PROF. ELENA OPREAN
ATLAS ȘCOLAR ISTORIA ROMÂNILOR
EDITURA STEAUA NORDULUI
Pag.3
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE Atlasul școlar !"tru stu#$!r!a $stor$!$ ro%&"$lor !st! #!st$"at at&t !l!'$lor( c&t )$ tuturor !rsoa"!lor $"t!r!sat! #! tr!cut. F$$"# co%us #$"tr*u" "u%+r !gal #! ,+r-$ )$ s$"t!! $stor$c!( s! /"t!%!$a+ ! co"'$"g!r!a c+ $stor$a !st! 0oc,$ul ol$t$c$$... stu#$ul tuturor autor$lor !st! ca )$ or1 2+r+ lu%$"$l! g!ogra!$4 5P$!rr! Du'al6. 7+r-$l! )$ t!8t!l! au 2ost !la1orat! ! 1aa c!r$"-!lor rogra%!lor )colar! a9at! /" '$goar!( ast2!l /"c&t /"#!l$"!sc o1$!ct$'!l! #$#act$c! #! r!2!r$"-+: s+ u)ur!! /"-!l!g!r!a t$%ulu$ )$ sa-$ulu$ /" $stor$!( s+ as$gur! cu"oa)t!r!a surs!lor a#!c'at! t!%!lor /" #$scu-$! )$ s+ /"cura;!! ror$$l! $"$-$at$'! #! $"'!st$gar! a !'!"$%!"t!lor #$" $stor$a ro%&"$lor. Pr$" 2olos$r!a atlasulu$( la clasa or$ /" stu#$ul $"#$'$#ual( !l!'$$ /)$ 'or /"su)$ /"tr*o %a"$!r+ log$c+ !r$o#$ar!a $stor$c+ cor!su"+toar! sa-$ulu$ ro%&"!sc( s! 'or 2a%$l$ar$a cu 2olos$r!a %ult$l!lor surs! #! $"2or%ar! /" a"al$a u"!$ t!%! $stor$c! )$ 'or o1s!r'a cu u)ur$"-+ sc,$%1+r$l! ol$t$c! )$ t!r$tor$al! sur'!"$t! /" #!cursul !oc$lor. AUTORUL
Pag.< T!,"or!#actar! )$ cartogra!r!: T$t!l =al#o
D!scr$!r!a CIP a =$1l$ot!c$$ Na-$o"al! a Ro%&"$!$ OPREAN( ELENA Atlas : Istor$a ro%&"$lor > Or!a" El!"a*V!ro"$ca. *E#. a ?*a. @ =ucur!șt$ : St!aua Nor#ulu$( B IS=N G*B*?*3B* <5<G65BG<6
Has!ta ag #r!ataJ * Pal!ol$t$c )$ H!ol$t$c N!ol$t$c Eoca 1ro"ulu$ K!to*#ac$$ )$ alog!"$$ Do1rog!a =ur!1$sta D!c!1al Orga"$ar!a a#%$"$strat$'+ a Dac$!$ ro%a"! Do1rog!a ro%a"+ V$a-a ro%a"a /" Dac$a Auto,to"$ )$ %$grator$ Ro%a"$tat!a su#*#u"+r!a"+ Co"t$"u$tat! #aco*ro%a"+ )$ cr!)t$"$s% For%a-$u"$l! r!statal! ro%a"!)t$ ara Ro%&"!asca Hol#o'a Tra"s$l'a"$a Do1rog!a H!#$!'al+ I%!r$ul Oto%a" H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" Ia"cu #! 7u"!#oara Mt!2a" c!l Har! Vla# !!) Co%!r-ul %!#$!'al S$r$tual$tat!a ro%&"!asca %!#$!'al+ H$,a$ V$t!aul +r$l! Ro%&"! /"tr! BB*G Aro%&"$$ =asara1$a /" a"ul G R!'olu-$a #! la G R!'olu-$a #! la G
Pag.? CUPRINS . Pal!ol$t$c 5!oca '!c,! a $!tr!$6 H!ol$t$c 5BBB( BBBB*B BB /.7r.6 . N!ol$t$cul ! t!r$tor$ul Ro%&"$!$ 5BBB*3?BB( 3BBB / .7r.6 3. Eoca 1ro"ulu$ 53BBB*BB>?B /.7r.6 <. K!to*#ac$$ )$ oula-$$l! alog!"! ?. Do1rog!a( auto,to"$ )$ colo"$)t$ gr!c$ . =ur!1$sta 5G*<< /.7r.6 . D!c!1al 5G*B #.7r.6 G. Orga"$ar!a a#%$"$strat$'+ a Dac$!$ Ro%a"! . Do1rog!a ro%a"+ B. V$a-a ro%a"a /" Dac$a . Auto,to"$ )$ %$grator$ . Ro%a"$tat!a s u#*#u"+r!a"+ 3. Co"t$"u$tat! #aco*ro%a"a )$ cr!)t$"$s% <. For%a-$u"$l! r!statal! ro%&"!)t$ /" s!col!l! I*II ?. ara Ro%&"!asca /" s!col!l! IV*VI . Hol#o'a /" s!col!l! IV*VI . Tra"s$l'a"$a /" s!col!l! IV*VI G. Do1rog!a %!#$!'al+ . E8a"s$u"!a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a" B. H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" 53G*<G6 . Ia"cu #! 7u"!#oara 5<<*
C!"tr! al! r!r!s$u"$$ co%u"$st!
Pag. PALEOLITIC 5EPOCA VEC7E A PIETREI6 Î"c!! cu co"sol$#ar!a Cara-$lor )$ r!trag!r!a tr!tat+ a %+r$lor. D$" u"ct #! '!#!r! cl$%at$c( a co$"c$s cu !r$oa#a c!lor < glac$a-$u"$( $"t!rcalat! cu !r$oa#! %a$ cal#!. Fau"a )$ 9ora au 'ar$at. Kruur$l! u%a"! 5#! la ,o%$"$$ la ,o%o sa$!"s r!c!"s6 ract$cau '&"+toar!a )$ cul!sul( $"# #!!"#!"t! #! %!#$u. Î"c!rc&"# s+ locu$asc+ /" aro$!r!a r!surs!lor( %$c$l! co%u"$t+-$ !rau 2oart! %o1$l!( $ar locu$r$l! lor #! scurt+ #urat+( /" !)t!r$ sau ! t!ras!( cu r!'!"$r$ !r$o#$c!. La H$toc @ =oto)a"$ !8$sta #o'a#a 2olos$r$$ 2oculu$( r$"tr*o 'atr+ asoc$at+ cu r!stur$ #! roc$ r!lucrat!. Focul a !r%$s a#atar!a %a$ ra$#+ la %!#$ul "atural 5r!arar!a ,ra"!$( /"c+l$r!a( alu"gar!a a"$%al!lor s+l1at$c!6. Au 2ost #!sco!r$t! u"!lt! c$ol$t! )$ %a"$2!st+r$ %ag$co*r!l$g$oas!( #!)$ r!stur$l! u%a"! su"t rar!. Î" !)t!ra C$oclo'$"a a 2ost #!sco!r$t+ o calot+ cra"$a"+ #$" al!ol$t$cul
su!r$or ro'$"! $ctur+ #! ru!str+ r!r!$"t+ s! u" r!suu"! cal )$ o 2!l$"+. Por"$"# #! la or!stur$l! cra"$$ c! #!sco!r$t!( c+ lor l! !rau atr$1u$t! cal$t+-$ %ag$c! )$ c+ /" al!ol$t$c ar 2ost o1$!ctul u"u$ a#!'+rat cult /" !r$oa#a "al+ a al!ol$t$culu$( %or-$$ !rau #!u)$ /" gro$ art$c$al!. Nu%!roas!l! oas! #! a"$%al! #!sco!r$t! /" !)t!r$ ar co"st$tu$ o2ra"#! o2!r$t! /" #!cursul r$tualur$lor r$" ract$car!a lor( co%u"$t+-$l! #! '&"+tor$ a)t!tau o ra#+ 1ogat+. A !8$stat( cu s$gura"-+( o '$a-+ s$r$tual+ )$ r!l$g$oas+ a o%ulu$ al!ol$t$c( r!9!ctat+ #! #!sco!r$r$l! art$st$c! )$ 2u"!rar!( /"sa /" ac!st #o%!"$u s! oat! #oar r!suu"! cr!#$"-a /" $"-! sura"atural!.
HEOLITIC 5BBB( BBBB*BBB Î.7R.6 Cor!su"#! /"c+l$r$$ cl$%!$( r!trag!r$$ g,!-ar$lor )$ r+s&"#$r$$ s!c$$lor #! +#ur!. S! 2or%!a+ t$ul ,o%o sa$!"s r!c!"s 51aa t$ur$lor ras$al! %o#!r"!6. P! l&"g+ tr+s+tur$l! '$!-$$ #$" al!ol$t$c( s! a#auga u"!l! "o$ tr+s+tur$: r$%!l! #o%!st$c$r$ 5c&$"!l!6( '&"+toar!a s!l!ct$'+ )$ cul!sul s$st!%at$c al u"or la"t! ac!st!a r!c!#a %ar$l! $"'!"-$$ al! !r$oa#!$ "!ol$t$c!. La Sc,!la Cla#o'!$ au 2ost #!sco!r$t! locu$"-! #! sura2a-+( '!tr!( altar! )$ /"%or%&"t+r$ /"gr$;$t!.
ISTORIE ÎN IHAKINI ** V$a-a /" al!ol$t$cul su!r$or P!)t!ra locu$t+ /" al!ol$t$c U"!alta 2a1r$cat+ #$" s$l!8 Frag%!"t #$" roc+ #! s$l!8
Pag. G NEOLITICUL PE TERITORIUL ROHÂNIEI 5BBB*3?BB( 3BBB Î.7R.6 Î"c!utul !r$oa#!$ cor!su"#! u"!$ /"c+l$r$ a cl$%!$( car! a !r%$s s!#!"tar$ar!a oula-$!$. Dator$t+ u"or $%ulsur$ #! or$g$"! su#$c+( /" sa-$ul carato*1alca"$c s*au r+s&"#$t !2!ct!l! 0r!'olu-$!$ "!ol$t$c!4: aar$-$a a)!+r$lor( ract$car!aagr$cultur$$ )$ a %!)t!)ugur$lor( #o%!st$c$r!a a"$%al!lor( sc,$%1ur$l! /"tr!co%u"$tat$( %a"$2!st+r$l! s$r$tual!. Locu$r$l! u%a"! au !'oluat #! la %$c$ c+tu"!( /" aro$!r!a surs!lor #! a+( )$ &"+ la a)!+r$ #! %ar$ #$%!"s$u"$( #ura1$l!( s$tuat! ! locur$ #o%$"a"t! )$ rot!;at! /" %o# art$c$al. P! #urata "!ol$t$culu$( cl$%a a 2ost c,$ar %a$ cal#+ #!c&t /" r!!"t( $ar sr! s2&r)$tul !r$oa#!$ s*a ar$#$at. Ha8$%+ /"9or$r! a '$!-$$ !co"o%$c!( soc$al! )$ s$r$tual! s! o1s!r'a /" 2aa "al+ 5!"!ol$t$cul6( car! r!$"t+ tr+s+tur$ u"$tar! al! c$'$l$a-$!$ ! ar$$ larg$( #!+)$"# o"a carato*#a"u1$a"a. Aar$-$a c!ra%$c$$ a r!suus u" /"tr!g roc!s t!,"olog$c )$ !8$st!"-a u"or
%!)t!r$ str+1+t!au %ar$ #$sta"-! !c+r!$ cultur$ a !r$oa#!$ $*au cor!su"scar! 2or%! #! 'as!( t!,"$c$ #! #!corar! )$ %ot$'! #$2!r$t! 'as!l! !rau ars! /" cutoar! s!c$al!. Î" "!ol$t$cul #!'oltat s*a acc!"tuat s!#!"tar$s%ul. Pr!lucrar!a aurulu$ )$ a curulu$ a !r%$s co"2!c-$o"ar!a #! u"!lt!( ar%! )$ o#oa1!. Sc,$%1ur$l! #$"tr! co%u"$t+-$ s*au $"t!"s$cat )$ au a+rut #$2!r!"-$!r$l! soc$al!. E"!ol$t$cul r!r!$"t+ !r$oa#a #! %a8$%+ #!'oltar! a %!talurg$!$ curulu$( /" aral!l cu orga"$ar!a soc$al+ )$ !co"o%$c+ su!r$oar+ 5la"ur$ #! #!'oltar! a a)!+r$lor( 2olos$r!a c!ra%$c$$ $ctat!( l!g+tur$ cu c$'$l$a-$$ a9at! la %ar! #$sta"-+6. F$"alul !"!ol$t$culu$ ar! a l!gat #! sc,$%1+r$l! #! %!#$u )$ #! aar$-$a u"or oula-$$ '!"$t! #$" "or#ul Har$$ N!gr!. 0Cult$'ar!a la"t!lor )$ cr!)t!r!a a"$%al!lor( ca )$ rolul r$%or#$al al 2!%!$$ /" roc!sul 1$olog$c al r!ro#uc!r$$ '$!-$$ )$ /" sta1$l$r!a #!sc!"#!"t!$ au g!"!rat /" c,$ r!sc u" cult al 2!cu"#$t+-$$ )$ 2!rt$l$t+-$$ )$ @ ca u" corolar "!c!sar @ u"!l! ract$c$ %ag$co*r!l$g$oas!( !8r!s$! a ac!stu$ cult.4 5Vla#$%$r Du%$tr!scu6
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** C!ra%$c+ #! Cucut!"$ I"t!r$or #! t!%lu "!ol$t$c I#ol #! aur @ cultura Ku%!l"$ta Hac,!ta #! sa"ctuar "!ol$t$c
Pag.B EPOCA =RONULUI 53BBB*BB>?B Î.7R.6 A /"c!ut #u+ o /"#!lu"gata !r$oa#a #! tra"$-$!( %arcat+ #! sos$r!a u"u$ 'al #! oula-$$ #! +stor$ #$"sr! "or#ul Har$$ N!gr!. Eoca 1ro"ulu$ arcurg! tr!$ !ta! r$"c$al! #! !'olu-$!: t$%ur$!( %$;loc$! )$ t&r$!. C!l! tr!$ su1#$'$$u"$ al! !oc$$ 1ro"ulu$ s! raort!a+( /" s!c$al( la %o#$c+r$l! as!ctulu$ c!ra%$c$$. S! caract!r$!a+( /" r$"c$al( r$" %a"$2!st+r$ /"c+ ru#$%!"tar! al! caract!r$st$c$lor #! 1a+ al! !oc$$ 1ro"ulu$: $!s!l! #! 1ro" su"t /"c+ u-$"!( $ar structur$l! soc$al! su"t sla1 #!'oltat!. Î" #!cursul !oc$$ 1ro"ulu$( /" sa-$ul #$"tr! Cara-$( Du"+r! )$ =alca"$ s*a cr!at 1locul !t"$c trac$c. Au a+rut u"$u"$l! #! tr$1ur$ /"ru#$t! )$ a)!+r$l! /"t+r$t!( car! s!r'!au #r!t r!)!#$"-! al! )!lor. Ocua-$$l! r!#$l!ct! al! oula-$!$ !rau agr$cultur+ )$ cr!)t!r!a a"$%al!lor.
Folos$r!a cos$torulu$ /"tr! co%u"$t+-$l! a9at!!"tru la %ar$o1-$"!r!a #$sta"-!. al$a;ulu$ #! 1ro" "!c!s$ta sc,$%1ur$ Sc,$%1ur$l! #! %at!r$$ r$%!( ract$cat! la %ar! #$sta"-+( au a#us ros!r$tat! co%u"$t+-$lor. o"a $"tracarat$c+ a #!'!"$t c!"trul %!talurg$!$ !uro!"!( /"sa co"t$"u+ 2olos$r!a /" aral!l a osulu$( cor"ulu$ )$ $!tr!$ !"tru r!al$ar!a ar%!lor )$ u"!lt!lor "u%+rul $!s!lor #$" %!tal cr!)t! 2oart! %ult la s2&r)$tul !r$oa#!$ )$ /" r$%a art! a !oc$$ !rulu$. P! scar+ larg+ s*a ract$cat #!u"!r!a t!aur!lor #! $!s! #! aur( arg$"t )$ 1ro"( ca s$%1olur$ al! ut!r$$ soc$al! )$ r!l$g$oas! 5D!o$tul #! la Tu2alau cur$"#!a tooar!( o 1r+-ar+( #$scur$( %+rg!l!( u" glo1 !tc.6. Î"c!utul !oc$$ 1ro"ulu$ a cor!su"s( /" la" soc$al( cu cr!)t!r!a rolulu$ 1+r1atulu$( #!t!r%$"at+ #! s!c$cul ocua-$$lor( r+s&"#$r!a as!*+r$lor 2ort$cat! )$ $"#$'$#ual$ar!a rolulu$ u"or %!%1r$ a$ co%u"$t+-$$( /" o"oar!a c+rora !rau r$#$cat! %o'$l! 2u"!rar!. Î" #o%!"$ul '$!-$$ s$r$tual!( or"a%!"t!l! s$ral$c!( s$%1olur$l! solar! )$ r!r!!"t+r$l! '!g!tal! #! ! c!ra%$c+ sug!r!a+ ract$car!a cultulu$ solar( al 2!rt$l$t+-$$ )$ al 2!cu"#$t+-$$ ro1a1$l( /" ac!la)$ sco au 2ost 2olos$t! car!l! 'ot$'! )$ gur$"!l! #! a"$%al! )$ +s+r$. Î" =a$"ul Carat$c( su1 as!ct !t"ocultural( /" #!cursul ac!st!$ !r$oa#! s! ro#uc!( la /"c!ut( u" roc!s #! #$2!r!"-$!r! cultural+ )$ r!g$o"ala: t!r$tor$ul ocuat a"t!r$or #! cultur+ Coto2!"$ s! #$'$!a+ /"tr! %a$ %ult! cultur$ ao$( sr! "alul 1ro"ulu$ t$%ur$u( s! ro#uc! u"$2or%$ar!a %a"$2!st+r$lor cultural!.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** L$"gou #$" 1ro" Or"a%!"t #$" !oca 1ro"ulu$ Toor #$" !oca 1ro"ulu$
Vas #! cult * c$%ul$-a
Pag. KETO*DACII MI POPULAIILE ALOKENE K!to*#ac$$ !rau oula-$$ aar-$"&"# tr$1ur$lor trac$c! #$" sa-$ul carato* #u"+r!a"( /" !r$oa#a s!col!lor VI /.7r. @ ÎI #.7r. S! #$st$"g #! %as+ trac$lor #! la su#ul Du"+r$$( oarta "u%! tr$1al! s!c$c!: #ac$( g!-$( car$( costo1oc$( cro1$$( t!r$$( aul$ !tc. Stra1o" r!c$a c+ 0"u%!au Da"u1$us art!a su!r$oar+ a 9u'$ulu$( /" c!a %a$ %ar! art! /" st+&"$r!a #ac$lor... art!a $"2!r$oar+... #!*a lu"gul c+r!$a tr+$!sc g!-$$4 /"sa %ul-$ autor$ a"t$c$ "u 2ac #$st$"c-$! /"tr! !$: 0Dac$$ au ac!!a)$ l$%1+ ca )$ g!-$$4. Istor$cul 7!ro#ot $*a %!"-$o"at ! g!-$ /" r!latar!a cu r$'$r! la ca%a"$a lu$ Dar$us /%otr$'a sc$-$lor 5a"ul ?< /.7r.6( car! s! r!tr+g!au( r$" Do1rog!a( /" "or#ul Har$$ N!gr! g!-$$ $*au ous r!$st!"-+ r!g!lu$ !rsa" #!)$ au 2ost /"'$")$( 7!ro#ot su"! #!sr! g!-$ c+ su"t 0c!$ %a$ '$t!;$ )$ %a$ #r!-$ #$"tr! trac$4. Locu$r!a co"t$"u+ a oula-$!$ g!to*#ac! ! u" t!r$tor$u c! cor!su"#! /" %ar! art! cu Ro%&"$a #! ast+$ !st! #!%o"strat+ #! too"$%! 5Carat!s @
Hu"-$$ ,$#ro"$%! 5Alutus @ Olt( Cr$s$us @ Cr$s( Har$sus @ Hur!)( Sa%us Cara-$6 @ So%!s()$T$1$scu% @ T$%$)( T$s$a @ T$s+6. P! l&"g+ ar$a !r%a"!"t+ #! locu$r!( /" 2a!l! %a8$%! au ocuat( #! la "or# la su#( o"a #$"tr! L'o' )$ V!l$Qo*T&r"o'o( $ar #! la '!st la !st( o"a #$"tr! =rat$sla'a )$ Ol1$a. A)!+r$l! lor !rau sta1$l!( #! caract!r rural #!sco!r$r$l! ar,!olog$c! $"#$c+ 2olos$r!a $"c$"!ra-$!$ ca r$"c$al r$t 2u"!rar. Pract$cau agr$cultura( +stor$tul( r!lucrar !a %!tal!lor 5/"#!os!1$ !rul )$ arg$"tul6( ol+r$tul. A'!au ar$stocra-$! tr$1al+ cor!su"+toar! c!"tr!lor #! ut!r!r!g$o"al! #$" su#ul Olt!"$!$( "or#ul Do1rog!$( "or#ul Hol#o'!$( C&%$a Ro%&"a 5P$scu Crasa"$( Po!)t$( T$"osu6( Do1rog!a 5Tar$'!r#!( =!$#au#6. Î" s!col!l! IV*III /.7r. aar u"!l! 2or%a-$u"$ co"#us! #! )! %$l$tar$( c+rora l! cor!su"# t!aur! )$ %or%$"t! 0r$"c$ar!4 /" car! s*au g+s$t co$2ur$( 'as!( o#oa1!( $!s! #! ,ar"a)a%!"t #$" aur )$ arg$"t 5la Ag$g,$ol( =a$c!"$* Cucut!"$( P!r!tu( Po$a"a Coto2!"!st$( Cra$o'a( Tora$sar6. Cu toat! $"9u!"-!l! local! al! c!l-$lor( 1astar"$lor( sc$-$lor( gr!c$lor( #$" s!colul II /.7r.( c$'$l$a-$a lor a c++tat tr+s+tur$ s!c$c!( $"augur&"# !r$oa#a clas$c+ 5s!c. I /.7r. @ s!c. I #.7r.6: gruar!a a)!+r$lor #!sc,$s! /" ;urul #a'!lor( a)!+r$ 2ort$cat! 5Coto2!"$( St&"c!st$ ( Ho)"a( =r+,+)!)t$( Arsur+( Cot"ar$( Po!)t$( T$"osu( P$scu Crasa"$( Po$a"a( Racatau( P$atra Cra$'$$6( %or%$"t!( sa"ctuar! !tc. Scr$!r$l! a"t$c! )$ #!sco!r$r$l! "u%$s%at$c! au ar+tat !8$st!"ta( la s2&rs$tul $"t!r'alulu$( a u"or u"$u"$ #! tr$1ur$ /" o"a c!"tral+ a Hu"t!"$!$( "or#*!stul Hu"t!"$!$ )$ su#ul Hol#o'!$( Olt!"$a )$ o"a $"tracarat$c+ 57u"!#oara( Cug$r6.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Co$2 g!to*#ac$c #! la Ka'a"$
Cua #ac$c+ @ t!aur #! la S&"cr+$!"$ Ho"!#a #ac$c+ U"!lt! #ac$c!
