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H holar Mhl ardt ad Itan 1�ig ine«tuJ T Ne' mj or E quky b g betselle it pd e Uited t W el auded b o n, h a' n ul fr hik· ng in of p� d . But mn intelletul n ote a o t d -mong m Ao ron dpl dit I on undM ine o impei, d ihe nce xnce an nte l o e Tir Wo o on tha t and N's concet o l tu an d h l inon omtnt o buan i ad a r d Io fd o mrn m P on unic am5 d n m m m c « noi and po s o nsid loiaon n world. Ang I trencan p n mks: h nation e o wk�nd l nt o pl o deoyng la n o o won to po nd xend i piin nd tive ooin olizin in s inres is onl he ste n e peph h h dly wnd in · ion o nionl ooo nd o nd uanion eni5lik U d e Hard ad i lo wng, u n pitng pru ion under obalion deing nl ne his d nOI app o lar nor to utind tnoo d eir subtuion o a nebulus uitude fo idn abl oi fos nd ann sa gou ln ll al, d th uo den o uploi d o nt wer postme e ho nging he d Bon nud th E i bn i is u o f th defa of soalist le n e nd 1. autho adned s o n fur o p an wic e up l of o iton pe ho moe yial d nO h a e n pn lng a pJn Ai o
l emic, h of , a hio Bt al o d a nt wt n1 N B o. I a p nl d qu o ty" "d ld and bes o a l ina of r ad emp l nd l ll o n j d tnW n o le' EU.n /ei W p oCapw 'Al n a b of he ll foa H and o . hav d w am It in to u h t r pu o u ppo ft . mn CO ucd al Son o d d ab o t meng ld dr xd ll nd t fu n l s I d Bon ps a y aer r of ndd on oldim " un H h l f th d o co nal u, an o no l hom a n of a\idng a h H l o ca tb d ade �ia y ed a -l " mt I t t a tq of m lluio at one n d ad an of il o � and a g at ntny k n b c c te i isoa o d Ocng vb dlop a Impl p e and o a m d o .t ach I mncpa t I opio ad ddan:
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g c e w re a d te clc: of sd on m e Upt foo of e pnL T's ml ot me he one t d hi i cnd I soe e chan� h b�n n, b a o ngd i o, s nolbe mio u gn 10 a obal onom in ch ·ieepedent'. l an it or ol a and n eso d d I pie e ngs D i ide nd ctu, d i p he me hiocal e e c of glol ccumuJo f al I muons. i ale ad gu cmbo of ee d ao qu e contion a f l to cap pet h ot e l ne fer heorie abut
pe e y. e namen a pont ou y te cauo t e me f e Fit W W ea uncd ei e en t n c of cnt m or a leee ome te ut a n in e d elome i pduton wh an l he sed to te pe d T chceri n n oe n e e
ceon o capia he hel pdoce o ooe e ng mpt e pd l ap the ex" of aptal and vsion o te wrld int h of InOuence he ccton gobalizon took pla n qae o e cnu iad en ng o ivng t u o te oy maie e C met t ene e on o te dirnt coe n t While a ndful dl aplis o i heir p c o contl a l ialy e ucve t lobl l te nncaliUion inteona eoy d the gg cl ion
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f s an ece h a j f cu ns the h of hir xa pnn a h ning f the p ha paa em fm he n. Gban, h a h mperai a on an ded e m f pphel pm" whch ca e more an m of otolig he domet ecomi p S eve imly. Te on of te nam paam f mp am nOl o mch o i pheoeoo, iod thgho Hardt ad N�' ad ti egato wt have caled 'ep W I k o ma h i a i
he e tha the wl Jrho id olpe a f the f Jha ad he pries mpe h f mpe d fade ay wh te e f phosopher The fat ha Ha ad wrk appa a m whe phe pen a he ml doio ave n e pvy i ho s n m o detal Th hy te ed o h8� a n hee ox wh h to dead p raim an ght ag it is mo t a r w be e to bate hu a ear udetadig he a o t p e n
preie a o nd o ha h had 5h ra mpat h a mase f g ad ot g people who fm eatle hae mz uh h wod p a n th tematc ha mpeaism s mmn u f apii phe o ial g to th ef h m hat i kg pace a mar n h he m aae a h os ba ocies h mia n f e nm h a f demOrati me te by e a f markes ad h lm a oowg h aak n h W T Cn a h a ha pa he Wh Ho ad h pid ple i whih do atg h v of milo of ope a sp t the
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N� delop n Wh ile n pu ions I hve coen o o exmne ome et t bo ms d cl uc h e tou 9/ at York d Whnon - al ough e ouly chend the c of H t nd N'S c en a prn ch iue nt o ly p osb l bu alo drle. [nd h q war a h efect on h alyi prpsed In as o llpe e n To d o Arcan f-ondene. M er h Hod uder e bdge ad mch bl h n hd couc o h peste o pera
poc org pUblato o QId a h 1 It c. tho, end an acc h n eale wng m o nal da had be to ca lg ex to mlo G l p so e ok ou hly a mpeou o th vc u of l k ou. c td In ne o n o d a n dn pulatin - ne war r Gor Vdal ue a r ge ledl puu o pe�u ac nd b)' he nre d o gn hu ad n pe t t po and ock (xha pc Thee llae ll upa leld k, 'hun wa ou [0 u ld o e, cu nd ju d by cac noo th Bshs, An Brlu5oi wh t
d tM heig of e co pltall ss Tugh c mnlai f w ad the ma c misinfoa inly rucd e mass mda lo all of whch ue e of cail teir tholcaUy uphdca e aa tle ut unavidl 'clatel da hei of pa ad conqut bome no in f of do d�a h objec or th Pl, efo, t preset so me rdng he aon of u p a of alis i e li of h lsn g m e eph ted te o 911 ad ac:a y t Iq r. Su on i ena o o to foil e pada cheted by Wio and jected ldde I laio ccado of at n, b e hU i oUo n n he k of the le oa fuo s ml d h o ch cly m i te A cofo t de by he ala trend ona ble ao C ov le. U ct ' h Snih agt Afo sa d �1 hnkn o m hlen he dmint sent s o hch M d Enl rd e y tex. one oe n e d doiat cl. Gn h o ut ayss o l cnn o t oial le o ombng e os or ea I e is mat tus io e o h m le k to dd humle buo ht deg
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m g e nieth centu. Te ili upain f Wahino th the su of it mai clien met. the Unied Km n t luc ho·li pi lck, Jo M n ha n ue c gnerate a ereely hh eutaton f he mbtou hizis Michel H Ao Ne h a re the ojt f this bk. e n hat uolde e inteonal ena fe he pbc f v inontiy d e foele f hiorc ac th theoe t po eir k e ltter nt oly d itl iable f eqtel pn he of mpl d it cunt tctu but of coung for e deing s o e pha n ae the collpse te Soet Unio an he en te t wrl de A etion o ome f the ain 'thertcal dms' f cet ephkng et wl clude tefg Hardt N's coni fh� le of� ai ad aoal aw. A ned u xo i t bk e authOR f Empi� l aete he oce o h Unt Ntis nd teatna la. Lcking he thoretical iruet t ll tem t ece l e nuance comlextie f t strucure f th imalt tem inten e nt t found in the tlbx Fc pe hlo phy Itl li cs US econ cien auto acklgd &urce o sprati h n e fr nted the e apr f ulilaelm n o the Untd at e cnsquy cue te e f f the ee w s c uv te t ik uce he c bee lm� � ent n t benne in e tudy tetina �lio6 Blndd b e nequace f er fau eoc fmk nce gin toed nto ble p o tugt Hat d Ne ue w de t el: the inn uilatel
d d G e W us caus coctio n ir �zn d to �co gng
usabl. V a ng � a gd d� �mdd in the nted Nats a d neoal law, the Ued S ate dd - oci poi te n a a ito pa lg rreptituly in Winn, itten b sme pa no id wk e g t igo an reoltn o e ona hat t euri Cunil g h t dt to nn the Genel b nd inae Ir Fifu t t e t Hue did o etate to the dn t upp tatened naion sec io h the eed to bui u ii ageemen a ud e Unid Nans C and t need o b o n e o n l ha it had o n id b e a e bte t d nd ta to be od ny i n t
id n ah non n Th p i o s dopd n dp i hgh p tl h te p o e Atlani nRnu cs n AT and th i ltca wth Fn nd Gy ble ng ie an at q ad bn caed . e u niusly adopted
eotn b 1 al g de and ad non un bu ti w ely MIlum e io n of p o n t ad de d he ng nn of oder A den pn ob d i uni e whic Su un" Ln come e p ent bied b e W Hou i q e inn Iq vei lng n h pt snce ai n he nvin cea te sd the l blg f h nted ' auL n t he r f q (Anden zO 51Z) Ths un r w ny itepted by Antni n e n pf U a pt ulo n ni n wn exty
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e ope: he ten at he e ce the b ou �m mlcd y wshing 03) Yet, te ab u rd o ntetin - a, cul - of e c nt stuton 50 rpted tuou m n its neo o h p. Th dno nden o rheo ad e he ath r xp
e " o Pdn Wo lon n dce wh the os a idg een o ebls e t pe h as n 'idel n mible d ee buider f pee and a an ns p the not K d o u on er n adoted ieona e ace an xio f he con5tuoDl ont o nok ' (p vo igo s og oher tn he id ar de Joh M ay ar Kne ut the d plc i tha Wln exbid a t he P Ce ae e Ft World W h ld Enlh o cude t e Aecn preidt s e a n e n ih ad GLndin 1) O o dd he ct, in n a t dung W's prden ht Otped he n oCVec nd ded N a th Dia Reubl s o elp he n Re uded f Kt u P Th h dy J d d ha a he o th of he Irq h en h po th �d the bsn C teol ad o t ae a e n avor of e l ol and mma Ths vaz h ertol eeens of pe m and p) dy u l ntbe cnequen t the er5ibl pme of cen oetle based h e aon a sh upe pae pce we a n mri mg ud be d of n nk wih on d o o
y teto or gephical re�. Secon the ad appnce of tetoally locted cet ht 'oze e ternatiol cure o omato Gin te foe, h clc ditto cent nd phe No ad u, s into hn r Inea s what uld Jld c e e would he pa o a gobal loc domato om do a t whoe o at caud umeble irit n ak ti pe o If oe g w emo te so uneahe a I, an bfo tt A4 it s e meely lu chce o ee conepton o da t te autos o
wich Bu u th e maer of a T e o he Ort ag tat aD ma f e n q tt c Ht a e) te Uted Sttes ued codtio e mpeat eowe ad ot ony d ot ttempt ide tht co, a hppeed n e t but n b t t nteee miy it l uly o elhe se he te defece e itet he clomee o tic olipole tha the o cs the U D hh, thak to e emy o uoi moy have en culou Foed o e ntonal te of the nted S ble n to paph te old motto o Gee Moto g ta e uren ilit phase W good or US cr i o e it te The olmen o ay fe1 at ome Ofc oded wth abur reext cou to take eon of the enoo Jt rou n t ubo Pl e mlt ccupo o i eetly a toal cque5t or plune aed out main cto te mpest tu of ou e unde the png e deplmen o y uoud a o dston a of ng e n ls kly l o te a eme t oe S me m
in Lden "0 conclude: hee is nothin doaze o mael he he old pcce o conqH and nde petd for meenth me he me old acto n n oume and hng some technicl innions Eeni, i i e am imhonored imprials 6O Nong refoe, can be mo inacce han he ima vke by d and n ei book in which ahinon bcome miltly Ilvd all e wold in repone to univeal clamour fo te mton of eon je n ll A leor oar pbliist eily Rob K and Chae Khammer ha� eme to pblic v o usi hi aaion of an imral unilatelm which a o nohng for nteaional te nd i oin in fce wi oh auhors such a Sauel P unnon nd Zbiiw Bein who e a a ha alrdy oind M egc mp f the 'lonel pepw nd th uen nd o tke u he chan poed b le foa pon a t o empir. One of o chaen enl no he onl on i th g aca h du b vu o e manife deiny ta t he Unted ta nto he ldl un�al crer of te fedom Dnd ppne o pople o o to r a ofen a nece to prnt e ile nd hil unabl N orld rer prlaimd GO Bh Sr e nd o the r Gl ar m collapn like a hou o cards And none of hi cn one wtho conidebl einfocin h stae-bsd naional seriny of h UA and i os ononal opein mainy its aed This i why e Uned Ses' mili expendi e ha o mo alf e plan enti mili oua_ o i hold rne n mind tat a Noam homk h hfu od e nw Amrcan raec docne annunced b he Bh dminision in Spm 11 enail a plan to le the worl y foe n bn head inc dolf ile made iilar announcmns n the mid19.0 cenl no a mno d
(Chom 1003) In thi te idlli i R Hardt and Nri - he United S ivng up e defne its ational iteL ad t exeie of implis p e it i to a chimri epire for te ske of whih te White ou maanimou rns to itaon ques for ol uti nd l bued undr an ache of '5m bomb nlesed on Irqi e. y m Ahr f t eon f he Iq b�n te uang of oe of he fur tt chtez e old impeiim n te ato veio e empai pd o vul eleen etabli unbch ble frontier btween the old iprii nd t up mp, formr g und tat sym of te il rto hich aprimly ii e cns tblishd in in si and hih o har c uto o te jt c B or R ebu. Oe ch ftue prsely ter to ccupto n the piagg of th r o ou ooni or ubjeted to imp ao. From adg of he eme a cal cepio indirnt o the m iu of s to tgc rurces fo world of poducon d h ustibi o pil civl in itlf ld y t tong mi th uho pa o t nd udoubt impont immaterl of h poces o cratio of ue nd t tnfoations of th mod aitit o Yet he Irq w, stai h i ·omca ouwrk, dmonsttd h it i conption as We hv oly to cll Pde Geo W Buh h hi qui pattic m ba di og Iqi not to dr hir oil wll ad o fi fom Kt hm o re to undestd cci ioanc o ace nd conrol of stt natul su in te alely cut old impalit stct. Oi cnit t th cntl u m o inte calim
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mpoance i even eaer an at o e world o nance Te a ter canot un ct ion wout te orme t e en t re ed ce of at Suan Strane a coecty abelled caino capiam would collape witi n min ute i f oil d iapp ea e n d te late we kn ow wi l l b e exauted in n o mo tan wo o ee enera tion. t woud contitute unorivabe naivey to uppoe ta Frenc ddence n te ace of S outae n aq ounded on te emocatc and anti-colonialit conviction of acque iac or on e unqencabe deie o te renc rt o enure o e aqi peope te u enoyment o te delt o a democratc order at pompted enc intranence wa on te conta ometin ar moe poac te pranence o f tat count oil companie in a territo at contain te wor d econdla re t o ree e a in t wat Ha rdt and Ne i n duce t o be eve n ter u bli mated and ence co placent vew o f te e mpi re, one of te po ib e ue cena ro o te n teationa l tcm i ta t o a eitened n ter -i peial al i n wc te ackin o t rate c re or ce uc a o an d wae r and te tle fo a new caeup o te word could we lead o an outbut of new war o pan anaoou n te oc atou dieent in te appeaance to toe wic we ave known ove te cou e o e e n et ce nt u in te da y w en ipeialim enjoyed enviabe ealt and wa not dea a ey want u to beieve te cae toda. 4 Aohr vim th iw dod i mpie o h -o ous abd asaoa ororaos I ndeed Hadt a nd Ner endo e ncon cio l y I aum e e vion o f t e api l od aiduou l y cu l iate d b y e ma n S and u ropean bui ne and anaement coo and te teot o neobea lobaiation A i we known n e nn o te t e ieitibe rie o lobalzation i a natur al penome non a un contollab le a te moveme t o t e and one ta t ve ie to a new wod o intedependen econoie conomc aent
tee oe operate on a evel el d ee of e obtcl e prevoly 4
se up by poerful naonsaes n is space, fee compeon es and e old asymm ees w e aeu l d s ncons eeen m erop os nd coones re a in o e pas eo ke d only b less noslc o wold a no lone exss Accodin o his inerpeaion no only as ee been a decline n e naonal economes devoued by e fro of lobazon bu lae cooions hve enrely soued o e ls veses o er naonal aspon. No ey are ransn ona and lobal and a e y requ e o ope ae e cienly s a oldwde spacc fed from e od naional urdles and rescions m nder er movemens in supposedly anicpias readn s space woud be e em pire pesely as i s caceed n e ok o ad and Ne As I sa demonse in e follon pae e eal s yea s a wa fom s vs on. Tee s n eemen a d s nc on compee oed in e ork under rve beeen e eare of oper ai ons o e comp an ies an d e eror spa ce n c er ownesp and conrol maeaze en in e ca e of mode cor po a e eaan sml l popo on of e o nm be o comp an es eisn i n e ol d o se scle o ope on s s clea ly pla ne ow ne p n d co n ol al ys ve a naionl base: companes ae eal enes ncoporaed n specc coun and no meey eiseed e ned Nons n Ne Yok. ey ve edques in ven cy oey secc nona lel ramewok a poecs em om po en a epop ions pay axes on e ncome and pos in e coun we re e ir edqu aes r e l oced nd so on . T e N Y m conseaive columns Tomas ed mn sconed e lcon aey execuves wo ike o say e n n Amrn om ny . e r B n B Au s B n . . n n m B n s in ol e n n n Z ei n o p. A ne i me
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na ee e sea ie i e Pi n e ne m e ans to ose o e onsaes an emasses a zon_om oe a e passpo. Fmn 1 In se this aument does not ook persuasve enough to dis pe h e myth of h e transnatona na t re of the moden apita s t ente pr ise the o ndut o f the White Hou se i n aq and t buta ins stene i t he u nu tu red a nnes of Teas anhe s that the benees of the und ert aken n the name of f ee o m and demoay (and of the need to free the ord fom the teat of a dangeous monste ke Saddm) must be estrited to U opoaons espeiay but not ony Habuon demonstate Empr. Not ony the mstaes made n te heses deveoped n tht. t s no onger spy an ssue of U orportons oban ng e on's share of the spois of the Iraq operaton; the ve anne n hih these pieges ee strbuted among om panes a inked to the geng U gan rals he mehods epoyed by e fmies of te Ne York Ma to vde up ono over business in the ity What reation is thee beeen s mpeaist aeup and the idyi theorzatons found in mpr? bsou te y none. oa momnt oppos to nobra gobazaon. Lasty a fe paagaphs ae needed to examine the oe perormed by those movement opposed to neoea gobazaton at te a p st p ess, ad th i is no oiidene a s non goba o an tgo bi aton The a y nnoen t pu o e of th s semant o e moe th n ev iden t to t ans fom the r ts o neoiea gobaaton nto anteuian monstes ho seek to hat the mah of hsto an o tenooga progess. Nongoba avsts thus ppea befoe te eyes f or pub opinon as a mutfaous st of meanhoy seekers ter Utopa in a od tht as ans Fukuyaa and Geoge SOO have aid danes to the tne of he makets. Thro togete ae soea
sts, ommun ists an a rh ss e o o gi ts , paists huma n ights 16
m nts, fe i s ts bo. og zti os d ll so of sec ts d tibes who wluy goe e fct tht fo the t e h sto he wol d hs bee ' u ive sz ed fo ow g eic te d fo tht eso the ed hs bee deceed fo ki d s of lleiss a pt cuss Y e cot 0 ths bsed oio e oveets tht esist the ets bee ve tht oth e gob lzt o is ossib e ( d u ge eces s) th the cuet oe s the oduct of the util ecetl ucotste edoce of lge cootos_ The thee s otg tul bout the cuet she of globlizo; t s he odc of the defet suffeed b ou eft-wg d e oc c foc es th e 1 970 S d 980s Hs to f o hvig eded s js t t t be g g d th e cu e t st t o c ust be evese The v goo us eeg e ce of such oveets co t d cts soe cet s i H dt d Neg s boo The o-g obs h ve ed the huge et of hvg uche ge cst ove et eve befoe the begig of oeio Iq Wie o Chosy ecls cs eto to te Vet W d ot e the t u tl oe h v e e s te the begg of the lt escltio i outh Ve the se of he ece w o ths oveet ged t o cu lt e ssve otest of u ec ede ted gou wee s befoe te begg of hosites s ccuted ht soe 15 i io eo e eo stte fo e ce o ties t ou ghou t te wol Bt cou es u ed b gove es coct i U eist ggesso steet eosttos e che u ec edeted i ze The g oveets of Bl d o ve exel e sso o te l t t os of ct l st ecc b g o g wt h bs olu te c s wh t t e de os the su ose so ve e g of l egel e octc ol cl od e ede \vth its oblztos d ts ses to ueous bic oo sues As ve ged elsewhee eo
ctc ctss wt tes s the cts cooet 7
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o the ou the eoctic p eey cceo to be epeted og it oe ot et yhg coneed u en Boon 2002 Thi i p ei i gng ecide d by h e u ng u nt h cu en y goen th e i e Stte et u ec with Go e Vi t h uh he t S p eiet to ech the White Hoe though ntitution coup peette by t ht cou nt Supee o u - t he e w n o need to b e bot hee y deoci o i e Vid 22 1 58-9) The pe t pot di wht hey wnted d cotiue with he p dwn up by White Houe hwk depte it oveeng epuito by he pub n Spn, ove 90 pe cen o thoe inteewed wee t gog to w e p e whch th e gove ent of th e o pu P continued with t poicy The teo ck o 11 Mch 004, d he heu e of the goveet popte h e on g eecto d efet o ho k y i ght whe he obee tht fo Buh Rued d the ied d Euope te bd uope wee the coue whee the goveet Ook the e po i o the ov ewhe g jo o thei popu · i on ew uo pe w ee t he cou nt ie w hee t he go vene t ove ued ev en g e p o poio o f he poput io Th e teio w b oute y e pc - yo cou dn t y oe d t y hte d depe deoccy ok 2003b: te bov i to he point becue n the uho ceebte the e heo o te tuge gt the epe he nonyou nd upooted ignt who bnon hi o he hoed n the Thd Wo to penette the bey o te bet n, o hee d ong th ote who ike h o he conttte the ou tue, gh the te o the unive e. Without n ihi g the i poce hic h th ee oc i cto y hve the tuth i tht wht h been e i ecent y - n epei y in the eonon gnt the i n e 20 03 - h v gou o oc oveet t h h od oot in the oci tuctue o etooitn ct
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To capla are vng at a v pcia ont in t ito of i prai: tranition fro on pa t u ca it caica to anor who ai ae o y jut enni ng to kted out t wo genra ou in i a ra dy car y i c rn Noth ing coud or itakn tn to poit a ardt an Ng do n thir ook the itn of uch an i pa ie ent a an pr \vtout p riai a pa y n g po tica oor on Hnce t nd to argue againt thir t ne gven te cption gav of th cu rnt ituaton capita inca ngy atona in th ocia conoic pota an utua pher e one t at cri na ocia p ot t and i itai n ter nation a p o it c ony an accurat d ago of t t uc tu re n opration of th internationa prit yt aow hoe ocia oveent poitica pie aour unon an pou organati on of a p th at ant to o vro th cu r ret tuation to fac ne journey of tr with any hance of ucce An accurat diagnoi i ao nd o idnt te
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of m . s s th p of n d s I ml ocupon oppl gm u frs polm no ul dng n oh wods n mp s ion no o onon I woud l s yg h h f of u g fom osh p o dmo y o hosv s olonon s o ud of n h d s dm s o h s Am c ns wn o s m s . doso s onvnn o s ourslvs h fc of s nil onsion, n wh w of pg nd ol occupion pps o v n wnd no n luisc opron of on-uldng n po of mocc w poss o vnc n onc suggl ns lly isng mplsm rm wi su u orl nsumns s proos y s uors n m o u nonsncl on clusions? l ml y pi loso p is o m isnions A posopy npl of dfrning n w of onqus nd poss of non-ung s philosopy o dvo crfuy fus of w soi w o ll v wou lis nowg of physoomy of u n so c ty mus ov ro m. A po-pils n pos mp s wo d s possl o h n I w ou l sy s s s l c us f o nnus o op und p o log of p l m m n nd s w s s l f suc o Bu fo ui ld ng s n w so y mo u mn ju s f n dm ocr n p ng on w nss o m plo y o n gs o o v om o n h o oppsss po s n d mn s us n o nmn mos f h wo populon o suss msy on s hn o o y_ A s mipo p s s on of mos ls n mpon lng conions h sn of
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ome ng my su rprse e re er o Hr n s e sen enon p ys o e er ure ou m per sm n onrs w enn Ros uemurg wo me re u revew of e num erous wo s on e ope ou r u ors ve op e o g ore gre pr o w s ee n w en ou e ssu e e eu re e e s eom n on o or Amern so sene espey nernon po eonomy n neon reons me srog ose of Fren posopy. s eore syness s pge n e ry pos moern s e n nguge n e n pro u s eore mx espe e uors' nenons s uney o su e sereny o e moneye ors wo ye fer yer ger n vos ue o hs mos e ons re en ro m oos or es pu se wn e l m s o e r en A en em es smen. e onser e erure onernng persm n e unonng o e per sysem proue n n Amer n A n e r p s o e Wo r oes no even mer oonoe. susson s n ss sm H fer ng u em u rg e n n Burn n Ku s ou e op r e o e ef hper we e onroverses o e pos-wr pero oe u py n en mer spe. mes su s rns e u Brn u eey r gof mes Oonnor Anrew hon el gy s u mr A er n ue o e onspuous senes n oo h preens o se ew g on enrey nove sge of e so of p s o surprsng us s eneprse offers vson of e empr e vee r om ov e from s om n n s r A pr
a n d unil teal visio n he refore , una ble o perce ve h e ota l o f
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h pr su ab occurs n he o h Alan ic shoes. Thus the esung visn s pcular narr and the bn spos ae nueus ad mpnt, as wl denste hhout the pges th oow. n ho Ep offes visi n ha t ans t be a c ical eam na t ion g oi n to the oo t of t he poble bu gven h e fact at i cannot ema ncip ae ise f fr m he pivilee d place f o whe e bse es he so cial scene of is t me the ppsie of wh occ e d h Ma who, frm ndon knew how o deach h mse ha f ae i s rappe d n he d eoo gic al nets f t he do inant csse s. Ho cn he neon f the o� pled b ccal n stuions ha organize monor nd supese the atod ope ato n of h e epire the neat onl Mneta Fun d an d the W orl Ban k ba re l men oned n the mos ve hun d ed pages of e book be undestood if nt f he ations of Noh Alanc perspecve? e i pages re reseed fo n anass f nsntona corraons staegc paes th� wold econ, onl half of e amun devoed to sues presumabl so ccal and ugent such as he nnplace f powe The eeven pes devoted Bach Spnz's cntrbut ons o p ica ph os ph h sieen d�v ot d o explng he ean dc ing of u cu 's h ght and s elv ance o u ndsanding h peial ode can hadl be consdeed sensbe f hoe wh o ee h wo ld n ot fo t he i p eal ss em s vee bu (ro s bse r ths and man he easons,
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mt o h constction o good soci d scic y com un is so ci T hs comm i tmn ar ny im s rogho h book and dsrvs nhusiasic suo Sur rny howvr h rgmnt of
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th th g trdion of hisoc matasm Th udac hbtd by th auhors hn swmmn a n h ti o bshd rjudcs and h noba comonsns o ou s hy dc thir o y o communis das No 30 h ssb n nachs bu commus hnss nd oy o bn omm un is 43 coass k hos of car ds whn h y nd o n and a n ys h i m ordr of to da y A tha Oin tho tica nd o t ica i nd csiv s ak th ac of dcmto co ncu sivn ss n is sns t s mossb to no h cotrst wh othr woks abou th to c such as Sam r Ans ccao o a World cae 1 4 pre of Chaos 99 d th most rcn
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pr begi ns wi a sec on devoe d o 'he pol cl cons u on o he presen, whch oows a Preace n hic he auhors nroduce he man ess of he book: an epre has emerged nd perals s ended (pp. x-) In he rs par o he book he anayss o he world order bens n surprsngy oasic ode a eas or Mas snce he consiuon o e epie s aid ou n narrowly jdca es Ths he wod order ar o beng conceived s he hiearchca and asymerca oganzaon of ses markes and ons nde he general dreco o an nernaona donan bloc s srepesened n Hard and Nes alysis as a projeon o he Uned Naons oral orgnaon Ths surse s en n ens e whe n e n gu ed ea der real es h he concepa nsm en s sed by Hard and Nei o exane he
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probe re borrwed rom such unpromsng oolboes as e ones used by a goup o auhos so ore o sorc maeral· s d o such e use or a deep analss o h s ye o ssue suc as ans Ke ls n kas L uhann Jo hn Rals nd C l Sh uppoed by auores such as hese comes as no su rrs e a he esu l s o hs n a ncurs on in o he sub jec me ae ar ro sasaco For eampe e Ued aons role n he socaled wold order s gosly oveesmaed one shold aso recoge ha he noon o gh dened by he U har e r a so po n s o ward a new pos ve so rce o j ur idica produc on eecie o a global scae a new cener o normave produci on h can p ay a sov er ei rdcal roe p 4). Hard and Neg seem o gnore he ac ha he Und ao ns s no wh a i app ear s o be In ac ecause o s bu reau cracy and esm he U s an organaon desned o supo
h n h g a im ia i rs a n id a. T i U ud a rdun has u ba n r ima wh n n ma ha n adi h in
h Unid Sa nd i ais. Th auh sima h margna d b h nd in Gnr A mb h h Gabn and Sa n ar qua h ni d Sa and n d K ngd _ h Gna Ambs ui ar rdud dad s un r i ud b hgni w and anr h um an aan w r i n K r am w a d u in h nam h Unid ans bu m bad h auh u Cuni and Gna ssmb Wahnn ddd ha a miia nn wa n and h i wha han d Ya ar, G g W. uh u n i na dd and d a ad raq w u h au h a n h u i uni n m nin h a a Gnra As b a ua a bars n a nhi h du in a una aw Ksn ud ih mgn a an n d na hm h a id gh ua d ab h naina .
