apuntes dibujo

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Dibuj Dib ujo o

INDICE

1. MATERIALES DE DIBUJO.

2

2. REPRESENTACIÓN DE PIEZAS.

12

3. ACOTA 3. ACOTACIÓN CIÓN

21

4. ESCALAS

27

5. PERSPECTIVA ISOMÉTRICA

30

6. PERSPECTIVA CABALLERA

31

7. PLANOS DE OBRA CIVIL

32

8. LAMINAS

1

DE DI DIBUJO 1. MATERIALES DE PAPEL

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DE DI DIBUJO 1. MATERIALES DE PAPEL

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ESCUADRA  CARTABÓN S% ""!! %,!*&! ! "! +"!/-$""! *% +",-$( !*%&!  (-&( !-%&$!" %/ (&! *% -&$/"( &%-/"( $,,%"%,. C!&-!/ %, "! +"!/-$""! #% !&$!*! -!$?/ %/ %,-(, !-%&$!"%, -$%/% (&! *% -&$/"( &%-/"( %,!"%/(. P!&! &%%&$&,% ! !(, $/,-&%/-(, %/ (/)/-( %, '!$-!" %+"%!& %" -?&$/( K!&-!(/%,. L(, /"(, *% %,-(, $/,-&%/-(, ,(/ "(, #% ,% $/*$!/ %/ "! $&! 6.  A" $!" #% "!, &%"!, "(, !&-!(/%, '!/ *% ,%& -&!/,+!&%/-%,. E, +&%%&$"% #% -%/!/ "(, (&*%, &%-(, ,$/ $,%"%, /$ &%!)%, ! #% *% %,! (&! +(*&/ ,%&  ,!*(, +(& !!, !&!, ,$/ #% (/-%/ /( ,(&% (-&(. E" -!!( *% "(, !&-!(/%, $%/% *%-%&$/!*( +(& "! "(/$-* *% "! '$+(-%/,! *% "! %,!*&! "! !" ($/$*% (/ "! *%" !-%-( !(& *%" !&-!/. E" -!!( !*%!*( +!&! *$)!& %/ (&!-(, A4 %, %" *% 250  ! #% (/ ?" ,% !!&! "! -(-!"$*!* *% "! ,+%&$$% *%" +!+%". P!&! %" (&!-( A5 %, !*%!*( %" -!!( *% 160 .

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B. T&!!*( *% +%&+%/*$"!&%, ! /! "@/%! *!*! E,-! %, /! (&! *% -&!!& +%&+%/*$"!&%, ! /! "@/%! *!*! :$&! 8=F  C("(!(, "! '$+(-%/,! *% "! %,!*&! ,(&% "! "@/%! !+(!/*( ! (/-$/!$/ %" !&-!/ ,(&% "! %,!*&! *% "! $,! (&! #% +!&! -&!!& +!&!"%"!,.  G$&!(, "! %,!*&! '!,-! !+(!&"! ,(&% %" (-&( !-%-(. D%,"$/*("! ,(&% %" !&-!/ (-%/*&%(, "@/%!, +%&+%/*$"!&%, ! "! *!*!.

T% +&(+(/%(, -!$?/ %,-! (-&! (&! *% *$)!& +%&+%/*$"!&%,F  C("(!(, /( *% "(, !-%-(, *% "! %,!*&! ,(&% "! "@/%! *!*! !+(!/*( ! (/-$/!$/ %" !&-!/ ,(&% "! '$+(-%/,! *% "! +&$%&!.  D%,"$!(, "! %,!*&! ,(&% %" !&-!/ +!&! (-%/%& "!, +%&+%/*$"!&%,.

C. T&!!*( *% "@/%!, ! 45  135 E" -&!!*( *% %,-!, "@/%!, &%#$%&% #% "! %,!*&! *%,"$% '(&$(/-!"%/-% ,(&% %" !&-!/. E" !&%/ $/%&$(& *% "! "$/! +%*% ,%&$&/(, (( "@/%! *% &%%&%/$! '(&$(/-!" :$&! 101=. T!$?/ +(*%(, -$"$!& (( &%%&%/$! "(, &%/%, "!-%&!"%, :$&! 102= % $/",( %" $,( (&*% *% "! '()! :$&! 102=.

U/! % (-%/$*! "! +(,$$/ (&&%-! '!&%(, *%,"$!& "! %,!*&! ,(&% %" !&-!/ +!&! (-%/%& "@/%!, ! 45 :$&! 111=. I/$&-$%/*( "! +(,$$/ *% "! %,!*&!  !/-%/$%/*( $)( %" !&-!/ (-%/*&%(, "@/%!, ! 135 :$&! 112=.

D. T&!!*( *% "@/%!, ! 30  ! 150 P!&! %" -&!!*( *% %,-!, "@/%!, ,% &%#$%&% -!$?/ %" +(,$$(/!*( +&%$( *% "(, !&-!(/%, -$"$!/*( "(, &%/%, *% "! "$/! (( &%%&%/$! -!"  (( ,% '$( %/ %" -&!!*( !/-%&$(&. E/ "! $&! 12 1 ,% (,%&! "! +(,$$/ *% "(, !&-!(/%, +!&! %" -&!!*( *% "@/%!, ! 30  %/ "! $&! 122 +!&! %" -&!!*( *% "@/%!, ! 150.