Pag.< DO=ROKEA( AUTO7TONI MI COLONIMTI KRECI Î" !r$oa#a s!col!lor VI*II /.7r.( Do1rog!a !st! locu$t+ #! o oula-$! traco* g!t$ca 5cultura =a1a#ag )$ as!ctul Tar$'!r#!*=!$#au#6( $ar l$toralul #! colo"$)t$$ gr!c$( sos$-$ /"c+ #! la ;u%+tat!a s!colulu$ al VII*l!a /.7r. la 7$str$a( )$
/" s!colul VI /.7r.( la To%$s )$ Callat$s. Î"t!%!$!r!a colo"$$lor gr!c!)t$ '!st*o"t$c! a 2+cut art! #$"tr*u" a%lu roc!s car! a a2!ctat /"tr!g 1a$"ul Har$$ N!gr! )$ al H+r$$ H!#$t!ra"!. Pros!r$tat!a colo"$$lor #$" Po"t !st! %ot$'at+ #! oratorul D!%ost!"!: 0Ca"t$tat!a #! gr&u a#us+ #$" Po"t !st! %a$ %ar! #!c&t tot c!!a c! "! '$"! #$" c!l!lalt! ortur$ co%!rc$al!4. Colo"$$l! au r!al$at sc,$%1ur$ co%!rc$al! cu $"t!r$orul ro'$"c$!$( a#uc&"# '$"ur$( -!s+tur$( ro#us! #! lu8 #$" Kr!c$a )$ #&"# /" sc,$%1 $!$( a"$%al!( !st!( c!r!al!( scla'$ !tc. Î" r!la-$$l! gr!c$lor cu auto,to"$$( a%1!l! +r-$ !rau a'a"ta;at!. Orga"$ar!a colo"$$lor $%$ta %o#!lul %!trool!$( a'!au o '$a-+ ur1a"+( ol$t$ca( agora( %o"!#+( t!%l!( ortur$.
Ora)!l! 7$str$a( To%$s )$ Callat$s( /%r!u"a cu colo"$$l! #$"0Co%u"$tat!a su#( O#!ssos 5Var"a6 )$ D$o"sool$s 5=alc$c6( au cr!at o $"st$tu-$! co%u"+: c!lor c$"c$ ora)!4 5P!"taol$s6( la car! 'a a#!ra( %a$ t&r$u( )$ H!ss!%1r$a 5N!s!1ar6( 2or%&"# ast2!l 0Co%u"$tat!a c!lor )as! ora)!4 57!8aol$s6. Î" a"ul ?? /.7r.( cu oca$a !8!#$-$!$ lu$ =ur!1$sta( ac!st! colo"$$ au 2ost a#us! su1 autor$tat!a lu$: 0...r!g!l! =ur!1$sta( st+&"$tor al tuturor -$"utur$lor #! #$"colo )$ #! #$"coac! #! Du"+r!...4 5#$" $"scr$-$a /" c$"st!a lu$ Acor"$o" #$" D$o"sool$s6. D!sco!r$r$l! ar,!olog$c! #$" %!#$ul g!t$c $"#$ca r!c!t$'$tat!a 2a-+ #! c$'$l$a-$a su!r$oar+ a lu%$$ gr!c!)t$. I'oar!l! $stor$c! )$ r!!"ta "u%!roas!lor 2ort$ca-$$ la =a1a#ag( E"$sala( =!$#au#( V$)$"a !tc. sus-$" !8$st!"-a u"or c+!t!"$$ local! )$ $%l$car!a lor /" $stor$a o"!$ 5al%o#!g$Qos( R,!%a8os( Da8( ra8!s( Rol!s6. Du+ t!"tat$'+ #$" a"$$ * /.7r. a lu$ Lucullus( #! acaarar! a t!r$tor$ulu$ Do1rog!$( ac!sta a 2ost $"t!grat #!"$t$' /" statul ro%a" ca ur%ar! a !8!#$-$!$ #$" a"$$ *G /.7r. a lu$ H+rcu) L$c$"$us Crassus.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Ho"!#! trac$c! Sol#a-$ !rsa"$ Lut+tor trac A%2or+ gr!c!asc+
Pag. =URE=ISTA 5G*<< Î.7R.6 Î"t!%!$!torul r$%ulu$ stat g!to*#ac( /" co"#$-$$l! 2a'ora1$l! cr!at! #! #!'oltar!a soc$!t+-$$ g!to*#ac! /" s!col!l! III*II /.7r. )$ aar$-$a u"$u"$lor tr$1al!.
U"$tat!a !t"$c+ )$ l$"g'$st$c+ a g!to*#ac$lor( r!cu% )$ !r$col!l! car! a%!"$"-au Dac$a 5c!l-$$( ro%a"$$6 au /"l!s"$t ar%ar!a ut!r"$c!$ !rso"al$tat$ a r!g!lu$ =ur!1$sta. C!"trul ut!r$$ !ra o"a #! su#*'!st a Tra"s$l'a"$!$( cu 2ort$ca-$$l! Cost!)t$( =l$#aru( P$atra Ros$! )$ =a"$ta( gruat! /" ;urul a"sa%1lulu$ cu caract!r r!l$g$os #! la Kr+#$)t!a Hu"c!lulu$. Statul lu$ =ur!1$sta a %arcat s2&r)$tul lu%$$ tr$1al!( tra"s2or%ar!a lu%$$ g!to*#ac! /"tr*o 2or%+ clar+( 1$"! #!l$%$tat+ #$" u"ct #! '!#!r! g!ograc !l a #$sus #! u" ot!"-$al #!%ograc $%orta"t )$ #! 2or-a !co"o%$c+. Statul #ac a'!a u" caract!r %$l$tar ro"u"-at( /"sa =ur!1$sta a cola1orat )$ cu %ar!l! r!ot D!c!"!u( co"s$#!rat 0)a%a"4. Co"t!%ora"ul sau( Stra1o"( "ota /" K!ograa: 0A;u"g&"# /" 2ru"t!a
"!a%ulu$ sau( car! !ra $sto'$t #! r+1oa$! g!tul =ur!1$sta l*a /"+l-at at&t #! %ult r$" !8!rc$-$$( a1-$"!r! #! la '$" #!s!( )$ ascultar! 2a-+ #! oru"c$ /" c&-$'a a"$ a susus g!-$lor c!a %a$ %ar! art! #$" oula-$$l! '!c$"!... a a;u"s s+ ! t!%ut )$ #! ro%a"$ ;!2u$"# Trac$a a ust$$t ! c!l-$$ car! !rau a%!st!ca-$ cu trac$$ )$ $l$r$$ )$ a "$%$c$t ! #!*a*"tr!gul ! 1o$ )$ ! taur$sc$4. Tot Stra1o" ar!c$a ar%ata co"#us+ #! =ur!1$sta la BB.BBB oa%!"$. M$*a $%us autor$tat!a asura c!t+-$lor gr!c!)t$ '!st*o"t$c! 5#! la Aollo"$a( D$o"sool$s( Callat$s( To%$s( Tras( Ol1$a6 #u+ !8!#$-$a #$" a"ul ?? /.7r. Ac!st %o%!"t $stor$c a co"tr$1u$t la #!'oltar!a sc,$%1ur$lor !co"o%$c! )$ cultural! /"tr! lu%!a g!to*#aca )$ c$'$l$a-$a gr!ac+( r$" r!luar!a #! c+tr! #ac$ a u"or !l!%!"t! #! c$'$l$a-$! %at!r$al+ 5%o"!#!( u"!lt!( c!ra%$c+6( a scr$sulu$ cu caract!r! gr!c!)t$ )$ r$" %!)t!r$$ gr!c$ car! au lucrat la
2ort$ca-$$l! #$" Hu"-$$ Orast$!$. Kra"$-!l! st+&"$r$$ lu$ =ur!1$sta !rau: Hu"-$$ =alca"$ la su#( Cara-$$ P+#uro)$ la "or#( r&ul =ug la !st )$ T$sa la '!st. P!"tru a a"$,$la r!s$u"!a ro%a"$lor /" o"+( s*a $%l$cat /" r+1oa$!l! c$'$l! #$" R!u1l$c+( al$$"#u*s! cu Po%!$ /%otr$'a lu$ C!ar( $"# /"sa /"'$")$ 5a"ul
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** =ur!1$sta @ r!g!l! #ac$lor 5G*<< /.7r.6 =r+-ara #! aur #ac$ca Ru$"!l! sa"ctuarulu$
Sar%$!g!tusa R!g$a Iul$us C!ar
Pag.G DECE=AL 5G*B D.7R.6 D!c!1al( ult$%ul r!g! al #ac$lor( r!2ac! u"$tat!a g!to*#ac$lor( ! u" t!r$tor$u %a$ r!str&"s #!c&t al lu$ =ur!1$sta !st! co"s$#!rat #! tra#$-$a $stor$c+ #r!t ur%a) la co"#uc!r! al lu$ Duras*D$ura"!us( ul lu$ Scor$llo.
Î" r$'$"-a t$ulu$ #! ut!r! ol$t$c+( +r!r$l! s!c$al$)t$lor 'ar$a+: #ac+ autor$tat!a lu$ =ur!1$sta !ra 1aat+ ! 2or-a( /" r$'$"-a statulu$ lu$ D!c!1al s! r!suu"! !8$st!"-a u"u$ stat $"c$$!"t( c! a'!a s+ !'olu!! /"tr*o 2or%+ as!%+"+toar! %o"ar,$$lor or$!"tal! statul cu"oa)t! /" ac!ast+ !r$oa#+ c!a %a$ ut!r"$c+ #!'oltar! !co"o%$c+ #$" $stor$a g!to*#ac$lor. Pr$"c$ala 1og+-$! a statulu$ !rau +c+%$"t!l! #! %$"!r!ur$ #! !r !8loatat! s$st!%at$c 5Sar%$!g!tusa !ra c!l %a$ %ar! c!"tru #! r!#uc!r! a %$"!r!ulu$ #! !r )$ #! r!lucrar! a ac!stu$a( cu"oscut /" -$"utur$l! !uro!"! #$" a2ara I%!r$ulu$ Ro%a"6 2olos$r!a ! scar+ larg+ a arg$"tulu$ 5c$rca ?BB #! t!aur!6 )$( %a$ rar( a aurulu$ alt! r!surs!: sar!a( +)u"$l! !"tru agr$cultur+ )$ cr!)t!r!a a"$%al!lor. Dac$a r!ro%a"a( ca "o-$u"! g!ograc+( oat! #!#usa #$" K!ograa lu$ Ptol!%!u( ca $"# %+rg$"$ta la su# #! Du"+r!( la '!st #! T$s+( la "or# #! Cara-$$ P+#uro)$( $ar la !st s! /"t$"#!a &"+ la Tras )$ =orst,!"!s. K!ogra2ul Ptol!%!u %!"-$o"!a+ !8$st!"ta( /" ;urul a"ulu$ BB( a << #! local$t+-$ #ac$c!( gruat! /" o"a c!"tral+ a Tra"s$l'a"$!$ )$ /" =a"at. D!sco!r$r$l! ar,!olog$c! #! la C!t+-!"$ )$ Kr+#$)t!a Hu"c!lulu$ #o'!#!sc cu"oa)t!r!a l$t!r!lor l$%1$$ lat$"!( #ar "u s! cu"oa)t! !8$st!"-a u"!$ 0ca"c!lar$$4. C!l! %a$ %ult! too"$%! g!to*#ac$c! au a'ut o %ar! co"t$"u$tat!( $"# %!"-$"ut! )$ /" !oca ro%a"a: Ac$#a'a( A%!lu%( Aulu%( Arc$#a'a( =ur$#a'a( Cu%$#a'a( D$!r"a( Dro1!ta( Porol$ssu%( Pota$ssa( Ra""$storu%( R!sculu%( Rus$#a'a( Sac$#a'a( Sa%u%( Sar%$!g!tusa( S$"g$#a'a( T$1$scu%. R!2!r$tor la ut!r!a %$l$tar+ a oula-$!$ #$" s!colul I #.7r. )$ r$%!;#$a ! car! ar !8!rc$ta*o asura Ro%!$( autorul co"t!%ora" Luca"us o co%ara cu
0u" #!astru... car! $*ar u"! /" %$)car! ! #ac$ )$ ! g!-$4. Co"9$ctul %$l$tar #$"tr! #ac$ )$ ro%a"$ s*a acc!"tuat #u+ 8ar!a gra"$-!lor I%!r$ulu$ Ro%a" la Du"+r!a #! os. Î" r!la-$$l! cu ro%a"$$( D!c!1al a #at #o'a#+ #! %ar! a1$l$tat! strat!g$c+ )$ #$lo%at$c+( $"# 02oart! r$c!ut la la"ur$l! #! r+1o$4 5D$o Cass$us6. Î" a"ul G #.7r. s! ou"! g!"!ralulu$ ro%a" T!t$us Iul$a"us. Î" GG #.7r. !st! /"2r&"t la Taa! #! Cor"!l$us Fuscus( /"sa rota #! #$cult+-$l! ro%a"$lor )$( /" a"ul G #.7r.( /"c,!$! o ac! 2a'ora1$l+ cu /%+ratul Do%$t$a"( #!'!"$"# al$at al Ro%!$. Pr$%ul r+1o$ #ac$c 5B*B #.7r.6( $"$-$at #! Tra$a" 1+t+l$a #!c$s$'+ #! la A#a%cl$s$ as$gura '$ctor$a Ro%!$ ac! /"tr! #ac$ )$ ro%a"$( D!c!1al $"# s$l$t s+ r!cu"oasc+ st+&"$r!a ro%a"+ asura u"or t!r$tor$$ #ac$c!.
Al #o$l!a #$" r+1o$ #aco*ro%a" #.7r.6!st! D!c!1al !st! D!c!1al as!#$at s! /" 2ort$ca-$$l! Hu"-$$ Sur!a"u 5B?*B Sar%$!g!tusa #$strus+ s$"uc$#!. C+#!r!a ca$tal!$ #ac$c! co"s"-!)t! tr$u%2ul Ro%!$ /" Dac$a. ISTORIE IN IHAKINI
D!c!1al @ r!g!l! #ac$lor 5G*B #.7r.6 Ho"u%!"tul #! la A#a%cl$s$ Luta #! la Taa!( ! Colu%"a lu$ Tra$a" 5Ro%a6 St!%a #ac$ca U"!alta #ac$ca
Pag.B ORKANIAREA ADHINISTRATIV A DACIEI ROHANE Pr$%a orga"$ar! a ro'$"c$!$ ro%a"! Dac$a a 2ost r!al$at+ #! /"su)$ /%+ratul Tra$a"( car! a cr!at colo"$a Ul$a Tra$a"a Augusta Dac$ca )$ a sta1$l$t s$st!%ul #! a+rar! a 1ast$o"ulu$ #! "or# al I%!r$ulu$ r$" sta-$o"ar!a a tr!$
l!g$u"$: I A#$utr$8( IV Fla'$a F!l$8 )$ III K!%$"a. Nu toat! t!r$tor$$l! ocuat! #! Tra$a" au 2ost cur$"s! /" "oua ro'$"c$!( at!stata !"tru r$%a #at+ #! o #$lo%+ %$l$tar+ #$" B. D$" a"$$ B*B( !stul Olt!"$!$ )$ Hu"t!"$a( r!cu% )$ su#ul Hol#o'!$ au 2ost ata)at! Ho!s$!$ I"2!r$or. Pro'$"c$a Dac$a a cur$"s c!a %a$ %ar! art! a Tra"s$l'a"$!$ 5 cu !8c!-$a coltulu$ su#*!st$c @ aro8. ;u#!-!l! S$1$u )$ =ra)o' #! ast+$6( =a"atul )$ '!stul Olt!"$!$ 5aro8. actual!l! ;u#!-! H!,!#$"-$ )$ Kor;6. Î" Dac$a ro%a"a au 2ost /"t!%!$at! "u%!roas! ora)!( $ar a)!+r$l! auto,to"$lor au !'oluat. D$" u"ct #! '!#!r! a#%$"$strat$'( /" Dac$a ro%a"+ )$ /" r!stul I%!r$ulu $
au !8$stat tr!$ cat!gor$$ #!0'$c$4 a)!+r$: )$ a)!+r$l! rural! 5"u%$t! saucolo"$$l! 0ag$46. )$ %u"$c$$$l! 5cu caract!r ur1a"6 Toat! au r!luat %o#!lul orga"$ator$c 5co"#us! #! co"s$l$$ or+)!"!)t$( r$%ar$6 )$ !#$l$tar 5a'!au 2or( t!%l!( str+$( a!#uct!( s$st!%! #! ca"al$ar!6. F$$"# o ro'$"c$! #! %a8$%+ $%orta"-+( Dac$a !ra co"#us+ #! u" L!gatus Augu)t$ ro ra!tor!( /%ut!r"$c$t al /%+ratulu$( car! sura'!g,!a( /" "u%!l! ac!stu$a( a#%$"$stra-$a( ar%ata )$ ;ust$-$a. Pr!s$u"$l! #ac$lor l$1!r$( al! oula-$$lor #! la gra"$-! )$ caract!r$st$c$l! !co"o%$c! o"al! au $%us /%+r-$r!a /" r!g$u"$. Î" t$%ul #o%"$!$ lu$ 7a#r$a" 5*3G6 ar! loc o r!orga"$ar! a ro'$"c$!$ r$" /%+r-$r!a /"tr! Dac$a I"2!r$or )$ Dac$a Su!r$or( #$" car! ult!r$or s*a #!sr$"s Dac$a Porol$ss!"s$s /%+ratul lua /" calcul c,$ar a1a"#o"ar!a ro'$"c$!$( #!)$ !ra locu$t+ #! "u%!ro)$ c!t+-!"$ ro%a"$. Ul$a Tra$a"a Augusta Dac$ca Sar%$!g!tusa )$*a +strat statutul #! colo"$! #o1&"#$t /"c+ #! la /"t!%!$!r!. C!t+-!"$$ s+$ s*au 1ucurat #! toat! #r!tur$l! s!c$c! oula-$$lor #$" P!"$"sula Ital$c+. Su1 H+rcu) Aur!l$us( /" a"$$ G* s*a #!s+'&r)$t /%+r-$r!a Dac$!$ /": Dac$a Porol$ss!"s$s( Dac$a Aul!"s$s )$ Dac$a Hal'!"s$s( car! au 2u"c-$o"at &"+ la 0r!trag!r!a aur!l$a"a4 a ar%at!$ )$ a#%$"$stra-$!$ ro%a"! 5*?6. R!orga"$ar!a Dac$!$ su1 H+rcu) Aur!l$us( sr! #!os!1$r! #! c!a r!al$at+ /" t$%ul #o%"$!$ lu$ 7a#r$a"( a r!suus o gu'!r"ar! )$ o co"#uc!r! %$l$-ara u"$c+ a c!lor tr!$ ro'$"c$$ #ac$c!. C!l! tr!$ Dac$$ !rau co"#us! #! u" Co"c$l$u% Dac$aru% Tr$u%( a'!au o ar%ata co%u"+ 50E8!rc$tus Dac$a!46( !l! $"# #oar #$str$ct! "a"c$ar!.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Forul Ul$a Tra$a"a Augusta Ho"!#a ro%a"a cu !g$a lu$ Tra$a"
Porol$ssu% @ s$t ar,!olog$c A%t!atru ro%a"
Pag. DO=ROKEA ROHAN Î" a"ul < /.7r.( t!r$tor$ul Do1rog!$ a 2ost a"!8at ro'$"c$!$ ro%a"! Ho!s$a( ao$ a 2ost atr$1u$t Ho!s$!$ I"2!r$or 5a"ul G6. Î" su#ul Do1rog!$ s*au #!s2+)urat lut!l! #$" r$%ul r+1o$ #ac$c( /" $ar"a #$"tr! a"$$ B*B #.7r. D$" a"sa%1lul t!r$tor$$lor ro%&"!)t$( Do1rog!a a cu"oscut c!a %a$ /"#!lu"gata st+&"$r! ro%a"a( &"+ /" s!colul al VII*l!a( la tr!c!r!a sla'$lor /" su#ul Du"+r$$( )$ a su2!r$t o $"t!"s+ ro%a"$ar!. 0D$"tr! -+r$l! car! alc+tu$!sc Ro%&"$a #! a$( Do1rog!a !st! c!a %a$ '!c,! -ara ro%a"+. Cu %ult t$% /"a$"t! ca #ac$$ #$" Dac$a s+ s! 2ac+ ro%a"$( #ac$$ #$" Do1rog!a au /"c!ut s+ 'or1!asc+ lat$"!)t!( s+ s! /"c,$"! ca ro%a"$$ )$ s+*)$ 2ac+ ora)! )$ sat! ro%a"!4. 5Vas$l! P&r'a"6. Kra"$ta ro'$"c$!$ o co"st$tu$a Du"+r!a( a+rat+ #! o 9ot+ %$l$tar+ 5cu s!#$ul la No'$o#u"u% @ Isacc!a6 )$ /"t+r$t+ r$" "u%!roas! 2ort$ca-$$( co"stru$t! /"c+ #$" 'r!%!a /%+ratulu$ Tra$a". Î" Do1rog!a ro%a"+ a !8$stat o r!!"ta %$l$tar+ co"sta"t+( r$"
#!ta)a%!"t! al! l!g$u"$$ a V*a Hac!#o"$ca( al! l!g$u"$$ I Ital$ca )$ alt! 2or%a-$u"$ %$l$tar!. D! a+rar!a Ho!s$!$ I"2!r$or -$"!au )$ ca!t!l! #! o# #! ! %alul st&"g al Du"+r$$( #! la =ar1o)$ 5Kala-$ 6 sau Kura Ialo%$-!$. Nu%!roas! #ru%ur$ str+1+t!au t!r$tor$ul Do1rog!$ ro%a"!: #!*a lu"gul 2ro"t$!r!$ #u"+r!"!( /"tr! ora)!l! auto"o%! #! ! l$toral( /" $"t!r$or )$ #! la "or# la su#. Ro%a"$ar!a ro'$"c$!$ a r!suus /"su)$r!a %o#ulu$ #! '$a-+ ro%a"( su1 toat! as!ct!l! sal! 5ur1a"$ar!( $"st$tu-$$ ol$t$c! s!c$c!( r!l$g$!( 2olos$r!a l$%1$$ lat$"!( r!!"ta colo"$)t$lor #$" toat+ lu%!a ro%a"+ !tc.6. D!sco!r$r$l! ar,!olog$c! #$" %!#$ul ur1a" 5To%$s( Callat$s( Troa!u% Tra$a"$6 )$ #$" c!l rural 57or$a( N$cul$-!l( T!l$ta6 r!9!ct+ ros!r$tat!a '$!-$$ !co"o%$c! ro%a"!. Î" 'r!%!a lu$ Co"sta"t$" c!l Har!( cr!)t$"$s%ul a 2ost r!cu"oscut /" I%!r$ul Ro%a"( $ar ! t!r$tor$ul Do1rog!$ au a+rut "u%!roas! 1a$l$c$ cr!)t$"! 5la To%$s( Troa!u% Tra$a"$( 7al%r$s @ Hur$g,$ol( N$cul$-!l( =!ro! !tc.6 )$ co%l!8ul %o"ast$c al!ocr!)t$" #! la I1$#a @ Sla'+ Rus+ s! cu"osc "u%!l! %art$r$lor Asto" )$ E$ct!t( Attalos( ot$Qos( P,$l$os )$ Wa%as$s. Suus!( #!*a lu"gul s!col!lor( "u%!roas!lor atacur$ 1ar1ar! #$"sr! "or#ul Du"+r$$ 5car$( costo1oc$( go-$6( ora)!l! ro%a"! )$ '$a-a ur1a"+ /" ro'$"c$! au #!c+ut /" s!colul al VII*l!a( o #at+ cu #$strug!r!a 2ro"t$!r!$. Î" s!colul al *l!a( t!r$tor$ul a r!$"trat 'r!%!l"$c /" co%o"!"-a I%!* r&ulu$ =$a"t$" )$ a 2ost r!orga"$at ca ro'$"c$! #! gra"$-+.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Ca$#a'a Troa!u% Tra$a"$ 7$str$a Suc$#a'a 7r$a ro'!"$t+ #! la C!tat!a 7$str$a #at&"# #$" r$%a ;u%+tat! a s!c. al III*
l!a /.7r.