6 im a i n r a ng U id a in n h n i ma g nd b ur auhr su n h wakn h wing a a n: Ts i a h n d a u u ud m : a n w n n igh rahr a nw nriin auh and a nw dig h duin ms and ga insn in ha aan nras n d nis ( 9 ) . Thi s a na i nd hi di h n a ud ni a n d s a s n i na s s m ah s m whn n ud h A in n n m a ami ar d b r h ar nd an aad xi i ng n (. 5 whn d ha rs a k m i h n, na g ram h nnsu ha u wn w r 1 5) r whn h a u ad a ni hd
adr ha h nn h mi gmd n b 7
o
righ but by consensus' n order o inteene n he name o any pe o emegenc and supero ethca prncpes such as 'the appea to he essentia vaues of j usce ' p 18). s t he human taran inteenon n e former Yugosaa at our authors ha e in m i nd? ndeed as w soon become cea r. Th s nce d be nonsense aos them to concude tha under e empre 'the ght of the poce s egmaed by uniersa vaues bd s te ng ha su ch a adca th ess i s suppo e d by edence pr od ed by wo bbographc references ha aude o the convenona terare of nt enatio na reat ons an d w ose r ghwn g bas s ede n t to even te easti n formed read er. he v oum no us at n ercan bb og aph y about mper a sti c i nteen on pro duc ed b authos such as bo Gonzez Casanova Asn Cuea Ry Mauro rn Gregorio Seser GerardPee Chares Eduardo aeano Theotono dos anos un Bosch eo aribe Mnue Madonado Dens is gored_! he ec ond chapt e of ar 1 s devoed to bopoica produc tio n It opens w a ada be statement of int ent to ov ercome he i mi tation of the j ur d c foasm w th wich the y be gn he inteecta course descending in their ow words o the mat ea co nd tons t a ssta n the eg a and ns itut iona f ramew or k of t he empi e he r obj ec t ve s to d iscoe r he mean s and force s of te prodution of oca rea aong wit he subjectiites that anmate t (p n for nae y such beauti fu in tetons rean mere decamatons as thc invoed mateaistc cond tons vansh no hn ar, to use e wenown metphor by Ma nd nges in the M, and some venerabe ide from the oa sceces re presented s f they ere te est Whe hi5 k pract a y f n sd, n x l k b SF n P Vm N u z \: gv n mc bU wa b o na a g ma n F In con
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dscoe by he Psa e gache or ew Yoks Geewch V a ge Fo u cau 's h eora o abou e a s o o he soce o f coo for eamp e ev ov es r ou d e suppo sed y ew oo ha B opower s a fo of powe ha eglae s soc a e f ro s eror, o a fe has ow become ] a obe c of powe pp 23, 24)· w o ud o ake log o d he eeded wese po lcal Geece rado ha begs a eas he fh ceu deas surpgy smar o wha oday, wh e fafare ha suppo sedy celebr aes ea sce c acc omp ls hme s s c aed he bopower A quck loo a he eaue woud how dozes o ca os from auo s such as Pa o Rousseau , de Tocqueve ad Ma, o meo oy a few of e mos obous a refer precsey o some of he gea ovees poduced by he socal sceces he ed of e wee ceu Paos ssece o he p sych ooca a spec s - sum mar zed he ph se h e d vduas chara cer - a e aed h e soc a ad po ca fe f he ea pos s we kow as s he youg Mas em phas o he sub jec of e sp ual zao of he dom ao of he bourgeose by he epoed casses. was ousseau who saed he mpoace of e pocess by whch he domaed wee duced o beleve ha obedece as a moral d hs made dsobedece ad ebeo a case fo seou coc wh dvidua coscee. I sho, o ard ad egr, who ae dazzled by oucauls (a auhor who desees ou res pec heorecal ovaos, coud be hghly educaoa o read wha \as wre a ceu ad a half ago fo sace by Aes d e ocuev e Formey ray used he c u msy weapos of ca s ad h ag me owa day s e ve despos m, houg h se e "ed o ae oig more o ear as bee pefeced by cvao d de o cque v e co ue, a y g ace ra es o each he so cumsy sruc a e body ad he sou ecapg f om su c bos ro se goousy abo e sea d mod
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er d emoca c ra y ea ves he bo dy aoe ad goes srgh 2
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or he so ' Tevi ll e 969: 2 This sep om ch a s ad hae o d vi al m i p a io ad coro of deol o ad behvio has ee chrseed b oca e rasiio fom h e dscip i a s ociey o h e ocie o co ro B as we ow o ame somehig is compeely difere rom discoverig i hi s cas , h e cr ea re ha d al re ad y bee discov er ed a d h ad a ame Wha ocal wh his eoed abiliy di as o gve i a e ad ve a acve am e d ee rom h e o e eve bod y ke Neveeless i cao e said ha e are e pesece of a dameal eoreial iovao The rs pa of e book cocdes h a chape devoed o aeaives w he empire. begs wh a seme as pelexig as i s radica: The mde alled he mpie io beig p 43) o o mos commo iereios ihi e ef Had ad Ne beleve ha he empire is o he cea o of wod capiis coaiio de e Ameica bogeois hegemo e defesive?) respose of capial o he class s rggle s agai s co e mpora f orms of o m ao a oppres sio ed by he mlides desire for liero iid A is po ard ad er eer a erra paed wih cor· dicios They isis ha e empe i good sice i eprese a sep f oar d i ove rc om ig c oloi ali sm a i mperia li sm . They isis o his eve aer ag s wh he ep of Hegel ha e f ac ha he em p s g ood i sel d oe s o me a ha s good fo sel p 42) h e coe We claim ha mpre s eer he same a ha a isss ha capial is m is ee ha he foms o sociey ad modes of prodcio ha came be foe (p 4) oe ver a fe es ea i e e a ors s y ha he empire cosrcs is ow relaioshps of power based o exloao ha are i ma especs more al ha hose i der oyed ( ib id Desp e h is he empi re e er becas he asse ehaces he poeil for lieaio of e m de a ss m pio ha has o ee com ed by e pe rece a d ha,
i Had a d Neg r s cae i oded b a dese m e aph sic 30
I h how n the nal and cea wa, relgo hao a page of th wok. Whee that bf beatg poenta nd ho ch poblte cold be eaed omethg the athor eplan, in a mpltc ad atfacto way, the lat cha per of the r book. On the other hand to a that the empre beer mean at the r ea capta t wor ld or der ad th pre c ey t he em p re omethng d fer ent fom captali m Ma ar nen refered to two dfferent mode of prodcton an com pa ed t e po b t e and per pect e op ee d by cap ta l to the one offeed by the decay of fedalm Are the athor tg to ay that the empe mean the oecomg of catalm? t that we hae tranceded t wthot aybody notcg ch fabo htorcal chage Ae e now n a new ad better oce wth reewed poblte for beratg ad emacpa tg prac ce t eem that Hadt and eg hae blt a aw ma n atonal ad mmbe left who n the face of he challenge poed by gobalato nt o oppog oca retace to proce tat globa by ate. ca mea n mot cae atoa bt h d tncton r el eat n the a al y Th ey a that the tate of oca etace mdente ad th mak the eemy p. 4 ce Hdt ad eg wat to tak pol tc e o y and wtho t th beng a formal c oc eo to cmt t b t to la e t Le n and Mao who the enem ten The aner to t e concrete qeon col not be more dappotg nce we are to tat he enemy not a bect bt rathe a pecc regme of goba relato that e call p e pp. 456 N to a t ggle conce al t he ew of the a mecham of emp r e o the eg atea te and of e be a g po tenta ta agtate n t omb H ence the oppeed and exploed mae of the orld are conened for a na l bat tle aga n t a eg e of globa relat on. Te beoed on
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Qote ppear once a g n af e e ral c en t e to t l at ew
ndm il ls wile t so rdd m l lrs igno rig t m titud e's r ge coni nu with busi nss s usul rli n te r co unti s plo ng e msses nd mnipulng the utr Hrdt nd N egr vw t m pr s t i stoc ov rcom ing of modernit perod for wic hey supply smewh dstored vision. Indd mdernt let lecy of frtricd wrs devs ting "developmnt cruel cilizton, nd priousy uim i ned vienc p 46 T sc nrio tt mod t pr snts is on of r gdy sii d by t prs nc of Concentrtion cmps nulr pons gnocidl wrs sve prid (ibid.) nd from mderni t H rdt n d N gi dduc st igt l in e th t ld t th nton-stt i thout medi on h e nton- st te is noth ng but t nlucbl condto for impilist domintin nd in nu mrble w r s'. Ad i f no w suc n be in is d isp pr ing from t wo rd scn, thn ood id dnc ! (i bd . Thr r e sv rl p roblms wt th s p u li r inte rt ti on of odern ty n t st plc s m st to ofr n trmely un i ltr nd bsed rdng f it. H rdt nd r r ght wen y enmrte some of t hoos producd b modi o prps in mod t d not ncssly cus of t) bt wh l doin g s o the y orget some o e r r su t s o mode i su c s t h o wer in of individul l i beis; t rlt qu li stblshed n t onomic poiti nd soi trrins t lest n t de velpd cpt l sms u n ivrs l s ure nd mss democr e omi ng f s oci sm dsp t te fr strtion enrted by som of s on r t p inc s, such t e Svt Un on sculztion nd t y stte ht emn cipted he msses f rm t e rnny of trdon nd rln r ionli nd th sinic sp t ppr educ tion co n mic pro ss; nd mny otr cc ompsmn ts hs to o p o modrn it' s i nhe rtn n d mny of t ese cc m p is m ns w vd s pop lr tr n d in stnuous opposton o th ourse Seond do Hdt nd g i r b e t t bf or mod rni n on e of th soi l
vils nd umn bertons tt plgued the modern orld 32
wa aead hee? Do hey by an hane belee h e wod wa nhabted by Roueau noble avage Do ey not tuae hem ele n he ame poo a he i of ol Ma avell ho denoued e Foetne eoetan fo beng the nven of potal me eaon and faud ave hey no he d abou he P u o elopon nea w a the det to n of Ca hag e he a k of ome an d moe eeny, the on que t a d oupton of e Amea o t e n? Do they beleve a t bef oe mode n t hee wee o genode, apaed o lae A Ma d d wel to emnd u e ae m of b o h he de elopment of apt and t lak of deveopment One Hadt and Neg have aeed the ubtave ad hoal otnut bewee moden and the naton-tae, hey h o eje he aquated poletaan nenaoam eaue t peuppo e an aknow edgemen of he na totate and t al ole a an agen of aplt expoon Gven the neutable deadene of the naontate powe ad te gl ob al na e of ap alm th pe of nte naonal bot h a ahont ad tehnally eaona. But h not a: ogehe wth he poleaan nenatonam, th e dea of h e extene of a e aon al y le of te d appea The new bate ho paadgat eampe ae te Tananmen 1992 e o n Squae evolt, the alena Intfada te 1996 a pe Lo gele and e Souh Koean tke of and movaed b mmedate egoal onen n uh a way ha ey ould n no epet be lnked togehe a a goball pan ng ha n of vol . None of thee event p ed a yl of ggle, beaue e dee a nd need t h epe ed ou l d no t be t anl atd nto d ffeent ontext p 54) �om h aegoal aeon fo whh t would eqe ondeable effo o povde uppong dene ou auho a n noune a new paado: n ou muh elebaed age of om munaton st ruggles ha ve bec ome a bu ino u cabe' p 54
empha n ognal he eao fo th ommunabl
remn shado bu we should not lose hopc in the fce of te impossibii of horonta communction among the rebels becuse in ral y t is bleing U nde r e lo c of the emp ire Ha rdt n d Negr ell their mpt en reders t he messg e o the e ble w l l tr ve veically on gob c l e ck ing th e m peral consti ut ion i n its n uceu o r h t th ey call with a men n ul sip umpi ng ve cally t o h e vi ua center o Ep r e ' p 8 He re ne nd more orm db le p robems bseg e th e r r g men t n the rt pl ace thoe tt de rve rom the ve d nge rous conusion beeen aomaic assumption and empiric obser vtions. o s th the popular bttles re icommunicable is n etreel y impon t sse on Un o un atel y H rdt n d g do no oer n evidence to demonstrte whether ths i ere supos ti on or h rc u l o hist oric or em rcal inves iga on ce d wit t s si lence th ere re bund an t reson or suspect ng hat this probmaq reect the ess thn heahy nuence o Ni ls Luh mn n nd rge n H erms over Hrdt nd Ne g.
