tp07t0 p.ta aVW'!C:pl) ouvap.l) a7toxa'!ta'!1)aC: '!l)V '!tX~l) 7t0U oua'!ux_wc; eyw 0 (owe; oev tJ.7tOpeaa va Ota'tl)p~aw» (6.7t., a. 125). 25. 0 rxeAve:p '!OVt~et '!l)V ~EV1) 7tpoeAe:UO"l) '!WV ouvaa'!tWV, aA'Ati epp.l)veuet '!O cpatv6p.e:vo x_wp(c; eupu-cl)'!a 7tveup.a.>toc;: m v-c6mm apta-cox.pti>tec; 7tpo>ttp.ouv ifvav ~lfvo p.ovtipx_l), C:7te:to~ oe 6a C:tJ.7tAax.e( ae eaw-ceptx.ouc; av>taywvtap.ouc;. Thought and Change, a. 136. 26. Marc Bloch, Les Rois Thaumaturges, a. 390 x.at 398-399. 27. Noel A. Battye, «The Military, Government and Society in Siam, 1868-1910>>, PhD thesis, Cornell 1974, a. 270. 28. Stephen Greene, «Thai Government and Administration in the Reign of Rama VI (1910-1925)», PhD thesis, University of London 1971, a. 92. 29. lleptaa6>tepm a1t6 x_(Awt a1t6 -couc; e1t-cti iw~ ox.>tw X.tAttioec; tiv>tpe:c; a'!l) Ata>ta a~twp.a.>ttxwv >tou llpwatx.ou ~>tpa>tou, >to 1806, ~>tav ~lfvm. «Ot llpfilam 7tOU av~x.av a'!1) p.eaa(a '!tX~l) ~'!av apt6p.1)>ttx.ti Aty6npm a1t6 >touc; ~£vouc; cr-co (ow >touc; >to a>tpanup.a.· au>t6 <:7taA1)6euet '!0 PlJ'!O O'!t 1) llpwa(a oev ~'!aV tJ.ta x.wpa 7t0U dx.e a>tpa-c6 a'AAIX ivac; a>tpa>t~ 7tOU e(x_e x_fi>pa ... » Tp 1798, llpfilam fJ.E'tappu6tJ.ta>t£c; a7tat'!1)-
66
MITENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
aa.v «va. !J-Etw6e:t o a.pt6!J-6c; 't"WV ~ivwv a't"o !J-ta6, ot o1totot O!J-W<; e:~a. . xoAou6ouaa.v va. a.vipxona.t a't"o 50% 't"WV a.7tAwv a't"pa.'t"tw't"wv ... » Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism, a. 64 xa.t 85. 30. rta. !J-!X<;, l) tOEa. 't"l)<; «!J-<:'t"a.ye:vea't"<:pl)c; e:vou!J-!Xatac;», iva. !J-C:'t"a.tpoptx6 taoOUVIX!J-O 't"Ou 7ta.pe:A6ov't"oc; !J-C: 't"O 7ta.p6v, IX7tO't"e:Ad !J-tiX E!J-!J-C:0""1) a.va.yvwptal) 't"ou !J-otpa.iou ota.xwpta!J-ou 't"ouc;. 31. Bloch, Feudal Society, I, a. 84-86. 32. Auerbach, Mimesis, a. 64. H u7toypli!J-!J-tO"l) otx~ !J-OU. I:\iyxptve: 't"l)V 7te:ptypa.cp~ 't"l)<; Ila.Aa.tac; Llta.6~xl)c; a.1t6 't"Ov Ayw Auyoua't"tvo «aa.v axta [1tou 7tecpnt 7tpoc; 't"a. 1ttaw] 't"ou !J-EMov't"oc;». Ila.pa.'t"t6e:'t"a.t a't"o Bloch, Feudal Sosiety, I, a. 90. 33. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, a. 265. 34. I:'t"o toto, a. 263. T6ao e:opa.tW!J-EVl) e:iva.t a.u~ "I) a.v't"tAlJt.JilJ, 7t0U !J-7tOpd xa7totoc; va. U7tOa't"l)pt~C:t O't"t xa6e: O"l)!J-IXV't"tX~ VC:O't"E:pl) auAAlJt.JilJ ()a.a(~c:'t"a.t O"'t"l) aUMlJt.JilJ 't"OU «e:v 't"W !J-C:'t"a.~u». · 35. Evw "I) Princesse de Cleves dxe: ~Ol) <:!J-cpa.vtant 't"O 1678, "I) <:7tOX~ 't"ou Phaa.pv't"aov, 't"ou Nncp6ou xa.t 't"ou ~~~~Antvyx e:twxt ot a.pxic; 't"ou oixa.'t"ou 6yooou a.twva.. Ot pi~e:c; "lJc; ve:o't"<:pl)c; e:cplJ!J-E:ptoa.c; ()piaxov't"a.t a't"tc; oAAa.votxic; ya.~he:c; 't"ou 't"EAouc; 't"ou oixa.'t"ou i()oo!J-ou a.twva.· 6!J-wc;, lJ e:cplJ!J-E:ptoa. iytve: !J-ta. ye:vtx~ xa.'t"l)yopia. inu1tou u'Atxou !J-E:'t"a 't"O 1700. Febvre xa.t Martin, The Coming of the Book, a. 197. 3 6. Bi()a.ta., 't"O a.v lJ 1tAox~ auva.p7ta~e:t e:~a.p't"a't"a.t !awe; a.1t6 't"O ye:yov6c; O't"t a't"ouc; Xp6vouc; I, II xa.t III ot A, B, r XIXt Ll a.yvoouv 0 xa.6iva.c; 't"t xavouv ot U7tOAOt7tOt. 3 7. Au't"~ "I) 7toAucpwvia. ota.xwpt~e:t 't"O ve:6npo !J-U6ta't"6pl)!J-!X a.x6!J-IX xa.t a.1t6 iva.v 't"Oao e:~a.tpe:'t"o 7tp6opo!J-6 't"ou, 't"o 2:a't"upcx6 't"ou Ile:'t"pwvwu. To 2:a't"upcx6 a.xoAou6d 't"l)V xa.'t"a 7ta.pha.~l) a.cp~YlJO"lJ· Av o Eyx6Amoc; 6pl)Vd yta. 't"l)V a.ma't"tiX 't"OU ve:a.pou e:pa.a't"~ 't"OU, 0€ ()).e7tOU!J-E: 't"IXU't"O'f..POVIX 't"OV rd't"OVIX O"'t"O xpe:()a't"t !J-€ 't"OV AaxuA't"O. 3 8. I:' IXU't"O 't"O 1tAa.taw e:tva.t 7tpoacpopo VIX auyxptVOU!J-E: 07tOt00~7tO't"€ ta't"optx6 !J-U6ta't"Opl)!J-!X !J-E: iyypa.rpa. ~ a.cpl)~ae:tc; 't"l)<; 7te:pt6oou 1tou ixe:t opa.~J-a.'t"o7totl)6d. 39. Tt7tO't"IX 0€ odxve:t xa.AU't"e:pa. 't"l)V €!J-()a7t't"tO"l) 't"OU !J-U6ta't"op~!J-!X 't"O<; a't"OV O!J-otOye:v~, XC:VO 'f..POVO IX7t0 't"l)V IX7tOUata. 't"WV 7tp0ot!J-t1XXWV ye:ve:a.Aoytwv --7tOU auxva tp't"avouv !J-E'f..Pt 't"l)V XIX't"a.yw~ 't"OU a.v6pw7touOt 07t0t€<; dva.t 't"O 'f..IXpiXX't"l)pta't"tXO yvwpta!J-!X 't"WV 1Xp'f..1XtWV 'f..pOVtXWV, !J-U6wv xa.t te:pwv ()t()'A(wv.