Pag.< VIAA ROHANA ÎN DACIA A+rar!a ro'$"c$!$ Dac$a !ra u" $%orta"t o1$!ct$' al I%!r$ulu$ Ro%a"( car! a co"c!"trat /" Dac$a o ar%at+ #! aro8$%at$'
F!l$8( !2!ct$'! l+sat! la gra"$-!l! #! "or# )$ "or#*'!st al! ro'$"c$!$( !"tru aa ora)!lor #! ! #ru%ul c! #uc! #! la D$!r"a la Porol$ssu% )$ sura'!g,!r!a r!g$u"$$ aur$2!r! #! la Al1ur"us Ha$or 5Ro)$a Ho"ta"a6. H$l$tar$$ )$ '!t!ra"$$ ro%a"$ au art$c$at /" %o# #!c$s$' la ro%a"$ar!a ro'$"c$!$. Î" o"a #! !st a ro'$"c$!$ !ra lasat+ o l$"$! #! castr! 52ort$ca-$$ atrulat!r!6( /" 2or%+ #! arc #! c!rc( #!*a lu"gul cursulu$ Oltulu$ 5#! la Pasul O$tu( r$" #!l!ul Tur"u )$ &"+ la '+rsar!a /" Du"+r!6. Î" 2a-a atacur$lor Dac$lor Har$ )$ al! altor oula-$$ 01ar1ar!4( Porol$ssu% 5Poarta H!s!sa"a6 !ra c!l %a$ 2ort$cat u"ct #! ! gra"$-a #! "or#*'!st. Porol$ssu%( /"tr! sa-$ul a"o"$c )$ c!l tra"s$l'a"( a 2ost 2ort$cat cu G Q% #! )a"-ur$ )$ 'alur$ #! +%&"t( 2ort$ca-$$ #! +%&"t #! %$c$ #$%!"s$u"$ #! t$
1urgus( $#ur$ c! 1locau tr!c+toar!a ! o lu"g$%! #! aro8$%at$' (? Q% )$ %a$ %ult! castr!. Pros!r$tat!a Dac$!$ ro%a"! !st! /" str&"sa l!g+tur+ cu "u%!roas!l! ora)! )$ castr! /"t!%!$at! #u+ cuc!r$r!( l!gat! r$" #ru%ur$ r!$st!"t!. E8$stau tr!$ #ru%ur$ #! $%orta"ta $%!r$al+ )$ "u%!roas! #ru%ur$ s!cu"#ar!( ! car! !rau $"#$cat! #$sta"-!l! r$" 1or"!. Hult! act$'$t+-$ !rau l!gat! #! $"t!r!s!l! ar%at!$ ro%a"!: %!)t!)ugur$l! 5ract$ca"-$$ lor !rau grua-$ /" col!g$$ ro2!s$o"al! @ cro$tor$( !rar$ !tc.6( co%!r-ul cu o1$!ct! #! lu8 5c!ra%$c+ "+ )$ $!s! #$" %!tal! r!-$oas! #$" Kall$a( st$cl+r$! #$" Ital$a )$ 1ul! #! ! R$"6( agr$cultura /" t!r!"ur$l! #$str$1u$t! l!g$u"$lor( %$"!r$tul. Statul ro%a" sura'!g,!a !8loatar!a 1og+-$$lor su1solulu$ 5aur( arg$"t( !r( ara%+( %ar%ur+( calcar( sar!6 r$" sol#a-$$ l!g$u"$$ a III*a K!%$"a )$
0rocurator$$4 aurar$ #$" c!l! G c!"tr! %$"$!r! #$" Aus!"$ )$ Ro#"a. Sut! #! sat! ro%a"! su"t at!stat! #$" u"ct #! '!#!r! ar,!olog$c 5;u#!-!l! Al1a( H!,!#$"-$( Cara)*S!'!r$"( Dol;( Clu;6. Pror$!tat!a %$c+ )$ %$;loc$! !ra !8loatata r$" a"sa%1lur$l! goso#+r!)t$ #$" o"!l! rural! 50'$lla! rust$c!46( car! sat$s2+c!au c!r!r!a #! ro#us! al$%!"tar! al! c!lor car! l! lucrau )$ al! $!-!lor #$" aro$!r!. Ora)!l! !rau c!"tr! al! ro%a"$+r$$( /" car! !8$stau 2oru%( a!#uct!( t!r%!( a%t!atr!( t!%l!( cas! art$cular! 1ogat!. Ora)!l! /"#!l$"!au o %ar! 'ar$!tat! #! 2u"c-$$: c!"tr! %$l$tar! 5Porol$ssu%6( a#%$"$strat$'!( ol$t$c! 5Aulu%( Naoca( Ro%ula*Hal'a6( !co"o%$c! 5c!"trul %$"$!r #! la Al1ur"us Ha$or( A%!lu%6 )$ 1al"!ar! 5A# AXua!( A# H!#$a% @ 7!rcula"!6. Î" Dac$a ro%a"a !rau a#ora-$ "u%!ro)$ !$ ro%a"$ )$ or$!"tal$( r!cu% )$ /%+ra-$$ ro%a"$.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI **
Al1ur"us Ha$or(r!g$u"! aur$2!r+ Ru$"! al! u"u$ castru #! l!g$u"! S$%1olul l!g$u"$$ a III*a K!%$"a
Pag. AUTO7TONI MI HIKRATORI R!orga"$ar!a I%!r$ulu$ Ro%a" /" s!colul al III*l!a )$ 8ar!a gra"$t!$ cu oula-$a #aco*ro%a"a ! l$"$a Du"+r$$ au 2ost cauat! #! $"t!"s$car!a atacur$lor oula-$$lor 1ar1ar!( /"tr*u" %o%!"t c! $"augur!a+ !r$oa#a
%ar$lor %$gra-$$. D$" ra%ur+ #! !st a oula-$$lor g!r%a"$c!( go-$$ au $"trat( /" s!colul al III* l!a( /" co"tact cu costo1oc$$ )$ sar%a-$$( sta-$o"&"# la "or# )$ "or#*!st #! Dac$a( #! u"#! au orga"$at !8!#$-$$ #! ;a2 /" $%!r$u. Au r!luat ut!r!a ol$t$c+ la !st )$ su# #! Cara-$ )$ s*au #$'$at: '$$go-$$ 5la '!st6 )$ ostrogo-$$ 5la !st6. La s2&r)$tul s!colulu$ al IV*l!a( go-$$ au 2ost r!sa-$ #! ,u"$$ #! or$g$"! as$at$ca s+ tr!ac+ la su#ul Du"+r$$ sau s+ cola1or!! cu ac!)t$a 5ro1a1$l #! atu"c$ #at!a+ t!aurul #! aur #! la P$!troas!l!6. 7u"$$ au r!luat co"trolul asura Hol#o'!$ )$ Hu"t!"$!$ #! la go-$( /"sa au l+sat ur%! sora#$c!( #!oar!c! !rau "o%a$ /" Tra"s$l'a"$a( au co"trolat r$" al$a-$$ lor ostrogo-$ )$ g!$$ sta1$l$-$ /" Pa"o"$a( ataca( /" s!col!l! IV*V(
I%!r$ul #! Aus( &"+ la /"2r&"g!r!a #$""or#*!stul
a"u%$t! ro#us!( /" co"#$-$$l! /" car! %$grator$$ "u ract$cau agr$cultur+. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Pat!ra
Vas #o#!cago"al Clo)ca cu u$$ #! aur F$1ul! !r!c,!
Pag.G ROHANITATEA SUD*DUNREAN Dator$t+ /"#!lu"gat!$ st+&"$r$ ro%a"!( la su#ul Du"+r$$ s*a cr!at o oula-$! ut!r"$c ro%a"$ata. Du+ a"ul B( sla'$$ s*au a)!at %as$' /" P!"$"sul+ =alca"$c+ )$ au sc,$%1at( $r!'!rs$1$l( structura !t"$ca a ac!st!$a. %ar! art! #$" gruur$l! ro%a"$c! s*au r!tras /" r!g$u"$l! %u"toas! #$" su#ul !"$"sul!$( /" 2ost!l! ro'$"c$$ Hac!#o"$a( Trac$a( E$r( T!sal$a( u"#! s*a 2or%at ra%ura su#$c+ a l$%1$$ ro%&"!. Î" P!"$"sul+ Istr$a #$" Croa-$a s*a 'or1$t #$al!ctul $stro*ro%&"( $ar /" su#ul P!"$"sul!$ =alca"$c!( c!l aro%&" 5)$ 'ar$a"ta sa( c!l %!gl!"o*ro%&"6. D!s!or$( 'la,$$ au 2ost co"s$#!ra-$ u" oor #! 0"o%a$4( #!oar!c! ract$car!a +stor$tulu$ r!suu"!a str+1at!r!a u"or lu"g$ #$sta"-! )$ co1or&r!a !r$o#$ca la Har!a A#r$at$c+ sau sr! Har!a Eg!!. Î" s!colul al *l!a )$*au cr!at ror$$l! 2or%a-$u"$ statal!: Vla,$a Har! )$ Vla,$a #! Sus. Î" s!colul al I*l!a( I%!r$ul =$a"t$" )$*a r!'!"#$cat sur!%a-$a /" =alca"$
)$ aPr!!"ta $"trat /" co"9$ct cu !st! 'la,$$. ro%&"$lor at!stata /" B<( c&"#( cu oca$a u"!$ ca%a"$$ cu%a"! co"tra =$a"-ulu$( ro%&"ul Pu#$la>=a#$la l*a /")t$$"-at ! /%+rat #!sr! $"curs$u"!a #u)%a"+. Potr$'$t c!l!1r!$ scr$$toar! 1$a"t$"! A""a Co%"!"a( ro%&"$$ $*au c+l+u$t ! cu%a"$ r$" asur$l! Hu"-$lor =alca"$. P!st! o ;u%+tat! #! '!ac( /" ( /%+ratul Ha"u!l I Co%"!"ul a r!crutat #$" %$;locul ro%&"$lor o oast! !"tru a luta /%otr$'a u"gur$lor. Î" s!colul al II*l!a s*au us 1a!l! statulu$ 'la,o*1ulgar( car! a ;ucat u" rol $%orta"t /" $stor$a ol$t$c+ a s!col!lor II*IV( &"+ la cuc!r$r!a oto%a"+. Î" a"ul G?( /" r&"#ul oula-$!$ 1alca"$c!( #$" car! s*au #$st$"s 2ra-$$ 'la,$ P!tru )$ Asa"( a $1uc"$t o r!'olt+ #!t!r%$"at+ #! ol$t$ca scal+ a I%!r$ulu$ =$a"t$". Asa" )$ P!tru au 2ost asas$"a-$ #! 1o$!r$$ lor /" )$ . Io"$-+ Calo$a" a r!luat co"#uc!r!a statulu$ )$ a #!s+'&r)$t co"struc-$a taratulu$ 'la,o* 1ulgar. El a !8t$"s gra"$-!l! #! la Du"+r! &"+ la H+r$t+( #! la Har!a N!agr+ &"+ la Var#ar. A o1-$"ut #! la a+ r!cu"oa)t!r!a sa ca r!g! al 1ulgar$lor )$ al ro%&"$lor 5t$tlul #! /%+rat "u $*a 2ost r!cu"oscut6. Ioa" Asa" ÎI a %ur$t /" <. Ult$%ul tar #$" #$"ast$a Asa"!st$lor a 2ost alu"gat /" ?G( c&"# ! tro" au urcat 1ulgar$ car! s! #!clarau #!sc!"#!"-$ #$" '!c,!a #$"ast$! a r$%ulu$ t&r&t 1ulgar. Du+ <( taratul a $!r#ut o %ar! art! a t!r$tor$$lor #o1&"#$t! #! Ioa" Asa" al II*l!a( r!cu% )$ rolul r$%or#$al /" ol$t$ca 1alca"$c+. Î" co"t!8tul !8a"s$u"$$ oto%a"! /" Euroa( su1 autor$tat!a sulta"ulu$ =a$a$# 53G*
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Po#ul #! la Dro1!ta Port 'la, #$" s!colul al *l!a
Troa!u% Tra$a"$ @ A#a%cl$s$ St!%a r!g!lu$ Vla,$!$ #! la s2&r)$tul s!colulu$ al II*l!a
Pag.3B CONTINUITATE DACO*ROHANA MI CREMTINISH Autorul Eutro$us a su1l$"$at ra$#+ ro%a"$ar! a Dac$!$ #u+ cuc!r$r!a ro%a"a #$" B( /"sa ar%a-$a c+ ar 2ost 0s!c+tu$ta #! 1+r1a-$4 )$ r!oulata cu 0o %ul-$%! #! c!t+-!"$ ro%a"$4 co"#uc! la $#!!a gr!)$t+ a
#$sar$-$!$ oula-$!$ g!to*#ac!. Istor$c$$ str+$"$ Ro!sl!r )$ Sul!r au #!'oltat $ot!a c+ /"tr!aga oula-$! #aco*ro%a"a s*a r!tras la su#ul Du"+r$$ /" a"$$ *?( $ar t!r$tor$ul '!c,$$ Dac$$ ar 2ost +r+s$t )$ suus $"'a$$lor 1ar1ar!. 0R!trag!r!a aur!l$a"a4 a '$at #oar !rso"alul a#%$"$strat$' )$ ar%ata( car! )$*au +strat u"!l! u"ct! #! sr$;$" ! %alul st&"g al Du"+r$$ 5D$!r"a( Dro1!ta( Suc$#a'a( =ar1o)$6. P!r%a"!"ta oula-$!$ #aco*ro%a"! s! co"r%+ r$" #!sco!r$r$l! ar,!olog$c!( %!"-$"!r!a too"$%$!$ )$ ,$#ro"$%$!$( '!st$g$$l! cr!)t$"! !tc. Ha;or$tat!a oula-$!$ #aco*ro%a"! )$*a co"t$"uat !8$st!"ta ! ac!la)$ t!r$tor$u( !8t$"&"# roc!sul #! ro%a"$ar! )$ la #ac$$ l$1!r$( /"sa '$a-a ur1a"+ a #!c+ut 5la Sar%$!g!tusa( Pota$ssa aar ur%! ar,!olog$c! #$" s!c. IV la
Aulu% Porol$ssu% c$%$t$r! al! oula-$!$ #aco*ro%a"!6. Sr! )$ #!os!1$r! #! @%$grator$$ "o%a$( #aco*ro%a"$$ a'!au o '$a-+ s!#!"* -ara /" a)!+r$ cu caract!r rural 5Ha"astur( Sooru #! C&%$!( =rat!$( =oto)a"a6( s*au r!/"tors la ocua-$$l! tra#$-$o"al! )$ la sc,$%1ul /" "atur+. Î" s!colul al IV*l!a( #u+ r!cu"oa)t!r!a sa ca r!l$g$! #o%$"a"t+ a I%!* r&ulu$ Ro%a"( cr!)t$"$s%ul )$*a 2+cut #ru% larg /" st&"ga Du"+r$$( roag&"#u*s! at&t /" %asa oula-$!$ ro%a"$at!( $!)$t+ #! su1 tut!la a#%$"$stra-$!$ $%!r$al!( c&t )$ /" r&"#ul oula-$$lor a#us! #! %$gra-$$. Sol#a-$$ cr!)t$"$( "!gustor$$ )$ %$s$o"ar$$ au r+s&"#$t tr!tat cr!)t$"$s%ul( #$" o"a castr!lor /"sr! "or#ul )$ su#ul Du"+r$$( u"#! s*a g!"!ral$at #u+ 33( #r!t ur%ar! a E#$ctulu$ #! la H$la"o( #at #! /%+ratul Co"sta"t$" c!l Har!( r$" car! cr!)t$"$s%ul #!'$"! 0r!l$g$o l$c$ta4 5a#$c+( r!l$g$! !r%$s+6 /"su)$ /%+ratul #!'$"! u" a#!'+rat rot!ctor al cr!)t$"$s%ulu$( toat! #!c$$$l!
sal! ol$t$c! #!%o"str&"# ac!st lucru. Î" s!colul al VI*l!a( o or-$u"! a t!r$tor$ulu$ #$" st&"ga Du"+r$$ 5L!#!rata( Arc$#a'a @ V+r+#$a6 a 2ost su1or#o"ata( #$" u"ct #! '!#!r! a#%$"$strat$' )$ !cl!$ast$c( ar,$!$sco$!$ ust$"$a"a Pr$%a( su1 autor$tat! 1$a"t$"+. O1$!ct!l! cr!)t$"! 5cruc$ul$-!( 'as! #$" lut cu s!%"ul cruc$$ !tc.6 #!sco!r$t! /" sut! #! a)!+r$ su"t argu%!"t! sol$#! al! co"t$"u$t+-$$ oula-$!$ ro%a"$c!. Î" s!col!l! V*VII( or$o"tur$l! ar,!olog$c! Cost$sa*=otosa"a*7a"sca 5/" Hol#o'a6( Iot!st$* C&"#!st$*C$ur!l 5Hu"t!"$a6 )$ =rat!$*=$,ar!a 5Tra"s$l'a"$a6 r!9!ct+ co"t$"u$tat!a oula-$!$ ro%a"$c!( 2+r+ a !8clu#! $"9u!"-!l! alog!"$lor. Î")$)$ go-$$ sta-$o"a- $ ! 'al!a r&ulu$ =u+u au 2ost cr!)t$"a-$ #! %$s$o"ar$$ Sa'a( $s 0Kotul4( )$ Ulla( sura"u%$t 0aostolul go-$lor4.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Oa$- cu s$%1ol cr!st$"t$%ur$u
Cruc! 1$a"t$"+ =$s!r$ca S2. N$cola! #$" D!"su) Oa$- #$" s!colul al IV*l!a cu $"scr$-$a PACEH HEAH DO VO=IS
Pag.3 FORHAIUNILE PRESTATALE ROHANEMTI Su"t %!"-$o"at! /" surs!l! $stor$c! al! 'r!%$$ cu #$'!rs! #!"u%$r$( /" 2u"c-$! #! r!g$u"!: 0co#r$4( 0c&%ur$4 /" o"a Hol#o'!$ 0c"!at!4( 0'o$!'o#at!4 /" Olt!"$a )$ Hu"t!"$a( 0#ucat!4 /" Tra"s$l'a"$a( #!s!%"at!
#!s!or$ cu t!r%!"ul g!"!r$c #! 0tar$4. Au r!ultat r$" asoc$!r!a>u"$car!a sat!lor #$"tr*o o"+ g!ograc+ 1$"! sta1$l$t+( su1 o co"#uc!r! u"$c+( %$l$tar+ )$ ;u#!c+tor!asc+. Cro"$c$l! rus!)t$ $lustr!a+ !8$st!"-a lor /" Hol#o'a 50-ara 1olo,o'!"$lor46( /"sa %a;or$tat!a autor$lor au "u%$t*o Cu%a"$a( $%r!s$o"a-$ #! sta-$o"ar!a /" "u%+r %ar! a cu%a"$lor /" su#ul r!g$u"$$. For%a-$u"$l! ro%a"!)t$ co"#us! #! K!lu( Kla# )$ H!"u%orut !8$stau la %o%!"tul '!"$r$$ u"gur$lor. L!g!"#a S2&"tulu$ K!rar# /$ %!"-$o"!a+ ! Kla )$ A,tu% /" Ar#!al( /" s!colul al I*l!a. Î" <( r!g!l! U"gar$!$( =!la al IV*l!a( a /"cura;at a)!ar!a Ca'al!r$lor T!uto"$ /" Tara =&rs!$( !"tru a st+'$l$ /"a$"tar!a cu%a"$lor.