A quick eporaton o he nebuous coceps put ford by thee Germn schors is enough to conrm e cnt uit tht t hei r con ructons hve hen t comes o an lsin g popur les s though does not p reven t ei ther of t hem from be ng remel y po pul ar among the rnks of the d isorented ta l an e t In ts sene t he Luhm an nin hee on oci incommen su ri li y nd H ermass ropo ls conce ng com mu nictve ction seem to ha ve eay i nuenced Ha rdt nd Neg a t l as t to a eaer etet thn hey a re wl i ng to re cog n ze u leaing asde ths rie r towrd s the s ocolo of kno wledge t h e i ncommun cai i o t he tu les pr eve nts t hem om i n lm in g he desres nd needs o peopl from other countes how can pln th sped wth hich the erroneouly nmd nt glob l iton ov e en t pre d l l oer th orld? 0 r dt and Neg eally elee tht the events n Chpas as and eoul ee rly ncommunicble? How can te gnore te fact th
th ptists nd eseciy ubcommnde cos becme
4
n tenaona cons fo r the neol beral gloa aon cr tcs and f or h e anaptast battJes n e contnents, nluencng mpotant eopments n these conc ts w age at lo ca an nat ona ees? Secon at an Negi mantan that one o the an ostaces peenng the communcabl of te ates s the a bsence o a ec og t on of a common e ne my aga ns t hch the stru ggles are ected' (p_ 56 We do not now whether o not h s as he case among the Fen ch o South Koean st ke s, but e suspect that they had a ceae dea han ou auhos egd n g the dent o ther atagonsts. Concenng the Zpatss exeence, adt an Nes thess s comp ete y ong ro he ennng of he bae the Chapanecos had no oubs and knew peectly wel ho the enemes wee Aware of ths eal the ogane an extaona een n the depths o the Lacandona j u nge an n ternat ona co nfeence a ga nst neo l era go a aton aten ded by hu nd es of pa c ants rom aound he wod who dcussed some of todays ost burnng oes The abl o he Zapasta to conoke a coneence o ths eutes n practce anote of ard an Negs hss th e one tha t emo ans th e la c o a s table c ommon and cosopo t an l ang a ge n to wh ch to t ran sl ate the ang uag s u sed n e se nat ona ses p 5 7 The su esse con e r ences th at took p lace n the Lacan don a ju ngle to gehr w the monstratons aganst neobeal gobazaton and the wold socal orums hed n Por to A g B raz l show that co nt a to what s sad n Empire, there s a common angage and a common undsndng among the deent soca foces ghng h e dctatorh p o captal I e old a le s a e no long er rele ant Ma s o mole as de to b eplace y the nnte unduaons' of te oern snake, a c o ng t o ad t and Ne the at e of th antcapal st jou neys has to chang Natona con cs a e
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o o
not c o mm un cated ho zon ta lly bu t u p c y to th e a
o
cete of the empe a he ol weak liks of the impeialist cha hav e isappeae Th e a c at o s of e lo ba pow e tha t exh b t e a p cu la v ea b y bef oe t he acio of s re t forces o loe exit. Theefe o achieve sigicace eve sugle must atack at the het of the mpre at s streth p 58) Surprsly after havi are the books reface hat he empe is a eceere a eeioaz appaatus of le p. xii the eaer stumbles acoss the ovely tha local a at ioal btt le mu st rise at te c e tre o f the emp ir e tho h our auhors rush o explai that they are o refer o a terr toa cere b u to a sppose) viual oe. Gve that the empre clues a he compoets of the soca oes eve the eepe oes a kowi hat t has o lmits o frotiers e oo s of ous e a i sie ha ve lost the r meai . Now everyhi is se te empre a its ucleus is hea ca be atcke from ahere f we ae to believe Hat a Nei e Zapasa upis i hapas he vasio of la by the aless Woke Movemet Bra T) o e pot· ba potesters a pickets Areta are o ieret fom the 11 ept embe r a c k i Ne w o rk a Wa sh io I s t ee lke ths? Ju from he ifferet tpes of reactos to al these evets wou seem hat th is s h e perce ptio hel by to se a e mp e hea. O the o he ha wh a mea shoul we ass to this expessio? Ae e ak of the capitalis uc eus the cetre th e imperalst co ait io w h ts w ei e t of c ocetric ci rcles revolv ou Ameica captals t po we r o what? Who ae the cocrete subects at the mpres hea? Where ar e t he y? Wha s e a cula o wi th the poces ses o f pouctio a ciculao of the eaoa caplist eco· om y? Whic h i s tios omt iv el y a eoo ic y csta e ther omiatio? Who are ther politcal epresetatives? Or s it ust a set o immateal es a poceures? The book ot ol o es ot oer ay as we rs to t hese uestio s but o es ot
eve ormulae the uesios
At th is sg H adt a d Ng s o ti aks i s w ay o a a dsast By assig at vhig s sid pi tho coptly ovs fom ou hoio of sbi th fact hat stcual hiachis ad asymts xst p· csy th ad that such difcs do ot dappa simpy bcaus soo has dclad tat vthg is isid h pi ad othg s lt outsd tuds udk by Lati Aica schoas ad s ov dcads do a byod h diffcs o th fact that h catgos of c ad pph oy a cai capcit at as at s to poduc o d poai of aoal sys vhg sms o idicat at suc a disicio s o usful tha v i th cut cicusacs bcaus amog o tgs h gowg coomc agialaio of th ou has shapy acctuatd pxstg asytis. od to co ths asso it s oug to id ousvs of what Uid Nati os vl op t og am s UN a ual p os p o t ou t w ga d t o hu a d vlopt: if at t h b gi g o h 960s th ao b h ichst 20 p c a t poos 20 p ct of th wold popuaio as 30 to a d of h tith ctu ths ato had ow o alos 75 to 1 I t is t at Bagladsh d i a isd th pi bu th bcaus of ths a pto co pa ab o hat of th U d as ac Gay o Jap a adt a d N cla t hat v t hough t y ac o t d ca l f om th poduco a d ccuato po of vw b Utd tas a al ti d Ida a o diffcs of atu oy dff cs of d' p 35) hs cagocal coclusio cacls th last fo yas of bas ad sach that took pac ot oly Lat Amica bu lso th st o th Td Wod ad t bgs us back to th Aca thos vogu i h 9 ad a h bgi i g of 96 s w h au thos such as W a W Ro sto w B
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osl ad ay ohs laboatd th ahstoical odls 3
f n dvpn_ rdng hs nsuns, n bh ninnhnu urp nd h Und Ss nd n hisl psss h k pl in dd f n nu in Lin r si nd ri n gr wh fwd nr nd vun ph, bgnnng n undd vlp n nd nl udng n dv lp n Ths p f r sn ng ws bsd n fls supns: s h is d f h n inuu sh s n ur nd ssni h s Thr diffrns wn sn , w nl n s f d s H d nd Ng wud r s n ssn w s nd s s p f s. T snd ssupin h gnzn f inrnn ks s n suu ss ud ff h hns f dpn f nins in h piph Fr hs us nnd bv s s s dpndn ipls w n usu wn dsibng li f h ss nd y h n h ng l s bu p n d hn n sn i ppr s wi w h n und snd ing f n dvpn s sugh sd bsls f dvpn l kd s ul f un d i n s. In w h prdu f lus pl disns unfun nd pl n fr d his d by l s s rv b n l fs . n Hd nd N gs r s un s w r nsi d h s}s n s gn u p s i s pn r b fl wng bg nn ng f 970s h L in n db bu dpndn i prl nd n ln s hd hd s pg nd nn dfnd h d n d n plil ls s p ws f su gn ud h n Kssng hn hi h Nl S Cun nd n hs w bng r f und Rhrd Nn nsdd nss inn n n n sn n h dsussns nd dbs usd b
h n ns rd nd N's hss bu h nn
df frt n f the n tns t h n th empr lls m nd t he nl mmens md b ss ng r bt t h s tp Epre ssng hs rej tn f he d f Thrd rld nm dpend n d qstnn the etensn nd mprtn f th sutrl smmetrs n the rld enm Kssngr bseed td we re dependent We lv n n ntrdpndet wrld. he ned Stts depend n th Hndrn bnns s mh s Hn d s dpends n the Amern mp trs As n be e s l n ld d se f t he st tmen s pe ss d t h sh Empire fr ns, tht thr r n me dfferens btween
th n tre nd the prph f h s st m th t the re s n ngr n t s d' ht he p l ers m l d ffr n de ee t re fr f ne Thes frmtns begn t rlt thrgh the wrds f th ret ns l rly ft ed t the rgh wh ppsed he f nterdependn e' nd m pe sm nd wh re fsd t pt tt ntrn n l n m w s rter z d b the rd s m m th t septd te nt ns n h entr f t he sstem frm ts t the pepe Hdt nd Ngr lde ths st f th bk b trdng the hdd eg, the mbem f he ld AstrHngn Empre s nvenent mbl fr he rrt emp Hv t s neess t trde ttl rwrng f hs mg se heds ld hv t lk wrds s th we bt t tk h r Th st hed f h m perl e gl r pr es nts th rd st t r nt t e nm fn d s f h m p e As w e h v s d te s v ttle p l en m n th s b k nd th bsn f e mst lemnt mnt n f th nm st r f h mpr n wht s tl ed s ts lmt mg e e vls te str g pt hs rh h h r hrs h v v red d n wh thy hv
Hen isnger s coded by the nov and plgh Go
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compeey lost the wy Tht s why he egle's second hed stng he one h epesens the empe's dc ode symoes he p l m d e o p od ctve etve s ecv es o gl o l ton (p hs mlttde s he e b s ol u ely p i t ve foce h pues e d om n ng er o w rd n a n mp n con, o whh ppe d nct e rn e. Fom perpce e n h e on· ued powe o Epe ppea merey
s po o en nd po duco n s m p e b tc d ep ce e cou en po e of e l ud e en e wl e e 0 eco ze t e re t ndpo n our n (pp 62-3)
n sho those neested n eplong the ltenves o he epe ll nd ve tle help n ths secton o the oo. Wh they w nd s deh ceice o he chc poet n teol sm ' thot ny enon o the ne n enton l sm tht epted stongly om etleJ petton o pncples n he sene th he opu st ges e nc omm n le nd
l e eomm on l ng ge n e m ssng s ence e gd ng e e tonshp wth conc e e enemy ho the on poent m de fces o n he es cse n mmoing vgeness e me o glo l e t onsh ps' th e d sppe nc e of he we e lns nd the dstnction eeen cene nd pephe nd h te old dsncton eween ste nd tccs hs dsp peed ecse now thee s on ly one wy of l ng g st he empe nd s st teg nd t tcl t the sme t me Ths wy s he sng o consten ontepowe t emeges fom om somethng hd to ndesnd n lght of Hd n d Negs eect on o lectcs he on ly lesson h c n e lent s For mor on t hs I ul ookng a c copon pepd by h Osoro Soa I\ m of CS n u dvo 0 e 'nw nn:on h e y Noa Choy. An e ee oph lon Raa F Wdn
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Ey an anio
P d ( SA L 6,J au a 2)
Be e
t we mst t st tat te m tde w na y asme t he sk s ssg ed tem by a d and Neg o and wen t h s l l occ cannot be ond in te books contents Tee no dscsson bot a ys of ght ng ; t e o gn zt ion modes (ss ng s e hos d o tt th e pes nd bo nion s e sti os co s es te mob ton s ateg es nd he con o ntt on ccs e a c on ong the ec oomc po c a a nd deo 0caJ conicts nd oppostons the ontem objecties and evoion genda he potc nsten sed to pt n end to the n i ite o go b capitis ena t ona a a nce s e mlta specs o sbvesion pooed by e ttd and y othe opcs o s a t an scend ence Neth e i s the e ny ttemp to ete e cent posoden dscsson abot e sbvesve mpse o te mtdes to pevos debtes bot te bo moveent and a ncp ta is t o es n gene s f te pse n h we e no had not eeged o the n o d g o pst soca stg ge s b had e pted i tea d o t phiosopes eads Wat we do n d i n th s pat o te book s a v ae ehoati on o tst in te tnsomton potenti o te tde who a ysteos nd npedictabe wa, soe day ovecome
es sane nd bocks, nd sbde its en e es o To do at? o bd h t p e o soce Is nte ec a e n tos st do no sy
Makt, annatona copoon an natona cono
R Consion d nd eg s nve ept ne o sp et o wod mket deoo lely lsttes the onseqene o te d ompeenson o ontempo ptlsm Inexpby tbbon n mtnng the not ve nnoent m
tt non-
sttes e ose to dsppeng opetey, te tos ke t e o n s t wee th eve ed by pope t e o pn on o te ome US ee o Lbo Robet Reh wo woe: s m t o o pdt my nO s p t ovs y s b od , h [ n on nom s ben m nn n h t b n
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n nnl o ns n nn n n ne b n onl t w h m n t n p. p It s hd to beeve t n nteetl o on es l be o n te pst s sow song nteest te sty o eonos ol t opo s s te one bove t o l l Re ewd y peks o lm st eve to o p ot o ' n elegnt w o vodng t embsn tht thee nothe to o po ton e bo o e wh oes ot mv eoess oss bodes
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Ts bele n te ee mo
b l ty o po d t e to s s to be o d te e o opote Amen eOO eemned s t s to embes e ssme vtes o the ee mket te se tme s t onemns ny tpe o stte tenon tt does ot vo monopoles o l opole s o th n od e t est m n m leve o po pl
or democtic conrol ove r e conom ic pro ces ses . From th ei r stra ospherc platf o ard t and Neg seem o ignor e e fact th at Reich was e Secre of Labor n govement that presded over one of the most damc periods of we and ncome ws a me concentato n e hiso of he United States hen waged labour saw some of te most impoan peces o ab ou eg saton di sma le and en pecaousne ss eace d unprecedented eves not oy n te ral disrics of labama and Cafornia bt also i e Uppe We ide of Mnatan, where hundreds of elegant stores recuited ie
l immgrants
to assist er cen pang tem salaies wel below e ega m i mu m Perhaps e au tors ese d o ackow ed e ta t oe o these orkes would ave crossed merican borders witout considerabe effo. he isory of these mirants is oe o vio lence ad dea pan and m iser y su feng and u m i i ato d t s a so wic e cca plaer s e ationste a Hadt ad Ne describe as declinng' Before wting abou suc h issues it w oul d hav e been appropriate had h e autho rs in e veed a undocumened worker fom Meco E Savador o Ha t o as k what te express on [a ma ea n a er used to re fer o the U nit ed States i mm irt on polce te v er ment ion of which terie e immians. Or maybe e auors ould ave sked ow muc h te wok e had to pa y o et e he U nt ed States llega lly ow man y of freds ded i n te ttemp a d what te wod coyote' means on e Caifornian border. Have tey no hed about e usuccessfu migrnts wo died in he
deser unde a bakin sun but comfoted by Reihs wods Ca ey igore te fact ta eve year te eicnAmerican
& a
frontir kes ore human lives than the nfamos Berlin Wal trouout ts entre existnce t ould lso be pproat to ask simar quesons of illegal mmgants n Frane e es of Euope A quick lok at UP or e International Labo Orgaiation LO repos would ave saed them from makn
a o
o
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majo mistkes such as as he oe mentioned above
is no hei ony misae. Ou auho see o eieve ha oney echnoo aoies and equipen ae also sujec o unimied oii Money is no dou he os oie o h e ou u ev en so i i s ie d o ce a n es c ions ei no eeey sic ones. Bu wha u echnoo and he es Do e eay eeve h echnoo and he ohe aos o pod uc on ci cuae as e ey acoss o des as Reich poci s Whc echnoog anay? Do hey ean s geneaion echno o? his is soeh ing ha even a pi a school chid aea dy nows Ovousy ecnolo nd is poducs ccuae u he ones ha ove oe eely ae suey no he aes o he es hid Wod counes ow ha he can have acce hou poes osolee o seiosoec echnooge s ecs a ead y aand oned y he naons a h e oe on o he pn e s ech no ogica deveopen
he es echnoogies ciculae eey s
copoaespea assues us why is ha we wne
ss so ny cases o in du s ia espi on ag e in a l e develope d coun es? ow can we epan indusia piay iega copying and iaions o pes o ec h nolog < and poducs· ha ad and egi ccep soe o he cen l assu pio s o he deoo gu es o loa aon is a a e o ex eme concen hei eie in he disappeaance o na iona pdc s c panes nd indusie is asouey indeensile n he ligh o daiy evi dence ha shows he via espeiay in deve oped coun ies o csoms es oa aes and spcca ssdes ough whih goenens see o avou ei naional poducs co panies and econoic aciviies he uhos ive in counie wee poeconsm has an xodin sn an cn e ioed ony y ose ho nss on denng s exisence sipy ecause i has no pace in ei heo he ecan goven en poecs is inhaians o oegn copeiion o Meicn saweies azilian cas genine semess see pipes Saadoan exies Chiean gapes nd Uguayan ea
whe on h e ohe side o h e an i he u op ea n ii ens e 4
saey poected by oess oe whch whie hypocitay poaimig he ves o ee tade seas its doos agaist e ea pos ed by he vbat ecoom es o Aca ati Aeca d Asa Regadi g the dea ed dsa ppeaace o oa o p a es a s mpe tes w o d be eo gh to deost te th s m is ae o to covie a edy gov empe Had ad Neg shod eme 0 epopiae a oc bah o a 'goba ad theeoe spposedy tached o ay aoa base sch s osot MDoalds o od o ey pee Ihey cod t to do I hs wi h Desche Ba Siemes She o U e ve h e we wod have oy o wa ad see who wod step oad to demad that the deciso be evoed he compaes wee ty goba t wod be e job o Ko Aa o o he gee diecto o the Wod ade Ogaiato O to appea 0 p pe ss e o i t ot o the govemet voved ode th e a me o goba m aes a d the wod ecoom y ow eve t s o e ey a is tead o hos h a actes a a m basado om te Uted Saes Geay o he Ued Kgdo wod u to de m d, wi te us ua de ess ad isoe ce the im medae evesa o te desio de the t he a o ps h g he co wih a t pe o sctios a d pet ies. th is hypo hetca eampe seems oo co mp cate d ad ad Ne shod s the msev es o examp e ho ws Ihe Bo e g ep eset atv e the togh egotiatos wt Eopea Uo ocas o the commea ompeitio wih Abs. Do ey beee tha the iteests o he oe wee deeded by a O om Bagadesh who had eceed h BA om he Uvest o hicago o sead by top ec govemet oas h he hep o Ihei a � bassad o B sses ad a g ogeh e wih the Whie House? Ihe ea wod ad o the ebos epbc · agied b phosophes e ate is what eay occs hs s soe h g hat ay tude o ec oomi cs eas oy wo we es
3, !
to caes. 4
Can ardt and N io r th fat th t th 2 mgaoora ion that ra i l n t h world mart rgi a mbi nd tota f al hat at than t N of a th countr in th word ombnd xt for th nn largt? Thir tota annual inom rach th $700 l l ion th hold and th y ar a big a th mbind wath of 80 r cn of th w orld ula to n who inom baly ah 3900 t ll in D i t thi th Laha of th wrl onomy mloy l than onthird f nt of th wrld oulation arlow 998 Th nob ral globalation idogit htori i nt nough igui h fct tha 96 c nt of h 2 0 0 global and trannatinal omani ha h hadquar in nly gt countri ar lglly rgtrd a noroatd omn f gh countri and th ir bad of di rct r i t n ig h t u nt of mtro ian caitlm han 2 nt of thr bard of dirto mmbr a nonnaina whi mo than 8 5 r nt f all th tchnoogca dlmnt ha rnatd wthn thr ntin fonti' Th rch i global but h rorty and th ir own r ha a car nat ional ba Th i arni ng o w f om all o h wold t th hadqua nd th an na to na th oration a conninty obtaind b thr haduar in th natnal ank t in ra mibl to nd in ih ra aitl im than to whih t y an y diac thi omtito Bron al 1999 23; Bon 20b 172). Noam C hom ky for intanc it a tudy by Wi nfrd R uig ck and Rob an udr on th t 0 0 ooran f th 199 F t a odng t w hch i ruall a of h wr d largt orration ha nd a dcii uort frm gonmnt olci and trad bar to mak thm a. In ad dit on t authr o nt d hat at t 0 cman woud not ha ud b thml ha thir gnmn not nnd by hr oiaiing lo or by im takr
n t oman wr n troubl Chomk
998 Katin
99/9 Ruock nd Vn Tulde 1995 n shot, despte hat he a utho s o Ere asse natonstes st ae ccal playes n te old economy and naonal economes sl est
T postm oder logic ofglobal catal n ne th the agment developed n the pevous secton ad and Neg sate tha a poound change n he ogc th hch global captal opeates ha taken pace th he constu to o the em pi e. The p edo m an lo c these d ay s th at o po st mod ensm, th s e mphass on el t ng the nsntane os, the aas changng poes o deses, te ct o ndvdua elecion he peetual s hoppg and th e co nsump on o comodes and commoded ma ges _ ] d ee nce and mu lt plc y ] etshsm and smca ts contnued scnaon th he ne and th ahon p 52 All t he se lead o u authos to conclude that mketng sateges oo a postmode oc snce mketng s a copoate pactce ntended to maxie saes o m he com mec ecogn on an d expot ton o d e enes A s popu la ons become n ceas ngly hyb d h e pos s b y o ceatng ne taget maets s eanced Te consequence s h maketng nold an endless aay o commecl ta ees on e o g ay n o m al es beeen th e ag e o eghteen and enyo, anothe o ChneeAmecan eeage gls and so oh p 52. Aae ha, by petendg o ne te gobal loc o capta om ma ket ng statees t ey a e o a sl p pe slope ad a nd g a ke se p oad s t o assue us hat he s m e pos t moden ogc also peval at the hea o te cas economy the sphee o poducon o hs, hey ecall some ecent deveop mensl n he mnagemen ed hee t s sated hat copoa on must be moble exbe and abe to deal th deece p 53). As coud have been oesen he nave acceptace o es e s sumed advan ces o ma nag emen t scie nce n u th
a te es o s enhe n he extac on o su u s va u e ed dt
7
and o a com pl ly da izd vs ion of conmpoa lo ba co po aos s appa as m c mo dvs ad d c a a pa oca od n co o a io s of p r vos ya s . A consqc of s a dvs ad ud s vd f ac a acco din o au os od modis fom of acis ad sxs o a p nms of s n o o a c ' (p 5 Bca s of s lo ba copans a anios o cd d ff n i a d t u s a o mm a tv[ ay vrsy n ooa o rp c . Pop of a fn cs ss
u a o n ons od
oi ay id he rro; a y n of oac od r u ve n cd i uncxp(d a ad an m os r o n B don ld bound d o n udd owers oom! 1) A cad s ins canno avod askin o a x copo aio s a o m 10 a ionps of pod co a sad xplod o n cos ar a ry paradss I dos o m o qu i a maa m xp o cocud a o y scipio v y a os ba s i a osip o a i s c s sm ac ism ad o mop obi a ar p acc s a s noy vab a n posmod oba coor a on ay b s m p ov d copo a mosp as som o d o fa c a as p od Engnd}oa oMedi n d n po o Am ca p osp A fcn Am ca m Ha ad ss proabis of raci a of a m Banads (oms 99 78 ad ad N consa f aa ns s ub l op s of cor por a a and ma doos s f o acc p po is o v ac a y pon s of v of s n ss scoo s o dba ao d dspo sm of capia co poao os s ma as dos m mo dmads
favo of dmocaizao n of ms ar m d by o
can o Rob A. ahs tur (a 99: 345. Apparnty h s c tu a ranny o capia van shs whn wagb ourrs go o wor not o arn a vng bu to ntn thmsvs n n agrab cima tha ows hm o prss thr dsrs whout rsrcion his portra hardy squars wh h sors rpod vn b th mos captnvovd scors o th prss abou h ns o n o h wor da in h g oba co rpo ra o n th dva sng mpac o abour b i i dgr dat on o work and o hc worpac t owng rquncy wih whch pop ar aid o th pr ar iou sn ss o mp oy h nd ow ard s n aggssiv concraon o saars thin h company no o mn on hor ror stos such as h poi atio o ch rn b y many goba corporaions sms unncssa o ns bor hs o auhors who id msv s as c om mu nis ts ad schoar s o Ma, o n h ac a h ogc o capa, b i goba or natona has o do w h h imag pro cc d by bus nss shoo h or t c ans or ccic postmodrn phosophrs Cpa mov hrough an ncorab ogc o prognraon whacvr h soca or nvronmna coss may b. n ordr o mm prots ad nra s scur in h ong , capa ra v s a ov c r h wor d and s cap ab o sabs hin g it an hr . h p ca co nd ions ar a matr o ajor imporanc spciay r is nd o ma n ta n an o bd n and wbhavd abour orc Co r pora bckmai is aso �rmy rvan, gv ha goba rms wh hr' govrnmns suppo s o gain bns rom h rordna concssions mad by h hung tas o th impovrishd pph. hs concssons rang rom gnrous mpions o a nds o th mpmnaon o abou sati o co ra o worr s ss, or o th tha t d cou ra g s or w ans acv sm o abour u n ons ap a o di su rbn g h noa amosph r o bunss. n h dv opd wo rd, n s ad i s mo r d cu o ismat wor r a dva nc s
and achvm ad h proabour aio anciond n 9
h gol dn pr od o h K nsi n s b hi s compnad or by h grar si of h mas n socis h social pross as crad a p o mss consmpon no sa aaib i n h piph al co n rs.