E. T&!!*( *% "@/%!, *% 60  120 P!&! %" -&!!*( *% %,-!, "@/%!, *%%, +&(%*%& *% !/%&! !/"(! ! "!, !/-%&$(&%, +%&( ("(!/*( %" !&-!/ %/ "! +(,$$/ #% %,-&! "! $&! 13. V%!(, ! (/-$/!$/ / %)%+"( *%" %+"%( *% "(, !&-!(/%, +!&! *$)!&  /! +$%! %/ +%&,+%-$! !!""%&! %/ "! #% ,% %+"%!/ "@/%!, '(&$(/-!"%, %&-$!"%, % $/"$/!*!, ! 45.

COMPHS E" (+, ,% -$"$! +!&! *$)!& !&(,  $&/%&%/$!,. E" (*%"( , ,%/$""( (/,-! *% *(, +!-!, /! *% "!, !"%, ,)%-! "! +/-! *% %/-&!*(  "! (-&! "! $/!. E>$,-%/ (-&(, (*%"(, , ,($,-$!*(, "(, !"%, $/"%/ / -(&/$""( +!&! &%"!& "! !%&-&! (/ !(& +&%$,$/. L(, %>-&%(, *% %,-!, +!-!, ,(/ !&-$"!*(, +!&! +%&$-$& &!/*%, !%&-&!, ,$/ #% "! +/-!  "! $/! +$%&*!/ , +%&+%/*$"!&$*!* &%,+%-( !" +!+%" :$&! 15=.

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TRANSPORTADOR DE HNGULOS C(/,$,-% %/ / ,%$@&"( *$$*$*( %/ &!*(,. E" ?&-$% *%" /"( ! (/,-&$&  ,% ("(! %/ %" %/-&( *%" ,%$@&"(. U/( *% "(, "!*(, *%%& +!,!& +(& "! *$$,$/ *% 0  %" (-&( +(& "! *$$,$/ *%" /"( *%,%!*( :$&! 17=.

10

ROTULACIÓN L!, "%-&!, %+"%!*!, %/ %" *$)( -?/$( &%,+(/*%/ ! / (*%"( /(&!"$!*( -!/-( %/ "! (&! (( %/ %" -!!(. N( !(, ! *%-!""!& !#@ %,-!, !&!-%&@,-$!, +%, ,(&%+!,!/ "! $/-%/$/ *% %,-% -%>-(. B!,-% *%$& #% "! "%-&! '! *% ,%& +%&%-!%/-% "%$"%  !,%%)!&,% "( , +(,$"% ! "(, (*%"(, %&-$!" % $/"$/!*( #% ,% !$"$-!/ %/ "! $&! 18. !/ *% %$-!&,% (-&!, (&!, , +%&,(/!"$!*!, #% *$$%&!/ *% "!, $/*$!*!,.

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V$,-! *%,*% !&&$!F +"!/-!. V$,-! *%,*% !!)(F +"!/-! $/%&$(&. V$,-! *%,*% "! $#$%&*!F +%&$" $#$%&*(. V$,-! *%,*% "! *%&%'!F +%&$" *%&%'(.

P&%%&$"%%/-% ,% %"$% (( !"!*( !#%""! $,-! #% +&(+(&$(/% , $/(&!$/ ,(&% "! (&!  *$%/,$(/%, *% "! +$%! !/#% &%!"%/-% %,-! %"%$/ (&&%,+(/*% !" *$)!/-%  /( %>$,-%/ &$-%&$(, $)(, +!&! , %"%$/. U/! % %"%$*( %" !"!*( "!, $/( $,-!, &%,-!/-%, ,% ("(!/ %/ "!, ,$$%/-%, +(,$$(/%, &%,+%-( !" !"!*(F ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

L! +"!/-! ,% ,$-! !)( %" !"!*(. L! +"!/-! $/%&$(& ,% ,$-! ,(&% %" !"!*(. E" +%&$" *%&%'( ,% ,$-! ! "! $#$%&*! *%" !"!*(. E" +%&$" $#$%&*( ,% ,$-! ! "! *%&%'! *%" !"!*(. E" !"!*( +(,-%&$(& +%*% ,$-!&,% ! "! $#$%&*! *%" +%&$" *%&%'( ( $%/ ! "! *%&%'! *%" +%&$" $#$%&*(.