La ;u%+tat!a s!colulu$ al III*l!a( D$lo%aal! Ca'al!r$lor 5<6( l!gat+ #! at!star!a r$%!lor 2or%a-$u"$ r!statal! ro%&"$lorIoa"$-$ #$" sa-$ul carato* #a"u1$a"( co"r%a !8$st!"ta a c$"c$ 2or%a-$u"$ ol$t$c! la su# #! Cara-$: c"!at!l! lu$ Ioa" )$ F+rca)( 'o$!'o#atul lu$ L$to'o$( 'o$!'o#atul lu$ S!"!slau )$ -ara S!'!r$"ulu$ 0c"!atul 'o$!'o#ulu$ L$to'o$4 )$ 0-ara lu$ S!"!slau( 'o$!'o#ul ro%&"$lor4( a'!au u" statut su!r$or /" r!la-$! cu R!gatul U"gar. Co"#uc+tor$$ ro%&"$lor au 2ost #!s!%"a-$ cu "u%!l! #! 0c"!;$4 sau 0'o$!'o$4( su1 $"9u!"-a sla'a. Î" s!colul al III*l!a( c!$ #$" U"gar$a a#%$"$strau +%&"tul /" "u%!l! r!g!lu$( ;u#!cau %$c$l! cau!( co"#uc!au co"t$"g!"t!l! la r+1o$( /" sc,$%1ul u"or '!"$tur$ ! car! l! /%+r-!au cu r!g!l!. Î" s!col!l! IV*V( )$*au tra"s%$s ut!r!a /" %o# !r!#$tar. C!$ %a$ /"s!%"a-$ 'o$!'o$ ro%&"$ #$" R!gatul U"gar au 2ost c!$ #$" Hara%ur!). La su#ul Cara-$lor( ro1a1$l c+ au 2ost $"$-$al $"#!!"#!"-$( ao$ s*au
suus statulu$ 'la,o*1ulgar al Asa"!st$lor( $ar #! r$" a"$$ ?* au $"trat su1 #o%$"a-$a( c!l u-$" "o%$"al+( a R!gatulu$ U"gar$!$( !8r$%at+ /" #ocu%!"tul !%$s #! Lu#o'$c I /" 2a'oar!a lu$ =al! 536: 0... sr! '$t!aul 1+r1at =al!( 'o$!'o#ul "ostru %ara%ur!)!a" 5...6 )$ "!"u%+rat!l! lu$ slu;1!( )$ %a$ cu os!1$r!( /" $sa "oastr+ tara %ol#o'!"!asca 5...6 a% #+ru$t )$ a% ,+r+$t o%!"$tulu$ 'o$!'o# =al!( ca s+ st+&"!asc+ 5...6 %o)$a "u%$t+ Cu,!a( c! s! a9+ /" -ara "oastr+ a Hara%ur!)ulu$( cu alt! #ou+ sat! tr!cut! /" %&$"$l! "oastr! r!g!)t$ #! la 'o$!'o#ul =og#a" )$ $$ s+$( "!cr!#$"c$o)$ /"'!#!ra-$ a$ "o)tr$( !"tru 1l!st!%ata lor '$"+ #! "!cr!#$"-+( #$" ac!!a c+ 5...6 l!c&"# ! ascu"s #$" $sul "ostru r!gat al U"gar$!$ /" sus*o%!"$ta tara %ol#o'!"!asca u"!lt!sc s+ o +str!! sr! agu1a %a;!st+-$$ "oastr!( #r!t car! "o$ l*a% l$s$t cu totul ! ac!l =og#a" )$ $$ lu$ 5...6 #! sus*"u%$t!l! %o)$$.4
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI **
C!tat!a E"$sala =$s!r$ca #! la C$s"+#$oara C!tat!a R&)"o'
Pag.3< ARA ROHÂNEASCA ÎN SECOLELE IV*VI $"utul $stor$c #! la su#ul Cara-$lor( #!"u%$t Vala,$a s! /"t$"#!a 0#! la ,otar!l! Tra"s$l'a"$!$ )$ &"+ la Har!a N!agr+4 5E"!a S$l'$o P$ccolo%$"$6. Valac,$a( 0tara #!sc,$s+ )$ /"t$"sa /" lu"g )$ /" lat... Tra"sal$"a4 5K!org #! R!$c,!rs#or2( "otar al S$1$ulu$6. 0=ogat+ /" gr&"!( '$"( '$t!( ca$( %$"! #! aur )$ #! arg$"t( #! uc$oas+( #! sar!( #! c!ar+ )$ #! c,$,l$%1ar.4 5g!ogra2ul acXu!s =o"gars6. Statul #! la su# #! Cara-$ a 2ost /"t!%!$at #! #o%"$torul =asara1 I 5cca. 3B*3?6( #!sc!"#!"t al lu$ L$to'o$ a r!cu"oscut $"$-$al su!ra"$*tat!a %ag,$ara 5/" 3<( =asara1 !ra "u%$t 0'o$!'o#ul "ostru tra"sal$"!46. Pr$%a ca$tal+ a 2ost C&%ulu"g( u"#! =asara1 a /"t!%!$at o %+"+st$r! catol$c+( ao$ st+&"$r!a s*a !8t$"s /"sr! S!'!r$" )$ r&ur$l! Ialo%$-a )$ Pra,o'a 5l$%$t! la 33B6. =a"atul #! S!'!r$" a 2ost cuc!r$t #u+ a"ul ( c&"# t$tlul #! 01a" #! S!'!r$"4 a #$s+rut #$" #ocu%!"t!l! %ag,$ar!. Î" a"ul 33B( r!g!l! U"gar$!$( Carol Ro1!rt #! A";ou( a /"tr!r$"s o
!8!#$-$! /" aOlt!"$a( sr! c! Arg!)( )$ a s+g!-$ 2ost /"'$"s la oast!$ Posa#au"gur!)t$ #! 0%ul-$%!a "!"u%+rat+ ro%&"$lor4 0aru"ca asura car! !ra /" 2u"#ul '+$$4. Du+ #!scr$!r!a #$" Cro"$ca $ctat+ #! la V$!"a( Posa#a !ra o tr!c+toar! str&%ta( car! "u a !r%$s #!s2+)urar!a ar%at!$ u"gar! 5local$ar!a Posa#!$ !st! "!clar+( ro1a1$l /" #!l!ul Oltulu$6. V$ctor$a 'ala,$lor a !c,$'alat cu o1-$"!r!a $"#!!"#!"-!$ )$ al$$r!a u"or "o$ t!r$tor$$ 5la !st( &"+ la =r+$la( )$ t!r$tor$ul luat t+tar$lor( #!"u%$t =asara1$a6. Ac!st %o%!"t a 2ost sus-$"ut #! ac-$u"$l! co"co%$t!"t! al! R!gatulu$ U"gar( la !stul Cara-$lor. A 2ost co"#us+ #! 2a%$l$a #o%"$toar! a =asara1$lor( cu ur%+toar!a succ!s$u"!: N$cola! Al!8a"#ru 53?*3<6( Vla#$sla' Vla$cu 53<*36( H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" 53G*<G6( o succ!s$u"! #! ot #o%"$tor$( Vla# !!) 53 #o%"$$(
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a #! la Po$!"ar$ Ru$"!l! c!t+-$$ T&rgo'$)t!
Luta #! la Posa#a. YFuga lu$ Carol Ro1!rtZ @ ta1lou #! Hol"[r \s!2 5G??6 H+"+st$r!a Cot%!a"a
Pag.3 HOLDOVA ÎN SECOLELE IV*VI $"utul $stor$c #! la !st #! Cara-$. 0ara a'ut+ )$ %+"oasa +%&"tul #a '$" )$ 1ucat! /" a1u"#!"ta 2+r+ %ult+ cultura4 5K!org R!$c,!rs#or2!r6 0Hol#o'a( c!a 1ogat+ /" c!ar+ )$ %$!r!4 5P$!rr! Du'al6.
Î" s!colul al V*l!a( /" c!a %a$ %ar! /"t$" #!r! a !$( !ra cur$"s+ /"tr!: Hu"-$$ Cara-$ 5,otarul cu Tra"s$l'a"$a6( N$stru 5la "or# )$ !st6( Har!a N!agr+( Du"+r!( M$r!t )$ H$lco' 5,otarul cu Hu"t!"$a sau Tara Ro%&"!asca6. S$tuat+ la $"t!rs!c-$a %ar$lor #ru%ur$ co%!rc$al! %!#$!'al!. A"t!r$or 2or%+r$$ statulu$ %!#$!'al( a 2ost suus+ st+&"$r$$ t+tar! #$" o"a =ug!aculu$( /"sa -$"utul( /" s!c$al 1a$"ul M$r!tulu$( a 2ost oulat #! o 'ar$!tat! #! locu$tor$ ac!)t$a s! orga"$as!r+ su1 %a$ %ult! 2or%!: 0tar$4( 0co#r$4( 0t&rgur$4. Nucl!ul statulu$ l*a co"st$tu$t Y%arcaZ 5ro'$"c$ ! #! gra"$-a a R!gatulu$ U"gar6( /"t!%!$ata ! aa Hol#o'!$ #! c+tr! 'o$!'o#ul Drago). D!sc!"#!"-$$ ac!stu$a au o1-$"ut $"#!!"#!"t+ /" a"ul 3<( su1 co"#uc!r!a 'o$!'o#ulu$ %ara%ur!)!a" =og#a" #$" Cu,!a( /" co"#$-$$ s$%$lar!
cu Tara Ro%&"!asca( ou"&"#u*s! r!g!lu$Husat$"$lor. Lu#o'$c #! A";ou. La co"#uc!r!a Hol#o'!$ a stat 2a%$l$a Pr$"c$al$$ #o%"$tor$ au 2ost: P!tru Husat 53*36( Ro%a" I 53* 3<6( Al!8a"#ru c!l =u" 5
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a 7ot$" C!tat!a Soroca
C!tat!a Al1a H+"+st$r!a Hol#o'$-a
Pag.3G TRANSILVANIA ÎN SECOLELE IV*VI A urtat( /" !r$oa#a %!#$!'al+( %a$ %ult! #!"u%$r$: Er#]l @ 0Tara #! #$"colo #! +#ur$4 5!r#]l ^ 0loc +#uros4( /" l$%1a %ag,$ar+6 sau S$!1!"1urg!" 50)at! c!t+-$4( /" l$%1a g!r%a"+6.
R!g$u"! a+rat+ #! arcul carat$c( acc!s$1$l+ #oar r$" c&t!'a tr!c+tor$ 2ort$cat!. Scr$$torul A"to"$o =o""$ ar!c$a c+ !ra 02oart! 1ogat+ /" '$t!... ca$ cu coa%a( 1our$ )$ ca$ s+l1at$c$... '$"( c!r!al!... aur( arg$"t )$ alt! %!tal!...4. E'olu-$a Tra"s$l'a"$!$ a 2ost( /" %ar! art!( $"9u!"-at+ #! a)!ar!a u"gur$lor /" Pa"o"$a )$ #! /"c!utul ol$t$c$$ !8a"s$o"$st! a R!gatulu$ U"gar$!$ /" s!colul al I*l!a( su1 r!g!l! Mt!2a" c!l S2&"t. T!r$tor$ul Tra"s$l'a"$!$ a 2ost /%+r-$t /" co%$tat! )$ a #!'!"$t 'o$!'o#at auto"o% 5autorul #! s!col VII( P$!rr! Du'al( a%$"t!a c+ 0!ra 1ogat+ )$ u"gur$$( ! 'r!%!a c&"# o st+&"!au( o "u%!au co%oara lor46. Vo$!'o#ul !ra "u%$t #! r!g! #$" r&"#ul "o1$l$lor )$ /)$ al!g!a u" '$c!'o$!'o#. Co"#uc+tor$$ co%u"$t+-$lor ro%a"!)t$ au 2ost atra)$ #! art!a r!gal$t+-$$
%ag,$ar! )$ a catol$c$s%ulu$( /"sa %a;or$tat!a oula-$!$ a r!2!rat o"!l! !r$2!r$c! 50tar$46. P!r$colul st+&"$r$$ ol$t$c! a cu%a"$lor as$at$c$ la !st #! Cara-$ $*a #!t!r%$"at ! r!g$$ U"gar$!$ s+ /"cura;!! colo"$ar!a o"!$ #! gra"$-+. La ;u%+tat!a s!colulu$ al II*l!a( r!g!l! K!a al II*l!a $*a str+%utat ! s!cu$$ #$" Pa"o"$a /"sr! su#*!stul Tra"s$l'a"$!$ )$ a a#us sa)$ #$" Fla"#ra( Lu8!%1urg )$ Sa8o"$a /" S$1$u( =$str$-a )$ Tara =&rs!$. A%1!l! oula-$$ )$*au co"s!r'at tra#$-$$l! )$ s*au orga"$at #u+ %o#!l ror$u( /" sc,$%1ul /"#!l$"$r$$ o1l$ga-$$lor scal! )$ %$l$tar!. Sa)$$ )$*au orga"$at 0scau"!4( cu c!"trul la S$1$u 5a'!au )at! c!t+-$ r$"c$al!( r$"tr! car!: S$g,$)oara( S!1!)( Or+)t$!( H$!rcur!a6. S!cu$$ a'!au 0-$"utur$4( cu c!"trul la O#or,!$ 5/" ,+r-$( o"a !ra #!"u*%$ta 0S$cul$a4 )$ !ra lasat+ la gra"$-a #$"sr! Hol#o'a6. Î" s!colul al V*l!a( Ioa" 7o"t!rus %!"-$o"a u"$t+-$l! a#%$"$strat$'! al! Tra"s$l'a"$!$: ara =&rs!$( 0Tara #$" 2ata +#ur$$4 5Al1a Iul$a6( 0Tara '$"ur$lor4 5T&r"a'!l!6( Tara N+s+u# !tc. )$ 0sat!l! 'ala,$lor4. U" sol al U"gar$!$ '!#!a Tara =&rs!$ #r!t 0o alt+ Tra"s$l'a"$!( /"c,$sa r!tut$"#!"$ #! %u"-$ #!s+r-$t+ #! s!cu$ r$"tr*u" r&u YOltZ... %&"#ra )$ 1ogat+ r!g$u"!4. Î" s!colul al VI*l!a s! ro#us!s! #!;a s!arar!a ol$t$c+ )$ !co"o%$c+ a oula-$!$: 0P! l&"g+ u"gur$( car! su"t /" 2ru"t!a tr!1ur$lor )$ car! #o%"!sc ca st+&"$: s!cu$$( ro%&"$$ )$ sa)$$ r$%$$ #o$ '+# #! agr$cultur+ )$ #! '$t!( ult$%$$ #uc o '$a-+ or+)!"!asca4 5K$o'a""$ #_A"a"$a6.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a S$g,$)oara C!tat!a Sl$%"$c H+"+st$r!a Pr$slo
C!tat!a F!l#$oara C!tat!a C&l"$c
Pag.
Isacc!a( To%$s*Co"sta"t$a( Ha"gal$a6( a c+ror #o%$"a-$! a 9uctuat #!*a lu"gul s!col!lor( $"# l$%$tat+ #! r!!"-a 1ulgara. Ora)ul Dr$stra 5a"t$cul Durostoru%6 a co"st$tu$t c!"trul st+&"$r$$ 1$a"t$"! #$" Do1rog!a. #at+ cu r!cuc!r$r!a Du"+r$$ #! os( la Durostoru% a /"c!ut o "ou+ !taa a orga"$+r$$ 1$s!r$c!)t$. Alt! c!"tr! r!l$g$oas! au 2u"c-$o"at la N$cul$-!l )$ /" o"a =asara1$. Î" ca#rul !8!#$-$!$ la "or#ul Du"+r$$ a /%+ratulu$ Al!8$os I Co%"!"ul 5BG6( cro"$ca 1$a"t$"+ Al!8$a#a %!"-$o"!a+ tr!$ 2or%a-$u"$ ol$t$c! co"#us! #! &-os( Sata )$ S!sla'. La 1aa orga"$+r$$ #! %a$ t&r$u a Do1rog!$ a stat 2or%a-$u"!a "u%$t+ 0Tara Car'u"!$4.
D$" o"a Ca'ar"!$ or"$t /" s!colul al IV*l!a roc!sul #! u"$car! a /"tr!gulu$ t!r$tor$u( su1aco"#uc!r!a #!sotulu$ Do1rot$c$ 53?6( al c+ru$ "u%! /l 'a urta. Î" a"$$ 3GG*3G( H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" $"t!r'$"! /" co"9$ctul #$"tr! oto%a"$ )$ cr!)t$"$( /" $"t!"-$a #! a cuc!r$ toat+ Do1rog!a( 0&"+ la Har!a c!a %ar!4 )$ #!'$"! 0st+&"$tor al c!t+-$$ D&rstor4 5S$l$stra6. Autor$tat!a +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$ asura Do1rog!$ s! %!"-$"!( c!l u-$"( su1 H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" )$ ur%a)ul sau H$,a$l 5<G*<B6 )$( %a8$%( &"+ /" 'r!%!a lu$ Vla# !!) 5<6. Do1rog!a a 2ost cuc!r$t+ #! oto%a"$ &"+ la o"a #! #!%arca-$! Isacc!a @ E"$sala( 5$"clus$' D!lta( /"
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Co%l!8 %o"a,al al!ocr!)t$" #$" Do1rog!a Ru$"!l! c!t+-$$ E"$sala Ru$"!l! #! la Isacc!a
Altarul 1$s!r$c$$ ru!str! #! la =asara1$
Pag.< EPANSIUNEA IHPERIULUI OTOHAN S$tua-$a ol$t$c+ a +r$lor Ro%&"! /" #!cursul E'ulu$ H!#$u a 2ost $"9u!"-at+ #! %o#$car!a raortulu$ #! 2or-! #$" su#*!stul Euro!$ /" 2a'oar!a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( car! 2olos!a o"a =alca"$lor #r!t 1a+ #! atac.
Su1 co"#uc!r!a !%$rulu$ Hura# I 53B*3G6( ora)ul A#r$a"ool 5E#$r"!6 a 2ost cuc!r$t #! turc$ /" a"ul 3( #!'!"$"# ca$tala I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a" 53?*
cu /"2r&"g!r!a )$ a #!t!r%$"at r$osta #o%"$torulu$ Vla#$sla' I 50a% oru"c$t s+ s! r$#$c! o oast! ut!r"$c+ /%otr$'a "!cr!#$"c$o)$lor turc$46. Su1 co"#uc!r!a lu$ H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" au a'ut loc !'!"$%!"t! %a;or! /" !'olu-$a raortur$lor cu oto%a"$$ 51+t+l$$l! #! la Ro'$"!( N$cool! )$ r!luar!a Do1rog!$6. Sr! s2&r)$tul #o%"$!$( H$rc!a a acc!tat lata tr$1utulu$( ca %$;loc #! r+scu%+rar! a +c$$. Docu%!"t!l! oto%a"! o$-$o"!a+ +r$l! Ro%&"! /"tr! Casa P+c$$ )$ Casa R+1o$ulu$( cu u" r!g$% $"t!r%!#$ar car! l! !r%$t!a +strar!a #o%"$lor cr!)t$"$( a l!g$lor )$ a cr!#$"-!$( /" sc,$%1ul lo$al$t+-$$ 50r$!t!" r$!t!"$lor )$ #u)%a" #u)%a"$lor46 )$ lat$$ ,arac$ulu$. La %o%!"tul aog!ulu$( su1 co"#uc!r!a lu$ Sol$%a" Hag"$cul 5?B* ?B6( I%!r$ul Oto%a" s! /"t$"#!a #! la =u#a la Eu2rat( /"glo1a B #! ooar! )$ a'!a /" co%o"!"-a a)al&cur$l! #! la =!lgra#( T$%$)oara )$ =u#a.
O2!"s$'!l! oto%a"! la =!lgra# 5?6( Ho,[cs 5?6 )$ V$!"a 5?6 au agra'at s$tua-$a ol$t$co*;ur$#$ca a +r$lor Ro%&"!( car! au 2ost suus! %a$ %ultor o1l$ga-$$ ol$t$c! 5co"trolul #o%"$!$( a;utor %$l$tar6 )$ !co"o%$c! 5aro'$$o"ar!a ar%at!$ )$ a ca$tal!$ cu c!r!al!( cor"ut!( s!u( %$!r!( c!ar+( astra%+( l&"a( $!$6. Î" s!col!l! ur%+toar!( 1o$!r$$ ro%&"$ au r!ac-$o"at la a1uur$l! Por-$$( r!'!"#$c&"# '!c,$l! #r!tur$ al! +r$lor Ro%&"!( r!c$at! /" #ocu%!"t!l! #! ol$t$c+ !8t!r"+( "u%$t! 0ca$tula-$$4.
