu teori Persia, Islam tiba di Indonesia melalui peran para pedagang asal Persia yang dalam perjalanannya singgah di Gujarat sebelum ke Nusantara sekitar abad ke 13 M. Teori keempat : Yaitu teori Cina mengatakan bahwa proses kedatangan Islam ke Indonesia (khususnya di Jawa) berasal dari para perantau Cina, yang mana Islam telah sampai di Cina pada abad ke-7 M
2. Tokoh-tokoh penyebar islam di indonesia : Sumatra : Syeikh Ismail, Syeikh Abdullah Al Yamani, Said Mahmud Al Hadramut, Syeikh Burhanudin Ulakan, dan Sayyid Usman Syahabudin, Jawa : Tokoh-tokoh yang dikenal dengan sebutan Wali songo Madura : a). sunan Padusan, (Raden Bendoro Diwiryopodho/Usman Haji) di daerah Sumenep, b)Buyut Syeikh dan empu Bageno yang berdakwah di Sa mpang. Kalimantan : Tuan Tunggang dan Datuk ri Bandang Sulawesi : Maulana Husain (ternate), Syeikh Mansur (Tidore), Katib Sulung, Datuk ri Patimang, (Goa), Sayyid Zeun al Alydrus dan Syarif Ali (Bugis). bin umar dan Habib Abdullah Nusa Tenggara : Sunan Prapen, Habib Husain bin Abbas (Lombok), Syarif Abdurrahman Al Gadri (Sumba), Syeikh Abdurrahman (Sumbawa dan Timor), dan Pangeran Suryo Mataram (Kupang). EVALUASI BAB II STRATEGI DAN PENYEBARAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA STANDAR KOMPETENSI :
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A. STRATEGI DAKWAH ISLAMIYAH Islam dalah agama yang membawa rahmat kepada seluruh alam semesta, bukan hanya umat Islam semata. Hal ini sesuai sesuai dengan firman Allah SWT …
―Dan tiadalah Kami mengutus kamu, melainkan untuk menjadi menj adi rahmat bagi semesta alam.‖ Dalam mengemban dakwah Islamiyah, para Da‘i atau Mubaligh atau Mubaligh tidak menempuh jalan kekerasan, namun lebih memilih jalan damai. Metode dakwah dengan jalan kekerasan hanya akan memimbulkan dampak negatif baik dari segi Da‘i maupun dari segi dakwah Islamiyah itu sendiri. Karena tugas dakwah adalah tugas setiap umat Islam, maka kegiaytan dakwah Islamiyah dilaksanakan oleh semua pihak dengan berbagai kegiatannya masing-masing. Para pedagang melaksanakan dakwahnya dalam kegiatan perdagangan, para seniman melaksanakan dakwahnya dalam kegiatan seni dan budaya, dan para penguasa (pemimpin) melaksanakan dakwahnya dalam kegiatan pemerintahan. 1. Dakwah Melalui Kegiatan Perekonomian Perekonomian Salah satu proses Islamisasi di Indonesia melalui jalur perdagangan, hal ini sesuai dengan kesibukan jalur perdagangan di selat Malaka pada abad 7-12 M. Para pedagang Arab mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam aktfitas perdagangan TimurBarat.Kegiatan perdagangan tersebut digunakan untuk berdakwah dan berinteraksi dengan para penguasa setempat. Keuntungan lainya ialah status social yang tinggi para pedagang, dengan menduduki golongan elit tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berdakwah di pusat-pusat pemerintahan. 2. Dakwah Melalui Kegiatan Seni dan Budaya Selain perdagangan, para mubaligh Islam juga menggunakan bentuk-bentuk seni dan budaya sebagai media dakwah. Cara ini lebih mengutamakan isi daripada bentuk lahiriyah dan mudah menarik simpati rakyat sehingga mudah pula merek masuk Islam. Bentuk-bentuk seni dan budaya yang digunakan sangat beragam, ada yang memanfatkan yang sudah ada namun ada yang memunculkan hal yang baru. Cabang seni yang popular digunakan adalah Wayang, Gamelan, Gending, dan seni ukir. Inisiatif penggunaan Wayang adalah Sunan Kalijaga dengan memodifikasi bentuk dan isi ceritanya. Di dalamnya diselingi gending-gending yang berupa syair-syair yang berisi ajaran agama, pendidikan, dan falsafah kehidupan. Budaya yang masih dipeertahankan sebagai media dakwah ialah Kenduri dan Selametan, dimana niat dan isinya diubah dan diaganti nilai-nilai keislaman.