E/ "! !(&@! *% "(, !,(, "! (&! *% "! +$%! #%*! +%&%-!%/-% *%$/$*! (/ -&%, *% %,-!, $,-!, !,@ ,%*% (/ "! +$%! *%" %)%+"( /( ,$%/*( /%%,!&$( &%&&$& ! "!, ,%$, +!&! *%$/$&"! :%& $&! 23=. L!, -&%, $,-!, #% ,% -$"$!/ '!$-!"%/-% ,(/ %" !"!*( "! +"!/-!  %" +%&$" $#$%&*(. ! +$%!, #% *%$*( ! , ,%/$""% #%*!/ +%&%-!%/-% *%$/$*!, ,"( (/ *(, $,-!, (( ,%*% (/ %" +!&!"%"%+@+%*( *% "! $&! 24. M, !*%"!/-% %&%(, #% (/ "! !*! *% "! !(-!$/ !,-!& /! ,("! $,-! +!&! *%$/$& !"/!, +$%!,. E/ -(*( !,( !" %/(, /! *% "!, $,-!, '! *% ,%& (/,$*%&!*! (( !"!*(.

REPRESENTACIÓN DE CILINDROS  AGUJEROS L(, $"$/*&(,  !)%&(, ,% &%+&%,%/-!/ ,$%+&% (/ ,, %)%, *% ,$%-&@!.E/ "! $,-! *% &%/-% ,% *$)!/ "(, *(, %)%, #% *%$/%/ %" %/-&( *%" @&"(. E/ "! $,-! *% +%&$" :( %/ "! +"!/-! ,$ %&! %" !,(= ,% *$)! %" %)% "(/$-*$/!" :$&! 25=.

P!&! &%+&%,%/-!& "(, %)%, *% ,$%-&@! ,% -$"$!/ "@/%!, $/!, *% -&!(  +/-(.

E/ "(, !)%&(, '!/ *% !+!&%%& -!$?/ %,-(, %)%, :$&! 26=.

L(, %)%, *% ,$%-&@! '!/ *% (&-!&,% %/ "(, -&!(, "!&(, +!&! #% #%*% +%&%-!%/-% *%$/$*( %" %/-&( *% "! $&/%&%/$! :$&! 27=. P(& (-&! +!&-% !/*( !-&!$%,!/ %" (/-(&/( *% "! +$%! "( '!%/ -!$?/ (/ -&!( "!&(. U/! % %&! *% "! +$%! +!,!/ ! ,%& "@/%!, (/-$/!,.

EJEMPLOS DE REPRESENTACIÓN DE PIEZAS E/ "!, $&!, 28  2; '%(, &%+&%,%/-!*( *(, +$%!, *%,*% -&%, +/-(, *% $,-!F !"!*( +"!/-!  +%&$" $#$%&*( #% (( ! '%(, *$'( ,(/ "(, , -$"$!*!, %/ *$)( -?/$(. %(, !/-%/$*( "!, "@/%!, !>$"$!&%, +!&! #% +%*!, %& "! (&&%,+(/*%/$! %>$,-%/-% %/-&% "!, $,-!,. T!$?/ '%(, ,%!"!*( *(, +/-(, !"%,#$%&! %/ !*! +$%! +!&! !$"$-!& "! (+&%/,$/ *% "!, $,-!,.

UTILIDAD DE LOS CORTES  A"/!, +$%!, -$%/%/ *%-!""%, $/-%&$(&%, #% /( ,(/ $"%/-% +%&%+-$"%, %/ "!, $,-!,. E,( %, "( #% ,%*% %/ "! +$%! *% "! $&! 30 %/ "! #% +(*%(, (,%&!&  #% -$%/% / !)%&( $"@/*&$( ( *$%-&( %, !(& %/ "! +!&-% ,+%&$(&. P(*%(, *%*$&"( *% "!, "@/%!, *% -&!(, *%" !"!*(  *% "! (&&%,+(/*%/$! (/ "!, $&/%&%/$!, *% "! +"!/-!. E" $/-%&$(& *% "! +$%! *% /%,-&( %)%+"( +&%,%/-! $%&-! (+"%)$*!* ! #% /( ,% -&!-! *% / ,$+"% !)%&( $"@/*&$( #% !-&!$%,! "! +$%!. A +%,!& *% -(*( , (+"%)$*!* /( %, &!/*% "(, *%-!""%, $/-%&$(&%, +%*%/ ,%& , (+"%)(, (/ *(, -&%, ( , *$%-&(, *$,-$/-(, ( (/ (&!, !/ , (+"$!*!,. C!/*( "! +$%! +&%,%/-! *%-!""%, $/-%&$(&%, #% /%%,$-%/ ,%& &%+&%,%/-!*(, (/ "!&$*!* %%-!(, %/ "! +$%! / (&-% $!$/!&$( #% *%)% !" *%,$%&-( , $/-%&$(&. E,( %, "( #% '%(, '%'( %/ "! +$%! *% /%,-&( %)%+"( :$&!, 31  32=.

SECCIÓN TOTAL O,%&! #% "! +$%! '! ,$*( (&-!*! +(& / +"!/( %&-$!" $!$/!&$( #% "! *$$*% %/ *(, $-!*%,. %(, ,%+!&!*( !!, +!&! #% +%*!, %& , $/-%&$(&  '%(, &!!*( "! ,%$/ +!&! #% +%*!, *$,-$/$& (/ "!&$*!* "! (/! !%-!*! +(&  %" (&-%.

 A" (&-% #% (( %/ %,-% !,( !%-! ! -(*! "! +$%! ,% "% ""!! ,%$/ -(-!".