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Hura# I Sol$%a" Hag"$cul Sc!"a /"t&l"$r$$ lu$ H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" cu Sol$%a" Hag"$cul
Pag.<< HIRCEA CEL =TRÂN 53G*<G6 Do%" al +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$( /)$ !8t$"#! st+&"$r!a 0!st! toat+ -ara U"gro'la,$!$ )$ a ar-$lor #! !st! %u"-$( /"c+ )$ c+tr! +r-$l! t+t+r!)t$ )$ ,!r-!g al A%lasulu$ )$ F+g+ra)ulu$ )$ #o%"$tor al =a"atulu$ S!'!r$"ulu$ )$ !
a%&"#ou+ +r-$l! ! toat+ Po#u"a'$a( /"c+ &"+ la %ar!a c!a %ar! )$ st+&"$tor al c!t+-$$ D&rstorulu$4. Do%"$a sa a 2ost %arcat+ #! !8a"s$u"!a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a" su1 co"#uc!r!a sulta"ulu$ =a$a$# I 53G*
caua st+&"$r$$ =a"atulu$ S!'!r$". E8!#$-$a lu$ =a$a$# /" #! Tara Ro%&"!asca s*a sol#at cu '$ctor$a lu$ H$rc!a la Ro'$"! 5octo%1r$! 3< sau %a$ 3?6( loc %l+)t$"os #! ! Val!a Arg!sulu$ ro1a1$l( tru!l! oto%a"! s! /"#r!tau sr! T&rgo'$)t!( /"sa locul co"2ru"t+r$$ !st! "!clar. Î" 3?( s! al$a+ cu S$g$s%u"# #! Lu8!%1urg /%otr$'a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a" 5Tratatul #! la =ra)o'6 )$ o1-$"! c!tat!a =ra". Î" s!t!%1r$! 3( la 1+t+l$a #! la N$cool!( art$c$a cu !2!ct$'! la coal$-$a co"#us+ #! S$g$s%u"# #! Lu8!%1urg #!)$ cruc$a-$$ su"t /"'$")$( co"sol$#ar!a autor$t+-$$ lu$ H$rc!a a #!t!r%$"at !8!#$-$a oto%a"+ /" Tara Ro%&"!asca 53( /"2r&"ta6. Du+ %oart!a lu$ =a$a$#( $"tu$"# c+ ro1l!%!l! $"t!r"! al! turc$lor a2!ct!a+ ol$t$ca !8t!r"+ a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( H$rc!a s*a a%!st!cat /" lut!l! #$"tr! r!t!"#!"-$$ la tro"( sus-$"&"#u*l ! Husa( /" sc,$%1ul $"#!!"#!"-!$ +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$ #u+ '$ctor$a lu$ Hura# al II*l!a( la s2&r)$tul #o%"$!$( acc!ta lata tr$1utulu$( ca u" %$;loc #! cu%+rar! a +c$$. Pol$t$ca $"t!r"+ a lu$ H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" s*a a8at ! #!'oltar!a sus-$"ut+ a '$!-$$ !co"o%$c! )$ a co%!r-ulu$( r$" r$'$l!g$$ acor#at! "!gustor$lor )$ r$" /"c,!$!r!a #! tratat! !co"o%$c! 5/"
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI **
H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" Ho"!#+ #$" 'r!%!a lu$ H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" Pa2ta or$!"tal+ #$" Tara Ro%&"!asca S$g$l$$ #! 1uu"ar #$" t$%ul lu$ H$rc!a c!l =+tr&" Tur"ul C,$"#$!$ @ T&rgo'$)t!
Pag.< IANCU DE 7UNEDOARA 5<<*
Î" c$u#a oo$-$!$ r!g!l! Vla#$sla' U"gar$!$ r!"u"-a la co"#$-$$l! a'a"ta;oas! al! +c$$ sal!( )$ s! al+tura cruc$a#!$ al a"t$oto%a"!( /"c!&"# o2!"s$'a la su#ul Du"+r$$ r!g!l! !st! /"2r&"t )$ uc$s la Var"a 5B "o$!%1r$! <<<6. Î" <
ISTORIE IN IHAKINI ** Ia"cu #! 7u"!#oara St!%a lu$ Ia"cu #! 7u"!#oara Cast!lul 7u"$a$lor
Pag.
atac&"# Tarac!tat!a Ro%&"!asca /" <B( ! Du"+r!( =r+$la#!l )$ laol$t$c$$ T&rgul sal!. #! Floc$ /" <3 ataca D&%1o'$-!$ )$ $"stal!a+ u"la#o%" Î" <?( !8!#$-$a #! !#!s$r! co"#us+ #! Sol$%a" !st! /"2r&"ta ! 'al!a /"gusta )$ %l+)t$"oasa #! la Vaslu$ 5Po#ul Î"alt6. Mt!2a" s! a#r!s!a+ r$"c$$lor cr!)t$"$ a$ Euro!$ !"tru a l+rg$ coal$-$a a"t$oto%a"a )$ s! al$a+ cu U"gar$a. Î" <( sulta"ul Ha,o%!# al II*l!a )$ ar%ata sa #! BB.BBB #! sol#a-$ o1-$" '$ctor$a /" o"a +#uroasa #! la R+1o$!"$ 5Val!a Al1a6( /" co"#$-$$l! /" car! ar%ata %ol#o'!a"+ s! co"2ru"ta cu atacur$l! t+tar! )$ a)t!t+ /"c+ a;utorul U"gar$!$ r!$st!"ta c!t+-$lor a #!t!r%$"at !)!cul !8!#$-$!$ #$" Hol#o'a( /"sa I%!r$ul Oto%a" )$*a co"t$"uat !8a"s$u"!a la "or#ul Har$$ N!gr!. Mt!2a" /"c,!$! ac!a cu turc$$ /" a"$$ <*
a"t$oto%a"a s! #!str+%as!. Î"
0Du+ o %ar!( ut!r"$c+ #o%"$! #! o ;u%+tat! #! '!ac( lasa ur%a)$lor o -ar+ "!at&r"ata( 1ogat+.4 5N$cola! Iorga6 ISTORIE IN IHAKINI **
Mt!2a" c!l Har! C!tat!a Suc!a'a H+"+st$r!a Put"a @ ct$tor$! a lu$ Mt!2a" c!l Har! Kros %ol#o'!"!sc #$" 'r!%!a lu$ Mt!2a" c!l Har!
Pag.?B VLAD EPEM 5<
Î" r$%+'ara a"ulu$#!<( !!) a 2ost gra"$t!$( c,!%at /"sa la c!tat!a K$urg$u( su1 r!t!8tul a #$scuta ro1l!%a sulta"ulturc!asc+ #+#us! or#$" sol$lor s+*l r$"#+ cu or$c! r!-. !!) )$*a ca%u9at ar%ata /" 1+l-$l! Du"+r$$( $ar co%lotul l*a #!;ucat #oar cu g+r$l! !rso"al!. Pr$"tr*o %a"!'r+ a1$l+( la %$!ul "o-$$ a /")!lat '$g$l!"ta turc$lor )$ a r+#at c!tat!a( ao$ $*a #at 2oc. Cro"$carul 1$a"t$" Lao"$c C,alcoco"#$l r!-$"! agu1!l! ro#us! #!*a lu"gul %alulu$ #r!t al Du"+r$$: 02+c&"# %ult )$ %ar! o%or a l!cat /"ao$4. Ac-$u"!a #$" a"ul < s! 1aa ! )t$r!a c+ sulta"ul !ra r!-$"ut /" As$a H$c+ )$ '$a #$strug!r!a u"ct!lor #! r!$st!"ta al! oto%a"$lor. Î"su)$ sulta"ul H!,%!# al II*l!a a co"#us !8!#$-$a #! !#!s$r! #$" a"ul <( co%us+ #$" tru! t!r!str! )$ "a'! '!"$t! ! Du"+r!( car! au /"tr!r$"s !8!#$-$$ #! ;a2 /" ortur$. Vala,$$ au al$cat tact$ca +%&"tulu$ &r;ol$t( $ar #u+ )at! $l! #! /"a$"tar! ! uscat( sulta"ul 0"*a g+s$t "$c$ o%( "$c$ #! %&"car! sau #! 1+ut4 5cro"$carul 1$a"t$" Ducas6 oorul s! r!tr+s!s! /" o"a %u"toas+. Turc$$ )$*au orga"$at ta1+ra ! #ru%ul #$"sr! N$cool! sr! T&rgo'$)t!. !!)( 0cu"osc+tor #!s+'&r)$t al ract$c$lor #! r+1o$ al! os%a"l&$lor4 5Lao"$c C,alcoco"#$l6( a atacat ta1+ra /" t$%ul "o-$$( cu u" co"t$"g!"t #! .BBB*B.BBB #! sol#a-$( 2+c&"#u*$ ! turc$ s+ s! uc$#+ /"tr! !$. D!)$ atacul a cauat $!r#!r$ %ar$ turc$lor( H!,%!# a sc+at cu '$a-a. P&"+ la 0atacul #! "oat! #! la T&rgo'$)t!4 5*G $u"$! <6( "$%!"$ "u %a$ us!s! /" !r$col !rsoa"a sulta"ulu$. Ro%&"$$ s*au r!tras sr! !stul -+r$$( $ar turc$$ s*au r!tras ! la =r+$la.
<( Vla# !!) a tr$%$s u" #!ta)a%!"t la C,$l$a )$ l*a /"2r&"t ! Mt!2a" c!l Î" Har!. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
Vla# !!) Cast!lul lu$ Vla# !!) Curt!a Do%"!asc+ #! la T&rgo'$)t! Ducat #$" t$%ul lu$ Vla# !!)
Pag.? COHERUL HEDIEVAL Dator$t+ #!'olt+r$$ !co"o%$c! )$ a)!+r$$ #!*a lu"gul #ru%ur$lor co%!rc$al! c! u"!au Euroa( l!g+tur$l! !co"o%$c! #$"tr! Tara Ro%&"!asca(
Hol#o'a )$ Tra"s$l'a"$a au 2ost $"t!"s! )$ caract!r$at! #! $"t!r#!!"#!"t+. R!la-$$l! co%!rc$al! s! r!al$au( /" s!c$al( r$" c!l! tr!$ %ar$ c!"tr! %!)t!)ug+r!)t$ al! Tra"s$l'a"$!$: S$1$u( =ra)o' )$ =$str$-a( 2a'or$at! #! a)!ar!a g!ograc+. Î"c!&"# #$" a #oua ;u%+tat! a s!colulu$ al VI*l!a( co%!r-ul +r$$ Ro%a"!)t$ )$ al Hol#o'!$ a 2ost #o%$"at #! r!la-$$l! cu ora)!l! #$" Ar#!al. Î" o"a #! %u"t! s! orga"$au !r$o#$c t&rgur$ !"tru locu$tor$$ #! ! a%1$$ '!rsa"-$ a$ Cara-$lor. Î" ??B( K!org R!$c,!rs#or2!r caract!r$a =raso'ul #r!t 0$a-a r$"c$*ala a ooar!lor '!c$"! )$ as!%!"!a u"u$ loc #! #!s2ac!r! co%u" al tuturor 1u"ur$lor4 S$1$ul #!s!r'!a Tara Ro%&"!asca( =$str$-a )$ Hol#o'a. Pr$" sa-$ul ro%&"!sc s*a ract$cat u" co%!r- #! tra"$t( a#uc+tor #!
'!"$tur$ !Ausul 0#ru%ul t+t+r!sc4 #$"sr! Or$!"t %$ro#!"$$( o#oa1!(a1u"#!"t!: -!s+tur$ #$" Euro!$ !rau '!"!au tra"sortat! ar%!( u"!lt!( -!s+tur$ ! 0#ru%ul osta'ulu$4 sau ! #ru%ul 0#! la 'ar!g$ la gr!c$4( car! tra"$ta Hol#o'a. Sulta"ul =a$a$# al II*l!a cu"o)t!a $%orta"-a strat!g$c+ )$ co%!rc$al+ a ortur$lor %ol#o'!"!)t$ )$ ar!c$a c+ C!tat!a Al1a !ra 0c,!$a )$ oarta la toat+ Polo"$a( Rus$a( Tatar$a )$ /"tr!aga Har! N!agr+4. Ora)!l! #! ! Du"+r! 5=r+$la( Kala-$ )$ T&rgul #! Floc$6 as$gurau co%!r-ul cu I%!r$ul Oto%a"( $"# $"t!"s tra"$tat! #! "!gustor$ 50#ru%ul =ra$l!$4( 0#ru%ul Kala-$ulu$46. Ora#!a !ra u" $%orta"t u"ct co%!rc$al sr! Euroa C!"tral+ )$ #! V!st. +r$l! Ro%&"! !8ortau '$"( sar!( l&"a( %$!r!( c!ar+( '$t!( o$( l!%". Sar!a !ra c+utat+ /" P!"$"sul+ =alca"$c+( u"#! !ra tra"sortata ! 0#ru%ur$l! s+r$$4( car! 2+c!au l!g+tura /"tr! sal$"! )$ u"ct!l! /" car! s! tra'!rsa Du"+r!a. Orga"$ar!a u"ct!lor #! 'a%+ )$ !rc!!r!a ta8!lor 'a%al! s! r!al$au /"c+ #! la /"t!%!$!r!a stat!lor %!#$!'al! ro%a"!)t$ )$ r!r!!"tau u" r$'$l!g$u al #o%"$tor$lor. Ta8!l! !rau /"casat! ! #$r!ct #! 2u"c-$o"ar$$ #o%"!)t$( ! ar!"#at! sau c!#at! ca aco!r$r! !"tru #$'!rs! /%ru%utur$ sau c,$ar acor#at! ca r!co%!"s+ !"tru s!r'$c$$l! a#us! #o%"$!$. Pu"ct!l! #! 'a%a !rau s$tuat! la ,otar! 5! Du"+r!( l$"$a Cara-$lor6( /"sa !8$stau )$ /" $"t!r$orul -+r$$( /" ora)!l! )$ t&rgur$l! %a$ $%orta"t!.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a Al1a Ho"!#+ #$" Hol#o'a /" !r$oa#a E'ulu$ H!#$u C!tat!a =$!rta" Tal!r tra"s$l'+"!a" #$" t$%ul #o%"$!$ lu$ H$,a$ Aa I P$'"$-a #$" !r$oa#a E'ulu$ H!#$u
Pag.?< SPIRITUALITATEA ROHÂNEASCA HEDIEVAL Î" aral!l cu roc!sul #! c!"tral$ar! statal+ s*a ro#us u"$car!a 1$s!r$c!asc+ /" c!l! tr!$ -+r$ ro%&"! )$ au a+rut %$trool$$l! r!cu"oscut! #!
Patr$ar,$a #! la Co"sta"t$"ool. =$s!r$ca a ;ucat u" rol 2u"#a%!"tal /" '$a-a ol$t$c+ )$ cultural+ a ro%&"$lor %$trool$-$$ !rau %!%1r$ a$ S2atulu$ Do%"!sc( sr$;$"!au r+s&"#$r!a scr$!r$lor cu caract!r r!l$g$os. Î" 3? a 2ost r!cu"oscut+ H$trool$a U"gro'la,$!$ 5+r$$ Ro%&"!)t$6( cu s!#$ul la Arg!)( T&rgo'$)t!( ao$ =ucur!)t$ ult!r$or( au a+rut %$trool$$l! #! la S!'!r$" )$ R&%"$c. H$trool$a Hol#o'!$( cu s!#$ul la Suc!a'a )$ ao$( la Ia)$( a 2ost r!cu"oscuta a1$a /"
'ar$!tat!a t$ur$lor2ort$cat!6. l+ca)ur$lor #! cult 5orto#o8!( catol$c!( rot!sta"t! 1$s!r$c$( %+"+st$r$( 1$s!r$c$ S2&"tul N$co#$%( c+lug+r$t la Hu"t!l! At,os( a r!orga"$at '$a-a %o"a,ala( r$#$c&"# /" Tara Ro%&"!asca %a"+st$r$l! Vo#$ta )$ T$s%a"a. Î" Hol#o'a( ar,$t!ctura 1$s!r$c!asc+ s*a #!'oltat #!os!1$t #! Tara Ro%&"!asca( #! la 1$s!r$cu-! #! l!%" la c!l! #! $atr+ )$ $#( $"9u!"-at! #! ar,$t!ctura 1$a"t$"+ 5la"( /%+r-$r!( #!cor6. Pr$%!l! co"struc-$$ 1$s!r$c!)t$ #! $# #$" Hu"t!"$a )$ Hol#o'a #at!a+ #$" '!acul al IV*l!a. C!l! %a$ '!c,$ l+ca)ur$ su"t: 1$s!r$ca lu$ N!gru Vo#a #$" C&%ulu"g( =$s!r$ca #o%"!asca #! la Curt!a #! Arg!)( 1$s!r$c$l! #! la Vo#$ta( T$s%a"a( Co$a( S"ago' 5/" Hu"t!"$a6 )$ 1$s!r$ca S2&"tul N$cola! #$" R+#+u-$( 1$s!r$ca #! la M$r!t 5/" Hol#o'a6 )$ 1$s!r$c$l! #$" o"a 7u"!#oar!$ 5Str!$ )$ S&"t+%+r$a*Orl!a6. St$lul %ol#o'!"!sc a co"t$"uat s+ !'olu!! #$" !r$oa#a lu$ Mt!2a" c!l
Har! r$" 2a-a#! 5s! co%1$"au $atr+( c+r+%$#a sau c!ra%$c+6( $"clu#!r!a %or%$"t!lor ct$tor$lor )$ alt! !l!%!"t! co"struct$'!. Î" co"#$-$$l! /" car! P!"$"sula =alca"$c+ !ra ocuat+ #! oto%a"$( /"c!&"# #$" s!colul al IV*l!a( #o%"$tor$$ ro%&"$ au acor#at sr$;$"( su1 #$'!rs! 2or%!( c!lor B #! %+"+st$r$ #! la At,os( /"c!rc&"# s+ %!"-$"+ orto#o8$a )$( /" %o# s$%1ol$c( s+ sor!asc+ r!st$g$ul c$'$l$a-$!$ 1$a"t$"!. 0N$c$u" oor "u a col!)$t Hu"t!l! At,os cu at&t!a 1$"!2ac!r$ ca oorul ro%&".4 5ar,$%a"#r$tul rus Porr$! Us!"sQ6. ara Ro%&"!asca )$ Hol#o'a au as$gurat sura'$!-u$r!a a)!+%$"t!lor gr!c!)t$ r$" su%! #! 1a"$( #o"a-$$ #! o1$!ct! 1$s!r$c!)t$ )$ 0/"c,$"ar!a %a"+st$r$lor4.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** H+"+st$r!a Drago%$r"a H+"+st$r!a D$"tr*u" L!%" @o"a R&%"$cu V&lc!a H+"+st$r!a Vo#$ta
H+"+st$r!a T$s%a"a
Pag. ? HI7AI VITEAUL 5?3*B6 F$ul lu$ Patrascu c!l =u" /"#!l$"!)t! 2u"c-$a #! 1a" al Cra$o'!$( $ar #$" ?3( !st! #o%" al +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$. R!2ua lata tr$1utulu$( /"c!! r+scoal+ a"t$oto%a"a( atac&"# c!t+-$l! turc!)t$ #! ! Du"+r! 5K$urg$u( 7&r)o'a6 )$ a;u"g! &"+ /" =alca"$. R!s$"g! #!ta)a%!"t!l! oto%a"! $"trat! /" Tara Ro%&"!asca 5la Put$"!$u( St+"!)t$( S!rat!st$6. Dat+ $"# $%$"!"ta r$ost!$ oto%a"!( r$" Tratatul #! la Al1a Iul$a 5??6 /l r!cu"oa)t! #r!t su!ra" ! 'o$!'o#ul Tra"s$l'a"$!$( S$g$s%u"# =at,or. S! ou"!( la C+lug+r!"$ 5august ??6( !8!#$-$!$ co"#us! #! S$"a"*Pasa )$ s! r!trag! /" "or#( a)t!t&"# a;utorul ar#!l!a". Î" aral!l( turc$$ /"c! orga"$ar!a a)al&cur$lor #! la T&rgo'$)t! )$ =ucur!)t$( #!t!r%$"&"# $"t!r'!"-$a ro%t+ a cr!)t$"$lor. Î" ?( r!$a $"curs$u"$l! ! l$"$a Du"+r$$( /" #!tr$%!"tul I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a". H$,a$ #!c$#! "!goc$!r!a cu Î"alta Poarta !"tru %!"-$"!r!a sa la #o%"$!(
/" sc,$%1ul acc!t+r$$ su!ra"$t+-$$ oto%a"! )$ a #$" lat$$ tr$1utulu$ /" aral!l( /"c,!$! u" tratat )$ cu Casa #! 7a1s1urg 5Tratatul ?G( #! la H+"+st$r!a D!alu @ T&rgo'$)t!6( or$!"tat /%otr$'a turc$lor. Î"locu$r!a r$"c$!lu$ Tra"s$l'a"$!$ cu u" suus al Polo"$!$ )$ #o%"$a lu$ I!r!%$a Ho'$la /" Hol#o'a a%!"$"-au tro"ul +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$. H$,a$ o1-$"! acor#ul Austr$!$ #! a $"t!r'!"$ /" Tra"s$l'a"$a( o1-$"! '$ctor$a #! la M!l$%1+r 5octo%1r$! ?6( asura lu$ A"#r!$ =at,or( )$ /)$ 2ac! $"trar!a tr$u%2al+ /" Al1a Iul$a 5"o$!%1r$! ?6. D!oar!c! I!r!%$a Ho'$la s! al$as! cu turc$$ )$ t+tar$$( /" %a$ BB( H$,a$ cuc!r!)t! Hol#o'a( /" ca#rul u"!$ ca%a"$$ car! a #urat tr!$ s+t+%&"$( alu"g&"#u*l ! I!r!%$a Ho'$l+ #! ! tro"ul Hol#o'!$. H$,a$ V$t!aul r!al$!a+ ast2!l r$%a u"$r! ol$t$c+ a +r$lor Ro%&"!. Statutul st+&"$r$$ lu$ H$,a$ V$t!au /" Ar#!al a 2ost $"t!rr!tat #$2!r$t. Î"tr* u" ,r$so' !%$s la Ia)$ 5 %a$ BB6( H$,a$ V$t!au l s! $"t$tula: 0...#$" %$la lu$ Du%"!!u( Do%" al +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$ )$ al Ar#!alulu$ )$ a toat+ -ara Hol#o'!$4( /" t$% c! ,a1s1urg$$ /l "u%!au 0gu'!r"ator tra"s$l'a"4. R!'!"$t /" Tra"s$l'a"$a( !st! /"'$"s #! g!"!ralul =asta la H$r+sl+u )$ s! r!trag! sr! %u"-$. H$,a$ c!r! sr$;$"ul /%+ratulu$ ,a1s1urg$lor. 0...ara Ro%&"!asca 5...6. Î" ac!ast+ -ar+ a) utut s+ r+%&" l$"$)t$t )$ s$gur( 2+r+ "$c$o t!a%+( #ac+ "u %*ar c,!%at cr!#$"-a %!a 2a-+ #! 5...6 cr!)t$"+tat!.4 52rag%!"t #$" H!%or$ul c+tr! /%+ratul Ru#ol2 al II*l!a a"ul B6J. Î"tr! t$%( turc$$ ocuas!r+ Tara Ro%&"!asca )$ /l $"stalas!r+ la tro" ! S$%$o" Ho'$l+ H$,a$ !st! /"2r&"t /" o"a su1carat$c+. Hol#o'a r!$"tra )$ !a /" os!s$a Ho'$l!st$lor( as!r'$-$ $"t!r!s!lor olo"!. Du+ /%+car!a cu K,!org,! =asta( o1-$"! '$ctor$a #! la Kuraslau 5august
B6 /%otr$'a lu$ S$g$s%u"# =at,or.oEst! ao$ la C&%$a Tur$$( #! g!"!ralul =asta( !"tru a r!/"t&%$"a "ou+uc$s u"$r! a -+r$lor ro%&"!. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
H$,a$ V$t!aul St!%a lu$ H$,a$ V$t!aul #u+ u"$r!a #! la BB Ru$"!l! Cur-$$ Do%"!)t$ #! la T&rgo'$)t! I"trar!a lu$ H$,a$ V$t!aul /" Al1a Iul$a
Pag.?G RILE ROHÂNE ÎNTRE BB MI G Statutul +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$ )$ c!l al Hol#o'!$ s*au agra'at /" raort cu I%!r$ul Oto%a"( #u+ $"tro#uc!r!a #o%"$$lor 2a"ar$ot!( /"tr! a"$$ )$ .