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4 Dakwah Melalui Politik dan Pemerintahan Pemerintahan Berdakwah dilakukan pula di lingkungan kerajaan, sasaran utamanya adalah para raja, keluarga raja, dan para pembesar kerajaan. Tujuan utamanya adalah apabila sang raja telah masuk Islam, maka rakyatnya rak yatnya akan setia mengikutinya. Di antara para tokoh yang berhasil ialah Syeikh Ismail yang berhasil mengislamkan Merah Silu (Malikus Shaleh raja Samudra Pertama). Di Jawa; Raden Rahmatullah (Sunan Ampel) berhasil berdakwah di lingkungan kerajaan majapahit. Walaupun prabu brawijaya tidak mau masuk Islam, namun Sunan Ampel diberi kebebasan untuk berdakwah sampai ia mendirikan Pesantren di Randukuning Surabaya yang bernama Ampel Dento . Salah satu kader Sunan Ampel adalah Raden Patah, beliau adalah putra Brawijaya V dari ibu Dharawati. Pada tahun 1462 Raden Patah diangkat menjadi adipati Bintoro (Demak), meskipun demikian beliau tetap berdakwah dan mendidik para santri di pesantren Glagahwangi. Demak berkembang dengan pesat, selain sebagai pusat pemerintahan tetapi juga sebagai pusat dakwah Islamiyah dan berkumpulnya para wali songo. Di Kota ini para wali mendirikan sebuah masjid agung pada tahun 1468 M. Melalui musyawarah para Wali maka Raden Patah diangkat menjadi Sultan di Demak, sejak saat itu berdirilah kerajaan Islam di Jawa, yaitu kerajaan Demak. Dengan berdirinya kerajaan (pemerintahan) Islam, maka penyebaran Islam akan lebih kokoh, sehingga Islam berkembang dengan pesat di Indonesia. 5. Dakwah melalui Pendidikan Pendidikan agama Islam dilakukan melalui lembaga pesantren (pondok pesantren), perguruan khusus agama Islam. Penybaran agama Islam melalui pondok pesantren berarti penyebaran melalui perguruan Islam. Perguruan ini mendidik para santri dari berbagai daerah , stelah tamat mereka mendirikan lembaga atau pondok pesantren didaerah asal mereka. Dengan demikian, agama Islam berkembang dan menyebar keseluruh Indonesia. Sebelum menjadi lembaga pendidikan resmi pada tahun 1800-an, pesantren berawal dari kegiatan guru agama di masjid atau istana, yang mngajarkan tasawuf di pertapaan atau dekat makam keramat, pada abad XVI dan XVII, sebuah sumber sejarah tradisional yaitu Srat Centhini menyebutkan bahwa cikal bakal pesantren terdapat di Karang, Banten. Pesantren Karang ini berdiri sekitar tahu 1520-an. RANGKUMAN
Penyebaran agama Islam di Indonesia dilakukan melalui beberapa cara se perti berikut :
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adalah putri raja dan bangsawan. Berkat perkawinan it, agama Islam menjadi cepat berkembang. Keturunan-keturunan mereka pasti memeluk agama Islam. Sesudah raja -rajanya memeluk Islam, suda tentu rakyatnya dengan dapat terpengaruh, sehingga mereka memeluk agama Islam. Politik dan Pemerintahan : Berdakwah dilakukan pula di lingkungan kerajaan, sasaran utamanya adalah para raja, keluarga raja, dan para pembesar kerajaan. Tujuan utamanya adalah apabila sang raja telah masuk Islam, maka rakyatnya akan setia mengikutinya. Pendidikan : Pendidikan agama Islam dilakukan melalui lembaga pesantren (pondok pesantren), perguruan khusus agama Islam. Penybaran agama Islam melalui pondok pesantren berarti penyebaran melalui perguruan Islam. Perguruan ini mendidik para santri dari berbagai daerah , stelah tamat mereka mendirikan lembaga atau pondok pesantren didaerah asal mereka. Dengan demikian, agama Islam berkembang dan menyebar keseluruh Indonesia. Sebelum menjadi lembaga pendidikan resmi pada tahun 1800-an, pesantren berawal dari kegiatan guru agama di masjid atau istana, yang mngajarkan tasawuf di pertapaan atau dekat makam keramat, pada abad XVI dan XVII, sebuah sumber se jarah tradisional yaitu Srat Centhini menyebutkan bahwa cikal bakal pesantren terdapat di Karang, Banten. Pesantren Karang ini berdiri sekitar tahu 1520-an. EVALUASI
BAB III PONDOK PESANTREN Standar Kompetensi :
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menempatkan dirinya sebagai salah satu agen perubahan masyarakat dengan mengusung idealitas teologis yang menjadi dasar pergerakannya. Abdurrahmad Wahid, menyatakan bahwa pesantren nyaris menjadi kekuatan subkultur masyarakat Islam di Indonesia, dengan melalui proses pembentukan tata nilai tersendiri di dalam pesantren, lengkap dengan simbol-simbolnya, adanya daya tarik ke luar, sehingga memungkinkan masyarakat sekitar menganggap pesantren sebagai alternatif ideal bagi sikap hidup yang ideal dalam masyarakat itu sendiri, dan berkembangnya suatu proses pengaruh mempengaruhi dengan masyarakat di luarnya, yang akan berkulminasi pada pembentukan nilai-nilai baru yang secara universal diterima oleh kedua belah pihak (Wahid, 1974:40). Sehingga praktis sejarah penyebaran nilai Islam dalam masyarakat Indonesia baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung akan bersentuhan dengan tradisi pesantren. Selaras dengan penyebaran Islam ini, ada sebuah implikasi penting yang layak untuk menjadi bahan kajian, yaitu penyebaran bahasa Arab, sebagai bahasa kitab suci Al-Quran, bahasa ibadah, dan khasanah keilmuan Islam yang menurut Dr. Hidayatulloh Zarkasiy, bahasa Arab dan penyebaran Islam di Indonesia merupakan dua bagian yang tidak bisa dipisahkan, karena bahasa ini selalu melekat dalam aktivitas ibadah yang dilakukan seorang muslim, terutama dalam sholat, inilah untuk pertama kali umat Islam memiliki keinginan mempelajari bahasa Arab, dimulai dari pelafalan huruf-huruf Hijaiyah hingga pada tahap pemahaman makna kata dan struktur kalimat (Zarkashiy, 1991:73). 1991:73). Eksistensi pesantren tradisional juga menempati posisi penting dalam penyebaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia melalui halaqoh-halaqoh halaqoh-halaqoh keilmuan Islam yang dikembangkan di dalamnya. Pesantren juga membekali para santri dengan disiplin ilmu kebahasaan Arab sebagai alat untuk memahami Al-Quran dan literatur keagamaan Islam yang berbahasa Arab, sehingga terjadi sebuah perjumpaan antara pesantren tradisional, penyebaran Islam, dan penyebaran bahasa Arab dalam pembentukan peradaban Islam Indonesia yang khas. B. Pengertian Pesantren Tradisional Kata pesantren Kata pesantren sebenarnya sebenarnya berakar dari kata santri yang menurut Prof. A.H. Johns, kata tersebut adalah bahasa Tamil, yang berarti guru mengaji. Sedangkan CC.Berg berpendapat