P!&! &%+&%,%/-!& "!, $,-!, *% /! +$%! ! "! #% ,% '! %%-!*( /! ,%$/ -(-!" "( '!&%(, *% %,-! (&! :$&! 33=F S"( *$)!&%(, ,%$(/!*! !#%""! $,-! %/ "! #% "! ,%$/ ,% %! *% &%/-% %/ "!, *%, $,-!, *$)!&%(, "! +$%! ,$/ ,%$(/!&. E/ /%,-&( %)%+"( '%(, *$)!*( "! +$%! ,%$(/!*! %/ %" !"!*( +%&( %/ "! +"!/-! "! +$%! !+!&%% %/-%&!. N( '%(, *$)!*( %" +%&$" *% "! +$%! +(&#% ?,-! #%*! ,$$%/-%%/-% *%$/$*! (/ *(, $,-!, +%&( *% '!%&"( '%'( %" +%&$" !+!&%%&@! -!$?/ ,$/ ,%$(/!&. E/ /! *% "!, $,-!, $/*$!&%(, %*$!/-% "%'!,  "%-&!, "! "@/%! +(& "! #% ,% %%- %" (&-% "!, "%'!, '!/ *% !+/-!& '!$! "! $,-! ,%$(/!*!. E/ /%,-&( %)%+"( '%(, $/*$!*( %,-! "@/%! %*$!/-% "!, "%-&!, A  B %/ "! $,-! %/ +"!/-!. S(&% "! $,-! ,%$(/!*! $/"$&%(, "! "%%/*! KC(&-% AB. E/ /%,-&( %)%+"( "( '%(, '%'( ,(&% %" !"!*( #% %, "! $,-! #% !+!&%% (&-!*!. E/ "! $&! 34 '%(, &%+&%,%/-!*( "! +$%! %/ (-&! +(,$$/. O,%&! #% %" +"!/( *% (&-% %,- %/ %,-% !,( ,%!"!*( %/ %" +%&$" :"%'!,  "%-&!, A  B=. CARACTERQSTICAS DEL RAADO E" &!!*( *% "!, ,%$(/%, ,% '!% (/ "@/%!, $/"$/!*!, ! 45 &%,+%-( ! "!, !&!, +&$/$+!"%, *% "! +$%! :$&! 36=.

L! ,%+!&!$/ *%" &!!*( '! *% -%/%& +&(+(&$/ (/ &%,+%-( ! "! ,+%&$$% ! &!!& :$&! 37=.

E" &!!*( *%% -%/%& "! $,! $/"$/!$/  ,%+!&!$/ %/ "!, *$,-$/-!, +!&-%, *% /! $,! +$%! :$&! 38=.

C!/*( ,% &%+&%,%/-! / (/)/-( *% +$%!, ,%$(/!*!, ?,-!, '!/ *% *$)!&,% (/ %" &!!*( %/ *$,-$/-! *$&%$/. S$ !+!&%%/ , *% *(, +$%!, "! *$%&%/$!$/ ,% +%*% (/,%$& !%/-!/*( ( *$,$/%/*( "! ,%+!&!$/ *% "!, "@/%!, *%" &!!*( :$&! 3;=. L(, %"%%/-(, *% /$/ -!"%, (( "(, -(&/$""(, !&!/*%"!, -%&!, &%!'%,  +!,!*(&%, /( ,% ,%$(/!/ :$&! 40=.

C!/*( /( ,% %,-$% /%%,!&$( &%+&%,%/-!& "! +$%! (+"%-! ,$/( ,"( !#%""! +!&-% #% /(, ,%! *% $/-%&?, +(*%(, '!%&"( %*$!/-% /! &%+&%,%/-!$/ +!&$!" *% "! $,!. C!/*( '!!(, %,-( &%+&%,%/-!&%(, "! (/! (&-!*! (/ "@/%! (/-$/! $/! % $/-%/$(/!*!%/-% $&&%"!& ( $%/ (/ "@/%!, (/-$/!, $/!, &%-!, (/ / $! '!$! "! $-!* *% , "(/$-* :$&! 41=. E/ +$%!, *% &!/ "(/$-* #% /( -%/!/ *%-!""%, %/ -(*! , "!&&! ,!"( #$ %/ ,, %>-&%(, ,% &%+&%,%/-!/ (&-!*!, *$)!/*( ,"( ,, %>-&%(,  %"$$/!/*( "! +!&-% %/-&!". E" (&-% ,% +%*% &%+&%,%/-!& *% !"#$%&! *% "!, -&%, (&!, #% ,% %,-&!/ %/ "!, $&!, 42A 42B  42C !/#% "! +&$%&! ,"( %, !+"$!"% ! %&+(, $"@/*&$(,.