ansn a onal opoaion s an h n on-s a Chpr o Had and gris boo is dvod o mid a spsn consiion of h mpi opns how wh pph ha dmosra s h ns a pnion o b o gois pdics vn no h mnds o o nlcals lcd and smn ad clrd as Hard and gri Th pgraph s no b ga ph osophr or a d s n shd con oms nor b y a rnownd sasman or a popar ad. s insd a fw words prononcd by ill Gas: On o wondrfl ngs abo h inormaon ghy s a ra qi s asir o ach iv ha n a or ld W ar all crad q a n i a word p. 30 4) w o br i co mn s s i s h ard o ndrsand h r as on why a cap dod o amning h probls of h mid consiion of h mpi bgns i a banal qo fo l Gs abo h pposd qi of h inormaion higwa. May b i s bcas q o n Ga s h s bcom as hi ona bl mong som Eopan and Amican possiv inlcs. Th adr n on who is wl dsposd cno b fl irraion bfor h s rb pa o h ichs ma n n or ld som on wo i mo gnin psonicaion o a wod od ha spposd Had and gri nl dsir o chang cond nd n mo mpoan, as is wrong dpl rong. o all o s a bn crad qa n nomaion old a nd a nasc al n ivr s. y Gs has nv r bn n conac n on of hr bon pop n h wo ld who a nr a d or rc iv d ph o a G s an d Hard and r shod rmmbr ha in poo cons
sch as Aghansn or nsnc onl v of a hosand 0
popl hav acc to a lphon. his hoing is a fom bng cusiv o Aghanisan n man aas in sothn a n sbSahan fca, and n som nddvopd con s n Lan Amca an t Cbbn h s a not mu ch btt W ch 1996). o most of th o ds opla tion a s comnts a a jok, f not n inst to misabl nd inhumn iving conditons Lavng asd this nonat bgnnng h chapt no ducs a d vson of c pi tas dvopmnt n to h sta g s h st n ds oghou t ghtn h and n ntnt h n u s s a piod o f comp t v cap al ism ch aac d acco d ng o adt and g b la iv l li ttl nd of st in t ni on a hom and aboad p 05. o h auho th pocion is pocis of h UK h SA, nc, um Holln and Gman and h polics of coona pnsion pomod and impmnd b h spciv naona govnmnts do no qa as sa nnon. n h sam mann lsla on pssd, ith difn ds of tooghnss n all hs con ts ov lo ng po d and dsi nd to pss th oks od also n al as amps of sa ntnion in co nomic an d so ca l i t sho ld b t n i nto co nsdaon ha sch lg slaon incl d s AnCombnaton Acs of Eng lan d Chpp in a nc h a ntiso c al ist saton of Chncllo smack n Gman ho condmnd hosands o oks to and th lga nos tat mad possibl h b t l psson of oks in t h U ni Stats smbolid b h massac o Hamk Sua, hicago, on 1 M a 886. Gamsc folatd so v pcs obsations bo th Sohn Qs tio n i n ch dmon st a d h a th com pl ssm of al lia ns ht mad al n ni c a on possibl o v a a s o sophistcatd conoic policis that in fact sppod h domnant coalton as Gmsci ho pont o h thotical mitak of h libal docns ha cbatd t
a
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sup posd andsf a td , h pass iv o s n laon
3
capa c cu mu n p c I n Quade; Gamc woe ass'ja a a mod e f a re u a n, n r ducd and manand by gae and connng man a debae pcy, awa of wn c and no e p onanu an d auomac p o n f ec on m c e n . Cnequeny e lassezjae bem a pca poam amc 11 16 rean f r mu b fund n nab b ra w cgn e f ac e d nc on be e n e poca cey nd e c cy been economc and pc, mad and pe en d a f w r an rgan c d nc n, wn my a mdogca dncon bd e pa f e ae wn e f ner nue can b cneed a e nan ppr a neua pye be au cd compc or n m cae cnpracy. e bef eampe are enoug p a conenna knwdge n capabe f pdng adeuae gudn o pan me f cna feaue f e pd d en d b ar d a n d eg. Crny e pa f a a n n f m ue n c mp a n w a app end n e p d fng e ga depro e of nenn wee wr u d n man a e r n n en n , or a ed f wa weake On cna, wa a ea need fo nrvenon and e dfferen bugeo gmen rpnded adequaey ned auay, af Wd Wa nd e 199 c, ee nd nceaed an e a d na d eg e , bu a oud n ad u o b e a bef o e ee dae e a dd n pay a p ma n pr c of capa cc um u n . e mo ru prbem w Hrd and g nrpra on mge wen ey ge e rd age n e f marage bewn a and cap n e own word day a d p f reanp a uy maured n
w c a ge n n a n copo a a f fe y ad
he isicio n hoi of nion-se e he hen h his ceniesong iec hs coe o se hs been efee n copoons no e h! p 30 6 e phsis n o n l) h is s een is no only wo ng b lso e pos es h e hos o ne effs Woie bo hvg gone oo f wih hei n-se enhsis hey n s h i is necess o e ch oe nnce loo ho he elionship beeen se n cpl hs chnge p 30 is he ve les pepleing h e h v ng ien is senence he ho s no pocee h e se convcion o ese he pevios se nen ce hi s con s he sspcon he s one ep esens eqey enogh w h he y hin bo h e sb ec o h e one of e c ci l fe es of he c en peio is he sp ce en of se fncions n poliicl ss ino ohe socil life es n o ns Re ve sng he hi soicl poces s by whi ch he n onse e po p e he poli ic n in s ive f nc ons eie nil hen by he isoccy n oc ges sc h ss n f nc ion s hve be en ep p ope by soeboy el se in h is h s g e in e hi so of p il B by who W e o no no becse n n s gen hee is e ni nl si lence h s p on n e i ben ss ing i n n o i c y he conce p of o nl soe ei gn i s losn g is effecieness who boheng o pove soe pe f e p i cl efeence o ppo hi s hess he se h ppens ih e fos hesis bo he onoy of he poiicl f evence fo he s hess is opleely bsn ll h cn be si is h i is co onplce of o n epo b o geo s ieo o conce i ng he secon hesis n e g i e cope e ly wo o sppo hei nepeion hey nin o noon of polics s n npenen sphee of he eein on of consen ss n sphee of eion ong onicing socil fo ce s h s vc i le o o o e is p 3 ) Qes o n when
a
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n ee w s polcs h inepenen sphee 5
o h siple
3
e t
spr o f me o ' o s c ou be nswere t wt s n c s not o muc pol tcs wc mg well be n cris s b r o er re so ns bu Scm t n concepon of po l cs wc roges v uropen n mercn tellec uls c ul iv e w n obsessv e p sso n for mny es s res u of ic o n e confsng ocrnl consuctons of eoreicin rl Sc mt no onl y n c emic b so le ng ge e r Re wer e in te ree s ge con ribu io n to p oli cl eo c p bl e of rv n escpe ro u e fo r e opro cla me crsis of sm Bu on to Sc m t's e ngs poli tcs n cp st soc e es w s ev er n u onomous sp ere. s scus son s so we own generng vers of e 960s n 980s t er e s no e o su mmie ow or te p ose of s boo bref re feece to coup e of wors t pp roc s problem n rec me (esins oo 995: 94 Boron 1997 95137 sufce n y cse ou uors e cose o e t wen ey we few nes er: o t ics oes no spper wt sppe s s ny noon o e oo my of e po l c l p 307 Once gn e pr obem ere s ess w polit cs wc s unoube ly cn ge t n wt e bsur noton of te u onom y o f po cs n of e po l c nu ure for eces by n ntst cemcs n nellecus wo esre to mni gnst l e evence fren son o e sol tyc of w Gyog Lucs crcere s bourgeos oug (Lucs 197) n Hr n egis nerpeon e ecline epeence by te uonomy of poltcs gve plce o n ultr-economct conepon of e consesus eermne more sgncl by economc f ctors suc s e equ l b r o c tre blnces n spec u lon o e vlue of cu re ce s (p 07. n t s w y e Grmsc eoon t sw e consenus s e cciy o e o n n l lce o u rn tce nelecul n mo l i reon w ou esbl s s e vn gre of te evel
opmen of nto eneres s eey le ou of e uos 5
anlysis of the state ts cret sge. Isead the cosesus ppers as e mechael reecio o he ecoomc ew set o mercie cclao t o room ef for pol me dat os lost te dk es s o me Is edct o sm d c oom csm co p lete y d so he com pex t o e cose s s cosrctio process cotmpor cpsm, d add to hey do ot i o pss te est h demosrtes ho o merble occasios sgca poiic bece occrred t mome i ich te ecooic vbles ere movg the 'g decio s Eopea d Aerc hiso of te 1 960s de mosates Besdes me s o dee p eco omic css d d ot ecessaiy tslate to he st collapse o pre-esg oical cosesses Poplr pssivit d acqescece ee oceable or emple the omos decde o he 9S Fce d somehg ve deret om a ws ocr g eghbo g Gea y I cos eqece t s d e bl e tht g ve that potcs is o sphe e oomos m ocl le erc s tmate coecto beee ecoc fcors ad politca soc cltra d eaioa acs th at ce mome cslizes te ostcto o og-lsig potca cosess Ta is hy y edctos cocept scheme ehe ecoomcis or poicst cpble o epig real Te coclso o e hors yss s etrody pota d c be smmzed ths y: the decle o he polt cl too mos sp here sg als th e dec e o o, o y e pe de spce here r evolo c ol d emer ge he o a pOltcal regme or hee soc space cold be trasormed sg the s trme ts o e stat e ( pp 307 8) e adi o deas ob l d g a co te rp oe or o oppo sg to esst ace agis the sate have bee osg moe d more relevce i e cet crcmsces Te m cos o he se ve mgted o other sphee d doas o e socia e
especll ods the mecsms o commad o te gobal
vl of th trnsntionl corortions' . 08 h rsult of this ross s sothng h dsructo o scd of t nionl doctc ciaJist st, hos sovrgnt fg nt n isrs ong vst collction of n gncis gous n d o gni ons su ch s bns i ntionl o n ss of lnning nd so foth ich ncrsingly rfr for l t y to h t n n t o n l l v of or ( 08). [n rlon to t ossi is ond f o i s nsf o rtion t h v dc of our uos s dic nd nling th dclin of th nontt s not sly h rsult of n idooc osion tht ght b rvrs b y n ct of o c l l s st uc tu r l n irrrsbl rocss 6. h isrsd frgns of th stts o sovi nd is inhnt ccit O ns obinc to t s n ts hv bn co vr n d conv rt y hol sri of glol uridicoonoic bodi such s G t ol r n zt on t orl nk nd hc M bd Givn ht th gobliztion of th ouction nd ciculon of goods cusd orssiv oss of fcc n ffcv nss n ntion ol it ic nd riic stuctur hch r oss to control rs rocsss cniss tht tly c thi ossibilts n tt dislyd i gs on f orign bor t h i s no sns n t ing to rc t dd ntionst. Ai Ad 200 5 1 ) ovdd tiy indr th it s non oh r h n Md li n Albr ig h t h o s Scr t of St u rng th non d n ist tion o ndd siilr tss y sing th bot nonlit nd sovrgnt' blong to n outt roi o oltic ho unbl to ccount for th n sucturs of golizon n ir tivs of "hnitrin ntntion h uthors ssr s ht nothig coul b or ngtiv or futur nciO sts hn to fll vici o nosl for n old gon r. tl if t r ossibl to rurc th ntionstt thr is n vn or iornt rson to g u his ntrris: hs
ins t t tion s t h i t ho sr s o r ss iv tcts
n eies [ n y ste h rees n shul be eete n t bss ' p 6 et us suppse f en h we cser his en v n ht cse we shu esi usees t ceptn y he euctbe ecdence f he nste but s he f the ectc e esu f centues pp ses th evbly est the s e s t uc ue r e n elve v e eepy n t h s su bec f v pn ce M be h ey t s becu s he y s sue s e y tht t s ps sble t ec t e h ets cvl scety sucuy ve nt csses hs s nt pssbe s I hve epline ceully elsehee Brn b hefe, whch s th y ut
4 Altrntv vsons
o th pr
T ec pe. o t poso ysc on o ' exsng ep A hs se o her jouey Hard and Nei have ea gone beyond he poin o no reu, and hei aaysis o he 'reay exisin empire has ven pae o
poe and mea
physa onso ha on he one ha mainas a disan sim ia ri o ea a d o he ohe h a nd en peis e ho se ha ra isis o ffes sa n he p o he so a oes i n rese in an soi n he aioa and n ernaion s uu es o wo rd apiasm As haes Ty
200 26 pu i ahe buny he auo s ob so ar ro m he oee ea i es o one mpora hae ha he eaders see e bu ouds hazy seas and nohess beyond. he gee diagnoss is on due o aa pobems o aayss and npreaion ha pae heir I ould add a ser es o exreme y heoea sheme. o his un ounae obseaions a d ommenaes ha a pae read e oud nd wihou e eo u i he eader ee o eue hem he woud be obiged o ie a wor o exaordia mag niude Sine ha is o my inenio I oniue ih my anyss e red on he w eae sses o he enera epeav e eoeia sheme. To b e i n a o w me o ea m a v e e eme na b eemel po an po i n o dep a e: i is im possib le o do goo d po ia a d soi phi osop y who u a so id eonom a nalysis As ae show esewere ha was ea he pah hosen by he youn Ma as a poi a ph iosoph oe he preoio us y udeso od he mis o a soia ad pOliia reJeion ha s no m ahoed n a igorous knowedge o ivi soie (Boon 2000a) he siee ha unveied he anaom o iv soiey and he
mos nt ma te secrets o e new econom c o rga n at on created by capalsm was polt econoy Ths was e reaon why the foun de r of h sorca l aer a l sm devo ed h s e ner es to e n w dscpne not to go from one to he oher but to anchor s reectons on crtques of te exsng socl order and hs an t cp at on of a u ure soce y n t he bed roc k of a deep economc a nal yss Ts anc hor age n a good pol cal economy a regl wa y to reach a thorough owledge of captast socety, s precsely what s mssng n
[n fct, te ook hs ve lte of
conomcs and wha t has s n os cses he convenonal verso of the economc a naly ss ught n A mer can or Er ope a n bus ness schools or e one boosted by te publcsts of neoleral globalzaon combed wh some solted frgents of Mast pocal economy In sho bad economcs s used to analyse a top such as the mpest system that requres a rgorous treatent of te maer appealng to e best of wha polcal econom cold offer As Mchael Rustn persuasvely ares H rdt a nd Neg 'descrp on of h e ma or t en ds of de velopment of both the capalst economy, and of ts ao fos of goenace s pnly n accord w much current anyss of gla b zaon (Rust n ) Cons equen t y reade rs l nd e mse lve s wt h a ook at a ttem pts to ana lyse e nt eton al ord e supp ose dly an em pre and n whch only a couple of tmes wl they stumble across n s uons such as e M F the W ord B ank he O a nd othe agenc es of h e current wo rl d orde r call t e mp re o r m pea l sm or em ple th e w ord neolbe rals m wh ch refers pre cs ely to he deolo and the economcpolca ola prevalng du ng e last quaer of he enteth centu when the cuent econo P c order was rebut from hed to e merely appears roughout the book, n the same wy as the Multlateral Agee men t on Invest en s an d he Wash ngon Cose nsus The mpresson that the reader gets as e contnue to read the book
s of ndng hmself before o academcs who are ve well
:
i ntntond b ut ho ar compty r m ov d om h m u d ad bood hat constitu th day o capast socs spci a y i n h piph y a nd ho h v au nchd hmsv s to sai aco ss h ocans o th mp i a n d ih ctv ma ps an d no in st u mnt s o n vig on_ h us bid d a s Qu io hy ta aparancs as a i t s h o hn hy sc b th pyami d o th m p s g oba con stituti on Ha d a nd g assu us hat: At th nao pinnac o h pyamid th s on supr or th n d Sas hat ho ld s hg mo ny ov th goba us o oc a su ppo that can ac t aon bu prrs to act in coaboation t ohrs nd h mba o t Untd atons (p. 309 is v had o undrsand such a nav commnt, n hch h sophisticaion pcd o scintic anaysis is compty acng o bgn th th ducton o h concpt o hgon y o h us o oc s nadm ssb H gm on y s mu ch mo than that Rgading th ms o mpi an impiaism Rob Co onc ot that hgmony coud b rprsntd s an adust mnt a mong h matria po r, th do o an d th nstuons' (Co 986 o duc th issu o hgmony to its milta aspc ony hos mponc gos byon a doubt, i a maor msta. Amrcan hgmon s much mor co mp han hat On h oth r ha nd ar od tha t th ni td St ts p rs sur baus o is go od i, i t acno dg d gn osiy on nt ao na mtts n d ts stct ad hrnc to prncp o th J ud C h st in tradi on o c in coabo a tion th oth s On can not h p but ond th nty -so m th ing pa g tha t Empr dv ot s to a ction u pon Mach av i s thought r rittn b th sm authos tha hn psnt an inttion o h nd Stts nationa bhaviou so ant ih tica t o th ta ch ns o h For nt n hoist s h on hav quotd h p rn ' o th ntd tas o cous am tng o h Amcan g ovmn and ts do na n
cass and not about th naton o t po o that oun
or coabor ae a co s me rely a mas be d wc e merals olces are adequaey dssed so a ey ca be sold o oce s rs r ou s oeao wose eca cy s demosraed onc e a a er boo, e oc es o mera easo ad domao aear as ey wee eal sacrces I s reasonable o e ae o umanys commo ood suose e meca oemes o ocas ad er umerous deooss ad ubcss could say some e s some a o ee e mos subm sse ad see aes o asto would ae seousy s erey uea sonable o o adca crcs o e sysem o beee ese
deces s s o e rs me suc a seous msae aes e boo ready aer 2 5 ey ad e I n the n n e an e o h e cod a, e r e ponsb o e xe s n an neional poli p
e e squr e o n
h hold o h e Un ted S . e Gl Wa a h e e the ned Stte o
eerc i e ts owe n ts l om
ea the wa w a n opet on o epe ion o e ll nee om the point o viw o he ojeve e re on a l n ees an t e poli ial deooe involv d W ave ee n n ar coed d rec t t Stt and ae . I aq a ae d o n oken i n e t on a aw ad u a d t o e d and u n d . T h i pone o e G a ee rer rom e ac a peented United tae a t e oy poe e o ana naona e
no as a funon of own naona o ves u he /ae ofo a (p . 8 epa n o n l) I cocluso and co o wa e acera ejudce
nuued b e cessan anmerca eac o e e ndcae wa e lea ae read e s a oor cle Sam ad o assume, dese s euca ce ad a a s s wll
e es osb l y o e xe cs e o e o w o d ocemn er 6
dcds of unftfu ngottons ng o b mptd from such dstrssng blgon rfor, t powr fll n' hs hnds w th d plomc of t tt Dpm n s busy n h rconsru con on gnu n dmcr t c g rounds, of th Un td tons sstm nl tp ngtn ofcls rvll r ound wo rld tng o l un ch no h r r und f No hut ngotons focusd on rducng h rrtng nquls of t ntrntnl dstrbuton of wt nd to strnn l n s ng govm nts f t prph b tc ng hm ow o rsst h xct ons b wh h t h r subdud b h g gn c tr nsn on cor po r ons os tw rdcl scolrs lo st n t drss of tortcl consn nd somon t gv [m nd who n gt of t d th dscovr s Toms d mn t v cons tv d tr l wrtr o t Yok ms nd spo m n for h opnons of t Amc n sbl sm nt Accordng to Frdmn, th ntnton of th nd tts n Kosovo ws lgtmat (s ws th on n th Gul for or rsons) bcus put n nd o h thnc clnsng prcsd n tt gon nd rfor ws md n th nm of globl rg ts to u� n pr sso n dr t H rdt nd Ng T u s tht s Nom Cho ms s dmonsr td, t h hnc cnsng of t snstr rgm of Mlosvc ws n t cus but t consqunc of t Amrcn bmbngs Cboms 00 8) L us rtu to th Guf r dprb c hr ct rz d b t h utors s rprssv prton of scrc ntrst nd ll mpnc. rst of ll, t s convnnt to rmmbr tt ths oprton ws no pcs w bu s Coms nforms us lughr: th " hrdl ppls to confrontton n ch on p msscrs th othr fom n unrchbl dsnc wl th c v l soc s dsro d Choms 99 8 . h u tors r not w r d bou t ts of d squ t on Tb vs on of t com ng of t m p r w ts plhor of br ng nd mncptng possblts ks s loo up so for
t rson t h r unwr f th o ors n d m sr s t cu 2
en i mpeis t p o cc p od uce in hi sto s md If he Ch r stin theoogns of he Mde Ages hd her eyes compeey turned o he conempon of God nd for h reson did no ree th he s su rroundi ng the m he u ho rs re so d ed by th e um inous pe rs pe ct iv es t ht ope n wt the coing of e empr e tht the butche inugrted by this new historic er does not move hem to write singe ne of mentti on or com psion Ms er s of the of decons tct on tey re sho o be competey n cpbc of ppyin g t hi s re sou rce o he n ysis of wr ht s in eity msscre They so fi o recoie, e us no s y denounce h e eno rmous nu mbe of civ in ci ms of he bombing the coe dmge nd the crimin embgo ht foowe the wr Ony countng he chidren e number surpsses 50000 vicims. Thy so remn sent bout the fct h despe his defet Sddm remned in power but wih he consent of he word's bos s to rep re ss t w he popu r u p i sings of the urds nd he Sh inoiy ibid. Fi n y h ow reisc c n n ysis be tht consders he Gu f W r oc ted i n one conin ing the wo rd s most i pont oi es ees mt r of mrn i pon ce for he U n ted Stt es Shoud we thn hen ht sinton unched its miit eion movd b th imerious necess to ensure he pe omnnce of gob rights nd no with the go of efring its indspbe pmcy n sttegc regon of te gobe? Ws Presde nt Bus hs deci sion o r ze Afhnistn wh e g in v in o discov e th e wher eb out s of one of it s od pner s Osm i n den motivt e by the nee d to m e p oss be h s d emnd fo nives justice? How to descibe such fooshnes? hs vison o the e mpre's concr ee funconing nd of some pesn vets suh s the Guf Wr s n ne wi other e tr me y oemic d en t on mde by the u hor s or empe tht the word poce forces of the Unted Sttes ct not with n m peristic but n ime inteest The grounding for this
fon s pety simpe nd refes to othe ssges o the
boo: gven tat mealism as dsapeaed swawed b the commot o t at de s ed the old nao sates , an tee n ion b t he ' hegemon makes sense l as a con buin t te s b t of te empe Te age haat est of he m peastc ea as be en epaced b gob al g ts and i ntenat onal just ce Ano he ssue u lned b Hat and Ne ees w eate cla the seous oblems at affet te son of te el esng ntenaonal sstem wh befoe e ee becomes a te o etical empie hu efeng to te ascenan ta e Unted States aieved in the poswa wo te auos man n tha t the e he w e n ited ta te s a ae t see he e ee d d e o t eomx ces te oo o w h Ju a te t enu te ta e te o et ed ugutu aue l oes o the d · o e pul d so to e t e at o e o n z t o he Ue Nao the eta niin a een he uanan te ed ate t ue te ce ole a oe.
8
h e eu ocal one nts o f ths a ag e o f a d a n d Neg i s ok ae e seus. Fist the cnsde analogous o situa· ton s ta t a e compl etel d fe � t te on e t e Romn Emp e n h st centu and e uent one when te wod as hange d a l i tt not s mu s e woul d l ke And the old ode tt pealed aund te Mediteanean basn based on sle des nt seem t ae man anies t te cuent m pea ist s stem t at toda coes te en ie pan et and whh ncludes fomall ee populaton Seond owee, is te fat tht oman sen ato s ema ing at Austu s assume i mpeial powes s one tng and the peoe subdued b te oman oe
asng tis s anohe e dieent thng Ceanl tee
s a osrab majo of mra saors wo paty obby t Wt Hous o for atg as a arulg a o zg a s for t bt of t ompa s a atoa trsts of t Stats as w wl s followg apts or, v f t g s tat pop a os a stats subjt to S mrasm oul ma su a tg s po t a t a Ng rs aayss bo ms mu w ma stabls tougt baus rfrs to qustos supposy ask of Waso by t atos. W Ga sb rqust su a g b au s s s o a matr at a b sov by a org as l rprstat a aora as t Su Coul; a v ss by t 'tratoa ota og tos I ts as a ty rfrrg to t IM Wor Bak t O or t B as rpr s ta tvs of pops gts Wa t a t y ag abou t ay as w y a rla m t, w kow v l tat su s t u os ar fat for p a m ts of t mra govrmt a ompty ak ay uvrsa gtma to tak up a tav s as t o m o wat a b sa about t u ma tar a or ga ato s s fa r as ko w t m s o t Cross t r Grp a o t S o f Pa a us or a y ot r kow orga ato as vr formuat t to st boo Mayb a a gr ar t k g about ma ro a k by t Sts t promoto of a w supraaoa u ra fra work w or rasos at wl soo b u r st, as b o ut sr b y g ov ts vo lv ts tprs for may yars Waso as b sst ata wor kg o t s bs m t of t M t latra gmt o vst ts (M as a s pory o ts potal aga. To ov foars t s propos W ous ots o aways uooa oaboato of s favout lstat t Kgom a tat of ovr-
wmg ajor o t govrmts t OCD og
the les ha he USA has been ng o mpose o consoldae un v ersal jusic e and g h s - sure ly n sp red b y he same l er · aue as he auhos ae w o epo chm akng con buons o lea scence. The rs s a docnaan nnovaon, hanks o whch for he s me n hso companes and saes become jrdca 'persons eno}ng exacly he same egal saus es ae no longer epesenave of he ppuar sovee and he naon and have become smple economc agens whou any e of perogve n he cous. s no necessa o be a ea lega schoa o be able o qual s judcal advancemen zeaously sough b y Washnon as a phenomenal erogesson ha neglecs he o ess mad e by moder n law o er he as ee hunre yeas Te eond conrbuon: avng aken no accoun he eao rd na conce of he Amecn go vemen fo unvesa aw he MA pooses he abolon of he recproc pncple beeen he o pae nng a conac If he MA wee appoved omen ha so fa has no been possbe hnks o enacous opposon fom humanaran oanaons and dvese socal movemens one of he paes o he conac would have ghs and he ohe one only oblgons. Gven e chaacescs of e reay esng empe s no had o nd ou who would h ave wha com pane would have he g h o ake saes o e cous of j usce bu e ses wol d be debaed fom dong so wh nvesos ha dd no comply wh he oblgons Of couse gven he weknow concen of he Amecan goveme o aranee unversa emocac s pemed fo sae o le a law su agans another sae, h whch hngs become oe even Thus f he goveens of Guaemala o Ecuado had a poblem h Uned Fru or Chqua Banan ey would no be able o le a su agans hose copnes bu hey woud be fee nd wold hae all he aanees n he wold o do aans e gvenmen of he
Uned Saes gven a despe wha Had and Neg thnk 66
hos e o pa ne er n n d r e e gsed n t on ow we n ndersand te reasons wy te negotiations t ended n a dat ere ondted n asote see and eo nd ny pe o deo at nd po pl r onto Bor on 2O 1a: 3 62j Coms a 25960 ; n de 998) Given s a ge dsoi on o te e p re's rea it es t s not srprising tht te atos onde In a h e egonl on it o t e a te en et ent, o a t i to e Pe sa n and Somali osna the Unied State s s aed to neene iri y and tese a s ae r ea and ssntial not erey stts to el U pli disse nt. Even t w ee ent the .S . l a w od have to ans the a n the n o ea e and ode . 18) o om ent
h pr a , por ra b t orga nc nlcu a Hene it seems to e s ien ty p roved ta t ardt n d eg i s anayss o te ontempor wold order is wong ased on a seosy distoed eding o te ent tansoatons that are i ng pa e in ste oma tio ns and i n t e wo d makets o ontepo apitasm s is not to deny tt oonay ee nd tee te eade an nd ew sa reeions and ose ati ons ela ted to some me ly isses t t e gene a pite tat ows om ei r a nalysis is t e oealy wrong a nd po ti a y se·deeatng.