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kita mengenal istilah-istilah upacara tradisional, pengobatan tradisional dan sebagainya (Bawani, 1993:24). Merujuk kepada pengertian-pengertian di atas, pesantren tradisional bisa didefinisikan sebagai lembaga pendidikan Islam yang dikelola berdasarkan pola-pola lama yang sengaja dilestarikan, pengajarannya menggunakan kurikulum yang diadopsi dari warisan masa sebelumnya dan dilakukan secara turun temurun. C. Sejarah Pondok Pesantren Tradisional Pendidikan Islam, secara kelembagaan, dalam catatan sejarah tampak dalam bentuk yang bervariasi. Di samping lembaga yang bersifat umum seperti masjid, terdapat lembagalembaga lain yang mencerminkan kekhasan orientasinya. Secara umum, pada abad keempat Hijrah dikenal beberapa sistem pendidikan ( Madaris Al-Tarbiyah) Islam. Hasan Abdul Al-‗Al, Al-‗Al, menyebutkan lima sistem dengan klasifikasi sebagai berikut; Sistem Pendidikan Mu‘tazilah, Sistem Pendidikan Ikhwan Al -Shafa, Sistem Pendidkan Bercorak Filsafat, Sistem Pendidikan Bercorak Tasawwuf, dan Sistem Pendidikan Bercorak Fiqh. Adapun Hassan Muhammad Hassan dan Nadiyah Muhammad Jamaluddin juga menyebutkan lima sistem, masing-masing; sistem pendidikan bercorak teologi, sistem pendidikan bercorak syiah, sistem pendidkan bercorak filsafat, sistem pendidikan bercorak tasawwuf, dan sistem pendidikan bercorak fiqh dan al-hadis. Institusi yang dipakai masing-masing golongan yaitu: (1) Failusuf, (1) Failusuf, memakai nama Dar nama Dar Al-Hikmah, Al-Muntadiyat, Hawanit dan Warraaqiin. (2) Syi’iyyun, Syi’iyyun, memakai nama Dar nama Dar Al Hikmah, Masaajid, (3) Mutashawwif, (3) Mutashawwif, memakai nama Al-Zawaaya, nama Al-Zawaaya, Al-Ribath, Al Masaajid, dan Halaqat dan Halaqat Al-Dzikr, (4) Mutakallimin (4) Mutakallimin,, memakai nama Al-Masajid, nama Al-Masajid, Al-Maktabat, Hawanit, Al-warraqin, dan Al-Muntadiyat, dan (5) Fuqaha’ (5) Fuqaha’ dan Al-Muhadditsin dan Al-Muhadditsin,, mereka memakai nama Al-Katatib, nama Al-Katatib, Al-Madaris, dan Al-Masajid. Masing-masing sistem di atas memiliki institusi yang khusus walaupun umumnya memanfaatkan masjid. Menurut Hassan dan Nadiyah institusi-institusi itu terkait dengan pendidikan-pendidikan yang dilakukan dan aliran-aliran pemikiran Islam yang berkembang di dalamnya (Maksum, 1999:52).
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menambahkan muatan dan corak keislaman terhadap terhadap tradisi pendidikan yang sudah ada. Bahkan masuknya Islam tidak mengubah format penyelenggaraan yang sebelumya sudah ada dan mentradisi, namun yang paling pokok adalah materi yang dipelajari, bahasa, dan latar belakang pelajar-pelajar (Sumanjuntak, 1973:24). Namun satu hal yang sepertinya sangat tersepekati adalah bahwa sejarah berdirinya pesantren sangat erat hubungannya dengan sejarah masuknya Islam di Indonesia (Bimbaga, 2003:7). D. Pengajaran Pengajaran Bahasa Arab di Pesantren Pesantren Tradisional Pondok pesantren adalah sebuah sistem yang unik. Tidak hanya unik dalam pendekatan pengajarannya, tapi juga unik dalam pandangan hidup dan tata nilai yang dianut, cara hidup yang ditempuh, struktur kewenangan, serta semua aspek-aspek kependidikan dan kemasyarakatan lainnya. Dari perbagai corak dan model pesantren yang ada yang di Indonesia, secara umum paling tidak ada 5 (lima) unsur pembentuk pesantren, yaitu: 1) kyai, 2) santri, 3) pengajian, 4) asrama/pondok, dan 5) masjid. Kelima unsur pembentuk pesantren itu biasanya tersentral kepada figur kyai yang memimpin/mendirikan pesantren itu, segala macam aktivitas yang ada dalam pesantren harus atas sepengetahuan dan persetujuan sang kyai, termasuk pembelajaran yang ada di dalamnya semua terpusat pada kyai, kalaupun ada sistem klasikal yang berjenjang, yang setiap kelas diajar oleh ustadz-ustadz muda, maka semua pengajar di kelas itu adalah orang-orang yang direkomendasiakan sang kyai. Di sini, kyai adalah pusat dari gerakan kelompok yang terwadahi dalam pesantren tersebut. Dalam subbab ini penulis akan menguraikan beberapa hal yang terkait dengan pembelajaran agama Islam dan bahasa Arab di pesantren antara lain: kurikulum/manhaj, kurikulum/manhaj, masa pembelajaran dan syahadah, dan syahadah,serta serta metode pembelajaran. E. Kurikulum/Manhaj Sebenarnya pesantren tradisional tidak memiliki kurikulum formal seperti yang dipakai dalam lembaga pendidikan modern, karena kurikulum yang ada di dalamnya tidak memiliki silabus, tapi berupa funun berupa funun kitab-kitab yang diajarkan pada santri. Kitab-kitab dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang telah ditentukan oleh sang kyai harus dipelajari sampai tuntas, sebelum naik ke kitab lain yang tingkat kesukarannya lebih tinggi.