67 40. 0 Ptcra:A €ypa~c: au't6 'tO f.1-U6tcr't6p"Y)!J4 O"'t"YJV a7totxtoxpa'ttX~ ·;Awaaa (tcr7tavtxa), 1tou ~'tav "YJ lingua franca 'twv c:6vw'ttxa otacpopc:-:txwv wpaatMtxwv xat v't6mwv c::Ak IIapaAA"YJAa f.I-E 'to f.1-u6tcr't6p"YJ!J4 €f.1-cpavtcr't"Y)XE t7ttO""Y)<; yta 7tpW't"Y) cpopa €vac; «t6vtxtcr'ttx6c;» Ttmoc;, o 'l7tOtO<;, EX't"Oc; ll7t0 't"Y)V t0"7tllVtX~ "'(AWO"O"Il, 'X.P"Y)O"t[J.07totOUO"E Xllt «t6vw-:txec;» y:Awcrcrc:~, 61twc; ~'tav "YJ 'tayxa:A6yx xat "YJ Ilocano. B:A. Leopoldo Y. Yabes, «The Modem Literature of the Philippines», a. :.?87-302, cr'to Pierre-Bernard Lafont xat Denys Lombard (c:xo.), Litteratures Contemporaines de l' Asie du Sud-Est. 41. Jose Rizal, Noli Me Tangere (Mav(Aa: Instituto Nacional de Historia, 1978), 0". 1. Ka'ta 't"Y) Otapxttll 't"Y)c; 7tpW't"Y)c; exOOO""Y)c; 't"OU Immagined Communities, xa6wc; "Y) yvwcr"Y) f.I-OU 'twv tcr7tavtxwv ~'tav :xvc:7tapx~c;, avayxaa't"Y)XIl va 6acrtcr'tw O"'t"YJ f.I-E'tacppllO""YJ 'tou Ac:6v Mapla fxoutpepo 7tOU llMOtWVEt 'tO xd[J.EVO. 42. Ilapa't~p"Y)crt, yta 7tapaoc:tyf.1-a, 't"YJV c:mo€~ta aA:Aa~ 'tou Pt"7aA, O"'t"Y)V Iota 7tpO'tllO""Y), ll7t0 't"OV a6ptcr't"O «O"Y)[J.toUpY"Y)O"E» (cri6) O"'t"OV €vtcr'tw'ta «7toAAa7tAacrta~w> (multiplica) - 6:Aouc; c:~c; f.l-ll~L 43. H aM"Y) O~"Y) 't"Y)c; IXVWVU[J.tllc; 't"WV llVIl"'(VWO"'tWV ~'tav/dvat T) ?~f.I-"Y) 't"OU auyypacpia. '01twc; 6a OOUf.I-E, au't6 'tO Ot7toAo avWVU[J.ta/ ~(llO""Y)f.I-O't"Y)'tll EtVIlt app"Y)X'tll cruvoe:Oe:[J.eVO f.I-E: 't"Y)V e:~a7tAWO""Y) 't"OU eV'tU7tOU Xll7tt'tllAtO"f.1-0U. 'Ho"Y) ll7t0 'tO 1593 opaa't~ptot LlO[J."Y)Vtxavo( dxav e:xow"7E:L O"'t"Y) Mavi:Aa 'tO Doctrina Christiana. 'O[J.wc;, yta 7toMouc; atwve:c; !J.E:'ta, "Y) eV'tU7t"Y) 7tllpaywy~ 7tape[J.EtVE Xa't"W ll7t0 'tO llUO"'t"Y)pO eAEY"f..O -:"Y)c; ExxA"Y)crtac;. H a1te::Aw6€pwcr~ 't"Y)c; apxtcre: fJ-OAtc; 'to 1860. B:A€1tt Bienvenido L. Lumbera, Tagalog Poetry 1570-1898, Tradition and Influences in its Development, a. 35 ,93. 44. ~'to (ow, a. 115. 45. ~'to low, a. 120. 46. H 't"E:XVLX~ dvat 7tllpO[J.otll f.I-E 't"OU Of.l-~pou, "Y) 07t0tll exe:t ava),u6d a1t6 'tov Aoutpf.1-7tllX f.I-E f.l-e:yaA"YJ e:moe:~tO't"YJ'tll, Mimesis, xe:cp. 1 («Odysseus' Scar»). 4 7. «Paalam Albaniang pinamamayanan ng casama, t, lupit, bangis caliluhan, acong tangulang mo, i, cusa mang pinatay sa iyo, i, malaqui ang panghihinayang». (Av'tto, A:A6avla, 6acr(Ac:to 1t:Aiov -.ou Ka.xou, 't"Y)c; aa7tAaxvlac;, 't"Y)c; a.7ta't"Y)c; xa.t 't"Y)c; 6iac;!