Po$-$a $"t!r%!#$ar+( /"tr! Î"alta Poarta )$ ut!r$l! cr!)t$"!( Rus$a )$ Austr$a( /" %o%!"tul 0cr$!$ or$!"tal!4( l!*a suus u"u$ )$r #! )as! r+1oa$!( /" $"t!r'alul *G. T!r$tor$ul +r$lor Ro%&"!( co"s$#!rat art! $"t!gra"t+ a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( tratat #r!t o 0%o"!#+ #! sc,$%1`( a 2ost suus 9uctua-$$lor )$ a su2!r$t "u%!roas! ocua-$$ str+$"!. Î" 3( turc$$ au r!luat 7ot$"ul 5c!tat!a )$ ra$aua6 @ r$%a $!r#!r! t!r$tor$ala ro%&"!asca /" ca#rul !oc$$ 2a"ar$ot! /" !r$oa#a $%!#$at ur%+toar!( a 2ost a"!8ata '!c$"+tat!a ora)ulu$ C!r"+u-$ o"a T$g,$"a s! a9a su1 r!s$u"!a t+tar$lor. R!g$u"$l! l$%$tro2! al! Hol#o'!$ au 2ost /"cr!#$"-at! !"tru locu$r! )$ a+rar! t+tar$lor( car! au !8!rc$tat a#!s!a atacur$( la or#$"ul sulta"ulu$ sau
#$" Î" ror$! G($"$-$at$'+. r$" Pac!a #! la Passaro$t( oto%a"$$ r!"u"-a la =a"at )$ Olt!"$a( /" 2a'oar!a Austr$!$. Noua a#%$"$stra-$! a $"tro#us u" r!g$% scal str$ct )$ a su1or#o"at 1$s!r$ca #! H$trool$a S!r1$!$. Î" 3( I%!r$ul Oto%a" r!cu!r!a+ Olt!"$a 5r$" Pac!a #! la =!lgra#6 su"t $"tro#us! %+sur$ r!2or%atoar!. Î" ?( /" ur%a Acor#ulu$ austro*oto%a"( Austr$a a"!8!a+ =uco'$"a 5! car! o r!2!ra Olt!"$!$6. Î" G( #u+ Pac!a #! la =ucur!)t$( Rus$a ocua =asara1$a( /"cura;ata $"# #! /%+ratul Naol!o". Î" ac!st $"t!r'al( rolul ro'$"c$$lor ro%a"!)t$ !ra #! a at!"ua r!s$u"!a ol$t$c+ )$ %$l$tar+ /" su#*!stul Euro!$ a ut!r$lor cr!)t$"! asura Por-$$( a9at+ /" #!cl$". Do%"$tor$$ +%&"t!"$( sus!cta-$ c+ ar utut s+ s! al$!! cu a#'!rsar$$ Por-$$( au 2ost /"locu$-$ cu r!r!!"ta"-$$ #!l$ a$ sulta"$lor( %a;or$tat!a r!cruta-$ #$" cart$!rul Fa"ar al Co"sta"t$"oolulu$. I"sta1$l$tat!a #o%"$$lor a 2ost /"tr!-$"ut+ #! oto%a"$( #!oar!c! a#uc!a '!"$tur$ 2a1uloas! r$" su%!l! !"tru cu%+rar!a tro"ulu$. Hu"t!"$!$ )$ Hol#o'!$ l$ s*au $"t!r$s ar%at!l! ror$$ 5#oar #o%"$*tor$$ 2a"ar$o-$ #$su"!au #! 0ot!r! #! ar"+u-$4 @ %$c$ g+r$ !rso"al! #! %!rc!"ar$( car! %a$ /"#!l$"!au )$ 2u"c-$$ ol$-$!"!)t$. Pol$t$ca !8t!r"+ )$ a+rar!a !rau g!st$o"at! #! I%!r$ul Oto%a". Ra$al!l! turc!)t$ #! la gra"$-! s!r'!au #r!t a'a"ostur$ %$l$tar! )$ u"ct! #! sr$;$" !"tru co"trolul +r$lor Ro%&"!.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a R&)"o' C!tat!a F+g+ra) Fa"ar$o-$
C!r!%o"$al la Curt!a Do%"!asca * =ucur!)t$ P!c!t!a T$%$soar!$
Pag.B AROHÂNII Î" !oca %o#!r"+( ur%a)$$ 'la,$lor #$" P!"$"sula =alca"$c+ au co"t$"uat s+ locu$asc+ /" Hu"-$$ P$"#ulu$( T!sal$a( Hac!#o"$a( Al1a"$a( $ar alt! ra%ur$ al! ac!st!$ oula-$$( /" -$"utur$l! s&r1!)t$( /" o"a S$l$str!$ )$ a P!"$"sul!$ Istr$a #$"
Croa-$a. Pract$cau ocua-$$ tra#$-$o"al!: +stor$tul tra"s,u%a"t( agr$cultura( a"u%$t! %!)t!)ugur$( c+r+u)$a )$ co%!r-ul. Ora)ul Hoscool!( s$tuat /" o"a #! !st a Al1a"$!$( a #!'!"$t c!l %a$ $%orta"t c!"tru !co"o%$c )$ cultural( locu$t #! aro8$%at$' ?B.BBB #! !rsoa"!. Î" ur%a co"9$ct!lor ruso*turc!( locu$tor$$ au a1a"#o"at ora)ul #u+ . Î" s!colul al VIII*l!a( #!)$ /"c+ alc+tu$au o !t"$! co%act+ )$ ros!r+( st+&"$r!a oto%a"+ "u l!*a %a$ r!cu"oscut r$'$l!g$$l! #o1&"#$t! $"$-$al. S*au $%l$cat /" %$)car!a #! !l$1!rar! a =alca"$lor. Dator$t+ sr$;$"ulu$ statulu$ ro%&"( )$*au %!"-$"ut $#!"t$tat!a cultural+( r$" /"'+-+%&"tul )$ ract$car!a r!l$g$!$ /" ror$ul lor gra$.
S$tua-$a /"'+-+%&"tulu$ ro%&"!sc /" )col$l! #$" =alca"$ a 9uctuat #!*a lu"gul t$%ulu$ #u+ a"ul GG( autor$t+-$l! oto%a"! $*au gara"tat !8$st!"-a( $ar /" a"ul B? a 2ost $%uls$o"at #! r!cu"oa)t!r!a !"t$t+-$lor ro%a"!)t$. Î" ur%a Tratatulu$ #! la Cra$o'a 5 s!t!%1r$!
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Aro%&"$ Port oular aro%&"#$" Hoscool! 5Al1a"$a6 I"t!r$or #! 1$s!r$ca
Pag. =ASARA=IA ÎN ANUL G Dr!t r+1u"ar! #u+ luta #! la St+"$l!)t$ 5>3 $ul$! 6 )$ r!trag!r!a lu$ D$%$tr$! Ca"t!%$r /" Rus$a( o gar"$oa"+ oto%a"+ a ocuat 7ot$"ul )$ a cr!at o %$c+ ra$a /" ;urul ac!stu$a /" Hol#o'a a 2ost $"staurat r!g$%ul
2a"ar$ot. Î" GG*( Rus$a )$*a %utat gra"$-a cu Hol#o'a la N$strul I"2!r$or r$" Pac!a #! la Ia)$ 56 )$ ! N$strul Su!r$or 536. Ru)$$ /"c!rcau %$"$%al$ar!a statutulu$ $"t!r"a-$o"al al +r$lor Ro%&"!( "u%$"#u*l! 0ro'$"c$$4. Î" GB( tarul Al!8a"#ru I tr!c! N$strul( catur!a+ 2+r+ lut+ 7ot$" )$ =!"#!r( /"a$"t&"# sr! Ia)$ scoul Rus$!$ !ra !8t$"#!r!a la Du"+r!( /" #!tr$%!"tul I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a". Î" G( gra"$ta Rus$!$ cu Hol#o'a s*a %utat ! Prut( /"sa oto%a"$$ au +strat c!t+-$l! #! ! Du"+r!. D$"tr*u" %!%or$u a#r!sat #! 1o$!r$ #o%"ulu$ Hol#o'!$ r!$!s! c+ =asara1$a a#uc!a Hol#o'!$ aro8$%at$' Bb #$" gr&ul #atorat Por-$$ Oto%a"! )$
a#+ost!a ;u%+tat! #$" l+t$tor$$ #! $%o$t!. La s2&r)$tul t!r%!"ulu$ 8at !"tru str+%utar!a oula-$!$( 0oorul cu c&r#ul( ca tur%!l! #! o$( /"c$"s!s! toat+ %arg$"!a Prutulu$... cu luar! #! $ua 1u"+ #! la +r$"-$( #! la 2ra-$( )$ #! la ru#!"$$... c&"# s! #!s+r-!au u"$$ #! al-$$ !"tru tot#!au"a.4 5%+rtur$a cro"$carulu$ Ha"olac,! Dr+g,$c$6. La r!c!"s+%&"tul #$" G( oula-$a !ra 2or%at+ /" roor-$! #! Gb #$" ro%&"$. D$" GG a 2ost $"staurat #$r!ct r!g$%ul -ar$st )$ au 2ost a1ol$t! l!g$l! local!. D$" G a 2ost $"tro#us+ l$%1a rus+ o1l$gator$! /" )coal+ )$ a#%$"$stra-$! )$ a /"c!ut u" roc!s #! #!"a-$o"al$ar! r$" colo"$ar!a %a$ %ultor oula-$$ ruso2o"!. Î" G3( =asara1$a a #!'!"$t o ro'$"c$! o1$)"u$t+ /" ca#rul I%!r$ulu$ ar$st )$ s*a r!"u"-at la art$cular$t+-$l! sal! #! co"#uc!r!. Î" ( $stor$cul N$cola! Iorga co%!%ora $!r#!r!a =asara1$!$: 0Acu% o sut+ #! a"$ r$" tratatul #! la =ucur!)t$( /"tr! Rus$a )$ Turc$a( a% $!r#ut +%&"tul ! car! "u%a$ cu gr!u /l ot "u%$( /%otr$'a a#!'+rulu$ $stor$c: =asara1$a( c+c$ =asara1$a !ra "u%a$ art!a #! la gur$l! Du"+r$$. E oar! o u%$l$"-+ /" ac!ast+ A% stat "o$ la lut+( a% 2ost 1$ru$-$( "$ s*a s%uls o art! #! -ar+ r$"tr*u" tratat ! car! "o$ s+*l /"c,!$at( $sc+l$t )$ ;urat... Dac+ a a'!a o -ar+ /"s!a%"+ a*-$ tr$%!t! /"tr*/"sa sol#a-$ #! gra"$-+( ol$-$!( 2u"c-$o"ar$ carto2or$ )$ 1!-$'$( @ =asara1$a "u ! a "oastr+. Dac+ /"sa ac!asta /"s!a%"+ a*$ lucra toat! ogoar!l!( a*$ /"2+-$)a toat+ %u"ca( a*$ #a to-$ a+r+tor$$( @ atu"c$ ! a "oastr+( )$ "u a c!lorlal-$( =asara1$a.4
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** C!tat!a T$g,$"a C!tat!a 7ot$" C!tat!a Soroca
Casa #$" =asara1$a 7a"ul lu$ Ha"uc
Pag.< REVOLUIA DE LA G @ TUDOR VLADIHIRESCU D!cl$"ul I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a" s*a r!9!ctat r$"tr*o agra'ar! a s$tua-$!$ +r$lor Ro%&"! )$ a ooar!lor #$" =alca"$ )$ r$" cr!)t!r!a r!s$u"$$ #$lo%at$c! )$ %$l$tar! a Rus$!$( rot!ctoar!a cr!)t$"$lor.
Et!r$a( orga"$a-$a atr$o-$lor gr!c$( 2o"#at+ la O#!ssa /" G<( a /"c!rcat #!cla")ar!a r!'olt!$ a"t$oto%a"! r$"tr*o #$'!rs$u"! la "or#ul Du"+r$$( $"t!rs!ct&"#u*s! cu %$)car!a r!'olu-$o"ar+ #$" Tara Ro%&"!asca. Î" G( #u+ %oart!a #o%"ulu$ 2a"ar$ot Al!8a"#ru Sutu( Tu#or Vla#$%$r!scu a r$%$t !r%$s$u"!a u"or 1o$!r$ #$" Co%$t!tul #! O1l+#u$r! 0s+ r$#$c! "oro#ul la ar%!4. Ac!sta ac-$o"as! /" 'r!%!a r+1o$ulu$ ruso*turc #$" a"$$ GB*G( /" ca#rul u"u$ cor #! oast! +%&"t!a"+( /" Olt!"$a. Î" a"ul GB( !l #!'!"$s! co%a"#a"tul 0r$%ulu$ 1atal$o" #! a"#ur$4. Î" G $a"uar$! G( Tu#or a +r+s$t =ucur!)t$ul( sr! a*)$ orga"$a ta1+ra la Pa#!)( /" aro$!r!a %+"+st$r$$ T$s%a"a. Î" 3 $a"uar$! la"s!a+ 0Procla%a-$a #! la Pa#!)4( /"#r!tata /%otr$'a 1o$!r$lor. R+scula-$$ !tr!c lu"a 2!1ruar$! /" ta1+ra #! la &"-+r!"$.Î" 2!1ruar$!( su"t
2or%ulat! 0C!r!r$l! "oro#ulu$ Î" aral!l( la Ia)$( Et!r$a /)$ro%&"!sc4. a"u"-a o1$!ct$'ul a"t$oto%a"( $"clu&"# )$ Hol#o'a /"sa I%!r$ul ar$st a co"#a%"at $"$-$at$'a( #!oar!c! la"a !r$colul u"u$ atac turc!sc. Ar%ata Et!r$!$( co"#us+ #! Al!8a"#ru Is$la"t$( a tr!cut /" Tara Ro%&"!asca( $ar a"#ur$$ s*au /"#r!tat s+ a!r! ca$tala. Tu#or acc!ta cola1orar!a cu 1o$!r$$ atr$o-$( #ar o2!r+ co"trolul +r-$$ #! "or# a -+r$$ lu$ Is$la"t$( /" t$% c! !l 2ort$ca =ucur!)t$ul. Î" %a$ G( oto%a"$$ tr!c Du"+r!a( $ar Tu#or +r+s!)t! ca$tala )$( r$" /"-!l!g!r!a #! la Kol!)t$ 5 %a$ G6( cauta s+ s! al+tur! tru!lor !t!r$st! #$" o"a T&rgo'$st!$. Et!r$)t$$ #!c$# /"sa /"#!+rtar!a lu$ Tu#or. Tr+#at #! c+$ta"$$ s+$( !st! luat #! !t!r$)t$ #$" ta1+ra #! la Kol!)t$ )$ #us la T&rgo'$)t!. La a'$#!"$( ! r&ul Olt( a"#ur$$ r+%a)$ 2+r+ co"#uc+tor su"t /"2r&"-$ #! turc$ 5 %a$ G6. Atras /"tr*o curs+( Vla#$%$r!scu !st! asas$"at #! c+tr! !t!r$)t$ /" "oat!a #! > %a$ G. Ar! loc o "ou+ luta cu turc$$ la Dr+g+)a"$ 5 $u"$! G6( /" ur%a c+r!$a ar%ata #! a"#ur$ s! #!%!%1r!a+ #!"$t$'. Pr$"c$ala r!al$ar! a r!'olu-$!$ a 2ost r!'!"$r!a la #o%"$$l! +%&"t!"! /" +r$l! Ro%&"!. Î" G( Tratatul #! la A#r$a"ool r!'!#!a: 0Pr$"c$at!l! Hol#o'!$ )$ Vala,$!$ u"&"#u*s!( /" ur%a u"!$ ca$tula-$$( su1 su!ra"$tat!a Su1l$%!$ Por-$ )$ Rus$a gara"t&"#u*l! ros!r$tat!a( !st! #! la s$"! /"-!l!s c+ !l! /)$ 'or +stra toat! r$'$l!g$$l! )$ $%u"$t+-$l! car! l!*au 2ost acor#at! !l! s! 'or 1ucura #! l$1!r+ !8!rc$tar! a cultulu$ lor( #! o s$gura"-+ !r2!ct+( #! o a#%$"$stra-$! "a-$o"al+ $"#!!"#!"ta )$ #! o #!l$"+ l$1!rtat! a co%!r-ulu$( co"s$#!rat! "!c!sar! !"tru a as$gura ac!stor #ou+ ro'$"c$$ os$1$l$tat!a #! a s! 1ucura #! #r!tur$l! lor4.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
Tu#or Vla#$%$r!scu H$trool$a T&rgo'$)t! @ locul u"#! a 2ost uc$s Tu#or Vla#$%$r!scu Casa %!%or$ala YTu#or Vla#$%$r!scu Z @ co%u"+ Vla#$%$r( ;u#!-ul Kor; H+"+st$r!a T$s%a"a
Pag. REVOLUIA DE LA G ar$l$!( la Ia)$( c&"# r!'olu- $o"ar$$ au r!!"tat #o%"$torulu$ H$,a$l Stur#a 0P!t$t$u"!a*rocla%at$u"!4( r$" car! s! c!r!au r!ol'ar!a ro1l!%!$ agrar!( r!orga"$ar!a /"'+-+%&"tulu$( l$1!rtat! !rso"al+( #!s$"-ar!a c!"ur$$( /"$"-ar!a u"!$ g+r$ "a-$o"al!( !l$1!rar!a #!-$"u-$lor ol$t$c$. Docu%!"tul rogra%at$c !st! r!s$"s /"sa #! #o%". R!'olu-$a a 2ost /"+1u)$t+( %a;or$tat!a l$#!r$lor au 2ost ar!sta-$( $ar o art! au art$c$at la %$)car!a #$" Tra"s$l'a"$a. Î" Tra"s$l'a"$a( "!%ul-u%$r!a ro%&"$lor 2a-+ #! a"!8ar!a ro'$"c$!$ la U"gar$a a #us la orga"$ar!a Har$$ A#u"+r$ Na-$o"al! #! la =la; 53>? %a$ G
Î" =uco'$"a( la B %a$( la C!r"+u-$( ar! +r$$4( loc A#u"ar!a Poorulu$ )$ #r!tur$ !st! r!!"tat #ocu%!"tul rogra%at$c 0P!t$-$a r$" car! s! c!r!au ol$t$c! )$ auto"o%$a =uco'$"!$. La =ra)o'( /" < %a$( !st! r!!"tat rogra%ul 0Pr$"-$$$l! "oastr! !"tru r!2or%ar!a atr$!$4 u"a #$"tr! as$ra-$$l! r!'olu-$o"ar$lor !ra 0u"$r!a Hol#o'!$ )$ a Vala,$!$ /"tr*u" s$"gur stat "!at&r"at ro%&"!sc4. Î" Tara Ro%&"!asca( r!'olu-$a /"c!! la Isla 5 $u"$!6 )$ s! %ut+ la =ucur!)t$ 5 $u"$!6( car! #!'$"! c!"trul gu'!r"ulu$ r!'olu-$o"ar. 0Procla%a-$a #! la Isla4 a a'ut rolul u"!$ co"st$tu-$$ )$ a rocla%at $"#!!"#!"-a a#%$"$strat$'+ )$ l!g$slat$'+ a +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$. Î" =a"at( ar! loc o A#u"ar! la Lugo;( /" ? $u"$! G
Ca ur%ar! a r!'olu-$!$( Pr$"c$at! su"t $"tro#us! r!'!#!r$l! #ur! al! Co"'!"-$!$ #! la =alt+ L$%a"/"5G<6. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
R!'olu-$o"ar$ ro%&"$ la G
Pag.G UNIREA DIN ANUL G? R!olu-$$l! A#u"+r$lor A#*,oc #$" Tara Ro%&"!asca )$ #$" Hol#o'a 5co"st$tu$t! !"tru a co"sulta oula-$a asura "!c!s$t+-$$ u"$r$$ Pr$"c$at!lor6 au !8r$%at u"a"$% 'o$"-a #! u"$r! )$ #! auto"o%$!.
0Dor$"-a c!a %a$ %ar!( c!a %a$ g!"!ral+( ac!!a ,ot+r&t+ #! toat! g!"!ra-$$l! tr!cut!( ac!!a car! !st! su9!tul g!"!ra-$!$ actual!( ac!!a car! /%l$"$ta 'a 2ac! 2!r$c$r!a g!"!ra-$$lor '$$toar! !st! U"$r!a Pr$"c$at!lor /"tr*u" s$"gur stat.4 52rag%!"t #$" Pro$!ctul #! r!olu-$! car! cur$"#!a 0#or$"-!l! 2u"#a%!"tal!4 al! ro%&"$lor %ol#o'!"$( r!!"tat #! H$,a$l Wog+l"$c!a"u6. Î" G?( Co"2!r$"-a #! la Par$s sta1$l!a #!"u%$r!a #! 0Pr$"c$at!l! U"$t! al! Hol#o'!$ )$ Vala,$!$ #ar( cu !8c!-$a a #ou+ $"st$tu-$$ u"$c! 5Co%$s$a C!"tral+ )$ Î"alta Curt! #! Casa-$! )$ ust$-$!6( /" a%1!l! tar$ s+ ! #o$ #o%"$tor$( A#u"+r$ )$ Ku'!r"! s!arat!4( c!!a c! !"tru ro%&"$ /"s!%"a o u"$r! $"co%l!t+. P! ? $a"uar$! G?( la Ia)$( A#u"ar!a El!ct$'+ a Hol#o'!$ l*a al!s ca #o%" ! Al!8a"#ru Ioa" Cua 0o% "ou la l!g$ "o$4 5H$,a$l Wog+l"$c!a"u6.