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Dalam pelaksanaannya, perjenjangan diatas tidaklah mutlak. Dapat saja pondok pesantren memberikan tambahan atau melakukan langkah-langkah inovasi, misalnya mengjarkan kitab-kitab yang populer, tetapi lebih mudah dalam penyajiannya, sehingga lebih efektif para santri menguasai materi. Dengan jenis materi seperti di atas, terlihat bahwa pesantren tradisional memegang peranan penting dalam penyebaran Islam dan bahasa Arab di Indonesia, ditambah lagi dengan penerapan metode pengajaran khas yang memungkinkan seorang santri menguasai bahasa Arab melalui pengayaan mufrodat dan penguasaan tata bahasa Arab ( Nahwu Nahwu dan Sharaf). F. Metode Pembelajaran Metode pembelajaran dapat diartikan sebagai cara-cara yang dipergunakan untuk menyampaikan ajaran sampai ke tujuan. Dalam kaitannya dengan pondok pesantren salafiyah, ajaran adalah apa yang terdapat dalam kitab kuning, kitab rujukan, refrensi yang dipegang oleh pondok pesantren tersebut. Pemahaman terhadap teks-teks ajaran tersebut dapat dicapai melalui metode paembelajaran tertentu yang bisa digunakan oleh pondok pesantren. Selama kurun waktu panjang pondok telah memperkenalkan dan menerapkan beberapa metode pembelajaran. Metode pembelajaran di pondok pesantren salafiyah ada yang bersifat tradisional, yaitu pembelajaran yang diselenggarakan menurut kebiasaan yang telah lama dilaksanakan pada pesantren atau dapat juga disebut metode pembelajaran asli (original) pondok pesantren. Namun karena perkembangan jaman dimasa-masa selanjutnya sudah mulai ditemukan di beberapa pesantren tradisional metode pembelajaran modern (tajdid ). ). Metode pembelajaran modern merupakan metode pembelajaran hasil pembaharuan kalangan pondok pesantren dengan memaksukkan metode yang berkembang pada masyarakat modern, walaupun tidak selalu diikuti dengan menerapkan sistem modern, yaitu sistem sekolah atau madrasah. Beberapa Pondok pesantren tradisional sebenarnya telah pula menyerap sistem klasikal. Tetapi tidak dengan batas-batas fisik yang tegas sebagaimana sistem klasikal pada persekolahan modern (Bimbaga, 2003:37). 2003:37).
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Kyai atau ustadz mendengarkan dengan tekun pula apa yang dibacakan santrinya sambil melakukan koreksi-koreksi seperlunya. Setelah tampilan santri dapat diterima, tidak jarang juga kyai memberikan tambahan penjelasan agar apa yang dibaca oleh santri dapat lebih dipahami. Metode pembelajaran ini termasuk metode pembelajaran yang sangat bermakna karena santri merasa berhubungan khusus ketika berlangsung pembacaan kitab dihadapan kyai. Mereka tidak saja senantiasa dapat dibimbing dan diarahkan cara membacanya tetapi dapat dievaluasi perkembangan kemampuannya. Berdasarkan penelitian Zamakhsyari Dhofier, sistem ini sangat efektif pada taraf awal pendidikan santri terutama dalam penguasaan bahasa Arab (Dhofier, 1994:29). Namun sekalipun kelihatannya keli hatannya metode ini i ni hanya cocok untuk pemula tetapi dapat juga dipakai untuk tingkat kelanjutan bahkan tingkat tinggi. Untuk tingkat lanjutan dapat saja yang memulai membaca adalah santri, kyai atau ustadz hanya mendengarkan dan memperhatikan kefasihan, ketepatan ucapan, sekaligus memparhatikan tingkat pemahaman santri terhadap apa yang dibacanya (Bimbaga, 2003:39). Kedua, Metode Wetonan/Bandongan. Wetonan, istilah wetonan ini berasal dari kata wektu(bahasa wektu(bahasa Jawa) yang berarti waktu, sebab pengajian tersebut diiberikan pada waktuwaktu tertentu, yaitu sebelum dan sesudah melakukan shalat fardhu. Metode weton ini merupakan metode kuliah, dimana para santri mengikuti pelajaran dengan duduk disekeliling kyai yang menerangkanpelajaran kuliah, santri menyimak kitab masing-masing dan membuat
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adalah para santri yang berada pada tingkat menengah atau tinggi. 2) Peserta musyawarah tidak memiliki perbedaan kemampuan mencolok. Ini untuk mengurangi kegagalan musyawarah. 3) Topik atau persoalan (materi) yang dimusyawarahkan biasanya ditentukan terlebih dahulu oleh kyai atau ustadz pada pertemuan sebelumnya. 