20

3.A COTACION ELEMENTOS UE INTERVIENEN EN LA ACOTACIÓN  A(-!& %, +(/%& %*$*!, ! /! $&! *$)!*! %/ / +"!/(. P!&! "! !(-!$/ ,% -$"$!/ "(, ,$$%/-%, %"%%/-(,F ➢

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L@/%!, *% (-!F S(/ +!&!"%"!, ! "! "(/$-* ! !(-!&. S% *$)!/ %/ "@/%! (/-$/! $/!  , *$,-!/$! @/$! ! "!, !&$,-!, ( (/-(&/(, *%" %&+( '! *% ,%& *% 8 . L! *$,-!/$! @/$! %/-&% *(, "@/%!, *% (-! %, *% 5  :$&! 43=. L@/%!, *% &%%&%/$!F P!&! %>-&!%& "! %*$*! %&! *% "! $&! ,% -$"$!/ "!, "@/%!, *% &%%&%/$!. S(/ +%&+%/*$"!&%, ! "!, *% (-!  ,% *$)!/ -!$?/ (/ "@/%! (/-$/! $/!. S(&%+!,!/ "$%&!%/-% :!+&(>$!*!%/-% 2 = ! "!, "@/%!, *% (-! :$&! 43=.

E>-&%(, *% "! "@/%! *% (-!F P%*%/ ,%& "%'!, ( -&!(,. L!, "%'!, -$%/%/ / /"( (+&%/*$*( %/-&% "(, 15  "(, ;0  +%*%/ ,%& !$%&-!, %&&!*!, ( %&&!*!,  ""%/!,. L(, -&!(, ,% *$)!/ (&!/*( !+&(>$!*!%/-% 45 (/ "! "@/%! *% (-! :$&! 44=. C$&!, *% (-!F S% -$"$!/ (*%"(, /(&!"$!*(, ,$$"!&%, ! "(, #% ,% $/"%/ %/ %" !+!&-!*( KR(-"!$/ *%" +&$%& !+@-"( *% %,-! /$*!* ! ,%! %/ "! %&,$/ %&-$!" ( $/"$/!*!. T$%/%/ /! !"-&! *% 35 $"@%-&(,  ,% ,$-!/ ,(&% "! "@/%! *% (-! *%)!/*( /! +%#%! ,%+!&!$/ &%,+%-( ! %""!. L!, $&!, *% (-! +%*%/ %,&$$&,% *% *(, (&!,F

 E/ "!, (-!, '(&$(/-!"%, "!, $&!, '!/ *% ,%&  "%$"%, *%,*% !!)( %/ "!, (-!, %&-$!"%, "!, $&!, '!/ *% ,%& "%$"%, *%,*% "! *%&%'! :$&! 45=.  E/ "!, (-!, %&-$!"%, ,% $/-%&&+% "! "@/%! *% (-! +!&! $/"$& "! $&! %/ +(,$$/ '(&$(/-!". D% %,-! (&! -(*!, "!, $&!, ,(/ "%$"%, *%,*% !!)( :$&! 46= E, $/(&&%-( -$"$!& ,$"-/%!%/-% !!, (&!, %/ / $,( *$)(. S$ /( '! %,+!$( ,$$%/-% +!&! $/"$& "!, "%'!, ,% +&("(/! "! "@/%! *% (-!  ,% ("(!/ ?,-!, %/ %" %>-%&$(& *% "!, "@/%!, *% &%%&%/$! ,%!"!/*( '!$! !*%/-&(. L! $&! +%*% +(/%&,% -!$?/ %/ %" %>-%&$(& ,(&% "! "@/%! *% (-! :$&! 47A=. C!/*( '! #% !(-!& !&$!, "(/$-*%, %/ ,%&$%  /( '! %,+!$( +!&! "!, "%'!, ,% ,,-$-%/ ?,-!, +(& +/-(, +*$%/*( ,$ %&! /%%,!&$( ,!!& "!, $&!, !" %>-%&$(&  /$&"!, ! "! "@/%! *% (-! %*$!/-% / -&!( $/( :$&! 47B=.

DISPOS ICIÓN DE LAS LQNE AS DE COTA L!, *(, *$,+(,$$(/%, , -$"$!*!, %/ *$)( -?/$( ,(/F ➢

➢

D$,+(,$$/ %/ ,%&$%F L!, (-!, ,% ("(!/ /!, ! (/-$/!$/ *% (-&!,. S$%+&% #% ,%! +(,$"% "!, "@/%!, *% (-! *%%&/ %,-!& !"$/%!*!, :$&! 48=. D$,+(,$$/ %/ +!&!"%"(F T(*!, "!, (-!, *% "! $,! *$&%$/ %,-/ &%%&$*!, ! /! !&! *% "! +$%!. ! #% *$,+(/%& "!, (-!, *% (&! #% "!, "@/%!, *% &%%&%/$! /( ,% &%/ (/ "!, *% (-! :$&! 4;=.

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 ACOTACIÓN DE CILINDROS AGUJEROS  ARCOS E" *$%-&( *% "!, +$%!, $"@/*&$!,  *% "(, !)%&(, ,% +%*% !(-!& %*$!/-% "@/%!, *% (-! $/"$/!*!, &%,+%-( ! "(, %)%, *% ,$%-&@!. C!/*( '! *(, ( , $&/%&%/$!, (/?/-&$!, "! !(-!$/ ,% '!% %*$!/-% "@/%!, $/"$/!*!, %/ *$,-$/-! *$&%$/ :$&! 53A=. T!$?/ ,% +%*%/ !(-!& ,!!/*( "!, %*$*!, !" %>-%&$(& *% "! +$%! +(& %*$( *% "@/%!, !>$"$!&%, :$&! 53B=. S$ ,% *%,%! +%*%/ ($/!&,% !!, (&!, A  B.