good exese t old ep adt and eg to desend
�
o e sttast nea in wi tey seem to ave ss
·
pended te ir reasonn g a new gloa o o so e ei gn (p. x, a sp�i e gme o go eat os pp 45 wod e to re ad t e wo o s om e o t e m a n o gan i i nte et as o t e e p ie Leo anit as alled atenton o meanng pardox we t e tem mpei ai sm as aen in to disse t e reai es o m-
f 3
pe ai sm e mo vivi d and m pess ve th n eve. is pa ad o i s
�
mh oe au in Latin Aea we not ony e te i mpe a l is bu t al so th wo d depe nd ny ha ve be en ee le d om aadem la nguae and p bl i d isouse p eis ey at a t e en the sub eion of Latin Ame a n oun ti es to tansnaonl eonom foes hs eaed u npedented levels e easo ns fo this ae a ny amon them the ieoloal and p ol ta def eat o the e t and its onsequenes stand o u Te adopon of e lana e of the v t os and e in ab il i to es s tei bla k espeially amon tose obsessed wit pesen tei aees nd ainin publi aknowledeent' enoes s sube· tio n Ts phenoen on an be ve ie no ony in t n Ame a but aso in Euope and te United States In uope t is anly edent in those ounties n wi om un is t paes wee ve son and te pesene o te poial let voous, suh s n taly Fane an d Spa n Ths is why Pa n t su ests at f e le wans to f ae e a ty maybe it sould loo k to te t to ob n a lea vision o te de ton i n wih it sou ld ma Pan
Wh y? Be au se wle many on h e le ae nl ned to fot the estene of lass stles and mpe al is ( fea ul o bei n enouned by t e pe vl n neo beal and pos oden onsenss as self i nd lent and absud d inosau s es ape d fom te J uass Pak of sols m) te man dai ns o te e pi e bu sy as they ae ivin advie to e domnnt lasses who ae ad daly by ss antaonsts d eanipato stles ave no me to waste on ftases o poe. Te paial neessties o im pea ad mi n station do not al low e o boe ds atd by mtapysal leubatons s s one of he easons wy Zbinew Beinski is so lea in is danosis and inead of ta ki n abo a pan tasma o e p su as te on e depted by adt nd ei h e oe di ey to te poin t nd ele at wt o sa e te esis t i ble as enson n hs ow u dment of h Un ied Stes to te ond tion of o nly loba l supep owe. Fosed on assun e lonte stablty of te impeist
phas opened at e te al l o the Sov et Un ion B ei nski identi 68
s thr i i di prc ps o th c op o itic st rst to i m p th cous o o to pr s t dpc of ost powr vsss o ssus o s c Ws uro d Jp); sc od to mti h s u ssio d odc of t t tos suh s Lt mic d ird Wo r d td o pr v t u i ctio o v o w d vtu tc of t ri s o tio tht rcs co u ts f ro Ch to ss i c di th Ismic tos of Ctr As d h M id Est Bi s
998 0) Cs c r T or r US N to Scu rit y Cou c ch i rm s os tos of fr cl r vsi o wtho t ti o t t s di stt from h v rhtoc poyd y Ht d Ni d pr c sy cs o i s t y s ct v of wht hs t hor s c pir d Ptc cs w pls' 989 o o Bisi prssd ts ids Ss St ot cty M i st schol ot c Hd i d y ou or t wou d v s vd th t d prv td t ro m tr y sous m ists St si d W s s , thror otrtor i r h its r c Ws to h i cs s o ct co s o or rovcs W sh o is t tt cts o s d ts o th t to co s rrs tt vs o o r os s s thro u ot th rssur ros or t o sc
. J
As i o ci shi s o i t t o s or r h pi co o cit zs wth h s o t ic ihts sc zs oitzs sch th sv i o . ] h sc z of h r oto y th y s o hy ic d y o oy y i tsto s h o t i h trs to t ct o rocto tht ssss s ty
: D i'
< :
3
o th o t. Th cs t o oy 6
rs io k i d ot , h mmbrs o h 'iol d orcs scy hos d rmd y d dd d Ss md fos. lso i cds my chos mdici r scs d soc sics s sss mm d coomy o v Arc roso ssocos d irss s hos rs for whos ys h o s d xc so c ds o h rss d ss mdi f or ho h Amric coo d xms ofrd y Ud Sts sho y c h sshd sos d oritos. (S
1989 167
is qsob h dsi hr rctio of Mx s Srgs diosis o h itio scr d h orgztio o th mr s or i como it storc mrs h O t ss ro Hdt d s or . Tis is o h rs i ht roos d obctv ib hs to ris h ors yss ovids visio s closr o Ms lysis th h rovdd by hors cly or osoy idd h hort tdito. I dd io to t h br rs c v h B is d r v offrd s w h cd diosis md by o of th os t dis tisd t ho ics o f ric o- co s is m P tg to ; h so h s o dobs b o mr · is chrct o t c r t ord o rd r io co cr is h s s d r bili of th U A d ts codi o s loly shr Tis codio hs obgd Wsho o cos riol or o of h cosqcs o hc cod b h foio of v rod i-mc coio cdg ot oy Rss d Chi b so hogh diffrg ds ro sts hic cod t h c ord odr css To r sctic d r fr s h h mmo of os ho v fogot t ims
rl o sh s r i is cov o r rod c x th o
sing o niavs ha accodng
0 Hningon, w dn by
Washno ce yas: o pess othe r con e s o adop Amcan aes a nd pacces on ssus s c h as hman r t s and dmo c acy; o peent ha tird conres acq m capaces sscepbe o n ein g th te Ae c an m il supe o o h e te Ame can lg s aton apped n oth e soc e s o qua t d coutes wh as to the adheson to Amercan standads on h mn rgs dg s rr oism ncar and mssile pro l fea on nd now elgous feedom; to appl sancons aganst couns tha do no conf o to e eca n standr ds on es ssue o pomote te cooa Amcan nrests under he sogans of free rad and open marts and o sap e polc s of e I M F and the Wold Ban o se tose same nerests [ ] to foc oe r cone s o adop socl and econ omc polces that be ne t t Amc an econ omc n tests, to pomoe e sale of Ameca weapon s and pr een t t a oter countes do the same [ ] to agorze cen counres as 'paah states o cmnl aes and elde them om the goba instuons becae te euse to posrate temsels befo te Amrcan wse H un ti non 48 L s b clar ths s no ncndia csm b an ee o Amercan ipeaism rahe i is
sobr accon wen b
oe of is mos cd orgac itellcas cocerned abo h sel-dscve nds a a rsen rom ecas xecse o is h g o n a n ipor wor d ven he ages tha t a rs ro e ork o h th ahors wos deas w have pes ened h soeti s poec a d a o he tms m eap ysc a ds coe o Hardt and N gi vns hs bcase of s ow l ighness and di cal d ison nec io w h wha H n ngon ap poprae y calls h rsposb il i s of he loly sp powe Wha m eges om ar d an d egrs anayss s a h e ass m ed n ew or o
global sov e ig x c sd by h wold Em pire, w hch wol d
mo nw gobl o of domnon no world mr b A mr log o do n on Thr no dob h h r r r n onl n d r n n onl or gnton hr no dob h bhnd hm l h Arn nonl nr obv o h h A rn n onl nr do no x n h b r nor n h nr o f h A n ol o r h non n h nr of h bg oror onglomr whh onol h h go vn mn of h n d S, Cong h d owr h md h mor n vr n d n o d n d h r m ork h ow h m o r n or m d b hgm on ov o n on h r odl nrgovmn or nonl h h h World Bnk nd h Word Trd Orgnon h o o or Am rn nr Th n n on o h S A n o h r gon o h orld hv d frn ov on b dd h k l rd nd Ng m o blh n on l l In h n Bzn k old no hv bn or gol hn h d h od rnon non n o h l m omhng h lrl n h o h n on l n nl n on ( B znk 8 289
5 The ao-a a the ue of oveeg
As we have see i preous chaptes, accordig to Hadt ad Neg te cos t itu to of he em pie ov e lays th e decadece a d al su pposedl y iexoabe col aps e of th e at o-sta te_ cc od g to ou auhos the soveegy tha to-ses retaed he past has bee tasfeed to a ew global stctue of dom ato whch decadet state formatos pay a ceasgly maa ole. Thee ae we ae assued o mpest playes o a teoal cee o powej o do thee exs establshed bae o ims o xed deties o sllzed eachies The aso f o the age of i pea ls m base o a co llet o of bellose ses pemaet coct amog themselves to the age of he epe s salled by he reversbe decle of the stutoal d legal foudaos of the old ode the ao-stte s beause of ths that Hadt ad eg plaly eet he ea that te Ued Staes s 'he ultmate utho ha rules over the poesses of gobatio ad he ew wold ode (p x Boh those who see the Uted State9 as a oely d omipote superpowe a feet defe e of feedo m ad those who eou ce ha o ut a s a impealst opp sso ae wog Hadt a d e sy beause both paes assume t hat e old atostates soveeiy s till foe ad do ot real:e tha it s a elc of e past awae of ths muao they aso fai o udesd tat mpeiaism s ove bd) LFt us exme soe of e pobles tha ths eeao poses I he s plae let us say hat to assue that thee c ex st somehg l k e a au ho bl e to gove al l te po esse s of globaliao a t he ew wo ld ode s ot a oce mis take Why? Beause gve such a equiemet the oy sesble
.
nswe s o den he ex sen ce o sch an u ho T o say ha a cern sucure of powe can conol a c processes a oc cu n s j ur sdcon s absur d o e e n e mos elemen a forms o o gan a on o soca pow e sc h as he one s epored b n r opo lo s s sdy ng p rm e hodes wee capable of fulllng sch a euremen ornaely he omnpoence o he powefl does no exs Thee ae aways loopholes and narabl hee wll be hng a he powe canno conol en n he mos exeme cases of despoc concenaons of pow er Na Gemany o some of e mos oppre ss e an d feroc ou s n mecan d caoshps such as Vdea's n A gen na noche's n hle ujlo's n e Domncan Repbc and Som oa s n Ncaa a e uho e s a the me demonsra ed n ncapct o conol all he processes' unfoldng n her counes To say ha hee no m perasm bec au se here s no one who can a e con rol a a wor d le el
a wor ld whose
compl ext anscends he m s o our mnaon consues a d sm ss e saem en. I s a e son o n d ng o f n h e ne w world oder so ceebaed by George Bush Senor ae e Glf Wa h ere a re some pl ayer s wh o hol d an exaod na rly el eaed shre o power and whose neress preal semacaly s a ueson of eamnng wee he desgn of hs new word reecs someho he asmmec dsrbuon o power ha es ed n he old worl d and h ow or s f couse o al ab ou an e ao d nal y elea ed sha re of pow e s o adm a here are ohers who ha e some po we r and we spea of s ysema pe do m nance s a so cceped a here m ay some de a on s ha rom me o m e, w l l podu ce une pec ed res ul s. Th s beng sad le us con nue wh a seco nd probl em. ard and Ne an ays s of h e sse of s oe e gn s wro ng as s he r n er pre on o f h e change expeenced by so al sc re s n ecen m es Regar d ng he s se of soer egnt he seem no o a e noced a n h e m pe a l s scu re her e s a yads c
o ala on o as eane K rparck he S Ambassad or o he
Un ied N n du ng nl d ea ga n r erm id ere i a dob sadard w w c Wa ngn udge f ren gve rn men and e acn. One ndad ued evaluae e ve re n f e frend ad a e e U nied Se an er ve di ffeen ued u dge e ve eg n f neu ral cun rie and i e nem e e na na l veet f e f rme m ut be peeed and enened e laer ud be weakened and aed w u cupl e fale eet rine f e w peculn ard and Neg cann peceive i durbng dual eleng u a ee a glbal lgc beynd and abve e nanal neet f te uperwer and undenabe cene f te emp e e Un ed Sae au r nere e d in cnuinl and uidcal mae a i e cae f ard a d Ne he dep lbe pea nce f Wang n egardng e acledgemen f inernanal eae and aeemen prd e a mely duc e f brie we wn e n ed ae a r epu daed an y interna nal u r d cal i ntmen ta impe even a mnmal educn f veegn ecenly Wann a de li beael deay ed a ee ing e cn i in f an n e nai na Cimnal Cu ed n me pe ca l cmpeence udge wa crme cime agn uman and gencde becaue w u ld mean a an feenc e f ve re gn t an n e na l n w e cn l cud eca pe f m te r an d e n ed Stae ac ve ly pacpa ed i n a e pre v u debean abut eing up e cur dcued ceria i veed nm and cau ed a u da f e cn ti u n u t wen e m e cme appr ve e cn u n f e c u in me decded wak away ud cme a n ure t tuden f mpealim u eem t a ve c n fued e a ur pr Appa en y he y ave g nd e f ct a e ni ed Sae a ne f e wr wld recd egd ng e ra a n f n ern ai nal cnv en n and ag eeme n , precely bec aue Wann cn
de a ee wuld be demenl mecan nanal 75
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soveeign nd neess pepoe Recenl he SA ef sed o sg e yo o Age ee n o pesee h e env on e s ng he gen h i old h the po s of Aecn copnies n e cse of he nenionl Convenion on he Rghs of he Chd ony o cones n he hoe old
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sed o s i h e p o oc ol Soli nd he U ned S es_ B s poi ne d o b y o Cho s cl y he ni ed Ses hv e no ied sngle convenon becse even in he ve fe cse s i n hch h ey did so he eicn g ove en nged o in odce ese e clse h sys he f olloing "no ppl icble o e U ni ed Ses o he consenss of he Un ed Ses Chos 20 01 63) n he neoconseive enih of he 190s he Uned Ses efsed nd in soe cses is ill efsing o py is fee o soe of h e n g ences of he U nied ons ccsin g he of hng deed Aeicn soveeig. Why py ebeship fees o n in si io n W shinon cnno conol l A sii de is obseed n elon o nohe US ceon, e nd s pecedng g eee n e A. The Eopen nion sed he Aecn gove e n of dging Eopen cop nes bec se he eb go n s Cb voled he co ecil les peviosy geed Besdes he Eopen Unon id he ebgo s io i hd been nniosy con dened nd ch d en nd he ede y e e i s n vc s T he ebgos nfvoble ic on elh nd nion polcies s el s o e s i l consideions e e so h ghlgh ed The esponse o Wshngon s h hese ee no coeci o hnn sses b nsed hey ee e eled o Aecn nionl seciy nd heefoe he old no be nsfed o ny ohe nenon gency o nsion b od be ecsvely nged by he diffeen bnches of he Aeicn govenen iho lloing n even nil foeign een on bi d 64 6 ).
A nl ep be sef o concde his dscsion 76
uing the f fenve f h e N iag uan Cnt il egal ly amed aned n aned and gan ed by he Un ted ate h e gve men f anag led a demand n 98 t e neainal Cu f ute aung he A me an g vernm ent f wa me aga n he Niaa guan ivi l ppuain he ep ne f m Wa h ng tn wa t d ie gad h e u u id i n he p e ntnued anay and the nal enene f he u deed Wahi nn p i m li a per ai n eire he me e na fe tained in Niagua nd pay ubtantia eprain [0 pente f te damage inflied n e il ie he gvern men f h e n i ed a te mply di ega de d he en te ne ntnued he wa whe eult are wel knwn and nt even whe n i m anag ed i nta a new f en dy g venmen n ia aga d d it de t t dn a k abu the epa n f wa let a ne pa y ng h em . he am e u ed with Vieam hee are gd eamp le f hat Had and Ne un de an d a the impeial eain f glbal ight and he empie univea u e bid 6970 eem lea t ha t the au h h ave n ma na gd t appeae the nnuu elevane f naina vereign, he nana ineet and natnal pwe in all it maitude al f whh i nu ably eaken t he en hyhe f hei amen tha i nit he e a gb al an d a btat l tha p ede ve he funnng f the empie Regadng wha ued wh the aptai te n it uen phae i eem hat he mitake n ited befe beme even me eriu it f a ere i a impant iniia pbem ha i nt mna at a with e pet t the plaimed nal and ieverible deadene f te tate al the avaiabe quantiaive nfmatin wh egad t publ expendiure and the e f the tate appaatu mve in he pp e di en f he n e ma g ne d by ad n d N e f mething ha ued in etpan apm in the la ent yea it ha been peely he nieable neae
f he f the tate meaued a the pin f publi 77
epediures to GOP The ifomatio providd by ll ypes of soues rom aoal goeets to te Uited Naos De veopmetProgamme UOP) a fom te Word Bak to te I M F ad te ECO speak th a s igle voie: a t e stat es of te metropo ita apital ism s er e sr ege ed i e las t e y years despite te fat that may of te goemets those states have bee veiable ampios of te ati-state rheto t at a s lau e d i u at te beg i g of te 980s . Wat ppeed afte te isis of Keyesia apitalism the mdde o e 970 as a reatie der ease i te gr o rat e of pu bl i expedire Fisl budgets otiued to go uiteuptedly aou at more mode st l evels t a be ore . T at s y a speia Th report o this topi i te oseative ritish magaie Eono 1997 is etited Big Govermet is Sti i Carge e iter of ths ale aot de is dsappoite at te madated ses teaious esisae to beomig smaHer as b te eoliber a ate sm ardt a Negri seem ot o av e examied tis ok bease te ast setio o apt 36 i eir book is etitled Big Goermet is e! a eadig at early e ts e e te t o t eir s dersta dig o f a eme so ru ial to th eir teoeti al arg ume t ay ase ater a are aay si s o re et da ta o pu bli epe di tu re i ou ee i d s rialied outies o e E The oo oudes tat desp it t e eoibea re orms i i ia ted ae r te proamed e gol s o sal as te iy ad pu b e pe di u e eduio beee 1980 ad 16 pubi expediture i te seeted outries ge rom 4 per e t o the O P to 47 per e t i e i ou tres suh as Sede his gure passes te 50 per et tresold i te ast o years te gro o publi epedture i te deve o e d eoomies has bee ersistet , ie sa a d o ter prodt ie , ad e objeti e so strog y pro ai med o beom ig a 'small oemet apparetly has bee more a eapo o eletoral reo ta a te obete o eoom poliy ot
eve e stroget deeers o e famos sae reorm ad
he sin ki ng o f publi c e pend i e, sch as Ronald Re ag an and Magae Thache managed o achiee ay sican pogess n his eain. Th us if h i s sengen ng o s e o ga nzao ns s veed n he hea of eeloped capialisms e hiso o e peiphe is compleely diffeen. In he inenaional eoganizaon of he m peali s sysem un de he ideologcal shed of neolibeal ism saes wee adicaly weakened ad he economs of (e peiphe wee subdued o become moe and moe open and amos wou any sae mediaion (0 he nlu of he gea ansnaona compies and o he polcies of e deeloped counies main he Uned Ses This pocess was in no way a naual one bu nsead was he esl of iniaives adoped a he cene of e empie he ovenmen of e Unied Saes in is oe as e accompanied by is oya guad dogs he I e Wold ank e ec and su ppo ed by he acve complciy of he counes of he G 7 This coaliion foced in man y ca ses b u lly he i ndebed coun es of h e hid Wo l d o ply he poces known as he 'Washingon onsensus and o an sfom he econom ies in accodance w he i nees of he domina n coa iio n and es pe cia ll y, of e p p h e Unied Sae These olcies fvoued h paccally unlmed peneaion of Aeican and Euopean copoae ineess ino e domesc maes of e souhe naos o h o e place i as necessa o dsmane e publc seco n hose counies pduce eal deconsucion of he sae and, wh he m of ge eai ng su l us fo he payen of h ese co u n ies oe g n deb o educe ublc epend ue o e m ni mu m sac cing n his way ial and imossible-o-pospone ependiue on h �al h hos ing and educa n. Sae wned c ompani es w ee s na ncial y dane an d he n sold a i diculo s pic es o he big co oi ons of he ce n l cou n es h e eby ceain g a space fo e m a mu m ee cse of 'p a e i n ia ive . espi e ha in
mn cases he buyes ee saeowned copanies fom he 7
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dstra le d cou tres. ot her p o c mpose d o tese c ou tes was he ulatera ope up of he ecoo facl a vaso of m poed oods p rodced othe cou tre s wh le the emplomet ates creased epoet It s peret to state th at whle he pe phe wa f orc ed t o ope u p omme r ally potectosm the Noh became more sophscated he d er elat o of mak ets especa y t he aca l oe wa s aot her of th e objec ve s of th e capta l s r evolut o t he 0 s. l l to eth er t hese pol ces had the es ut of d amt ca y weake e stt es of e pe phe w he f I l e aptast drea m of hav mark es ope at wo ut state eula to a s a esult of whch he stoest coporate colomeates actualy too cha e of re u la the market obvous the r o terests A s I sad be fore he se pol ce s wee o f ou tou s o ac c de ta l of the states creased scatly ve hat the dsmatl te ablty of mpealsm ad fore compaes ad atos to cotol ot oy the ecoomc lfe bt also the polcl fe of the coutres of the perphe Of course we d oth of ths Ere. Wht we do d stead ar e et erat ve passa es clam hat mpeast relatoshps have eded despte te fact hat the vsby hey have acued ece decades s so st that eve the least adcal sectors of our soee have o trouble reco them A cocree eample of e cose e ces of hs acu e wea e of the sate the captalsms of te perphe has e e st essed b y odu a h stora m Ouel Refer to hs cout the md0s, th ts weestblshed democratc re me Oue obseed he pa ce f the p esde al eco s th ho faud s ev decs ha e d as ae t ae s the e ec mla o d am th utr omad) afteas te
me a as mad ae o m edaely 0