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ANTEP~ON
Eyw, o otxo<; aou u7tc:prxama-.~<;. 1tou -twprx c:au ooAocpovd<; -tT]V -tUXTJ aou 7trxp' oA!X rxu-tli 6p1JVW.) Au-.~ TJ cpT]!J.ta!J.EVTJ a-.pocp~ rxpxc:-.i<; cpopi<; tpfLTJVEu61]xc: w<; auyxrxAU!J.fLEVTJ o~AWO'TJ -tou cptAmmve~txou 7t1X-tptw-tta!Lou· OfLW<; o AoufL7tEprx odxvc:t !J.E 7tOAU 7tEta-ttXO -tp07t0 O-tt !J-111 -thotrx EP!J.TJVdrx IX7tO'tEAEt rxvaxpovtafLO. Tagalog Poetry, a. 125. 'Exw aMii~c:t )..(yo -.o XEtfLEVO a-tTJV -.ayxaAoyx yta va !J.dvw ma-to<; a"T]V ixooO'TJ -.ou 7tot~fLCK.-tO<; -rou 1973 7tOU baata-tY)XE a-to ix-tu7to -tou 1861. 48. Jean Franco, An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. a. 34. 49. l:-.o £ow, a. 35-36. H u7toypli!J.!J.IO'TJ otx~ !J.OU. 50. H xiVYJO'TJ -.ou fi-Ovrxxtxou ~pwa a' ivrx aoafl-liv-.tvo xmvwvtxo 't07tt0 X~XPIXX-tY)pt~Et 7tOMa IX7t0 '!IX 7tpWt!J.CK. (rxv-tt-)rx7tOtXtaxa f1-U6ta-top~f1-CK.-ta.
51. '1a-tepa a1to f!-ta Aaf1-7tp~ aMa auv-tOf!-TJ xaptipa w<; pt~oa7ta OY)f!-oawyplicpou, o Mapxo auvc:A~cp61] a1to -tt<; oMrxvotxi<; a7tmxwxprx-ttxi<; apxi<; m o1tote:<; -.ov f!-E-ticpc:prxv a-to Boven Digul, iva a1t6 -.a 7tpw-trx a-tpa-t67tc:Oa auyxinpWO'T)<; a-.ov xoaf!-O, a-ta iAY) 1tou bptaxov-tav a-ta ba6Y) "1]<; OU'ttX~<; Nia<; routvia<;. Exe:t 7ti6avc: 'tO 1932, e7te:t-trx 111to i~t XPOvta xpli-tYJO'TJ<;. Henri Chambert-Loir, «Mas Marco Kartodikromo (1890-1932) ou L' Education Politique», a. 208, a-to Litteratures contemporaines de l'Asie du Sud-Est. 'Evrx<; e:~atpe:-to<; 7tA~ plJ<; a7toAoytaf1-0<;, 1tou iytve: 7tp6acpa-.a, "TJ<; a-.aotoopof!-t~X<; -.ou Mlipxo u7tapxe:t a-to Takashi Shiraishi, An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912-1926, xc:cpaAata 2-5 xrxt 8. 52. H f!-E-tacppaO'TJ a-.rx ayyAtxa c:lvat -tou Paul Tickell, Three Early Indonesian Short Stories by Mas Marco Kartodikromo (c. 18901932), a. 7, e:ow. H U7toyplif1-f1-tO'T] OtX~ f!