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4. E S CA LAS GENERALIDADES M'(, ()%-(, /( +%*%/ ,%& *$)!*(, ! , -!!( &%!" *%$*( ! #% ,, *$%/,$(/%, ,(/ !(&%, #% "!, *%" +!+%" ( +(& %" (/-&!&$( , -!!( %, -!/ *$$/-( #% ,%&@! *$$"-(,( *$)!&"(,  (,%&!& ,, *%-!""%, ,(&% %" +!+%". P!&! %$-!& %,-% $/(/%/$%/-% ,% -$"$!/ "!, %,!"!,. L!, %,!"!, -$%/%/ +(&  ()%-( &%+&%,%/-!& "(, ()%-(, &%!"%, ! / -!!( +&(+(&$(/!" !" #% -$%/%/ %/ "! &%!"$*!* +!&! +(*%& *$)!&"(, %/ %" +!+%". S$ "(, ()%-(, ,% &%+&%,%/-!/ ! / -!!( !(& #% %" &%!" -$"$!&%(, /! %,!"! *% &%*$/  ,$ ,% &%+&%,%/-!/ ! / -!!( %/(& *% !+"$!$/. L!, %,!"!, ,% %>+&%,!/ %/ (&! *% /! &!$/ #% $/*$! "! &!/ %>$,-%/-% %/-&% "! "(/$-* %/ %" +"!/(  "! "(/$-* &%!".

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S$ / ()%-( #% $*% %/ "! &%!"$*!* 50  *% "!&( ,% *$)! (/ /! "(/$-* *% 25  "! %,!"! -$"$!*! %,F O,%&! #% "! &!$/ ,% '! ,$+"$$!*( !" >$(. L! %,!"! ,% '!& (/,-!& %/ %" +"!/( !,@F KE,!"! 1F2 ( $%/ KE,!"! 192. E,-! %>+&%,$/ ,% "%% K%,!"! /( ! *(,.

E)%+"( 2 S$ / %'@"( #% $*% 4 %-&(, *% "!&( ,% *$)! (/ /! "(/$-* *% 80  ! #? %,!"! %,-!& *$)!*( O,%&! #% !!, %*$*!, '!/ ,$*( %>+&%,!*!, %/ "! $,! /$*!* *% "(/$-*. L! %,!"! ,% '!& (/,-!& %/ %" +"!/( *% %,-! (&!F KE,!"! 1F50 ( $%/ KE,!"! 1950.

E)%+"( 3 L! &%*! *%/-!*! *% / &%"() *% +",%&! $*% 3  *% *$%-&(  ,% '! *$)!*( ,(&% %" +!+%" (/ / *$%-&( *% 30 . ? %,!"! ,% '! -$"$!*( E/ %,-% !,( "! %,!"! %, *% !+"$!$/. O,%&! #% "! %>+&%,$/ ,% !/-$%/% %/ (&! *% &!$/ !/ !/*( %" *%/($/!*(& %, "! /$*!*. E/ %" +"!/( $/"$&%(, "! %,!"! *% %,-! (&!F KE,!"! 10F1 ( $%/ KE,!"! 1091.

E)%+"( 4 S% '! *$)!*( /! +$%! (/ /! "(/$-* *% 150 . E/ %" +"!/( !+!&%% "! $/*$!$/ KE,!"! 1F5. P(*&@!, *%$&/(, " %, "! "(/$-* &%!" *% *$'! +$%! S$ ,,-$-$(, "(, *!-(, (/($*(, %/ "! %>+&%,$/F

-%/*&%(,F

P!&! (-%/%& "! %*$*! &%!" !,-!& (/ *%,+%)!&"! *% "! %>+&%,$/ !/-%&$(&F M%*$*! &%!"  5 > 150   750  ESCALA NATURAL C!/*( *$)!(, / ()%-( (/ "!, $,!, %*$*!, #% -$%/% %/ "! &!"$*!* *%$(, #% %" ()%-( %,- *$)!*( ! %,!"! /!-&!" ( K/( ! /(. E,-( "-$( ,% &%+&%,%/-! %/ %" +"!/( (( 1F1  191. ESCALAS DE REDUCCIÓN L!, %,!"!, *% &%*$/ , -$"$!*!, ,(/ 1F1 :1F2= 1F25 1F5 1F10 1F20 :1F25= 1F50 1F100 1F200  :1F250= ,% '!/ +%,-( %/-&% +!&?/-%,$, "!, %,!"!, ( ,( '! *% %$-!&,% %/ !(& *% "!, #% !+!&%%/ ,$/ +!&?/-%,$,. E/ (/,-&$(/%, $$"%, ,% -$"$!/ !*%, *% "!, !/-%&$(&%, "!, *% 1F500  1F1000  %/ -(+(&!@! &!/$,(  !&-(&!@! ,% -$"$!/ %,!"!, *% !(&  &%*$/ !/.