aft n the ean ba n ua n e h a co o an d- h f of th ond an amd f o and t h esdn t of th Ru bc on a as n sx a c. vot, thn fo a xthcato ofc tes of decson cacty. h dts utos mted o an m s ad obt a n me an os_ u a 198: 50 Repace o nd uas w th amos a ny oth e an m ecan cou n d a sm a p ctue eme . Obv ou s t he p do nan t m t s ua o n n t hos ye as a sse d th e amd foc es a ve sca oe Fo the countes tha do ot fac a seous ta c s s ta t cna o oday fa s no th han ds of the easu and th M and the esdent ca n such a case move up the dcson add to the d o fouth un ut no uthe an tat Re dn t e p esd nt s an f un ct ons manan m se and obta n n can oa s n have not chan d h e A ent cs e s a s h n n eampe of t s. ontnun wt te pobJemaque of the state ou au to s do not se abe o dstnsh ben st fos and func tons and t tass of stats. he s no doubt that the fom of he captast stat has chaned n the ast uae of a cn nc the stat s not a thsca ntty bu a stoca ceatue connuay fomd and efomed b cass sts ts fo ms can hady b e ntptd as mm ane nt essnces oat n above the hstoca pocess onsuny th foms of he docatc state n th dvopd catast countes hav chaned ow hee has been a dmocatc deeneaton a poessve o ss of p oe fome y n th ha nd s o f con ess s a nd a am nt th own u naccounab y of ov ment s wc oes handn-hand t the ncesn concntaon of o w n t h han ds of ecutve s o fe at on of sc et aeas of decsonakn (see fo eam h abotd neotatons of the t acceatd appova of e A th cuent
e oato ns ben d co sd doo s to at t he e de Aea of 8
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Amrcas cl i nin g lv l s o govrnm na rs ons o ca ms an man s o cvi l soci a r asc r uc on o com ion among Ol ca a s bcaus o ncr as ng sm ari is bn maor[ oical as olong biasan Ar can mo yra nny o ma rk s in ac, o o goolis a co n rol m a vo vry a y a caur rmann anion o govmns l ublic vos o or r yars rla o aormcnon logcal rns oa r s O l ical aay an iniv ual is r raci on go ng romi nanc o bg og ool s n mass m a an cul ural n us an, la s ly an nc rasng rans r nc o rg o mk csons rom ouar sovr o am n israv n ol cal agn cs o r a roc ss a s s o n m rs ror rov ncs an in s cnr n n Amr can cas s mans a ou lar so vrg n [ as bn rv o almos all is arbus an a no sc cson on conomc or socal ma rs i ao n s coun r s ou rous consu lai on w , an r ov al o r v n a gn n W ash non . As can sc a si uai on k is canno bu conaic ssnc o mocrac orr n oular sovrg[ s ruc o mr a r. Boa vn u ra S ousa San os as am n ca ngs rnc by sas unr nobra goaaon an s anyss con a is by n o m ans an ov ra l crs s o sa l a on a rm na c ss o sa suc a su ggs b mO rm s s o glob aon scoas Sousa Sano 999 64 T obb san rr ss nco ns o sa njoy r gou r bo n r an n c n o sy sm I n or bcaus m l ma on o o ng ly rr ssv ol cs as bcom ncssa o ro u an n crang uj us an unqual caai organaon r numbrs o o an cu incras incssany In cn, on o r an bcaus is occu rs s ca n n
Sas a ican r o oon o i r so cal roblms a
82
i y canneng peope oad pon yem og aon alo occ, b acly, n oe cone i emad a oda y o n mbe of p one n A meca amon o a g ony pad by e popaon of e majo c of a con, N Yok, icago and Lo Angle ad a e oveemng majo of e convc ae black o ino_ A de Soa Sano cocy no n e oca apaed of conmpoa capim ae conine o pefom a ccal o: i e Hobbean Levaan n geo and magna neigboood gaanee e bn o ia ock an con c f o oe o na b e open b oneqenly, ae ppody on e ay o becoming enc accodng o e obcaed ion of ad and Neg, conine on i ay a a divded almo cizopnc o poo and ecldd a fac ae fo e c a democaic B e al of e naonae no maed only in e e i can alo b povd by e ole pa y i n v e a oe d c a p anaonal n caion libeizaon of e economy commca opnng p e dlaion of e nancal ye and e elaboaion of a n nionajdical ameok adeqa o e poecon by of pvae compane and e ne conomc modl npied e W a n on onen Wa n c e f ncion of po moi ng nonm ecan l e cang mong ci zen c onc de d a S ano bd_ 6 A E ll n Mei n Wo od 2000 6 de mon a e naon ae conine o be man agen of globaaion In e gobal mak e need a capal a fo i evn mo pononcd an befoe A cn analy o a in p oce of conom c c ng e na onal ae o f meo pOl a capal m a om being e v c m of gloa l zaion e main pooe ntenaiona pnon of e na ncal nd al and com m cia cpal of e n ed
Sa Eoean cone Japan So Koea Sngapo
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and Tawan wa no a moeonomi phenomenon bon nide h e omp an ie bu, nea , w a he podu o a poal ae dieed ipong he eaie poiion o hoe oune in e ngng ineaional eonomi ene n hi ae o u h a he US eau he M TI o apn e Eu open Comion and a goup o naonal ae agenie plye a enal oe (Wi 997: 23) Thi why Pee Dke one o he mo peou US g all o aenion o he amaz· i ng peiene of ae depie he g ea hange ha o ed in he wol eonoy an he one ha hey will o ue uie he globaiaion of e eonomy an he infomaion ehnolo eoluion ke 997 ) eem apppie o q uoe wha one o he majo ad oa e o US mpeiali ha wen on hee ue aiing he key ole playe d by e apii a e, an e epea y h e Ame an e in gobza on 'A h e oun ha bene m o f om globa eo nom neg ion we ha e he eponi b i o ma ng u e h hi new y e m i uin able . Suan ng globali a· i on i ou o ea h ing naonl i n ee a y homa F e ma n And he imp liaion of h fa ha l ob al iz on··US he N York Tmes oumni doe no fal o noe ha beae we ae he bigge beneiae and dve of obalizaon we e nwngl ping enomou peue on he e of he wold (edman 999 To m up he gobal make enghen ompeion be· ee n he an ooa ion ha om n ae e global eonomy . i n e hee ompni e ae ann io nal in he ea h an he ne o he oeaon whle poeing naonal bae i n ode o ueed n h ele ne a e hey eq ie he up po o he goenme o eep he omeia a n i ne Awa e o h he naiona ae o fe he ompa nie a menu o alea e whih i nlue he ollowin g he oneion o ie ubie o naoal ompnie he gani eu
opeaion o bank an ompaie pa n man ae hough
txes applied to woers and consumes he postion of scal auste polcs and sctul adust ment progam mes d ec ed towards guaranteeing eater prot rates for the companes the deauaton or appreciton of the loca cuency n order to faour som e fracton s of cap tal w hi le p lac ng h e bur de n of the cri on other sectors and socal goups; the dereation of marets the mplementaton of labour efoms inended o accentuate the sub mi sso n of worer s w eaken ing bo h t e r capac to negotate te wges and the abou unons; the enforcement of the nteatona mmobli of wokers while faclitang he nternaton mobilty of capal the uaanee of 'law and oder in societes that experence regressie soca pocesses of wealth and ncome reconcentration and mssie pocesses of pauperzao n t he c eat ion of a legal f amework cap able of rating f aou ble te s and oppou ni ties tha compa nes hae enjoyed in the cu ent phase; an d te es ab sh men t of a leg s lat on ht ' legalizes n the count es of the pe phe th e mperalst sucton of supus-alue and that allows for he gret pots of the tansnationa companes to be freey remtted to the r headuae rs Thse ar e some of te tass that the natona l states pe fom an d hat he globa log c of the mp re so eated n Hadt and Negri analysis can aantee ony through the st l n dis pensable medaton of the na onstt Me sn s Wood 2000 1 1 1 Tha t th e most pr om nent and i nl uentia membes of th ca p taJ s cass a re ac tely worng to d estro y such a usefu an d formd abe ns tument as h e ato st te c an be und erso od only by assumng that the captalist class s made up of idiot mus state right aw to clear up possble oubs hat the cpst ste s no only an istent of the bourgeoise but aso m � ny othe thn which do not peent t from also beng an nspenable nstrument n the p oc es s of captal accumula tion. n gh of ths E en ei sk ins W ood concl udes
x
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o mos cy oa l ae s a nd on e ohe hand o wde reg ona poicl ao es. Bu re gles o f s shape he sae w l be ccia and s ke ly ha f o a on g ie even e ol naonsae w connue o pa i domna roe ( Meisk n s ood 2 7
6 The so ystey o the utde
Obsessive denal o he ealies o he aionse eads ad an d Ne i o a pol ca dea d end e u e vi ew here ore, a pas sae rom Emp a ana lysed rom aohe pe speci ve n hap e 5 In ha chape said ha, oe he w h he ermin al css o e se ad ad Nei also obseed he decle o an y de pende space whe e evolu o cou ld ee e he ional polca eme o w he e so c sp ce c od be rnsomed usn he isumes o he sae pp 0 oseuey whou he oe poded by h space he a me o evolu io is e shed s is e ho w ca on e beak he ro cae o e empre? The aner oeed b he auhos is slence The wod evouo is meoed only ve o si mes n h e hc k vo me de analyss an d e s bec occup es a lo les s s pace an e en pa es assied o he s udy o popu ao mobi i o he eeve pa es de voed o a d scss ion o epu bl c s m. ow c such os y sil ece be u ders oo d Te vaue reeences o he mulude in he nl haper o Emp do o oe a ny c e as o how h is oppesve wor ld od e mc h more oppesive an e pre ced n o ne, sho ul d be eme mbe ed may some day b e asc ended T he poblem s no o ly ha he e eece s o h e mu l de ar e v ue ichael a d acknoled ed a ece ne vew ha ou book he coce p o mu l u de oks a a poe ic co cep rae a as a acual oe (ni 00 ad s h abo ha because uch a noon s sociooicaly speaki emp houh s ecessa o ecoie ha has a consideable poec orce whh makes eremel aacive We ae od a he mul ud e is h e oal i o he cea ve a d po dc iv su bjecivies
a exp ess o us ad deve lop p oi ive l hei o w cos ue pojecs ad a he wok owad e libeao o ivg labo ceag cosellaos of poweu siglaes p 61 us wh a soke o he pe social casses disappea fom he scee ad e disicio beee eploie ad exploied d bewee he wea ad he poweul evapoaes. ha s lef ae is shado opeaio s a amophous mass of ighl ceaive silaes a if exise would pu he hesis of e aeaig chaace of labou ad dal life i capalis socieies seious ouble. f we applied Had ad egs wok o e posaic eai of coempoa ai Ameca, we soud as k ouse lve s f h e pa a m es a d dea h squad s h a a e d iapas ad a good pa of eal Ameica sowig e o ad dea ae cuded i e muude; o h adoes who ogaie ad ace a ge pa of he pivae epeo exe ed o se couies a gai s peasa s ad abo gi a l com muies o he acia peclaos ad he bougeosie who suppo ed m il ia eme i e pas ad wo o da udemi e e lauishg democaces Does is caegoy iclude hose who i e ame of capi co o e cu l ual id us of La Ame a a h ei p leasue Do um l iaed ad exp loie d peasas backs Idias colos ad mesios fom pa of e muliude oo Ad wa abou e uba poleaa' suk i eclusio a d mi se e wo ke s ad he u empo ed e sigle mohes ad oveepoied ome he seual moiies e cde of he sees he paupeed eldel puic emploees ad he mpoveished midde classes? f he ae o i is caego whee ca s vas coglomeae be paced sociall? Ad he ideed shae ei place he muliude w e social age o f explo ai o ad ep es sio , wa sese s ee i u sg such a caego? is i h i descbes o sa oig of wa could elai? Epir does o offe a suc explaaios is s Had said i e iee meioed above a poec
cocep u poe is o alwas useful fo expaiig eali o 88
o hangg Somemes goo poe maes ba socoo an hs seems o be he case ee Leav ng asd e h ese sag eeabe obse a os he po ga mme popose fo he m ue s ep a ne n e na chape of e book he ombnaon of e basc peceps of he neobea heo of gobaaon a socoogay amohos concep sch as a of e mue es n a caosy efom s poca pogamme ad o make ngs wose no a ve es c one absac nenaoasm pemeaes an s es wha he a os ca c s eeme of a poca pogam fo he goba me a s poca eman go zhp p 400 e mpass n ogn) canno sagee s cm an o aspaon aeay popose by Kan an a Ma and ges ecoveed an eee hn e famewok of e enaonasm pocamed wh so mc gou n he Meo. ensh p has awa ys nvo e d a se of gs an p e ogav es as we as e q ng e ceao o f ae qua e can · nes of po ca pa cpao n ha o be e fecve and no so m s be ea ze n a eg ad ns uona fa me wo k sh s ece hso was pove by e naosae Woeve pe aks o f c ens h p spea s of powe eao ns ps o oce a nd e s e as h e basc aewok wh n w ch a j d ca oe s ea boa e an d su ppo e S nce cc o ng o a d an d he se faces a eesbe ece wn wha famewok s he emacpa ng an d pac pave poena o e c zesh p o be e azed Abs ac e nona s m' bee ves h a h e s ou on fo os of o pobems es n e mpo wemen of cv soce ad e cosco of a gob an cosmopon czeshp he pobem s a n s aogan absacon hs ea oasm ees o an absac and e easc noon of an neao cv s o g oba c ens hp an on e s on ha he od can be cange f he epes en a on of e ef an he popa mo veme - e us s ay fo a mome he m de
a e se nghene h n e a ge ansnaon a og an za ons 89
suc as h I ss ood vod
hogh h arg·
Emi o v cla abou hs s
howvr o wh a c of rasog ha rc year s has aq rd gra popua h a ks o h ff ors o f a wd ra g of a s ad xp cocd
to th or d
Ba d o raoa ac s os. Th prop os as ou spca h fawor of aol socts h gg of a process of dvoo o cv soy fcos h had propry approprad by h sat. Obvousy hs pocs a othr d o h co of h pvata os ad h dsag of h pblc cor ha aoal aca suos hav prood ovr as yars uch chags s o provd a souo o crss rggrd by h sas dsron o s sposbs h provso of pb lc wf ar pro v d g soca asss c, d cao , ha hcar ad so o rasf r ng o cv l soc h sk of da g w h hs ssus whJ c d a y p sg a baaced sca bdg ad, vuay aag sc o surps h sca acous od o fd h forg db If hs pocy of pow of c so cy s u as c a aoa v s tasfrc o h rnaoa l dps h cracs ap par s ow foudos Th so-calld goa cv socy fa fro b g b aed ro c ass ao ha a po s sbl h u paso of cs ghs aoa socs suffrs fo hs sa os v or ac rddld as s by ays cooc ad soca eqals ad by h opps vc f au r s scr d s s c r ors ad ls of oprao. f docracy ad csp hav povd o b sc lus ad pa cal y asp ab obcvs h cap ls s of h prp w hy shoul d w x pc o b obab l h v ss u favouab r a of h ra ona sy? he prc h ad ad g pay fo gorg hs s h r a of proposa cosr o a rlous xhor
ao ha o a rasc soca-docrac dad ccodg 90
0 t cpss shud nldge ht cptl s ceed by h e wke n d h erer ccep n pstde n [ ] the u dent de c ns tu tn pcpl tht nks ght nd lbr n d thus ew rd s h censh p th e w ke h ce tes cptl p. 400 The ulttudes enepn cnseuently seems run lng the llwg cuse I n st ent the mutude dens th ech stte ecge udelly he gns tht e necess t cptl n secn ment u st d nd cn t ve e veents hemse lve s p 400 Cnseueny u us cnclude he gnral gt crl wn ven ulud' uae deand fr glbal czehp p 400 ephss n gnl t s n use t sch the b r d scussn the ss hy r ge n uers u peple hv t em g rte despe tely sekng t be epted n th etpltn c ptss s nce he de st u ctn se es th slent ge nde pctsed n the perphe nd t e deter tn eve rm cv ed e und th e s ne be s e cpte bsen m te pges Epr. mry useless wld be the sech serus dscussn but the rch nd l mt ns th t mt n nd nmd c w y e uld hv e n (revlutn?) prect tht wud lw the multudes t tk e cntl th e r lves put tn g n end t the sl ve wged lbu nd nmll 'ee subct hughut e wld. Becue ths the eutn beween grtn/dsm nd lenevun cues lus chcestcs. The secn cpnnt the suppsdly ecptng p me th mutude n ts e t det the emp s the rght t scl wge nd nteed mnu ncme r evebdy Ts dend ges ne sep beynd the y wge pu tt g n end t t e un p d l bu wes wv es nd m y mbes h stnctn eecn pductve nd pductve bu des n te bpltc cntex th empre snce t s the multtude n ts ttl tht prduces nd eprduces e
c le Thus The dend cl wge extend t the 9
enre popltion the demand that ll act necessa fo the p od co of ca pi ta l be rec og n ze d w t h a eqal compeso sch that a ocal wage is reall a anteed ncome p 403) Oce a a e t e os wt h whc h ee bo d ca n agee t i t i s pee t to f omte so me qestos rst s not th s se cod componet of the emapat proamme extreme sma the ctzes wage that wh some esrctos t s te has bee coceded some of the most advaced dstrialzed democrces of the North? s t so dfferet from the moderate soci al democat re form sm n place n some of the Scan d aa contes especial Swede? t does not seem so stead t appeas t at s ol d b e th e deepeng of a te d go g back lmost half a cent wthot t est as see fom hee havig checkmated t he cptai sts or etral e d he exploitat e cha ac er of the bor eos relato h ip of p odcti o . tor s sch a s Samel owes ad erbe Gi nts for e ampl e thoro hl exa m ed dff erent tea tonl expeences wth what the call e th e cize wa e wt hot bei g ab e to i nf er f rom the r aa l ss a coclso that allows s to sppo the thess that n states n whch sch a wa ge h s been establ s hed t h eate or l esse rad cal sm the mltitde has be en emcpa ed o wl es an d Gts 98 96 . Secod ho wold the cap il st clas s respo nd o the mp lem eta t o of mea sre s ch as the a oreme oned hch de spte s l m aons has a eomo s dstrbtve c ost ? Wold the accept t wthot ferocos resstace? hs leads obosl to a dscsso tha postmoden thikes abho bt whch mposes isef wth th same naodbe powe as he n ve rsa l la w ofa We are l k g ith Mchiav el l a bot th e p oblemac of p ow er a d ho t i s obtaed ee ed a nd l ost The hrd poltcal emnd of the mltde is the ght to reappopato s ght that cots dvre deo rom lge, commicatio ad kowlede to mchnes ad from bopoltcs o te coscece Ths lst component s
partelarl problemac becse t 'deals drectl wth the co 92
sttu ent po e of he mu ti tude o r ea th the p od ut o f the eat e i m agn at ion of the mu t ud e tha t on es i ts o n onsituon p 06 On thi point hh oers as e no a ra toi in Negis thought suh as the onttent poe the auto inesant trae beeen the onsttion o he mu i tude as a oia t or and he e a de spae opens n hh to diuss to hat etent this poes an be interreted as e on re t of t eatie mag na tio n nd th e onst tuion o f the Unted States s it appears in a patuar ideaied fshon nd fo a moment na e nte p ret ed b the auho. This beomes edent hen for exampe th sa the potmodern mtde takes aa fom the US Conttton hat aoed t to beo me abo e and ag a nst a othe onstttions an i mper ontitton t notion of a bondess fonte of feeom and t e ni tion of a n open patiai t a nd tempo a eeb ated i n ontient poer (p 06 The are a fe itte probems ih ts ntepetaion t, he beief that the soaed potmodern mutitde kno the mean onstittion or omething ike it is debates and it eon ; n th e be t of a poss b e os t i is t i a rem ote po b . f u nde th e abe o f mu ti tde Ha d t and Neg nde the moe han o bon peope ho bae se on one o o doa a da and thot ae o potbe ate eeage stem eetr and teephones thot food or hosing, t s somhat ha d t o un de st and ho the manag e to i mbb e the ma eo us emanip at ng t e h ngs o f h e US o nst ton , on h onta, the athor ae eeng to the gaduat tdnt of Duke o Pas then he hane proe thogh not ea. t these a e mn o d e The seio sse i s th e r idea aon of the mea n ont t ut on Noa ho m has a ge d epeat ed that this doment o admed b the athor of a oneied to keep he abbe n ine and to peent them fom een b a den t or b mitake ha ng the ide a (et a one
th pata posb ) that he m ig ht nt t o e the detin
f h Uned Se even ven helve he Amecn nun decvely nd cnculy n·decc nd n i p pu l n ccd nce wh wh m m pn iinl ch iec epeed y decl ed me d n he n k f he cnun w h f n he upemcy f he pe nen in e e f he cun h e n e hn e ppey h h pnn fm ne f we pbby wen unnced by d nd Nei bu i fce ble u e ul edene he le h hey n he US cnu n epeclly hen we cnide h din wd wee pnunced n un h he me hd e p f e n i ed lve ecnmy nd h he ide f he nc p en cni n becmin becn f h e emn cp in f he mui ude f he dy m inly lv e pp en ly d d n e ne h huh e ve v d c n he h f ppe , dn hewdly dened plcl em h dcued p pul p cip n meh n h pe d y wh ve l u-u f elecn which n f eehin ee e held n win dy nd fened e pce f deciin m k n wh i e he ef med e nunl blnce w ul d nee h pwe uld em i n mly n h e hn d f he wh cnlled h e wel h f h e c u n . A C hm b e he e pnn d n in he c nu nl debe f hl del ph e le we kn wn h n he ep e e d in he f mu ederal Paps, bu hey my e me eveln f he e p he cnun hn he fml decln vced he enel publc n cincdence h he billn ln emk n cun hee he publhn ndu d ynmi c he m ecen ed n f e dee de fm 838 he Amecn peple w n pped kw bu he de hee enleen dcue n he cnvenn n 20 228 h he cn i u in f he Un ed e c u d dly be n nvn 0 vel h e nnie fne
f feedm he uh ney pcm nce dy
and des p te succesive re forms one of whi ch pr oh i bi ted te consu m pton of a lcoho li c bev era ges it preven s e Ame ca m u ude fr om di rectl eec g thei r pr esi den Ta ks to th e orms and procedures estalshed in his muchadmired constitution duri ng h e ast pre sident a e cion he candidat e who came s ec od n ter s of th e um be of votes ca s th e ci iz es hip could egal become presiden . Appa rentl t u hors had n o no e d he dgers urng itin te consiutonal e. Macolm u
23: 85 s sre rgh t we n he ases th at Al ough h a ld ire
vo Zic a "the ommuis anifesto for our me s more Jeffersoa tha as.'