4) Pada beberapa pesantren yang memiliki santri yang tingkat tinggi, musyawarah dapat dilakukan secara terjadwal sebagai latihan untuk para santri. Langkah persiapan terpenting pada metode ini adalah terlebih dahulu memberikan topic-topik materi yang akan dimusyawarahkan. Pilihan topic itu sendiriamat menentukan. Topic yang menarik umumnya mendapat respon yang baik danmemberikan dorongan yang kuat kepada para santri untuk belajar. Penentuan topic secara lebih awak ini dimaksudkan agar para peserta dapat mempersiapkan diri jauh-jauh hari sebelum pelaksanaan. Selain itu juga disampaikan penjelasan tentang cara-cara yang dilakukan berkenaan dengan dipihnya metode musyawarah. Sebagai permulaan, kyai atau ustadz, atau salah satu santri senior menjelaskan secara singkat permasalahan yang akan dibahas. Pada pesantren yang memiliki ma‘had ‗aly (takhosus tingkat tinggi) penyaji adalah para santri yang telah disusun secara terjadwal dengan topic tertentu untuk menyampaikan pemikiran-pemikiran atau persoalan persoalannya. Para santri yang berfungsi sebagai penanggap yang berkesempatan untuk menaggapi apa yang disajikan oleh penyaji yang mendapat tugas.
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diperoleh pengajiannya ditempat lain pada waktu-waktu biasa. Memang ada kalanya untuk pasaran seorang kyai sengaja membaca kitab yang jarang dibaca kyai lainnya. Untuk mereka yang sengaja datang untuk pasaran, pesantren biasanya menyediakan tempat khusus. Kegiatan pengajian itu sendiri biasanya dilakukan sepanjang hari. Waktu istirahat biasanya hanya shalat, waktu beruka puasa, dan setelah jam dua belas malam. Kitab yang telah ditentukan dibaca dan diterjemahkan oleh seoarang kyai secara cepat, sedangkan santri menyimak untuk memberikan catatan pada bagian-bagian tertentu saja atau mencatat penjelasan-penjelasan singkat yang biasanya memang diberikan. Setelah pembacaan selesai (khatam), para santri kembali pesantrennya semula. pengajian berakhir biasanya beberapa menjelang datangnya Idul Fitri. Disini tidak ti dak dilakukan sama sekali konfirmasi ulang kepada kyai sekalipun, misalnya sebagian santri memerlukan tambahan keterangan atau penjelasan. Pengajian pasaran ini sesungguhnya amat besar maknanya, mengingat kebanyakan yang mengikutinya ialah mereka-mereka yang memiliki pengalaman atau kemampuan tertentu, khususnya kitab yang akan dibaca atau dikaji. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan efektifitasnya ialah dengan meniadakan pengertian harfiah sebagai pengajian sorogan tingkat awal, hanya membacanya secara benar dan memberikan ulasan-ulasan singkat pada topik yang dianggap penting. Kegiatan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode pengajian pasaran merupakan
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pelaksanaan praktek ibadah sesungguhnya). 5) Setelah selesai kegiatan praktek ibadah para santri diberikan kesempatan mempertanyakan hal-halyang dipandang perlu selama berlangsung kegiatan. G. Masa Pembelajaran dan Syahadah (Ijazah) Masa pembelajaran adalah jangka waktu yang tertentu yang dihabiskan untuk menempuh pendidikan dipondok pesantren. Masa pembelajaran sangat bergantung pada model pembelajaran yang ada. Karena model pondok pesantren yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan model pembelajarannya yang bermacam-macam bentuknya, maka masa atau waktu belajar yang dimanfaatkan oleh para santri dipondok pesantren menjadi berbeda beda pula. Masa pembelajaran di pesantren yang menyelenggarakan pendidikan formal lebih tampak dalamsatuan waktu. Satuan waktu tersebut dapat berupa semester, catur wulan, tahun, dan keseluruhan program dalam kurun waktu tertentu, seperti enam tahun untuk MI, tiga tahun untuk MTs dan seterusnya. Satu tahun. Nama masing-msing pembelajaran yang berbeda-beda, misalnya kelas,marhalah, kelas,marhalah, fashal, thabaqah, sanah , dan sebagainya. Rata-rata pembelajaran pondok pesantren tergantung pada pimpinan yang bersangkutan, dewan Pembina atau dewan pengajarnya. Bisa mencapai tiga atau enam tahun, ta hun, atau tergantung kelulusannya pada lembaga pendidikan formal yang juga diselenggarakan oleh pondok pesantren. Pengjian ini tidak dibatasi dengan batas waktu tertentu dan tanpa
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muslim Indonesia, utamanya masyarakat berbasis pesantren tradisional yang dari masa ke masa terus berkembang dan berimprovisasi seiring dengan kemajuan jaman. Dengan sistem pengajaran yang khas, pesantren tradisional telah mampu memproduk ulama-ulama besar di Indonesia yang lewat tangan-tangan dingin mereka Islam dan bahasa Arab akan selalu menyertai dinamika berbangsa dan bernegara dalam rentangan sejarah bangsa dari masa ke masa. Jika tradisi pengkajian agama Islam dan pelestarian kitab-kitab turats (tradisional) di pesantren-pesantren yang ada di Indonesia terus berlangsung dan selalu berkembang, maka tidak mustahil, apabila di kemudian hari nanti, Indonesia menjadi pusat pengembangan Islam dan bahasa Arab di dunia dunia RANGKUMAN