 A (/-$/!$/ ,% $/"% / %)%+"( *% /! $&! &%+&%,%/-!*! ! %,!"! /!-&!"  ! %,!"! &%*$*! 1F25. O,%&! #% +!&! *$)!& "! $&! ! %,!"! ,% '!/ *$$*$*( -(*!, "!, %*$*!, *% "! +$%! %/-&% 25. L!, %*$*!, #% !+!&%%/ %/ "!, (-!, '!/ *% ,%& ,$%+&% "!, *% "! +$%! &%!".

ESCALAS DE AMPLIACIÓN L!, %,!"!, *% !+"$!$/ , -$"$!*!, %/ %" $-( *% "!, $/,-!"!$(/%, ,(/ 2F1 5F1  10F1 !/#% %/ (-&(, $-(, (( "! $("(@! ,% -$"$!/ %,!"!, *% !(& !+"$!$/. E/ %" %)%+"( #% ,% $/"% ! (/-$/!$/ ,% '! *$)!*( /! +$%! ! %,!"! /!-&!"  ! %,!"! !+"$!*! *% 2F1. O,%&! #% -(*!, "!, %*$*!, *% "! +$%! !+"$!*! ,% '!/ "-$+"$!*( +(& *(, +%&( "!, %*$*!, #% !+!&%%/ %/ "!, (-!, '!/ *% ,%&  ,$%+&% "!, *% "! +$%! &%!".

5. PERSPECTI VA ISOMÉTRICA

C!/*( "(, /"(, #% (&!/ "!, !&$,-!, *%" -&$%*&( -&$&&%-/"( (/ %" +"!/( *%" !*&( ,(/ $!"%,. E,-( %,F   W  X &%,"-!/*( #%F Y>  Y  Y>  120.

E/ %,-% !,( "!, -&!!, *%" +"!/( *%" !*&( (&!/ / -&$/"( %#$"-%&(  %" (%$$%/-% *% &%*$/ %, $!" +!&! "(, -&%, %)%, ((&*%/!*(,F 2 9 3  08164; %/ "! +&-$! ,% -(! (( &%*$/ %/ !*! %)% 08  495.

30

6. PERSPECTIVA C ABALLERA S% %/-$%/*% +(& +%&,+%-$! !!""%&! ! "! +&(%$/ ("$! #% ,% (-$%/% !/*( "(, &!(, +&(%-!/-%, (&!/ (/ %" +"!/( *%" !*&( ( +"!/( *%" *$)( / /"( *$,-$/-( *% ;0.

E" (%$$%/-% *% &%*$/ ,("( ,% !+"$! ,(&% %" %)% K ( !"(& +%*% ,%&  1 192 293 394  495. E/ !,% ! "! ,$-!$/ *%" +"!/( *%" !*&(  *%+%/*$%/*( *% "! &%*$/ #% ,% !+"$#% "!, +%&,+%-$!, +%*%/ ,%& &(/-!"%, ( +"!/$?-&$!,  %/-&% "!, +&$%&!, ,% %/%/-&!/ "!, ""!!*!,F [&+$*!\ [%/%&!"\  [*% !$/%-% \ %/-&% "!, ,%/*!,F "! +%&,+%-$! [/(&!" \  "! [!(&-!*!\. V%& !*&( !*)/-(.

7. PLANOS DE OBRA CIVIL

I/-%&+&%-!$/ *% !"!*(, +"!/-!,  ,%$(/%, *% %*$$!$(/%, E/ / +&(%-( *% %*$$!$/ ,(/ /%%,!&$(, "(, +"!/(, *% ,$-!$/ $%/-!$/ *$%&%/-%, -$+(, *% +"!/-!, ,%$(/%, !'!*!, *%-!""%,  *% $/,-!"!$(/%,.  A"!*(, L(, !"!*(, *%" %*$$$( ,(/ /%%,!&$(, +!&! +(*%& *$,+(/%& %/ %" +&(%-( *% /! *%,&$+$/ &$! *% "!, +!&-%, $,-!, *%" %>-%&$(& *% "! (/,-&$/ /! % -%&$/!*! %/ "! #% ,% +%*!/ !+&%$!& (&!,  +&(+(&$(/%,. P!&! "! &%!"$!$/ *% "(, !"!*(, ,% +!&-$& *% "!, *$%/,$(/%,  *$,+(,$$/ *% "! +"!/-! %/ /$/ *% ?,-!  *% "!, !"-&!, *% "(, *$,-$/-(, %"%%/-(, %>-%&$(&%, #% (+(/%/ "!, !'!*!, ,% &%+&%,%/-!/ "(, !"!*(, %/ "(, #% #%*!&/ &%"%)!*!, *% (&! %,#%-$! +%&-!, %/-!/!, !/-%+%'(, %-. T(*!, "!, !'!*!, *% "! %*$$!$/ ,% &%!"$!&/ ! %,!"! 1F50 +%&( %/ +&(%-(, *% (&! *% &!/ ("%/ ,% +%*%/ '!%& ! %,!"! $/%&$(& ,$%+&% #% ,% (+"%-%/ (/ *%-!""%, +!&$!"%, ! %,!"! 1F50. S$ %/ "! %*$$!$/ '! +!-$(, $/-%&$(&%, "(, !"!*(, ,% '!%/ ! %,!"! 1F100.