-OU. 53. To 1924, iva<; a-te:vo<; cptAo<; xat 7tOAt-ttxo<; auv-tpocpo<; -tou Mapxo e:~iowae: iva f1-U6ta-topYJ!J.CK. fi-E -.ov -.h)..o Rasa Merdika [To va ata6ave:aat e:Ac:u6c:po<;/T o aia61J!J.CK. -tY)<; e:Ae:u6e:pta<;]. rtrx -.ov ~pwa rxu-.ou -.ou f1-U6ta-top~f1-a-to<; (-.o o7toto Arxv6aafl-iva rx7tooioe:t a-.ov Mapxo), o Chambert-Loir yplicpe:t o-tt «oe:v ixe:t toia -tt O'T]!J.CK.tVEt TJ )..i~TJ "aoataAtaf!-o<;": 7trxp' OAIX au-ta, 1Xta61ive:-tat IX7tix6e:tiX 7tpo<; '!OV XotVWVtXO opyavtafl-0 7t0U '!OV 7te:ptbaMe:t xat ata6avc:-trxt 'tl)V rxvayxY) VIX Ote:upuve:t '!OU<; opt~ov-.i<; -.ou fi-E: ouo -.po7tou<;: '!"a~coeuov'ra<; xac tca6al;ov'ra<;». («Mas a-tY)
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noAITLEMIKE:E PIZE:E
Marco», a. 208. H u7toypafJ-fJ-tO"Y) otx~ fJ-OU. ) 0 avun6p.ovo; nanayai.o; exet fJ-<-'t"IX(/iep6d a'!1)V Ia6a xat a'!OV etx.Oa'!O cw~va. 54. To va Otaba~et<; <-(/l1)fJ-<-ptoa dvat aav va Otaba~et<; eva fJ-U6ta'!6~r:fJ-a 0 auyypacpta<; '!OU 01tOtOU oev evor.a
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!la ayopacrouv 6t6"Ata O"'t"l)V 't"O"EXtXl) y"Awcrcra. H O"l)tJ.acr(a au't"~c; 't"l)c; otax.ptO"l)c; !la (J.!Xc; a1eaaxo"A~cret cr't"lJ cruv€x eta. 60. E1tm"A€ov, ~OlJ a1e6 't"o 't"EAoc; 't"ou Oix.a't"ou 7tEfJ.7t't"ou atwva o Beve't"oc; ex.OO't"l)t; Aldus etcr~yaye 't"l)V «exoocrlJ 't"cr€7tl)c; » . 61. 'Omuc; odxvet x.at lJ 7CEpL7t't"WO"l) 't"OU Semarang Hitam, 't"a ouo ELOl) (J.7CEO"'t"-cri£Aep ~'t"av cruVOEOE(J.i£Va (J.C.'t"a~u 't"Ouc; 1tto O"'t"EVa a1t' ocro dvat cr~(J.Epa. Ta OlJ(J.OcptA~ fJ.U!ltcr't"op~(J.IX't"IX 't"OU N't"Lxevc; 7tapoucrta~o V't"av cre cruv€xetec; cr't"tc; '-CfllJfl'-PLoec; (J.EyaAl)c; xux.Aocpop(ac;. 62. «To €nu1to uAtx6 7tapdxe crtW7tlJp~ u7tocr't"~pt~l) cre u7to!l€cretc; Ot U7tt.pacrmcr't"i£c; 't"WV 07COLWV O<.V (J.7tOpoucrav va 't"07tO!lE't"l)!lOUV O"E X.a(J.ttl AYt evopta x.at ot 07totot a7twvuvv. 1x.av a1to (J.IXXpta a eva aopa't"o x.otvo». Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, «Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought», Journal of Modem History, 40:1 (Map't"toc; 1968), cr. 42. 63 rpacponac; yta 't"l) crx€0"lJ (J.C.'t"a~u 't"l)c; UAtx~c; avapxtac; 't"l)t; acr't"tx.~c; xmvwv(ac; x.at (J.tac; acpl)pl)(J.