oud add tt the ook is
u or Jeffesonian tan Marst Another serious problem e mer gg f rom h e is ue of th e rghts f ap ro p ria o is the f ol ow g Had d N egi stnd o sod grond hen he wrte The right to eappropriation is rst o all the ght to the reappropriation of te meas of prodcon ( p 40) Th e o socal sts ad com uni sts th e sa demaded that the proletariat shoud have free acess to he machnes and mateas eeded in te production pocess But sice one of the d i inc ve si gns of pos moder n t i s th e com ig of what Hardt and Nei ca he immaera ad bopocal poduc tio te conce e contets of he od e d the aour un ions deands have been ansfored Now he mulitude not onl uses machnes for producto ut ccording to the autors t al so ecome s cre as ngl aci nc its elf as th e mean s of p ro a n d bodi es of duction are ncreasing negraed into e minds te mtiud p
40) he conse quence o h s muati on s ta t
a geine eappropriation require free access and contro ove not onl machines and equpment ut also over oedge, in foraion c om mu icatio ns a nd a fecs bec aus e hese ar e some of te prima eans of biopolitical prodcton (
0 No
et us analse wo o ve rivial conenienes tha emege fom te preceng agument Fist o o te knowlege the
nforation, e communcaon an he affects elae to the 5
V
lssc mei mes of p oduc io d e mels t e st eu i ed o poduce mos of e goods ecess o susa f e o s pl et? O e e i te p es e ce of utoomi ed sege ts of e post ode b iopo l iticl poductio Ae tose seets o istumets ilble fo oe? Ae e ow lede te i omti o d e c om u ictio cpble of c cu ltig feel toug ll clsses socil stta d goups of te e pe ow c t e gowg moopo li st ic fetes c u i ed b te i fom io d mss c omu ictio du st es ll o e e o d be expied? Ad egdi ow led e w t c be sd bout ptets d e cuci l ssue of i tel lectul po pe gt s ew etod o pillge i te ds of te mi tstol copi es of te id u stilie d cout e s tt e loo et ie cot e ts wit te ctie suppo of t ei oe ets? Secod, do e e o ssume te owes d/o tose wo coo tese e d e cope d epese mes o p od cto wl pe ceu ll d get ied tei pope d its cotol towi oebod te bsis of tei wet d politicl doiio itsel W ould te ct i suc w u pecede ed i e i l le i sto of c ss st les? W ou ld te be le to do tis becuse ei es would becoe te de befoe te sii isio of te secostitued muitude i u bi l ow ds s i be i o? I f s is ot e c se wic ecomedtio would ou utos e egdig te uoidble itesictio of css stges d te politc epessio tt would sue follow s espose to te eci pti itiies of te multtud? e fou t d i esio o te po i icl pom e o e u ti tude is te o g itio of te u t itude s poli ticl subec s pss e u o i toduce e e e L wod p o efe o poe s eb cti us pss s w bod d wt i c do p. 40 I te postode societ te cosiu et powe o bou c be ep es e d te e l it igt of
c ties ip i te wol d o s t ig t to cou icte co stct 96
languag es n d conto h e co mm u n icai on neorks; a nd aso as a poliical powe, whic s o say 'as e consiuon o a socie in w hi ch h e basis o powe is de ned by h e expe sso n of h e needs o a (p. 4 0 Due o e lae Hard and Nei concue wih a su p isi ngly iu mp an one, e capaci o consu c places empoaliies, migaions and new bodes aleay ams s egemony ogh e acions o he uude agains Eie p 4 They wa hough, a a sma difcul s pesiss: he ony even a we ae sil awaiing is he conscion o ahe e i nsu gence of a powe oaniza io n p 4 Sens bly he e cognie ha h ey hae no mo de o oer egardi ng i s o anizaion bu he ae c onden ha h e m ul it ude o u h s pcical epe menaion w ll of e h e modes and deemi ne wen and how he possibe becomes ea p 4 Some cues, oee wee povded n an eaie chape whee we ead a 'he eal heoes o he libeaion of he hid old oday may eally ae been e emgans and e ows o popuaon ha a ve d eso yed od and new bo u ndaies Indee d h e pos c oon a heo is e one wo co n i nu al ly an sgesses eioa a nd aci al boundaies who desoys paicuariss and poins owad a comon civiliaion pp 2 This is an enigmaic saeen ecause i obliquely nduces us o hink s a e Thd Wold has aleady acheved is ibeaion second ha he ul· udes o he Thd old have also succeeded in hei emp o libeae heseves an amaing eveaon fo fou-hs o e wod populaon) hid ha he heo of such a gea deed s e an wo abandons his naie land o ene uope o e Un i ed S aes, n mos case s il legaly in seach of a bee i e The acemy of heo has coneed eiaion o evouion
97
7 Notes or sooy o revoltory thk in tes o eet
mpr concdes h a poltcal pogamme o te titde whose os oan feaes have been oned n e prev
os chpter Oce agan the fragl of he analss anges o deb nk boh he r ve go od n en ton and th er nobl e goal s Th e ap pend x at te end o he last ch apter s extaor d na l eoqen t, s ce t d isc e the sse of pol cal ac v m nd n shes h a hallcnator reeence to t Fncs. hs bref XCrs beg ve nel th the asseon hat toda's polcal actvst s n no wa sar to the sad ascetc agcn t o te hrd In en t onal who se so l was deep l pee ated b Sov et state easo n (p 4 1 O the contra toda s c vst s nspred b he mgc of te commnst and lberator coba an ts o t e wentethcen re vo l ons p. 4 1 2) a ong whom e st nlde those nteUectas wo were perseted and eled drng he asist ea te repblcans o he Spansh vl war the memes o the an-fass resstane, and thoe wo foght o freedo n he tcolonalt and ant-mpealst ar s. he m son o he po ltca ast has al as een, nd toda more ha n eve to o g nze an act and not to epr e en t t s pe el th e r onst t tv e at vt an d n ot t he r repr es en tatv e aivt hat hatees hem. lan toa s postve, const ve ad n nov tv e a v� M l tant s res st mp er al command n a reave wa' p. 13). h lnaton of ne o easonng neveeles does ot lead te rea to Che Geva or el Castr, no to eln Mdela Ho h Mnh, o Z edog or Den Bella, t t o S[ ran ss si. o dng o ad and eg, Fanis dennced te pove that as r ng e ttde o c and he adop d t a one o the
es o e beggg order ha he would laer oud discoverig ove o w r . h ou m i d es he d i co i io ud i ous h. Fra os o c a s ru v } yp s l di si o he orai o h sh ove d i h sued rer osd jous e iudg b ur i s is oo ro u he i r o e d o eoed hu geh as l of o r ad oo. 4 he os moder ord H ard ad eg r c o i ue w e d ouseves Fracss suao osg ga he mse of ower he oy o eg bd) he ouom s mislaced d dag erous a alo ca o y b e a ve ecul ia r u desad g o he meag of revouio i ou me a evoluo ha o o we r ll corol bec ause b o owe r ad com u sm ooe ra o ad revouio ema ogeher love sl ad also ioee. This s e eessble lghess ad oy o beg ommu is bid. o wh is ha H ad d e g su es ? Tha he mu ude wih he ere isired by he eame se by 5 rais shoud a y gele meodes o hei r v o s o ac he Le via· h s of eoibe ra go alz ao us as ras dd w h he wid mals i he oods? Or ha he ioe sogs o fe ug by he roduve uiude wl ove he mase of he world o he uwohess ad l ad he hy w gve u he r re ro ga v es w eal h a d rivile ge For h e sake of h we a oy hoe ha hese ew osmode com mu aivss il e soewha more suessful defeag aasm ha e rasa order ad ha he ouome o h a vism wl be oe oducv bo i er s o he eradi
o o o vr y ad o he ma a io of m kd h 99
c
obtained long ago by the prayes and sacces of 5 Fancs A caeful eadng of allows us to conlude hat he authos' goal of ds pla ng a soph sti cated an alysis o f the world ode end in fure How can we expan he bdness of hee [o communst academics o he inherently impeis nare of h e n te a ona J sse m? Th oughout t s book, I have mentoned some factos hat I feel need o be taen no acount in ode to expn the auhos' falure to aheve the goal: the exemely fomas and legalsc pont of depaure; he wea· ness of he nsents used o analyse poitical economy he lac of ve bas c ec on om c d aa the na ve acce pance of seve a neolberal and posmodern axioms he confusng hertge of strucuas and ts vsceal ejecon of the subjec and at but no le ast he unset ng ef fets o f a radca lly ak e n t he o of the sae Gven he formdabe nteecual cabre of Hardt and Neg especialy n he case of he lan ademc wth his stong expe ence in he elds of Mai st soca and po ca ph os oph y ho an we ex p n such dsa ppon tng resul s n an ousand ng pece of wo e Egleton povdes some hns tha mgh hep us sov e the puzzle In orde o ac li at compehenson of s agmen agleto nves us o magne the pact ha an ovehelng defea would ave on a adcl dssden moe ment assum ng ha t h s def ea seems o e ase f om th e u blc agenda he opics and poposas of the movemen no only for he eme of its membes bt pobably fo ever As me goes by, the movements centrl heses becoe more characterized b he relevanc han by ther fasenes e movemens op ponents no onge bohe to debate o refue them, bu nsead hey conemplae hese these wh a tange combnan of ndfeen cuios of the same e hat one can have towas the cosmo o of P olem y o t h s choastcs o f Tho mas Aqu na (Egleton 1997 17
Wha ae e pac ca l at ena ves ha hes e anag on s ts f ace
00
given e aoementioned poltic and deolocal ctaophe n hc a old o eemi ngly u nmovng d obj e ve ce n tie o deen ant t ucue of la o f moon an d efcen cue ha uddenly vanihed like moning og, gng place o a colouu gala o ocial fgmen, aadou conngence an d bef cumtance oe ede combination ave ed to the banupt not only of am but lo of he hole theoetcal het age of th e n g he nme n aget on aet t a o a po moden en ib ly he cent al a x dea e m oe ofen igoed tan fought gn: t no longe about e one, but ntead i about the ielevance e elin Wll a aleady fallen; he oe non uffeed a gignc i plo ion an f o mn y tod y i i blu ed memo cap tal i m mket an d be al democ acy e em to n eve he e ac co d ng o Fanc Fukyam te old o k i ng ca ha been a omze d by potfodm; the natontae eem o be undegoing a mey hdaal neeing ke ef n on of he tengh of global make e Waa ct been d o lve d in ebam en oial democce amelely embace neolbeaim; Cina on up to foei capita and become pa of te a n d the fome ocai camp dappea fom te intenaonal ena What houl d e d o Egeton popoe ome nteeing alenatie ha llumi nate not ony the oute pobbl aked by the auto but alo e ineaie coveed by man of toe o in te n meican contex of he 60 and 0 extolled the im m nence of he evoluon and aited it e m ead he aivl o the deive day We can nd on e one and thoe ho eie yncaly o inceey moved to te igh On the othe an d t ee e toe o a yed o n t he lef b ut ho did o th egation and notagia gven te ineoable diolution o ei deti ee ae ill oe ho ave cloed thei eye n deonal umplim, ecogzing in e eake ace
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obeak of evoion. Fina ee ae hoe who eep hei d impe alive b who have had o rede i o eon ohe an h e pol ia en ibid. . H d nd N eg nd emeve , w e ol d ar e, in he omple eld ha dene h fo h al enav e he have n o moved o he igh a gi Deba o (in Lain Ameia Mao Vga L0a hve done. No h ae e e ma ned n he deep a d pan peepo of he defea of a of idea in whh he il beleve no have he blindfolde hemeve b peending h nohin ha oed nd eah he pane fo in ha foea e re of he eolion her ade ha been he h ie open ng ea h ing eon i on . N eedle o a pr o e o f e ae wi h i h e n ev ab e k of invo n ar· epn a pemie ha n he long n an frae he eno va n p oe he de ha he s e m a lea for he m e being n beaabe' ibid . om here a ee of heoreial nd praia l oe q en emer ge h a ep a n be o ae nel eeed in he pomode agend n he one hnd an ao ob e ive n ee i n he exa m nion of he oal fom ha ow he marn o in he inee of he em; on h e ohe ha nd he eh o hoe o foe h a ea for no od o mmi ome o of rnge ion aan he em o old pro mo e oe pe of l med an d eph eme bve ion agan i. The eleb ion of he ma nl and he epheme al h e p ed e h mi no o nm o l i beaion bl n e ro plaed b a ve pea noi namel he bogeoiie while he mave and enral e non-marnal i demonied ha be ome p a of hi new poli al a nd l r a eo I f h e em appea o be no on nep ni ble a lo opp e e h e abandonmen of mode heoi ao n h h e Ma one eave no epe ohe han i pel imagn neion. n hi a e ohe he diffeen ae he ppoed n agoni of he eng ode d i peel oherne
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t in o so mehng m possb e o assi e a nd hee fore in o he ony (illuso) ernave o he syse. The outcome of a producon t is conssen wh s pon o depae the invincibili of the sysem is what Egeton cals lberian pessmism ibid.: 9) esss becse he sy st em peen s self as omn ipoen d ov e b eari ng ; l i beta n ec aus e t allo ws u to deam abou u i ple subv erso ns and the overcomng o he system whout mplyng e dentcaon of esh and bood gens capabe of urnng those dreams no rea The ystem is ehee and ancels he disncion beeen nsde ad ·otside whaever s insde s par of s machine and s herefore an accomplce whaeve is outside s uable o defeat t. Ths s he mai source of the radca pesis ht permeates his ine o though egrdless o is proclaimed revoluona intenjons. ag leton s w ok s e raor di na y sug ge stive and i en a the same ie tha d and Ne w er e workng on he wring of Epr i an ci pae s ost n d ing shapnes s soe of he gener al f ea res p re sen in tha heor iao ike e s se m he empire s o mn iprese n and a ho g h e ahor s by no means as se ha he emp e s nv nc be, he on c used n he r a gu en cminates wh a pessmistc remrk that srongly esembles cpulaion Throghout he book the conseative orces of order ae inntely moe poerul and eecive than those al legedly calld upon o desroy he empre gains he powers of the bomb he oney language ad mages there arises a hrd Word 'hero who nsead o embracng rcoon selecs emigaon. Moreover he empie reognizes no osde and sde we a e all nsde nd ev en ho g h t hs s o e pci l y menoned we ae a sbeced o ts b modes and s oppr esson The one t hing a ca n break i own is he n ore se e be a on of he ideazed ohe he ltide, make as i s by an in n e combn aton of ne hausibe sng u l a r ies e
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fog of discoss dob dscorss nd vos mchnsms fc vly concd g y fcs nd d ss pd h mos sonb dob h onmn ws possbl hns o h wo of bo pblc sn s nd go od h d nllc s Thn of sddn gdy mgd rnd 1968: v. sn' pobl hn h rd nd hv bcom vcms of [h w y n whi ch n lc p odc ion is nd n by hos wo v d n g drk g s hr s no w y or s o kn ow n ny vn gon h pro\dd s w h som c s h w h p s d rnd h ds fcd by ·w ng in c s ing o pln mos bomnb sps of or m drson dds som oh s mh v smoohy h hos sg gsd by Egon Ths Mism o df hs pdoy rvsd h jo o Ms o n dvopmn ndrson 976: 2). f fondr of hsor mrsm d from phosohy o pos nd from poiics o poic onomy h Wsrn Ms rdon rrsd hs ph nd c srhd f or p o hd bo h f rom vo o n df h hnds of fssm nd fom h fsron ing fom s r mph ' nd on sodon in U R n h mos bsrus rs of phoophy Th ph of h yong M rom phosophy o pois ws bsd on h onvon h r di chr r of so c r sm rrs f or s o go o dp v of nysis hn h of h bsrc m nd h n ord o ndr sn d m n i n on w nd o dv in o h nomy of h v soc oron o 302) In wkng bcw rds n M 's s ps i nsd of go ng forwds ph osoph c nd ps m oog hogh hv on g n b n p h nr of sn ovrshdown g h po l oomc nd hi so worr s of h fon dr T h i s ro in on ow ds h phosoph nd h mphysc cy d n Eie, gos h nd · n hn d h son d f r rco d y n son s o of h d s n v mks of Ws M s in h po d
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h s br d o M s m w chrc d by s soc g g d s ccssby o yo o rdy mmrsd d h xcss bov d byod h css vb com plxy ws sg o s dvorc rom y poplr prcc Ths cocpl proro bcoms ms som ympoms h r lo ppr Hrd d Ngrs work h lgg cssly dcl h syx s ms mprb d h s dss s o o logs ms h o y corb s o mo hc wok lly h s o ls m h ch r rs hs h oc ss o : o h ck o mg sm h xsc o clss-bsd soc movm c pr od h M s rd o hs d mor d mor ow rd s h compo borgos c A Adrso sss h or g rl osh p b w s h o d pro pcc s sy b rm sbsd by w rloshp b Mrs ho d bogos ho bd ) h r h s o h s ss o c b co m d r h ly s by kg ook h s o hos dscsd by Hd d N gr v w o hom h v h d y so o p c p o y o h bg ghs ld by h csss d h popr scors o socy h ls y ys. w h ook plc rcly M chl rd o rd som g cls r g rdg r s or h o sh g h o l v o o h b om pp hr ogho p g h w h ob s d h M xs m vol o hogh cogd h socs o spo r phlosophy sh polcl coomy d ch polcs No d . h o os hv c hg d d rvol o ogh dd by ch phlosophy oh Amr co oc scc d Il pos Hrd 001 Hrd s rgh s og h s r g o h or o h dd h s o w work d o o h socs h spr volo hogh c bo ch ph oso phy d h coom h o s h
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pa y a r edomia t ro le pre O course, othg allows us to ass ume t hat these ew h eore tic aeues wl l ei the r rep ese t a tep o ad s tes o m pro ig a d deelopg a heo o captalsms ipeialst sage or, ee less ha th ill cor bt e to he el aborato o a gud e or atio hat will i lu mi ate or u s te pa h hat he so a orc es o ts oma io a d ch age hold oow o to Hegelia daeccs with ts epha ss o the hsor ad rasior character o a stutios ad soal pactces ad he cotradto harace o socal exstece coempora poest sees to pdate its theoreal aseal sch relabe surces as stcasm ad post· sralsm semolo aca psyhoaalysis d a whole see s o phil oopha crres chaeri ed by hei ad hece to p smoder m O the othe r h d i s m poss be to i ew the cowdig·o o poia eoomy d ts epaemet by orth ria eoomi see wh ose arro wess psedo mahematic omalim ad speal ae today esay reoged as a step oads towr ds a beer u de rst a di g o he eoomc eltes o o me o sggest ha e dsplae met o gures o he staue o Adam Smh or Dad Ricado by p yges s as Mi lto r ed ma or Ru dger D orbush a be a eouagg s the osetio a les lie o thoug ht s to sa y he ls t, a m oume al msa e stly to sa y hat the tala potial sysem oee home to the arest om m u is pa i he e te he sphere a d o wa da s goeed by a epse eaure Slo erluso is a reeed soe o praio tha ca be ompared to eteehe re, "h ts gea popular pisgs d the wodel expeee o the ars mue the rst go emet o th e orig ass i wor l h to deostrates e aly he et e o hs mtae hat coul d he isas os oseq ee s or both petie a pol i is as wel l as th o ma o th eo Stll tag o cout the aoemeoed cosideaios
] ao rera o as w t was pobe or Atio
egr, who hs ien sme of he mos impon books nd les hin he Ms rdiin over he ls uer of ce n o e bok i n wh ic h pp e rs s if he hs forgen eveh ng h e hd prevou sy h oug h her e s no doub h egi hs been one of e mos mpn s h eo riss Born n du y n 933 he grdued in h i losoph y fro h s n l c's unversiy nd n he 1960s ws ppoined Prfessor f heo of he Se n he Pcl Science depmen n Pdu A e se i e hs prcc nvo v een in in po li cl l ife u rned h i no one o f he eders of he Po e re Opcri n d ne f he mos ous n i ng g r es f e ln le ve ccl f e p l i cl nd er e icl lne f se red y he I l in Cm nis r y P. n 99 eg ws r rese d nd sen prison f er fuy eg process H ws ccsed beng he nellecu enor f e es ins of he ed Bigdes incdng e ssssnn f ln e nser Ado oro n 983 he In dicl Py mdee cobinn f lierls nd socl deoc r cy sp sore d h s cn dd cy o rli en n order o pr essu re he I l i n gve rnen no re vng he eg l senence Ae r be n g eece d embe r of prli men by populr voe primen muniy wed hm ge ou of pson holy er he ng p y wi h mr y in pr men wih he nfous compcy of PI MPs in scndls pi c re vo ke d hs mu ni y nd s n y her n fsc ss h d d ne ef ore Neg dep ed for eile n rnce he l e dy en rey c up in dc syse d ec ed Neg i re be n d he ws cndemned o hy yers n prson ccused of med ns uecon g n s he e wih n dd i onl s enence o f fur nd hf yes becue f his mol esponsy for vioen cnfno beeen e polce sdens nd wrkers h o ok pce n i l n be ee n 97 3 nd 977 I A 5ub le anysis or Ng · c d pot jeeO o
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senl ce but cptlt estuctu fte the et de· p es sn Kne s nd the Cpi l st te f te Stte nlly p l shed n t y nd l te ns l ted n t sev e l l n e s n d epinted bo of Donyus, bk t t ei wte yes t e wth M ice d e em ne d F ce f u te en y es eeen 198 n d 997 n�s ttend's venmnts p tec n ws decs v e i n tems f dissd n he t i n se c et sece fm ts n ntentin f kdnppn e Dun cle mle hs yes n Fnce ei tuht t the fmus S pe e nd t the U nves y f P s n d tete w th t he d st nu shed ench clle ues he f u nded n ew the et cl mne I ur A ntrer t s bvus th dn hs s n nce ei seved his inteest in Gemn phisph nd ced et fmity wth Fench phisphic debte mked by h pesence f neecls sch s Ls lthsse n Bd tenne Blb en dld Glles Deleue cques Ded Mcel uct G cqes Lcn enFn�se Lyd cques Rnce nd mny tes s sty n Fnc e w ped f n tense theetc l pductn nd p fnd nteectu l nd t sm e et ent pt ic e ent t n mn he mst mpnt bks pbshed dn tht ped t wh mentinin es novex espes de lber, n c b tn t Fl Gtt <8 ; Fbbrhe del soeto 1 97 ) he Polts ofSbvrsion 1 989) otere onstue nte 1 992); nd Lbor of Donyus: A Crtque of the to cthed t chel dt 99 n 997 fte the scndlu pse f
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p oed ues, an d he log i ha es ed n h al leg ed y dead phase o peal s Had and Ne g see no o have ealzed ha he sae aos ae he sae he lage ansnaonal opanes u h a naona ase on one hand and he govenens of n dusale d onies on h ohe hand; ha he desv e n s uons a e si hose ha haa eed e pe als phase e a is no n shed suh as he he Wod Ban h e a nd ohe s la o anza ons and ha he le s o he g ae o h inenaona syse a si he ones diaed ainly y he ned Ses and gloal neoleas and h e posed y o dung he la o he neoleal ouneevoo ough e 980 and he e i nn ng of e 990 ven ei de gn puose and fu nons hese ules do noh n hu on n u ousl y epo de an pep euae he old pe ial s s uu e n a ne gi se . We would u h los e o h e uh , paaph as ng Lenn e say ha he epe s he supeo sge o pea and nohng else s funong og s he sae and so ae e ideoo h a js es s sen e he aos ha ake s dy as and he u na esul s ha eveal he pess ene o e aos o oppe sson nd epoaon n as an aly ses he onadions n he developen o ougeos soe y ould lea o s own des on T h e o o soal de el ope n w s pesde ove lass suges and onaiions eeen he oes o podon a nd he soal el ai ons o po d u on The pole h Ha and Nes analses s ha he ew gloa ogi o u e ha a l le ge y p a s n e ep a s a ned he a ho s las an y s al o hee o ad ons he onl onadon ha s pesen s ha o e poenal hea posd y he ude i eve andoned he eha For n rti g alysis of h e s cm g e ' ss p a :m ad ha g s d by as w s sm, Pa ad G d ad ge ;1
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hto he oo wa phe 2 t rea to - o ee th w a ot the tet o o the h o e em to have ee o mae a tte t more paatae the rea gy atroo a eae featre of the mperam of the e of the etry. roay otg o hae ee more ove e t for th e mer t powe r g e ot wtot f r t o a o tr a o y e U te tate tha th repr ee t t o of the mpeat orer meamorphoe to a phatamagor ytem wthot ete oator a eeare a a ov e a pre the mo t ee vate ega oo of Kt a eage t hat o y the ee me of re e om a t e w o are to tze Wh e t he a ho were gvg th e at to h to t he r metapha empe the mpeat were eger to ah the ooma a wth t eae goa of tzg the poa a mta tto that o a of otrog g traf the area whoe f are arefy aere a have th rog hot h e rego that ve tha to Wah gto gee Ao her of he a forem oe proet oe t ve the e h me t of a ra teg e t e hea t o f ot h Amera a a me a to mo t o the ava e o the popar mov eme t az a o t wh h y hae the home of o of the mo t m po t pop a o rga a to o the we er wor he a the T Aother motat mpeat tatve the ea aama a tee to o ve te appre om m ae aorg to rt a eg ot Chapa a a to to et p e hm et th arg et ea ree o r of reh waer oe r to pove ot her a fora wth th at vt a q o eo ve r t wa mpera m ht he hm a r a t ee t o e om er Ygoav a t o ty aotg e he otrto of eror o to ftate the rp form egrato of the Lat Amera eoome o Ame hegeoy throgh te ee rae Area of the Aera a t wo w t ho t e g to e re the oa orto of ome
reoa govermet h a thoe of Ageta ota a 1
a Uay, mog ato o Ca o aege hma gh oato a to ma e t a y a eot t e o t a o oty tow me mem. othe ate t m e t to o t a e ey we t ey omm t geoe agat the Kh moty thot ea a to o m a ato y I oe a aga t Eat mo a y the t ae go vemet o e h o ag t te et a e yea e e th e em e a ege y th e am e o ve a aw va e aama k g ho a o o et v a wth th e goa o at g ee t oe ga a ome oa oa to o the CA a the D a o we y Wah o t ae moe tha 00 eath t oeve agat he ata govemet aag a; a te t he W he eoo e meam wa aga tve ootg the a ova o th t te a geemet o I v emet oe to eg ze t he ty a y o maket eea y th e h W o a t me tog e o t to e e t hat the I F a t he Wo a w o o t e a e to tho e ot e tha ot a et the ot o ae moe the m et te t oa aa ttto I th way a eet oa to Eao e ao a he a oy eqemet o th te amo g the a ve a o ea o e g a e to e moe th o he otoate wee eoe eve oa to aha a a a o whh we e oete to oo ate th e ee e o ma ket oe h e eo omy O t e othe ha meam ha ee otaty og eoo oe tha eveey ee the eoo oveegty o ote he ehe mh the kehoo o eg ae to eve e eooe ooate the emoae a e o t v e y to t e o ato eetato o atea a ta oe tgt 20_ Leo ath th ega to t h e t h a t a eo t y th e Wo a k emot te
hat o the me ye whh the wa aoe tee wee \
les s mny s 1 1 chnes in the eutions ht oven ec oen nvesments n 76 contes nd 89% o he e vobe to oe cp nich 000 6_ Menhe Pbo Gonez Csnov hs deeoed methodoo o the sdy o he spus neences om he Thd Wold ods eooitn cptism. n he entythee yes om 97 o 5 the vo me o th ose tns es hoo ve ed u by the em es inn t cs e e ch ed the stonshi n mou nt o$ 4. t ll on; the ccutions mde usi ths sme metodooy ecusiYe Ltin Ameic by Seenndez nd Nes sho tht he e susses e on do heshod d in o deces o loblizin neoIibeism gniude th s equ o combned G Ds o e conies in ti n Ameic nd the ibben in 997 Gonez snov 1998 e Fenndez et . 0 0 10 5 1 I n o d i meis oesson c on n es o e st h e os ol o dic schos pocim� tht the e o impeiism
concuded nd e ts th e e o St F ncis s te p d im te enovted militncy inst the sece o n emie tht mossibe o seie dene o nd nd hence ossbe to et. Tht hich i openy ecognzed b chos o imeii such s ezn sk nd nt inon mcly dsppes m the dic cic vson o he emie enhe pomely 0 eople de ech dy n the pehe due hune mnition nd cube dseses becuse o the i nte pe d cont in i o he e cto ns o this smoot h sp ce oss hich subjeivties ide' hich the utos cl empe nonmpeil eme h d e dy oduces sen oodb th th he bo eois med i e pn s to conce\ The se ople die ithou ecevn he most eement medic ce. Ech ye ount o he sze o Spin Aenn o Coob i e d o the ce o the e th i n the ne o the depicbe e int ention economc ode n ode th e e o
eeve in Hdt nd Ne hs cesed o be impeilist. 1
Hrd nd Negri stbbornn in defending er istn concptions h bcoe sronger since th rs pbicion of thir boo In n intew th M Dq gi nssed on his vew ht the pi cs ny ntion bs nd tht is he pssion of he inernion order crted by coec v cp onc eerged victoro fro h ong cv wr wged g ns h worrs roghot t he en h cn onr to wht he st s ppor ters o f n on s ss n the pir is not Nort J ericn; in dd on th rog ho he hs o of the nted es tey hve been ch ss iprs hn he itish he renh te Rssns or h tch' (eg 001 ) Accordng to Ng th prs benecs r cny eric n cpiss b so their Erope n conerps h os gt who bit her fones wihin th Rsin nd the wethy in the Ab wod si Aric or n Aic w h o snd thr chidrn o Hrrd nd heir ony o W ree ery in ts psdotoi of the epre nd in is nrbe pnss not ony is thee no thoretic spce in wich to ditigish btween epoitrs nd pitd bt so th is no roo to o nc ive th doi nnt oi tion s n yth ing dffren fro n ndffrentted gng of cpiists I n this w nd dering fro thi nc strii coective cp it prodcs rce of ontoing the ord conoy (he rder shod b ndd th ony 00 rsntion eg coporions 9 per cn of which hv thr hders in st eigh contrs hve cobind vo of ss h i highr hn h G D P of h e conre s n h e g ob e ec ep t h n n g s on s who src res o gn t ions ns ions hrrchs gents rs or nors n ddion if ny con
l i com of Eo q o Asrl'S G haI o Fod ml o m rk GOP; h o Bsh Dch ol ompy hl lmo ! dobl h G of o o h r gs o c 2 We add: the anu
wol. V zl l Mo s d ovho x d h com ld Z Hl Rs 22: -5).