D!l!ga-$a car! ur%a s+ a"u"-! r!ultatul la Co"sta"t$"ool a tr!cut ! l&"g+ =ucur!)t$( $"9u!"-&"# o$"$a u1l$c+. Î" $l!l! *< $a"uar$!( A#u"ar!a Poular+ #! la =ucur!)t$( 0gata s+ "+'+l!asc+ /" Ca%!r+ )$ s+ o s$l!asc+ a rocla%a al!s ! al!sul Hol#o'!$4( a #!t!r%$"at /%l$"$r!a al!g!r$$( #! c+tr! A#u"ar!a El!ct$'+ a +r$$ Ro%&"!)t$( tot a lu$ Al!8a"#ru Ioa" Cua( s$tua-$! "!r!'+ut+ #! Co"'!"-$a #! la Par$s. U"$r!a Pr$"c$at!lor su1 o s$"gur+ co"#uc!r! a 2ost r!cu"oscut+ #! ut!r$l! !uro!"!( cu !8c!-$a Austr$!$ )$ a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a". Î" t!"s$u"!a cr!at+ #! ost$l$tat!a '!c$"$lor( a 2ost orga"$at+ ta1+ra %$l$-ara #! la Flor!)t$( r!u"$"# !2!ct$' ! %u"t!"! )$ %ol#o'!"!)t$( sr! a 2ac! 2a-+ u"!$ !'!"tual! $"t!r'!"-$$ %$l$tar! str+$"!. La Foc)a"$ a 2u"c-$o"at Co%$s$a C!"tral+. Au 2ost u"$cat! $"st$tu-$$l! %ol#o'!"! )$ %u"t!"! 5a#%$"$stra-$a( t!l!gra2ul( ar%ata6 )$ s*a $"$-$at u" larg
rogra% #! r!2or%!: a#otar!a u"!$ "o$ co"st$tu-$$( /%ror$!t+r$r!a -+ra"$lor( $"tro#uc!r!a /"'+-+%&"tulu$ gratu$t )$ o1l$gator$u s$st!%ul 'a%al )$ c!l scal au 2ost r!structurat!. Î" GB a 2ost /"$"-at+ U"$'!rs$tat!a #$" Ia)$( $ar /" G<( c!a #$" =ucur!)t$. La < $a"uar$! G ar! loc #!sc,$#!r!a la =ucur!)t$ a r$%ulu$ Parla%!"t u"$c 5A#u"ar!a L!g$slat$'+6 al Ro%&"$!$ =ucur!)t$ul !st! rocla%at ca$tala -+r$$. $ua #! < Ia"uar$! a #!'!"$t $ "a-$o"al+. Î" G( /" sr$;$"ul lut!$ a"t$oto%a"! a S!r1$!$( !st! as$gurat+ tr!c!r!a ! t!r$tor$ul Pr$"c$at!lor U"$t! a u"u$ co"'o$ alc+tu$t #$" c&t!'a sut! #! car! /"c+rcat! cu ar%! )$ %u"$-$$ '!"$t! #$" Rus$a )$ a'&"# ca #!st$"a-$! S!r1$a. Î" G3( r$" L!g!a s!cular$+r$$ a'!r$lor %a"+st$r!)t$( au 2ost r!cu!rat! #! stat aro8$%at$' ?b #$" t!r!"ur$l! agr$col!. Î" 2!1ruar$! G( 0%o"struoasa coal$-$!4 5#$"tr! l$1!ral$ )$ co"s!r'ator$6( 2or%at+ cu scoul /"l+tur+r$$ #o%"$torulu$ )$ /"locu$r$$ lu$ cu u" r$"- str+$"( #!t!r%$"a a1#$car!a #! la tro" a lu$ Al. I. Cua.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Al!8a"#ru Ioa" Cua =$s!r$ca Tr!$ I!rar,$ U"$'!rs$tat!a YAl!8a"#ru Ioa" CuaZ @ Ia)$ Palatul Al. I. Cua @ Rug$"oasa
Pag.B INDEPENDENA Î"c+ #$" G( Rus$a r!g+t!a lo'$tur+ /%otr$'a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( /" r$"c$al ! 2ro"tul #$" =alca"$( u"#! s! a9au
Tru!lor rus!)t$ l! !ra "!c!sar+ tra"$tar!a t!r$tor$ulu$ Ro%&"$!$( aro*1ata r$" s!%"ar!a Co"'!"-$!$ ruso*ro%&"! #$" ar$l$! G( r$" car! gu'!r"ul ro%&" 0as$gura ar%at!$ rus! car! 'a c,!%at+ a %!rg! /" Turc$a( l$1!r+ tr!c!r! r$" t!r$tor$ul Ro%&"$!$ )$ trata%!"tul r!!r'at ar%at!lor a%$c! 56 /%+ratul tuturor Rus$$lor s! o1l$ga a %!"-$"! )$ a 2ac! a s! r!s!cta #r!tur$l! ol$t$c! al! statulu$ ro%&" cu% r!ult+ #$" l!g$l! a"t!r$oar! )$ tratat!l! !8$st!"t!( r!cu% )$ a %!"-$"! )$ a+ra $"t!gr$tat!a actual+ a Ro%&"$!$4. D$" ar$l$! a /"c!ut %o1$l$ar!a ar%at!$ ro%&"! 5?G.BBB #! sol#a-$ ! 2ro"tul #! o!ra-$$6( $ar #$" ar$l$!( tr!c!r!a tru!lor rus!)t$. La ar$l$! G $1uc"!)t! r+1o$ul ruso*turc #ou+ corur$ #! ar%ata ro%a"!)t$ s*au lasat ! l$"$a Du"+r$$( cu $"t!"-$a u"!$ aco!r$r$ strat!g$c!( $ar /" ar$l$! au r+su"s agr!s$u"$$ oto%a"!( 1o%1ar#&"# V$#$"ul. La %a$ G( /"tru"$t /" s!s$u"! !8traor#$"ar+( Parla%!"tul a"u"-a c+ toat! l!g+tur$l! cu Poarta Oto%a"a su"t rut! )$ rocla%+ $"#!!"#!"t+ #! stat a Ro%&"$!$. 0Su"t!% $"#!!"#!"-$( su"t!% "a-$u"! #! s$"! st+t+toar!. ...J Su"t!% o "a-$u"! l$1!r+ )$ $"#!!"#!"t+4 5#!clara-$a rost$t+ /" 2a-a A#u"+r$$ #! H$,a$l Wog+l"$c!a"u( %$"$stru #! E8t!r"!6. Î" $u"$!( art$l!r$a ro%&"a a u)urat tr!c!r!a Du"+r$$ #! c+tr! ru)$( $ar la $ul$! a tr$%$s !2!ct$'! la N$cool!. A"ga;ar!a #$r!ct+ a ro%&"$lor /" lut!l! cu turc$$ a #!'!"$t "!c!sar+ #u+ $"succ!s!l! ar%at!$ rus!)t$ /" c!l! #ou+ 1+t+l$$ #! la Pl!'"a. Î" $ul$!( r$"c$!l! Carol I a r$%$t t!l!gra%a co%a"#a"tulu$ 2ro"tulu$ #$" =alca"$( %ar!l! #uc! N$cola!( car! #!$"#!a #! ;o"c-$u"!a ar%at!lor !
l$"$a #$"tr! $u )$ Cora1$a au /"c!ut tratat$'! #! cola1orar! )$ au 2ost tr$%$)$ <3.BBB #! sol#a-$ car! au tr!cut Du"+r!a( /" =ulgar$a. Pl!'"a a'!a o o$-$! strat!g$c+( $"# s$tuat+ la /"tr!t+$!r!a u"or #ru%ur$ $%orta"t! !ra /"t+r$t+ #! Os%a" Pas+ r$" B #! r!#ut! aarat! #! ?B.BBB #! sol#a-$ oto%a"$ )$ BB #! tu"ur$. R!#uta Kr$'$-a a 2ost cuc!r$t+ su1 co"#uc!r!a lu$ Carol I( la 3B august( #u+ al atrul!a atac au ur%at Ra,o'a( Pl!'"a( S%&r#a" )$ V$#$". Lut!l! s* au s2&r)$t /" $a"uar$! GG. Ult$%ul atac asura Pl!'"!$( /"c!ut /" G "o'.>B #!c. G( s*a sol#at cu r+"$r!a lu$ Os%a" Pas+ )$ cu #!orga"$ar!a tru!lor sal!. Pr$"c$!l! Carol ar!c$a: 0C+#!r!a Pl!'"!$ !st! )$ 'a r+%&"! !'!"$%!"tul c!l %a$ $%orta"t al ac!stu$ r+1o$ s&"g!ros $ar !u su"t %&"#ru ca t&"+ra %!a ar%ata a coo!rat toc%a$ a$c$ )$ c+ !u a% co%a"#at /" ac!st u"ct #!c$s$'. 5...6 T$% #! lu"$ a% l$s$t #$" =ucur!)t$. Ha$ u-$" 2a'ora1$l+ !st! s$tua-$a "a"c$ar+( c+c$ r+1o$ul "!*a costat ? #! %$l$oa"! &"+ acu%( u" sacr$c$u car! tr!1u$! )$ oat! suortat4.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Carol I la Pl!'"a Sol#at la Pl!'"a Luta #! la Pl!'"a @ gra'ura Cara1$"a 2olos$t+ /" lut+ Koar"a 2olos$t+ #! sol#a-$ Or#$"! r$%$t! #! sol#a-$ #u+ 1+t+l$a #! la Pl!'"a
Pag. ROHÂNIA DUP ANUL GG I%!#$at #u+ rocla%ar!a $"#!!"#!"-!$ #! stat( la %a$ G( Ro%&"$a s*a a#r!sat -+r$lor !uro!"!( !8l$c&"# c+ 0oorul ! 2!r% ,ot+r&t s+*)$ a!r! cu ar%!l! #r!tur$l! sal!4 /" #!cursul o!ra-$u"$lor #! la su#ul Du"+r$$(
ar%ata ro%&"a a /"r!g$strat aro8$%at$' B.BBB #! '$ct$%! #$" r&"#ul sol#a-$lor. At$tu#$"!a c!lorlalt! stat! a 'ar$at( /"s+)$ Rus$a co"s$#!r&"# c+ r!cu* "oast!r!a $"t!r"a-$o"al+ a $"#!!"#!"-!$ Ro%&"$!$ tr!1u$a acc!tat+ #! 0a"sa%1lul ut!r$lor !uro!"!4.La 2!1ruar$!>3 %art$! GG( Tratatul #! ac! ruso*turc /"c,!$at la Sa" St!2a"o r!cu"o)t!a $"#!!"#!"ta Ro%&"$!$( /"sa $g"ora co"tr$1u-a #!c$s$'+ a ac!st!$a la c&)t$gar!a r+1o$ulu$. R!r!!"ta"-$$ #$lo%a-$!$ ro%a"!)t$ au c!rut s+ ! a#%$)$ la lucr+r$l! c!lu$ #!*al #o$l!a Co"gr!s #! ac!( la =!rl$" 5>3 $u"$! @ >3 $ul$! GG6( u"#! au o1-$"ut $"#!!"#!"ta( co"#$-$o"at+ #! acor#ar!a c!t+-!"$!$ locu$tor$lor #! alt+ r!l$g$!. C!r!r!a Ro%&"$!$ #! a art$c$a la tratat$'! a 2ost r!s$"s+( /"sa I.C. =r+t$a"u )$ H. Wog+l"$c!a"u au 2ost acc!ta-$ s+ r!$"t! r!'!"#$c+r$l! -+r$$. Ro%&"$a a o1-$"ut D!lta Du"+r$$( I"sula M!r$lor )$ Do1rog!a( /" sc,$%1ul c!#+r$$ su#ulu$ =asara1$!$ 5;u#!-!l! Ca,ul( Is%a$l )$ =olgra#6 c+tr! Rus$a. Î" rocla%a-$a a#r!sat+ ar%at!$( la < "o$!%1r$! GG( r$"c$!l! Carol s! a#r!sa sol#a-$lor: 0V!-$ %!rg! /" Do1rog!a( "u /" cal$tat! #! cuc!r$tor$( c$ a%$c$( ca 2ra-$ a$ locu$tor$lor( car! #! a$ /"a$"t! su"t co"c!t+-!"$$ "o)tr$4. D$" a"ul GGB( autor$t+-$l! ro%&"! au !%$s L!g!a #! orga"$ar! a Do1rog!$( /" co"2or%$tat! cu ot!"-$alul !co"o%$c )$ strat!g$c al ac!st!$ ro'$"c$$( locu$t+ #! aro8$%at$' B.BBB #! ro%&"$. Noul statut $"t!r"a-$o"al al Ro%&"$!$ a /"t+r$t r!st$g$ul -+r$$ )$ al co"* #uc+torulu$( car! ;u#!c+ ast2!l /"s!%"+tat!a %o%!"tulu$ #$" %a$ GG: 0Ro%&"$a a cr!ut c+ !st! "!c!sar )$ co"2or% cu /"t$"#!r!a( cu /"s!%"+tat!a )$ cu ut!r!a #o1&"#$ta )$ %a"$2!stat+ r$" act! "!/"#o$!l"$c!... #! a s!
rocla%a r!gat. Nu #oar !"tru %$"! !rso"al c$ !"tru %+r$r!a -+r$$ %!l! r$%!sc t$tlul...4. Succ!s$u"!a la tro"ul r!gatulu$ a 2ost sta1$l$t+ r$" /"c,!$!r!a 0Pactulu$ #! 2a%$l$!4. Î" l$sa u"or %o)t!"$tor$ #$r!c-$( succ!soru l lu$ Carol ur%a s+ #!'$"+ F!r#$"a"# #! 7o,!"oll!r"( "!otul s+u #! 2rat!. La B> august G? s*a us $atra #! t!%!l$! a Cast!lulu$ P!l!)( r!)!#$"-a 2a%$l$!$ r!gal!. La > s!t!%1r$! GG s*a #!c$s ca r$"c$!l! Carol s+ oart! t$tlul #! Alt!-a R!gal+( c!!a c! a s!%"$cat /"t+r$r!a r!st$g$ulu$ sau )$( /" s!c$al( ar%ar!a u"u$ "ou statut $"t!r"a-$o"al !"tru Ro%&"$a. Ult!r$or( gu'!r"!l! !uro!"! au r!cu"oscut "oul t$tlu oc$al. Co"sol$#ar!a o$-$!$ $"t!r"at$o"al! a -+r$$ "oastr! #u+ cuc!r$r!a I"#!!"#!"-!$ #! stat a !r%$s rocla%ar!a Ro%&"$!$ ca r!gat la B> %a$ GG( c&"# r!g!l! Carol I )$ r!g$"a El$sa1!ta #! d$!# 5Car%!" S$l'a6 au 2ost /"coro"a-$.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
R!g!l! Carol I H$,a$l Wog+l"$c!a"u Or#$"ul YSt!aua Ro%&"$!$Z Cruc!a YTr!c!r!a Du"+r$$Z
Pag.< ROHÂNIA MI R=OAIELE =ALCANICE Star!a #! co"9$ct #$" =alca"$ a 2ost u" !2!ct al lut!lor #! $"t!r!s! al! I%!r$$lor Oto%a"( 7a1s1urg$c )$ ar$st( car! au #!1$"at )$ /"'r+;1$t ooar!l! )$ "a-$u"$l! #$" ac!ast+ r!g$u"!( ! !"tru a l! #o%$"a( ! !"tru a
s! u"! sta'$l+ /%otr$'a !l$1!r+r$$ )$ /"tr!g$r$$ lor "a-$o"al!. La s!t.> oct. a $1uc"$t r$%ul r+1o$ 1alca"$c( urtat #! =ulg+r$a( M!r1$a( Kr!c$a )$ Hu"t!"!gru /%otr$'a I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( !"tru r!cu!rar!a t!r$tor$$lor $!r#ut! /" s!colul al IV*l!a. Statul ro%&" )$*a r!c$at #! la /"c!ut o$-$a 2a-+ #! r+1o$ul $1uc"$t la su# #! Du"+r!( )$ a"u%!( +strar!a "!utral$t+-$$. Ac!ast+ at$tu#$"! r!al$st+ a Ro%&"$!$ a 2ost ar!c$at+ /" s!"s o$t$' #! %a;or$tat!a stat!lor !uro!"! ast2!l( cot$#$a"ul 1!rl$"! 0Voss$sc,! !$tu"g4 scr$a: 0Ro%&"$a lucr!a+ /" s!"sul Euro!$... Ea !st! 2a-+ #! ooar!l! 1alca"$c! !8!cutoar!a 'o$"-!$ /"tr!g$$ lu%$ a Euro!$ cult!4. Oto%a"$$ au 2ost /"2r&"-$( $ar /" ur%a tratat$'!lor #! ac! #! la Lo"#ra 53B %a$ 36( r!str&")$ la o"a #$" ;urul A#r$a"oolulu$ )$ Co"sta"t$"oolulu$.
Du+ #$"tr! r$%ul=ulgar$a r+1o$ )$ 1alca"$c( a co%l$cat r!la-$$l! c!$lal-$ a%!st!cul /"'$"g+tor$ Austro*U"gar$!$ a$ I%!r$ulu$ Oto%a"( /"tr! stat!l! 1alca"$c! a+r&"# "!/"-!l!g!r$ l!gat! #! sta1$l$r!a "o$lor 2ro"t$!r!. La /"#!%"ul statulu$ #ual$st( =ulgar$a a #!cla")at al #o$l!a r+1o$ 1alca"$c( atac&"# r$" surr$"#!r! 2o)t$$ al$a-$( S!r1$a )$ Kr!c$a 5$"t!r!sat! /" %!"-$"!r!a t!r$tor$$lor %ac!#o"!"! cuc!r$t! #! ar%at!l! ror$$6( )$ u"&"# /" !r$col sta1$l$tat!a o"!$. Î" co"#$-$$l! #!cla")+r$$ c!lu$ #!*al #o$l!a r+1o$ 1alca"$c( r$" car! =ulg+r$a a%!"$"-a cu $"st$tu$r!a ,!g!%o"$!$ /" =alca"$( A"gl$a )$ alt! stat! '!st*!uro!"! au c!rut Ro%&"$!$ s+ art$c$! la ac!st r+1o$. Pr$" ac-$u"!a agr!sor$lor( gu'!r"ul ro%&" s*a co"s$#!rat #$r!ct a%!"$"-at )$ a #!cr!tat %o1$l$ar!a g!"!ral+ a 2or-!lor ar%at!( ! #ata #! B $u"$!>3 $ul$! 3. Ar%ata ro%&"a a tr!cut la su# #! Du"+r! )$( 2+r+ s+ /"t&%$"!