EVALUASI BAB IV
Latar Belakang Lahirnya Nahdlatul Ulama
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organisasi organisasi Islam Nahdlatul Ulama‘ yang secara legal mengklaim berbasis pada Ahl pada Ahl al-Sunnah wa al- Jama’ah. Berdirinya Jamiyah Nahdlatul Ulama‘, tidak lepas dari peran Kyai Hasyim. Ia dikenal sebagai ideolog, peletak dasar-dasar pemahaman keagamaan dan sendi sendi sosial kemasyarakatan komunitas NU. Posisi Kyai Hasyim yang sangat sentral di komunitas Nu tergambar dari gelar kulturnya sebagai ― Hadrat alal -Syaikh‖ (yang mulia tuan guru) dan
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sporadic, terpisah dan tidak terkoordinasi. Akibatnya dengan mudah pemerintahan kolonial Belanda mematahkannya. Ketidaksukaan umat Islam tidak semata-mata karena mereka merasa ditindas tetapi lebih pada persoalan ajaran agama. Ketidaksukaan umat Islam terhadap penjajah itu begitu dalam, sehingga segala sesuatu yang berbau Belanda dipandang kotor dan haram. Para ulama pesantren memilih sikap isolatif dengan mendirikan pondok pesantren
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a. Banyak pengikut Islam ahlussunnah wal jama‘ah bahkan sebagian ulama waktu itu memaksa dirinya bersikap tawakal total (tajrid) tanpa berikhtiar untuk peningkatan kualitas hidupnya, sehingga menjadi orang-orang orang- orang yang serba thama‘ dari kaum elite. b. Banyak para ulama dan aqhniya‘ ahlussunnah wal jama‘ah yang tidak memperdulikan tetangga-tetangganya yang lemah agamanya terutama dari kalangan yang lemah agamanya.
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pendidikan sesuai tuntutan jamannya. jamann ya. Dan ini harus dibaca sebagai gambaran rasa tanggung jawab para ulama pesantren yang mendalam atas kelestarian ―izzul islam wal muslimin‖ B. Peristiwa Menjelang Kelahiran Nahdlatul Ulama
Pada dasarnya ide pendirian Nahdlatul Ulama atau sebuah jamiyah (organisasi) untuk para ulama pesantren, sudah dimunculkan sejak tahun 1924 yaitu ketika pertahanan Syarif
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dan kepitlah tanganmu keketiakmu, niscaya ia akan keluar menjadi putih cemerlang tanpa cacat sebagai mu’jizat yang lain pula, u ntuk kami perlihatkan kepadamu sebagian dari tanda-tanda tanda-tanda kekuasaan kami yang sangat besar”. Petunjuk kedua juga datang dari Kyai Kholil yang disampaikan kepada Kyai Hasyim melalui Kyai As‘ad pada tahun 1925. Kyai As‘ad membawa tasbih yang dikalungkan dilehernya. Tasbih itu disampaikan kepada Kyai Hasyim dengan disertai bacaan ―Ya Qohhar Ya Jabbar‖ tiga kali. Setelah itu baru Kyai Hasyim mengatakan bahwa Allah SWT telah
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Sedangkan qunut nazilah adalah qunut yang dibaca kaum muslimin dalam shalat fardlu ketika umat Islam menghadapi bahaya, wabah penyakit, tantangan, bencana dan permusuhan dari orang-orang kafir. Apabila bahaya yang mengancam itu sudah berakhir, maka berakhir pula pembacaan qunutnya. Pembacaan qunut nazilah berdasarkan atas sunnah Rasulullah SAW, ― Rasulullah SAW mengadakan qunut selama satu bulan untuk mendo‘akan pembunuh -pembunuh para sahabatnya di Bir al-Maunah al-Maunah ― (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim). Hadits lain dari Abu Hurairah ra menyebutkan, ― Sesungguhnya apabila ingin mendo‘akan seseorang, Nabi Muhammad SAW membaca qunut sesudah ruku‘ ― (HR. Bukhari dan Ahmad Ibnu Hambal). B. Arti Penting Ziarah Kubur
Nahdlatul Ulama akrab dengan budaya ziarah kubur, yaitu mendatangi makammakam orang tua, kakek, nenek, anak, leluhur, para ulama, wali dan lain sebagainya untuk mendo‘akan atau bertawasul kepada mereka. Biasanya waktu yang dipilih adalah Kamis sore atau Jum‘at pagi. Di atas makam mereka membaca tahlil dan ayat-ayat ayat -ayat Al-Qur‘an, Al-Qur‘an, yang pahalanya dihadiahkan pada ahli kubur tersebut. Bagi mereka yang peka lingkungan, sebelum kirim do‘a, terlebih dahulu membersihkan lingkungan dari sampah dedaunan atau mengganti bunga-bunga yang sudah kering di atas makam. Pada masa awal Islam, ziarah kubur sempat dilarang oleh Rasulullah SAW. Hal itu dimaksudkan untuk menjaga aqidah mereka yang belum kuat, agar tidak menjadi musyrik dan penyembah kuburan. Namun setelah Islam kuat dan aqidah mereka juga kuat, Rasulullah justru menyuruh kaum muslimin untuk untuk melakukannya. Hal ini berdasar berdasar pada Hadits, ― Dahulu saya melarang menziarahi kubur, adapun sekarang