P"!/-!, L(, +"!/(, *% +"!/-!, *% / %*$$$( ,(/ !&$(,  -(*(, %""(, /%%,!&$(, %/ "!, *$,-$/-!, !,%, *% %)%$/ *% / %*$$$( -%/$%/*( !*! /( *% %""(, "! $/(&!$/ %,+%@$! /%%,!&$! "(, , (/%, ,(/F P"!/( *% $%/-!$/  ,!/%!$%/-(. P"!/( *% %,-&-&!. P"!/( *% *$,-&$$/. P"!/( *% $%&-!,. P"!/( *% $/,-!"!$(/%,F (/-!/%&@!. E"%-&$$*!*. C!"%!$/  "$!-$!$/. I/,-!"!$(/%, !*$($,!"%,. P"!/( *% !&+$/-%&@!.

S%$(/%, D% "! $,! !/%&! #% /! +$%! $/*,-&$!" &%#$%&% *% ,%$(/%, "! (/,-&$/ -!$?/ /%%,$-! !+!&-!& (/!, *%" *$)( #% +%&$-!/ %& %" $/-%&$(&  *% "(, %*$$$(, %,  '!$-!" &%!"$!& ,%$(/%, +!&! +(*%& *%,$/!& "! !"-&! %/-&% +"!/-!, *%" %*$$$( *%,$/!& "!, $/,-!"!$(/%, #% -$%/%/ (/-!/-%, #% !%-!/ ! !&$!, +"!/-!, "(!"$!$/  &%+&%,%/-!$/ *% %,!"%&!,  +!&! -(*(, "(, *%-!""%, #% %" +&(%-$,-! (/,$*%&% /%%,!&$(. C(( /! ,%$/ %, / (&-% *%" %*$$$( %/ ,%/-$*( %&-$!" "! "@/%! *% (&-% -%/*& #% %,-!& &%+&%,%/-!*! ,(&% "! +"!/-! "( , '!$-!" %, #% %" (&-%

&%+&%,%/-!*( %/ "! +"!/-! /( ,%! /! "@/%! &%-!  !,@ +(*%& &%(%& %/ "! $,! ,%$/ *%-!""%, #% *% "! (-&! !/%&! /( ,%&@!/ +(,$"%,. L!, ,%$(/%, -!$?/ ,(/ !+"$!*!, ! *%-!""%, *% %"%%/-(, %/ "! (/,-&$/ !&+$/-%&@! (/-!/%&@! &$%( $/,-!"!$(/%, %"?-&$!, %-.

I/-%&+&%-!$/ *% "! *(%/-!$/ -?/$! *% +&(%-(, *% (&! $$"  *% &!/$,( :+"!/(, %(&$! %,+%$$!$(/%, -?/$!,  %*$$(/%,= U/ +&(%-( *% (&! $$" &!/$,( ( *% $/,-!"!$(/%, ,% (+(/% *% / (/)/-( *% *(%/-(, #% %/ , (/)/-( *%$/%/ $%"%/-% -(*(, "(, +!&%-&(, *% %)%$/  (/-&!-! %,-(, *(%/-(, ,(/F M%(&$! E, / *(%/-( ,$!%/-% %,&$-( %/ %" #% ,% *%$/% "! (&! "!& +&(%-$,-! /(&!-$! *% !+"$!$/ &%*!$/  +/-!"$!$/ *% !*! /( *% "(, %"%%/-(, (&!/$,( (+%-%/-% *% (/-&(" % $/,+%$/ %-. D%+%/*$%/*( *% "! %/%&!*&!  %" -$+( *% (&! ,%& &%!"$!*! +(& / -?/$( (+%-%/-% &%,+%-!/*( %/ %/%&!" #% "!, $/,-!"!$(/%, $/*,-&$!"%, ,(/ *%$/$*!, +(&  -?/$(, %/ "! $/*,-&$! "!, *% (/,-&$/ +(& -?/$(, *% "! !&#$-%-&!  !,@ (/ !*! !+( *% !+"$!$/F T%"%(/$!$(/%, (&! +"$! %-. C""(, C!,$ -(*(, "(, +&(%-(, %,-/ !,!*(, %/ ""(, !-%-$(, , ( %/(, (+"%)(, #% ,% &%!"$!/ ! &$-%&$( *%" +&(%-$,-! ( (( %/ "! !(&@! *% "(, !,(, (&&% *% /! (&! /(&!"$!*! %/ !"#$%& !,( %" +&(%-( &%(%& "! (&! *% &%!"$!$/ *% "(, ""(,  ,, &%,"-!*(, ),-$$!/*( #% *!&/ (%&-&! !-%-$! ! "!, ,("$(/%, !*(+-!*!, %/ %" +&(%-(.