r!$st!"-a( a a;u"s la B Q% #! Soa( c&"# s*au /"c,!$at ost$l$t+-$l!. A%!"$"-at+ la 2ro"t$!ra "or#$c+ #! R!gatul Ro%&"$!$( la c!a '!st$c+ #! ar%at!l! al$at! gr!co*s&r1!( $ar la c!a su#$c+ #! ar%ata oto%a"+( =ulgar$a a 2ost o1l$ga t+ s+ acc!t! t!r%!"$$ Tratatulu$ #! ac! #! la =ucur!)t$ 5G $ul$!>B august G36( $%us #! stat!l! /"'$"g+toar!. =ulg+r$a $!r#! st+&"$r!a Hac!#o"$!$ /" 2a'oar!a S!r1$!$ )$ Kr!c$!$ )$ c!#!a+ su#ul Do1rog!$ 5Ca#r$lat!rul6 /" 2a'oar!a Ro%&"$!$. Ur%ar!a a 2ost aro$!r!a Ro%&"$!$ #! Fra"-a( Rus$a )$ A"gl$a( car! 2+c!au art! #$" alt+ gruar! ol$t$co*%$l$tara( "u%$t+ A"ta"ta. Austro*U"gar$a a 2ost #!a%+g$t+ #! r!ultatul c!lu$ #!*al #o$l!a r+1o$ 1alca"$c. Succ!s!l! o1-$"ut! /%otr$'a =ulgar$!$ au r!r!!"tat !"tru Austro*U"gar$a o /"2r&"g!r! $"#$r!ct+. Ea a ur%+r$t #ro1$r!a S!r1$!$ )$ !ra /" c+utar!a u"u$ %ot$' !"tru a tr!c! la 2at!. Pr!t!8tul a 2ost asas$"ar!a( la Sara;!'o( /" =os"$a 5$u"$! <6( a r$"-ulu$ %o)t!"$tor al Austro*U"gar$!$.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
Sol#a-$ /" tra")!! Sol#a-$ lut&"# Ru$"! #u+ r+1o$ Sol#a-$ /" t$%ul r+1o$ulu$ H!#al$a YA'&"tul +r$$Z
Pag. PRIHUL R=OI HONDIAL Î" !r$oa#a a"$lor <*( Ro%&"$a a a#otat o ol$t$c+ #! "!utral$tat! ar%ata. Î" ca#rul #!1at!r$lor cu r$'$r! la art$c$ar!a Ro%&"$!$ la r+1o$( s! 2or%!a+ %a$ %ult! ta1!r!: a"ta"tol$$ #or!au $%l$car!a Ro%&"$!$ /" r+1o$
al+tur$ #! A"ta"ta 5Fra"-a( A"gl$a( Rus$a6 !"tru !l$1!rar!a Tra"s$l'a"$!$ g!r%a"ol$$ !rau !"tru $"trar!a /" r+1o$ #! art!a Put!r$lor C!"tral! 5K!r%a"$a )$ Austro*U"gar$a6( /" t$% c! gu'!r"ul l$1!ral co"#us #! Io" I.C. =r+t$a"u co"s$#!ra c+ Ro%&"$a tr!1u$! s+ $"tr! /" r+1o$ /"tr*u" %o%!"t car! s+ !r%$t+ r!al$ar!a u"$t+-$$ "a-$o"al!. Ro%&"$a a /"c,!$at Co"'!"-$a %$l$tar+ #$" <> august cu A"ta"ta I( a"ga;&"#u*s! s+ /"c!a+ o2!"s$'a ! 2ro"tul #$" Tra"s$l'a"$a /" ?>G august ( sr$;$"$t+ #! $"t!r'!"-$a rus!asc+ /" Kal$-$a )$ #! c!a a"glo*2ra"c!a /" Salo"$c. Pr$"tr! co"#$-$$l! $"tr+r$$ Ro%&"$!$ /" r+1o$ co"tra Put!r$lor C!"tral! s! st$ula )$ sat$s2ac!r!a #!$#!ratulu$ u"$r$$ cu Ro%&"$a a t!r$tor$$lor ro%a"!)t$ #$" Austro*U"gar$a. Î"a$"tar!a /" Tra"s$l'a"$a a ur%+r$t u" la" sta1$l$t( $ar la > august( sol#a-$$ ro%&"$ au ocuat =raso'ul( Tol$-a )$ o"a s!cu$asc+( alt! gruur$ /"a$"t&"# sr! S$1$u( Or)o'a. I%!r$ul Austro*U"gar( I%!r$ul Oto%a" )$ =ulgar$a au #!clarat r+1o$ Ro%&"$!$ /" lu"a august )$ au atacat /%r!u"a Do1rog!a( la Turtuca$a 5 august>G s!t!%1r$! 6 )$ S$l$stra 5G august>B s!t!%1r$! 6. Î" s!t!%1r$! ( ro%&"$$ su"t r!s$")$ ! cr!st!l! Cara-$lor( $ar su#ul Do1rog!$ !st! $!r#ut. Du+ u" !)!c /" asul O$tu( tru!l! Put!r$lor C!"tral! 2or-!a+ tr!c+tor$l! #$"sr! Hu"t!"$a )$ Olt!"$a( /"a$"t&"# ! Val!a Oltulu$. Î" aral!l( Do1rog!a !st! ocuat+ &"+ la l$"$a Co"sta"ta@C!r"a'o#a. Tru!l! g!r%a"! /"'$"g /" a #oua 1+t+l$! #! la T&rgu $u 5<> "o$!%1r$!6 )$ 2ac ;o"c-$u"!a cu tru!l! lu$ HacQ!"s!". Du+ 1+t+l$$l! #! ! N!a;lo' )$
Arg!)( =ucur!)t$ul !st! ocuat 53 "o$!%1r$!> #!c!%1r$!6. Autor$t+-$l! s*au r!tras /" Hol#o'a( #!'!"$ta c!"tru al r!$st!"-!$ ro%&"!)t$( $ar ar%ata ro%&"a )$ #!ta)a%!"t! rus!)t$ au 2ost lasat! ! l$"$a Cara-$lor( ao$ #!*a lu"gul H$lco'ulu$( Put"!$ )$ M$r!tulu$. Do1rog!a &"+ la gur$l! Du"+r$$( Hu"t!"$a )$ Olt!"$a au 2ost ocuat!. Î" ( tru!l! ro%a"!)t$ au r!$stat /" 0tr$u"g,$ul !ro$c4 #! la H+r+)!)t$( H+r+)t$( O$tu( sto&"# o2!"s$'a austr$ac+ )$ g!r%a"+ )$ sal'&"# ast2!l Hol#o'a. 5Lo$"ca a+r+tor$lor ro%&"$ a 2ost: 0P! a$c$ "u s! tr!c!46. R!'olu-$a 1ol)!'$c+ #$" Rus$a a #us la r!trag!r!a sa #$" r+1o$ )$ a o1l$g&t Ro%&"$a s+ acc!t! co"#$-$$l! gr!l! $%us! #! Pac!a #! la =ucur!)t$ 5< ar$l$!> %a$ G6 )$ $!r#!r!a t!%orar+ a Bb #$" oula-$!. Î" "o$!%1r$! G( Ro%&"$a a r!/"c!ut %$)car!a !"tru r!/"tr!g$r!
"a-$o"al+. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** R!g!l! F!r#$"a"# I
V$"t$la =r+t$a"u * %$"$stru #! r+1o$ /"tr! a"$$ * Sol#a-$ /" Pr$%ul R+1o$ Ho"#$al Ecat!r$"a T!o#oro$u @ !ro$"a #! la $u
Pag. G UNIREA DIN ANUL G MI ROHÂNIA HARE 5G* "o$!%1r$! ( la C,$)$"+u( Co"gr!sul Osta)$lor Hol#o'!"$ rocla%a auto"o%$a t!r$tor$al+ )$ ol$t$c+ a =asara1$!$( ,ot+r&"# 2or%ar!a u"u$ orga" r!r!!"tat$' al oula-$!$ 1asara1!"! 5S2atul +r$$6. S2atul +r$$ a c!rut $"t!r'!"-$a %$l$tar+ ro%&"!asca 2a-+ #! tru!l! rus!)t$ #!orga"$at!( $ar la %art$!> ar$l$! G a 'otat u"$r!a cu Ro%&"$a. Î" =uco'$"a( sol#a-$$ ro%&"$ s! al+tura A"ta"t!$ s! 2or%!a+( /" !8$l( Co%$t!tul R!2ug$a-$lor =uco'$"!"$. La "o$!%1r$! G( tru!l! ro%a"!)t$ $"tra /" =uco'$"a la G "o$!%1r$! G a 2ost co"'ocat Co"gr!sul K!"!ral !"tru 0sta1$l$r!a raortur$lor ol$t$c! al! =uco'$"!$ 2a-+ #! R!gat4 )$ s*a 'otat u"$r!a cu Ro%&"$a. Î" Tra"s$l'a"$a( Co"s$l$ul Na-$o"al Ro%&" C!"tral c!r! gu'!r"ulu$ #! la
=u#a!sta autor$tat!a ro'$"c$!$ 5> "o$!%1r$! $ar A#u"ar! u"$r!a !st! rocla%ata la Gasura "o$!%1r$!> #!c!%1r$! G( /"G6( Har!a Na-$o"al+ #! la Al1a Iul$a. Pr$" a#otar!a R!olu-$!$ #! U"$r! s! sta1$l!au r$"c$$$l! 2u"#a%!"tal! c! 'or sta la 1aa orga"$+r$$ statulu$( r!g$% ol$t$c )$ 'ot u"$'!rsal( r!2or%a agrara !tc. La "o$!%1r$!> #!c!%cr$! G ar! loc 2or%ar!a /" Tra"s$l'a"$a a orga"!lor r!r!!"tat$'! ro'$or$$ 5Har!l! S2at Na-$o"al @ orga" l!g$slat$'( )$ Co"s$l$ul D$r$g!"t @ orga" !8!cut$'6. Sura2a-a -+r$$ a cr!scut la ?.BBB Q%( ao$ la 3.BBB Q%( /"r!g$str&"# o cr!)t!r! #! ?b. Î"a$"t! #! G( oula-$a "u%+ra .?B.BBB !rsoa"!( ao$ %$l$oa"! locu$tor$( /" a"ul B. Proc!"tul ro%&"$lor /" ca#rul "oulu$ 0stat "a-$o"al u"$tar4 !ra #! b autor$t+-$l! s*au a"ga;at c+ 0'or ocrot$ /" Ro%&"$a $"t!r!s!l! locu$tor$lor c! s! #!os!1!sc r$" rasa( l$%1a )$ r!l$g$! #! %a;or$tat!a4. No$l! ro'$"c$$ s*au $"t!grat !r2!ct '$!-$$ #$" Ro%&"$a Har!( /" ur%a roc!sulu$ #! u"$car! a#%$"$strat$'+( 'a%al+( ;u#!c+tor!asca )$ r!l$g$oas+.
Poula-$a Ro%&"$!$ la r!c!"s+%&"tul #$" a"ul 3B: 5!8l.2oto6 ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** R!'olu-$o"ar$ #! la S$1$u Poorul /" $ua U"$r$$ Sala U"$r$$ U"$'!rs$tat!a Y D!c!%1r$! GZ @ Al1a Iul$a St!%a U"$r$$
Pag.GB ANUL
statulu$ cu U"gar$a S!'!r$"(ro%&" r!s!ct$' Cra$o'a.)$ =ulgar$a( r$" orga"$ar!a tratat$'!lor #! la Tur"u Du+ D$ctatul #! la V$!"a 53B august
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Sol#a-$ #$" al Do$l!a R+1o$ Ho"#$al Cruc!a YS!r'$c$ul Cr!#$"c$osZ Or#$"ul YH$,a$ V$t!aulZ
Pag.G CAHPANIA DIN EST Ca%a"$a #$" Est a r!suus art$c$ar!a tru!lor ro%a"!)t$ #! art!a K!r%a"$!$( /" /"c!rcar!a #! a #ro1$ Rus$a )$ #! a r!g+t$ !l$1!rar!a Tra"s$l'a"$!$.
Ur%+tor !ta!$ r!sta1$l$r$$ a#%$"$stra-$!$ ro%&"!)t$ /" =uco'$"a )$ =asara1$a( Ar%ata a 3*a Ro%&"a( su1or#o"ata Ar%at!$ a *a K!r%a"!( a tr!cut N$strul )$ a $"augurat o "ou+ !taa a $%l$c+r$$ sal! /" r+1o$. Î" c$u#a o$"$$lor a#'!rs!( Io" A"to"!scu a acc!tat %$s$u"!a( %a"$2!s* t&"#u*)$ /"cr!#!r!a /" 0;ust$-$a ! car! Fe,r!rul ca"c!lar A#ol2 7$tl!r o 'a 2ac! oorulu$ ro%&" )$ #r!tur$lor stator"$c! s!cular!( %$s$u"$$ sal! #$" Cara-$( #! la Du"+r! )$ #! la Har!a N!agr+4. I%l$car!a Ro%&"$!$ a %a$ 2ost ;ust$cat+ #! "!c!s$tat!a r!s!ct+r$$ al$a"-!lor )$ a r$"c$$$lor art!$ %$l$tar!( /"sa a a'ut !2!ct! "!gat$'! /" r&"#ul r!la-$$lor #$lo%at$c!. E2!ct$'!l! ro%a"!)t$ !rau 2or%at! #$" B.BBB #! sol#a-$( aar-$"&"# tru!lor #! art$l!r$!( ca'al!r$!( '&"+tor$ #! %u"t!.
Pr$%!l! ca!t! #! o# !st! N$stru au 2ost sta1$l$t! /"c!&"# cu $ul$! <( cu $!r#!r!a a aroa! .BBB #! sol#a-$. La B august <( tru!l! ro%a"!)t$ #! '&"+tor$ #! %u"t! au a;u"s la r&ul =ug. Î" #!cursul ac!lu$a)$ a"( au ur%at 1+t+l$$l! #! ! N$ru( #! la Har!a #! Ao'( O#!ssa. Î" P!"$"sul+ Cr$%!!a au c+ut 3.BBB #! sol#a-$ ro%&"$( /" 2a-a u"or 2or-! #! tr!$ or$ %a$ "u%!roas!. Tru!l! ro%&"o*g!r%a"! au as!#$at t$% #! G lu"$ ora)ul S!'astool( &"+ la succ!sul #$" < $ul$! <. Î" august < a /"c!ut as!#$ul Stal$"gra#ulu$( co"co%$t!"t cu lut!l! #$" Cauca. Tru!l! ro%&"! au su2!r$t %ar$ $!r#!r$ #$" art!a so'$!t$c$lor /" 1+t+l$a #! la Cotul Do"ulu$( /" "o$!%1r$! <. A 2ost c!a %a$ %ar! catastro2a %$l$tar+ #$" $stor$a Ro%&"$!$( $!r$"# atu"c$ ?B.BBB #! sol#a-$ ro%&"$. For-!l! so'$!t$c! #! $"2a"t!r$!( sr$;$"$t! #! ta"cur$ )$ art$l!r$!( au la"sat o co"trao2!"s$'a ut!r"$c+( /"c!rcu$"# tru!l! ro%a"!)t$. Î" a"ul <3( 1!"!c$$"# #! a;utorul %$l$tar al Al$a-$lor( URSS a r!s$"s atacur$l! ro%&"o*g!r%a"! r$"tr*o co"trao2!"s$'+ ut!r"$c+ la Stal$"gra# )$ a /%$"s l$"$a 2ro"tulu$ sr! P!"$"sula Cr$%!!a 51+t+l$a #$" Wu1a"6 )$ WursQ. Î" Ca%a"$a #$" Est( sol#a-$$ au tra'!rsat %ar$ sura2!-! )$ au /"2ru"tat co"#$-$$ cl$%at$c! #!os!1$t #! gr!l!( r!cu% )$ l$sa %u"$-$!$( a !c,$a%!"tulu$ gros !"tru $ar"+( a al$%!"t!lor )$ %!#$ca%!"t!lor. A+rar!a Cr$%!$$ a #urat &"+ /" %a$ <<( $ar l$"$a 2ro"tulu$ a a;u"s /" "or#ul Hol#o'!$. Ar%ata ro%&"a a ac-$o"at /" sco #!2!"s$'( /" ca#rul r!trag!r$$ strat!g$c!
a tru!lor A8!$( /" $#!!a c+ 'or ut!a sta1$l$a 2ro"tul ! l$"$a Cara-$lor )$ a su#ulu$ Hol#o'!$. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI **
S!'astool @ < Na'a #! r+1o$ =o%1ar#$!r Na'a #! r+1o$ =o%1ar#$!r!
Pag.G< STRUCTURA TERITORIAL*ADHINISTRATIVA A ROHÂNIEI ÎN ? Î%+r-$r!a a#%$"$strat$'*t!r$tor$ala a Ro%&"$!$ #$" a"ul /" ?G #! ;u#!-! a 2ost %o#$cat+ /" ?B( r$" $"tro#uc!r!a c!lor G #! r!g$u"$. Î" ?( "u%+rul r!g$u"$lor a 2ost r!#us la G )$ s*a cr!at R!g$u"!a Auto"o%+ Hag,$ara. Co"st$tu-$a r!'!#!a ca R!g$u"!a Auto"o%+ Hag,$ara( cu c!"trul la T&rgu Hur!)( !ra 0t!r$tor$ul locu$t #! o oula-$! co%act+ %ag,$ara s!cu$asca4 )$ c+ ur%a s+ #$su"+ #! 0co"#uc!r! a#%$"$strat$'+ auto"o%+( al!as+ #! oula-$a R!g$u"$$ Auto"o%!. R!g$u"!a Auto"o%+ Hag,$ara cur$"#! ra$oa"!l!: C$uc( K,!org,!"$( O#or,!$( R!g,$"( S&"g!org$u #! P+#ur!( S2. K,!org,!( T&rgu Hur!)( T&rgu S!cu$!sc( Tol$-a. C!"trul a#%$"$strat$' al R!g$u"$$ Auto"o%! Hag,$ar! !st! ora)ul T&rgu Hur!)4 5art. 6. Î" ?( o"#!r!a oula-$!$ %ag,$ar! !ra #! b ult!r$or( a sc+ut la Bb r$" r!#$str$1u$r$ a#%$"$strat$'!( %ut+r$ !tc. Î" ac!la)$ a"( r!g$u"$l! Ara# )$ =&rla# au 2ost #!s$"-at!. Pr$" r!orga"$ar!a a#%$"$strat$'+( a"u%$t! ora)! 5Al!8a"#r$a( =$str$-a(
=oto)a"$( V&lc!a( %ar$ T&rgo'$)t!( C$uc( Slat$"a( Vaslu$( Slo1o$a6 R&%"$cu au /"r!g$strat cr!)t!r$H$!rcur!a #!%ograc!( /" t$%al+u( c! u"!l!( $!r&"#u*)$ 2u"c-$a a#%$"$strat$'+( au stag"at 5Ora'$-a( 7u)$( R+#+u-$( S$g,!tu Har%a-$!$6. Art. ? al Co"st$tu-$!$ #$" a"ul ? r!'!#!a: 0T!r$tor$ul R!u1l$c$$ Soc$al$st! Ro%&"$a !st! orga"$at /" u"$t+-$ a#%$"$strat$'*t!r$tor$al!: ;u#!-ul( ora)ul )$ co%u"+. Ca$tala R!u1l$c$$ Soc$al$st! Ro%&"$a !st! %u"$c$$ul =ucur!)t$( car! !st! orga"$at ! s!ctoar!. Ora)!l! %a$ $%orta"t! ot orga"$at! ca %u"$c$$$4. 0Fo"#ul #! stat #! cl+#$r$ )$ locu$"-!( 1aa %at!r$al+ a $"st$tu-$$lor soc$al* cultural! #! stat( aar-$" /"tr!gulu$ oor( su"t ror$!tat! #! stat.4 5Art$colul ( Co"st$tu-$a R!u1l$c$$ Soc$al$st! Ro%&"$a( ?6. Pr$" r!2or%a a#%$"$strat$'+ #$" a"ul G s*a r!'!"$t la /%+r-$r!a !
;u#!-!( $ar #$" R!g$u"!a Auto"o%+ Hag,$ara s*a cr!at ;u#!-ul Co'as"a. Î" !r$oa#a co%u"$st+( ora)ul =ucur!)t$ a #!'!"$t 0u" )a"t$!r al soc$al$s%ulu$4( /"tr*u" co"t!8t %a$ a%lu #! tra"s2or%+r$ !co"o%$c!( ol$t$c! )$ cultural!. Î" $"t!"-$a #! a r!#uc! )$ !l$%$"a co%l!t( /" t$%( #$2!r!"-!l! #$"tr! sat )$ ora)( la"ul #! ur1a"$ar! a sat!lor a %o#$cat co%l!t structura soc$al+ )$ #!%ograc+ a Ro%&"$!$.
ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** Palatul Cultur$$ @ Ia)$ Pa"ora%a %u"$c$$ulu$ Clu; P$a-a S2atulu$ @ =ra)o' At!"!ul Ro%&" @ =ucur!)t$ Palatul Cr!tul!scu @ =ucur!)t$
Pag.G CENTRE ALE REPRESIUNII COHUNISTE Co"2or% #$r!ct$'!lor stal$"$st!( oo$-$a %a"$2!stat+ 2a-+ #! "oul r!g$% a 2ost a"$,$lat+ #! $"st$tu-$$l! s!c$al$at!( /" s!c$al D$r!c-$a K!"!ral+ a S!cur$t+-$$ Poorulu$ 5august
C,$ar )$ #u+ ar%$st$-$ul #$" 3 august <<( aro8$%at$' BB.BBB #! ro%&"$ 5%$l$tar$ )$ c$'$l$6 au 2ost catura-$ #! ar%at!l! so'$!t$c! /" "or#ul Hol#o'!$( #!'!"$"# r$o"$!r$ #! r+1o$. Î" "o$!%1r$!
R!r!s$u"!a s*a #!s2+)urat /" #ou+ -+r+"$%!a !r$oa#!( #!l$%$tat! #! a"ulr!r!s$u"$$( ??. P!"tru a acc!ta col!ct$'$ar!a( a 2ost suus+ /"c!&"# cu a"ul ?G. Î" ur%a a%"$st$!$ #$" a"ul <( au 2ost !l$1!ra-$ %ul-$ #!-$"u-$ ol$t$c$( /"sa 2!"o%!"ul a co"t$"uat &"+ /" a"$$ _GB. R!r!s$u"!a co%u"$st+ a /%1r+cat %a$ %ult! 2or%!: #!t!"-$a /" /"c,$sor$l! ol$t$c!( #!ortar!a /" =+r+ga"( tr$%$t!r!a /" lag+r!l! #! %u"c+( $"t!r"ar!a /" s$tal! s$,$atr$c!. P! t!r$tor$ul Ro%&"$!$( D$r!c-$a K!"!ral+ a P!"$t!"c$ar!lor a'!a /" su1or#$"! << #! !"$t!"c$ar! r$"c$al! )$ #! lag+r! #! %u"c+ 2or-at+. S! !st$%!a+ c+ totalul '$ct$%!lor 5#!-$"u-$( #!orta-$( str+%uta-$( !rsoa"! cu #o%$c$l$u o1l$gator$u( r$o"$!r$( $"t!r"a-$ /" a$lur$l! s$,$atr$c! sau !rsoa"! a"c,!tat!6 ar #! aro8$%at$' %$l$oa"!. La Suc!a'a( P$t!)t$( K,!rla s! al$ca %!to#a r!!#uc+r$$. Hu"ca 2or-at+ @ a#$c+ 2olos$r!a #!-$"u-$lor ol$t$c$ c+ %&"a #! lucru ! #$'!rs! )a"t$!r! sau /" %$"! @ a 2ost larg ut$l$at+ /" !r$oa#a co%u"$st+. Lag+r! #! %u"c+ 2or-at+ !8$stau /" =+l-$l! )$ D!lta Du"+r$$ 5!"tru r!coltar!a stu2ulu$6 )$ Hara%ur!) 5%$"!l! #! lu%16. Ma"t$!rul #! la Ca"alul Du"+r! @ Har!a N!agr+ 5a c+ru$ co"struc-$! a #!%arat la s2&r)$tul a"ulu$ <( co"s$#!rat 0u" %or%&"t al 1urg,!$!$ ro%a"!)t$46 !ra #!s!r'$t #! 0!l!%!"t!l! r!ac-$o"ar!4( r!-$"ut!( 2+r+ roc!s!( /"tr! )$ B #! lu"$. La /"c!utul a"$lor _?B( /" lag+r! %u"c!au aro8$%at$' GB.BBB #! !rsoa"!( #$"tr! car!
7ossu*Lo"g$" @ 0Proc!sul Ca"alulu$ Hor-$$46. ISTORIA IN IHAKINI ** St!%a R!u1l$c$$ Soc$al$st! Ro%&"$a
Î"c,$soar! co%u"$st+ 5c!lula6 Co"struc-$a Ca"alulu$ Du"+r! @ Har!a N!agr+ 5a"$$ fGB6 Ca"alul Du"+r! @ Har!a N!agr+