berziarahlah ke sana, karena yang demikian itu akan mengingatkanmu me ngingatkanmu akan hari akhirat ―. (HR. Ahmad, Muslim dan Asbahus Sunan Ziarah kubur sangat dianjurkan dalam Islam, sebab manfaat di dalamnya sangat besar, baik bagi orang yang sudah meninggal dunia berupa hadiah pahala bacaan Al-Qur‘an Al- Qur‘an maupun bagi orang yang berziarah itu sendiri, yakni mengingatkan manusia akan kematian yang pasti akan menjemputnya. Dipilihnya hari Kamis sore atau Jum‘at pagi, karena hari Jum‘at adalah hari paling mulia (penanggalan hijriyah dimulai dari tenggelamnya matahari) dan diyakini para arwah sedang diberi kebebasan pada hari itu untuk menengok keluarganya, sekaligus menunggu kiriman dari mereka berupa amal. Sedangkan ziarah di bulan suci Ramadlan ataupun di Hari Raya sebenarnya tidak ada perintah dan tidak ada larangan. Karena tidak ada larangan, orang yang suka ziarah mengambil inisiatif, alangkah indahnya jika dapat kirim do‘a pada hari -hari yang penuh rahmat dan ampunan (Ramadlan) dan hari yang bahagia (Idul Fitri). Justru akan sangat
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Di samping maksud utama ziarah kubur itu mendo‘akan terhadap mereka yang sudah wafat, agar mendapatkan maghirah (ampunan) dan rahmat dari Allah SWT, juga mengandung beberapa hikmah yang sangat bermanfaat, antara lain : 1. Mengingat akan alam akhirat Kelak di alam akhirat, manusia yang telah meninggal dunia akan dihidupkan kembali oleh Allah SWT untuk menerima keadilan dan balasanNya atas segala amal perbuatan manusia semasa hidupnya. Semua amal perbuatan manusia tidak ada yang tertinggal, masingmasing akan mendapatkan balasan sekalipun amal itu tidak terlihat oleh sesama manusia. 2. Berzuhud terhadap dunia Zuhud terhadap dunia berarti meninggalkan dunia untuk berbakti kepada Allah SWT. Manusia jangan sampai terpikat hati dan pikirannya dengan tipu muslihat dunia, tetapi justru dapat memanfaatkan harta benda yang diperolehnya di jalan yang diridhai Allah SWT sebelum ajal mendatanginya. 3. Mengambil suri tauladan Setiap manusia pasti akan mengalami kematian, yang waktunya tak dapat diketahui sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu sebelum ajal datang, manusia perlu selalu memperbanyak amal kebaikannya dan meninggalkan amal keburukan serta bertaubat memohon ampun kepada Allah SWT. 4. Mendapatkan barokah Hal ini jika yang diziarahi adalah orang yang shalih, dimana ketika hidupnya telah dimintai barokahnya. Setelah wafatnya, orang tersebut boleh menurut faham Ahlussunnah Wal Jama‘ah untuk kita mohon barokahnya. b arokahnya. 5. Membulatkan niat mencari ridha Allah SWT Seorang muslim yang berziarah hendaknya wajib meyakinkan hatinya bahwa tidak ada yang dapat memberi manfaat dan madharat, kecuali kekuasaan Allah SWT. Yakinkan niat bahwa berziarah itu semata-mata mencari ridha Allah SWT. Berziarah berarti memberi nasihat kepada yang hidup tentang kematian, bukan memberi nasihat kepada yang mati, karena yang mati tak perlu lagi menerima nasihat dan tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan yang masih hidup. Namun sebaliknya manusia hidup masih mempunyai hubungan dengan yang sudah mati. Perempuan ziarah kubur di kalangan warga Nahdlatul Ulama tidak begitu popular. Sebab mereka sudah paham bahwa ziarah kubur bagi perempuan tidak diperkenankan.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Berwudlu dahulu sebelum berziarah. Mengucapkan salam. Membaca ayat-ayat atau surat-surat dari Al-Qur‘an, Al-Qur‘an, seperti tahlil, surat Yasin, ayat kursi dan lain-lain. Menghadap kiblat ketika membaca do‘a. Ziarah dilakukan dengan penuh khidmat dan khusyu‘.
RANGKUMAN
1. Membaca do‘a qunut dan ziarah kubur merupakan sebagian amaliah yang dilakukan warga Nahdlatul Ulama yang tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, bahkan justru dianjurkan atau diperintahkan. 2. Ziarah kubur kubur pada dasarnya dapat dilaksanakan kapan saja. Tetapi sebagian sebagian besar memilih waktu-waktu yang baik, seperti : hari ha ri Kamis sore, Jum‘at pagi, bulan Ramadlan dan hari Raya Idul Fitri. 2. Membaca do‘a qunut dan ziarah kubur telah dilaksanakan oleh mayoritas umat Islam secara umum dan oleh warga Nahdlatul Ulama secara khusus adalah suatu amalan yang juga telah dilaksanakan oleh Rasulullah SAW sejak dahulu. 3. Banyak hikmah yang diperoleh dalam dalam melaksanakan ziarah kubur, antara lain : mengingat akan alam akhirat, berzuhud terhadap dunia, mengambil suri tauladan, mendapatkan barokah dan membulatkan niat mencari ridha Allah SWT.