�
-
ok pae wh t suh a on woud be merey aena o rumsnia and woud be esy soved by appea o he oodw o he pare o e ed. l o a su dde n e wod orde reaed by orh Amean he emo ny d u n he post wa r er dsappers in ot o ou eyes an he maes o he Russan aa seem o have he me weht an reevane as th e r o h Ame an oue r s Th e mai n s ios wih model he te ao a i mpe a s o de e he W o d Bnk he O ATO the OEC ad other sa nsuon seem o bea o m or ea ion o Wah o ha they do to Osama Bn de s am i or o an y ohe r Arab aae hoh he orani neeuas o e empre nss o haraen he s an oma pat of e o h Ameran overnme n his ph asma o ri ew o he e mpire, he odi o ie o t h e neaoal aa isutons woud be date by a Aab m io a e a oru ue se bae a Ja panee wh ae a Lain Amea oi arh ad o ouse a Amean bus nessma he sme way he errat moement o he nted aons are e res u o h beee h e ao em en io ned s ubj ees s ot nees s t o be an tea oa rel ons ee o demost a te he asehood o ths armn. Reet eves Venezuela e 2 dssipa ae oup dea ains uo Chve Apr ay doubt rardn he perssen oppressve peee o im pr sm A ou th a h e C A ha d bee prpari n or mor e an a yea a d wh h wa s b essed a s o ar oa ne lose o s e supdi hours ate s oure by h presdetia soes ma at e Wh e ous e vo a h O n a o o Ameia n es esoos h Wahnon hd promoted whe t had bee oveen o t o do s o and whh m me di ae y had h di sed oaboato o the F h surpsny and whou body havin o a or oered s he to h ew overnme a a me wh i ha been eoed oly by e e s ad s u oea ooa Jos Ana h situ
ato o havn been rsolvd Ths ehavour by he F
p oes once ai h hi s u ae o iao s n e a a i o depae side th e Wh te os e hs ecod copete nadaes egs statee ade dug a ece ineew whch he epaded o the issues deeoped in : We thnk hat thee s no cenaon pce hn the epie nd h is ecessa to spea o a opace We e n cig t Wshigo s no po n Washngon s e bob ew Yo has he doa os ngees has the anage and he eans o conicao bic o u he coen
1
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•
' 1
'
Eplu
Fame ad ceeb have aey goe had-had wth ctca thkg The hsto of poltca phosophy eaches us that advesaa sps have usuay bee pesecuted ad sleced b the domt casses I mos cases ts has bee acheved by meas of moe o ess butal oeco Atoo Neg has bee fo almost t h ty yeas a vct m o ths methodolo: hs m l Itala soca stugges as wel as hs scat cobutos to both poc a theo ad poltca ph os oph y wo eds as o maked by the u ps ad dows of c ass stugge s b ough do w o hm the fu of the taa boueose ad ts potca ep esetatves ad aso bought pesecuto caceato ad exe O othe less equet occasos those who cotest the exstg soca ode ae faced oly wth the dffeece of the poweful hs occus whe the dom a t goups d temselv es such a afe posto ad ae so codet of te stablt of the o supemacy that they alow themselves the uxu
of
pacsg te a of toeace Needess to say ths execse s pac s ed oy o cod to hat h e d ssdet vo ces ca be hea d o y by a smal cce o f hames s foowe s who ack ay oac k wth cvl soce ad wo fo hat easo ae capabe of becomg a seous eat to
the d omat casses. Gve ts how ca we epa the 'umted pase that accodg 10 Jo h Be lamy os e was heap ed o w o e ftst schoa s amely Mchael Hadt ad Atoo Neg some of e most select ellecua bastos of te bogeose such as the N or ms m magze ad the sr o Lodo to whch coud add a ewspape ked to te most eacoa fa·os of Agete captasm a Na (Bellamy Foste 00 cocud g t s e ama o the a e se ems to be ce a
the vourable recepton ven by te esablishments mandarins to Ep shows that they read the book careuy, that te cor recy understood its most proound message, and hat te ac curatey concuded at ere was noting wthin the book at could be considered ncompa
tble with he dom nant deo o o r
wth the s e-i mage tha t te po wer ul ike to ei bt t houg h the meap hysic al radcal sm o ts n aa ve and t abstse all us ons to the contradctions o capitism dd not cease o ate e mos t nolerant and narr owmi nded n teectuas o he empire the m ain argu m ent sho ws a suprisng and wecome sm ia t to t h e man thesis a the ideoogsts o 'gobaizaon ave been promoting around e word since the 1980s namey that e naton-st te s practica y dead a t a g ob ogc ru e s the word, and ha deing this abominabe structre, whose concrete benecaries as well as ts vctims and oppressed are ost n the shdows, there is a n and amorphous entt he mutitude, no onger e peop le, et alon e th e worer s or the petaat Re gardess o he repeated nvoc a tio ns to com mu ni sm nd the g ood socie at make the impea energmens shiver
Empi eaves
the reader without aers as to why e men and women o the em pi re shoud rebe , ag ai nst who m, and how to cr eate a nw e o socie lthough Ep oy crcizes capitasm as an inhu man , o ppressive eploitativ e a nd un ar mod e o producton it vanishes n the ansucent air o postmoderni . t becomes, in a maner o spe ai ng, nvsibe just l e mercan im peia sm , and in his way both are naturalized Hunger, povey death wars diseases and the whoe cataoe o human mseries that were obsee houghout the wentie centu are rheorical ransormed in du and amost impenetrabe phraseo that, o the man est int ent ons o its cre ato rs, hdes the most n spe , despicabe eatures o neoiberal gobalizaon and o conempora ap a sm F o r e reasons dispayed hroughout my book nd h gh y
unikey that the antiimpeaist ghters o the word w nd
I
J
n Empi any reas and persuasve amen o llminate e pa o o elp hem undesnd wa s appenng n e wod. Moe key, a 'counse of suende woud be e messae of a manfeso on beaf of goba capa s aso, ke o no, e message of cae Had and Aono Nes
Emp
(esns Wood 203: 63) Gven mskes and confsons s easy o undesnd why e book was accmed as a e eveaon by some of e wods mo mpoan mass meda ghy assocaed w he mpeas scue a oveems us In ny case s gd o now a as anna Aend e mnded us even n e dares ng we s ave e g o wa fo some umnaon ad a s w pobaby come no m a cooufu concepua and eoeca appaaus bu fom e sml gs a w emanae om e naves ha men and women adop n ode o pu an end
n as wods
s panfu nd babaan pe-so of uman nay o ener a supeo sge of czaon Aend 1968
wan o
beve, gong back o ad and Negs wok a e mskes a we have dened n Emp w be eced n a new sudy undeken by ese auos n es case am ncned o nk a e msaes deeced n s bk could be due o dsoons pouced by a ong exe even f s n Pas; o e ac of ab y o ave aou nd e w o d and o conm w s own eyes, e snse eaes of mpeasm and nay o e aeed neecal Pasan amospee wose povncasm and spl end d selfefeence w ee e peaed y unde ned b y noab le Fe nc neecas suc as Jeanau Sae o ohes esdng n ce ke cs Pouanas Nes conbons o e d veopmen of socal and pocal as eo do no desee suc a dsapponng endng ope wh all my hea have n e so em, e sa sf acon of commen ng, n compleey dfeen es on a nw book n wc Nes eaodna en mees gan w s o so
4
Bbogaph
hmad, A. 204 ' Imriasm of Or m n L Pan ch and C ys ds Soiast Reger (ondon Merln Prss. bac G zz E omunsmo al da, n Radar, suplment Pnal12 ( Benos res 3 Mac h min S 1 974 Accumaon on a Word Scae(New York: Mon hly R Pss). - ( 99 Empre o/Chaos (New Yok Monhy Re Pess (997 Capasm n the ge o/Gobazon (ondon and New Jersey Zd B) 0 EI hemonmo d os Esado Undos y e Deneme de Proyeto uopeoMadd E Vejo Topo. Andeson, P ( 976) Coneraons on Wee Mam (London Nw Bks) - 24 Th e Ro e of deas in h Constcton o f te aves n A A. Boon (d. N wordde Hegemony Aeae/oChnge and Soa Movemen (Bueno res CCSO. Arend H 968 Men n Dak Te Sa De go CA rou B e) Aighi G 995 The Long eneh Ce nt Lond on Vero. Baashnan G (ed) z03 Debang Empre (n don Veso) Baow, M 998 Creng Corraism e Cual nston s n eopard y, The Buen Toonto, 5 Belamy Foser, J. Z mpeam and "Empie Monhy R 3 (7 Deebe. 22 T he Reds oe of mper sm, Month Rv 54 6 ovm. Boron, A. A. (995 Sae Capasm and Democracy n Ln meca Boulde CO Lynn Renner
997 ado Capasmo y Demoraa en Amca na (Bunos Aes: EUDBBC 2a) ed) Fosoa Poca Modea B enos Ai es C ACSO 2 b) Tras e ho de Mne. Mecadoonra democraa en aptmo defn de igo(Buenos Aie ondo de Cu Econmia 01 8 no o den m a y c6mo d smon tr o n J Seo ane and E. dde eds) Ressena Mndiaes. De Seae a Poro ee Buenos LCO
.
.1
2 1 L a seva a polis n eo nes en or no a a o a ol a del paiso Chapas Meo) 12 - (2 02 ) Tras e l Bo de Minea Mercado ntra democracia en el capiasmo de n de siglo Buenos i rs CLCSO. Boron, ., . ambin a nd N. M i ns bu r d s 1 ) Tempos V en/os eoiberalismo, goazai desialdad e mrica aina B un s i res CCS OE UD Bowles S and H i n is ( 1 982) Th Cisis of Li bal Demo a i Capi lism T Cas e of Un i d s , Poics and Soe I ) p· - 86 emocrac an d aptalism: Proper C o u ni and he Conradcions ojMode oa ThoughN Yor Bs Books. Beinski Z 18) E Gan Tabero Mundia a superordad no� amecana y os imperatios geesaosB enos i es Pds Bul M 003) ou Can Buid a New Soe w a Snley Knie' n . Bakishnan ed) eba ng Epre Lond on Verso ) pp 836 al in ios 00 3) Ton i e in Pspeive n lashnan ed. ebatng mpire London Veso pp. 1213 Can . 2002) P equo saamon es, Rar sueen, gna Bueno s r es 3 1 Ma rh ardoso O 003) gn na no sabe qu haer on s burs{a ineiw wih Ton Ne Zona suplemen o Clar" newsape Be nos res 6 Oober Comsy 993) Year The Conqes Conines Boson Souh nd Press) - ) World Orders Old ad ewndon Puo Press) 1 98 Noa m Chom s ha ba e Amra Lain a Bunos rs Edioal 2a de r n esnrio oba ew Le ReviMadrid, Spa ns edn, Jnua pp 232 6 - U na en rs on oam Chomsk in . Boron Tras e o de Minea. Mercado contra denocracia en el capialmo den de sigloBuenos res Fondo de Culra Eonmia) - ( 2 I error como polica exteor e los sados VnosBuenos res L bros de Zoa) - 3 a Hegemony o r ial A mera' s Que Jor Globa omn ane ew York Mropoan Books - 2 b Di emmas of Domi naion n Boron d, Ne orlwide Hegemony Al eivesJor Clnge an ocial Movemen s Bunos ir CCO. Co R 1 86 So ores, S es and World Ordes Beyond
neaona Relaions heo, n . O Keoane Crcs N Yo k Coum bi a U nives i Pres s 26
Neoreaism and its
9 8 7 ) Podcn Pe, and Wd Ode. Sca Foce in e ang ofHo(Ne Yo ouma Unvey e Cuev, A 986) ' democaca en Lan �Nova de ca smo 0 concubna del meali smo? Edio anoamecao Vo I Ju /Decembe (Mec o) E FS U A M 954 Dh, R A 1995) Pefce Econom Demca B erkel nd Los Ange es U n very o Clf on i Pres s de Sousa Sanos B (1999) Reinena a Demoacia Reinena e Eado (Madd dcones Sequu). de ocquevile A 1 969 emoca n Ameica (Gaden Ciy Y: Anco Books) Dce P F 1 99) Te loa conom and the Non Stae' Foei Aa76 (5) Setem eOc tobe 597 1 . DaePon 4) An Intei Aono Ne' Paan Odinaie 7jly Eageon T 1 99) hee Do smodeis s ome m " i n Mesin Wood n d j Bela o ste eds) I n Defene f N Yok Monly Rev Press. Fedman, Tomas . 999 A Maniesto fo e Fast Wold N Yok Tme 8 Mac. aaih - K 997 Ene v sa a jon K Glb ait Foha de So Pauo Bazil, November, 1 Gonze asanova, P (1998 a epoacn goba Mxco CCH UA) msc A. 9 ) Seecon fom h e Pn oebok(Ne Yok: In teatonal ubl she s H dt M ( ) lao at o o italano mi m o Hard M nd A Neg (0) mpe (Cabrdge MA Ha Unve s Pess). Tanslaed nto anish Impeo (Bueno s A res id s 0) H n t i non S. P 999 ) h e Lonely Seoe oe Aa8 ste n 1 99 1/9) W e A e Us: The M of te M nationl The Na;ona nee Wine nde r, E_ 1 99 8) Acue do M tlae l de nves ione s MA) caal diea una constcn niversa Ria eneana de Econoa y Cenca Sociae Caacas) - ASetee cs G ( 197 ) o and Ca Concioune mbdge, MT s). Meis ns W ood E 195) Democa aain Capiam Ren oc aeamridge Cambdge Unve ss Tabao case y esado en el caiasmo goba, Obea
oo Soca de Amca LanaB enos A e LACSO) j ne 1 1 118
- () A Manfeo o Goba aptl n G aakshnan (ed Debatng Empre (ndon Veo) pp 61-82. Neg A 991) ' M. Kees y la eo a ca pils del esdo en el ' 29 EI Celo por Asa l Benos Aires) 2, pp 97 8 - 2 1 T h e Em p aer Im pealis Le Monde Dploma q e, aua Pnch, L. 2 The New Ipeia Se N Lef Re2 Mach Apl pp 520. Patc L and S. Gndn 2004 Goba Capalis ad the Ameca Ep e in L. Pac ad C. e ys eds , Socals Reg.5ter204 (L ndon: Merin Press), pp. 14 Panc h ad C Ls eds 24 Sals Reger 04 (don: Mel Pre ss) Resivo N 200) Ee las 10 economas as des, 5 so mul· aconaes, Can Bueos A e s 1 7 Mach Ruock w. and R. Va Tu lder ( 995 The ogc of Ineaona Rescturng odon Rouledge) Rustn M 200) A P smodern Teo o Revouto ' in G Baasnan (ed) Debang mpre odo e o) pp 1 1 8. Sas e A . 00 3) f ba a lla d e los ntelecales nue dscurso de las aa s y las ers Eska ea: Editoal H. SaxeFendez J . , J . Peas, H Veltee and O. Nez 1) Gobazacn Impeasmo y Ce Soal Bueos Aire an d Meco C Gpo Edoa e/Huaits it J 2?0 Wha I eaed a the Wo rld Economic Cs s Ne Republ 7 Ap l Sage S . 1 986 ) Casino Capasm Ofod Blace l - 1 989 Towad a Theo of Tansa iona Emp n O Ce pel ad J Rosenau (eds Goba Changes a n d Teorea Cha ege ppoahes t Word Pos for he 9'S exon A Leon oks (9 98 Ma d oney. Wen Market Ou oveens A o MJ n ves o f Mh gan Pess) Tll C 2003 A Nelous pe ' n G Balakhnan ed Debng EmpeLndo Vero), pp 26 -8 Uied Naions De lope n Proa N DP) H ma n Deopmen Repo a ua p ubl caio Ne York n ed N aos Vda G . 2002 Pepe a Wa rfor Peea Peae New Y ork Thu de Mouh PessNaon Books alese L ( 19 7 4) e Mode Wold SysemVo (New Yok Academc Boos)
- ( 98 h e Mode Wod Sys em Vol. New York cademc Books) (19 88) he Mode Word SysemVol. 3 New ork Academic Books 2
- 995 After Liberalsm Ne Yok New ess) Weiss L 997 'G lobazto and h My of he oweres St es New e Ri, 25 , pemb e/Ocobe \Ves W (1996 Diconeced. Haves and Hae-nos n he Ioaon Age Ne Bnsck NJ: Ruges Uves Pss.
1
Index of names
Accuuaon on a Word Se Afghani o 5 , 63
A f a ; J J8 4 9 Aer Lberasm 5 Aa A on so 1 1 Ahmad, Aa 6 Aama 4J Ag h Mdeene 56 husse, uis 1 Alae Ema A Sam 5 1 1 5 mes Ad s on6e 9, 104 10, 0 Aan Ko; 45 Aqunas Tho mas; A e d Hannah 0 1 05 24 An n 20 J6, 7 , R A gh, G oan 25 Asa 1 8 5 51, 69 9 As la 9 AsHungaan mpie J9 n a j o a a 8, 1 7, 8 20 Badiou , An Baba enne 09 Bangadesh 7 5 48 Ban, u l : 2J Baud lad , ea 09 U gum Ien lla, Ad; 98 Benamin rn Wae; 4J 1 00 Bruon, Sio 07 ' g Goernmen i in C hr e ; 78
n Lden, Osaa I I 6J 20 B sm k. O o on Bobo, Nobeo; 7 Big o ora o n; 4 Iovr Sm I I I
Boro, At lo A; 8 46 57 8 67 85,9 , 0 Bosch. a n 28 Bosna 67 Bowes, Samue 92 Bazl 9 20 J , 36 37 6 Beh. Beol 04 Bi n 7 J7 . 5 Bsse 5 B eznk Zb e 1 . 8, 69 70 7 2 8 Bu halcom a N 9 o a 2, 13 2 Bu Bush Geo ge r; 1 . 74 Bh, Ge oe W; 9, 2, I 8 , 7 6J Ci onia 3 6 Captalim in he ge of Goaiwon 2 5 Card oso Os a al 0 ab be a 8 Caage 3 Cro, de 98 entral nelgece A ) 7 0 Chae Grd·Piee 28 hv go; 20 Chiapas , ]6 8R 16 ca o 1 , 8 J he 15 6 9, 70, 101 a quita Bana 66 Chc jacques h om s o am J 17, 8 2 40 6 , 4 6 2 6 7 7 6 , 9 9 Chtan Democ (CP); 1 Ca" 20 Case z a von J I
Clon. Bill ; 5 6 Coombia 18 Colomb Pln 1 1 6 Common Make o the Soth MERCOSURj 1 6
onns Maneso; 2 , 28 89 9 Cosidratons o ste asm 0 oecan 2 o Ric 6 C Robe 25 60 Crs dello sapno 0 9 uba: 7 6 7 Cev, An 2 8 8 Czecoso 2
0 6 0 , 0 4 5 2 1 2 124 Enl Fedch: 22889 Eupean Unon 45 76 Eu 8 8 4 4 5 6 8 , 69 97 Eon 9 Fabbhde soeo 09 Federas apr 94 Feebc h, Ld 2 F Wold W 10 52 Fod; 4 19
Fortnej 46 Foau Mc he 24 29 0 1 09 Fance 9 7 4 , 5 , , 68 1 04 07
08 109 , 24 hl, Roe A 48 Dvos 2 Dby Rs 02 Dee , Gle s 1 Denmk 9 DeJqes 10 9 Dusche n 4 , Mau c 2 mini n Repu 074
Don QUOe 20 bu Ruige 07 s nos eoono 28 Dcke Peer 84 Dr g nfocmen Ad mn taon (EA) 1 7 Due U nivei y 9 Deer, Mauce: Eaglton T 00 0 0 104
05
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