EVALUASI
A. Pilihlah jawaban jawaban a, b, c atau d pada pertanyaan pertanyaan di bawah ini yang kamu kamu anggap benar !
1. Do‘a yang dibaca pada saat tertentu dan karena keadaan tert entu disebut …. a. do‘a qunut b. do‘a witit c. do‘a tarawih d. do‘a sapu jagat e. do'a dunia akhirat 2. Do‘a qunut yang dibaca pada shalat subuh, menurut Imam Syafi‘i hukumnya …. a. wajib b. sunnah muakkad
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3. Apabila lupa membaca do‘a qunut pada shalat subuh, harus melakukan …. a. sujud syukur b. sujud sahwi c. sujud tilawah d. sujud bersama-sama e. sujud perseorangan 4. Qunut yang dibaca kaum muslimin dalam shalat fardlu ketika umat Islam menghadapi menghadapi bahaya disebut …. a. qunut subuh b. qunut witir c. qunut nazilah d. qunut di bulan Ramadlan e. qunut di bulan Syawal 5. Qunut dalam shalat subuh dilakukan …. a. setelah mengangkat kepala dari ruku‘ dalam rakaat pertama b. setelah mengangkat kepala dari ruku‘ dalam rakaat kedua c. sebelum mengangkat kepala dari ruku‘ dalam rakaat pertama pe rtama d. sebelum mengangkat kepala dari ruku‘ dalam rakaat kedua e. sebelum mengangkat mengangkat kepala dari ruku' ruku' dalam dalam rakaat ketiga 6. Biasanya waktu yang dipilih untuk melaksanakan ziarah kubur adalah hari …. a. Kamis sore atau Jum‘at pagi Jum‘at pagi b. Kamis sore atau Jum‘at sore c. Jum‘at pagi atau Jum‘at sore d. Jum‘at dan Sabtu e. Kamis, Jum'at dan Sabtu 7. Pada masa awal Islam, ziarah kubur sempat dilarang oleh Rasulullah SAW. Hal itu dimaksudkan untuk … a. mendo‘akan yang sudah meninggal dunia b. bertawasul pada Rasulullah SAW c. menjaga aqidah mereka yang yang belum kuat d. mendapatkan barokah e. mendapatkan sesuatu yang diinginkan 8. Di bawah ini yang yang tidak termasuk hikmah ziarah kubur adalah …. a. mengingat akan alam akhirat b. berzuhud terhadap dunia c. mengambil suri tauladan d. meminta sesuatu pada ahli kubur
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a. b. c. d. e.
ziarah dilakukan dengan penuh khidmat dan khusyu‘ memakai pakaian serba putih memakai minyak wangi dilakukan secara bersama-sama dilakukan sendiri
10. Ziarah kubur sudah dilakukan sejak …. a. masa Rasulullah SAW b. masa sahabat c. masa tabiit d. masa tabiin e. masa tabiit tabiin
B. Jawablah pertanyaanpertanyaan-pertanyaan pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan tepat !
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sebutkan dasar do‘a qunut ! Sebutkan macam do‘a qunut ? Apakah perbedaan antara qunut subuh subuh dengan dengan qunut nazilah ! Sebutkan dasar ziarah kubur ! Sebutkan hikmah dari ziarah kubur kubur !
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Soeleiman Fadeli, H, Mohammad Subhan, S. Sos, 2007, Antologi NU , Surabaya, Khalista 2. Abdul Muchit Muzadi, KH, NU Dalam Perspektif Sejarah dan Ajaran , 2006 Surabaya Khalista 3. Zudi Setiawan, Nasional i sme NU , 2007, Semarang, Aneka Ilmu 4. Choirul Anam, Per , 1985, Sala, Jatayu Per tum buhan dan Per Per kembangan kembangan N U 5. Usman NCK, Tata Cara Cara Ziar ah Kubur ateri Dasar Dasar N ahdlatu ahdlatu U lama Ahlu sunnah 6. Amin Farikh, M.Ag, Ismail SM, M.Ag, M ateri Wal Jama’ah, 2006, Semarang, PW Lembaga Pendidikan Ma‘arif Jawa Tengah 7. Imam Annawawi, Ter , 1994, Darul Ihya Ter jemah jemah Al -Adzkar -Adzkar 8. A. Suhaimi Syukur, H, BA, Pendidi , 1996, Surabaya, PW Pendidi kan Aswaja/Ke Aswaja/Ke-NU -NU -an Lembaga Pendidikan Ma‘arif Jawa Timur 9. Aceng Abdul Azis Dy, dkk, Islam Ahlussunnah Wal Jama’ah di Indonesia, 2007, Jakarta, Pustaka Ma‘arif NU 10. Badruddin Hsubky, Drs. KH, Bid'ah-Bid'ah Di Indonesia , 1996, Jakarta, Gema Insani Press 11. Munawir Abdul Fatah, H, Tr adis , 2006, Yogyakarta, Pustaka adisii Orang-Orang Orang-Orang N U Pesantren
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