€Vl)c; 7tOAt't"tX~c; wpu!l(J.Lac;, o Natpv 7tapa't"l)pd O't"t «o fllJxavtcr(J.6c; 't"l)c; av't"mpocrw7twO"l)c; (J.t.'t"hpel.jJe 't"lJV 7tpay(J.IX't"tX~ 't"a~tx.~ aVtO"O't"l)'t"a cre acpl)pl)(J.i£Vl) tO"O't"l)'t"a 't"WV 7t0At't"WV, 't"lJV tOto't"€Aeta cre a7tpocrW7tlJ cruMoytx.~ 6€Al)O"l), 6,'t"t otacpope't"tx.a !la ~'t"aV xaoc; (jf. (J.ta via xpa't"tX~ VO(J.t(J.O't"'Y)'t"a» The Break-Up of Britain, cr. 24. Llev u7tapxet atJ.cpt6oALa. AAAa o fllJxavtcrtJ.6c; av't"mpocrw7teuO"l)c; (ex.Aoy€c;;) e(vat (J.ta cr7tavta x.at XtVl)'t"~ eop't"~. H y€veO"l) 't"l)c; a7tp6crw7tl)c; 6€Al)O"l)c; fJ.7tOpd xaAU't"epa, VO(J.L~W, va ava~l)'t"l)!ld cr't"tc; xa!ll)fJ.<-ptv€c; xavovtXO't"l)'t"<.c; 't"l)t; cpav't"acrtax.~c; ~w~c;. I
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XO~'VW'V~XO-O~XOVOfJ.~X~ ()&;crt) 't' Y)c; CX'V't'ta't'CXCTY)c; O''t' YJ fJ.'Y)'t'p07tOA'YJ O''t'O ou't'~x6 'YJtJ.~acpa(pw tJ.E't'a~u 't'wv E't'W'V
1760 xat 1830. ~'t'ox.oc; tJ.OU ~'t'CX'V xupiwc; vex E~Y)yfJO"W yta n:mo Myo Y) av't'tO"'t'CXCTY) eytvE av'rtA'YJ7t't'~ tJ.E 7tO~XtAEc; «E6v~xec;)) fJ.Opcpec; napa tJ.E aMEc;. Ta mxovotJ.LXa O'UfJ.cpEpO'V't'CX 7tOU O~axu()EUO'V't'CX'V Et'VCXt 7tCXO't')"VWO''t'CX XIX~, 07tWc; dva~ n:pocpavec;, 6EtJ.EAtwoouc; O"Y)fJ.CXO"tac;. 0
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1. KpEOAO<; (Criollo) - a't'OfJ.O xa6apa ('t'OUAaXLCT't'O'V 6EWpl)'t'tXa) eupw7ta·r:x~c; xa't"aywy~c;
1tou ye:w~6Y)xe: OfJ.W<; CT't'Y)V A[J.Eptx~ (xat apyo't'e:pa Xa't', e:1tEX't'CXCTY)' 01tOU0~1tO't"e: aAAou e:X't'O<; 't'Y)<; EupW1t1J<;). 2. The Break-up of Britain, CT. 41. 3. Gerhard Masur, Simon Bolivar, a. 17. 4. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, CT. 14-17 xat e:~~<;. Au't'E<; ot avaAoy(e:c; 7tpo~A6av a1t6 't"O y~::yov6c; O't't ot mo CTY)fJ.I.tV't'tXE<; e:fJ.7toptxec; xat omtxl)'t'txec; Ae:t't'oupyie:c; fJ.OVo7twAouv't'av CTE fJ.e:yaAo 6a6tJ.6 l.t1t0 lCT7tCXVOU<; 1t0U ye:w~6Y)XCXV CT't'Y)V la-7taVta, EVW Y) "(l.ttDX't'Y)CTta ~'t'CXV a1tOAU't'a CXVDtX't"~ CT't'OU<; xpeoAouc;.
KPEOAOI IIPOTOIIOPOI
105
5. A1t' au-rlj 'rl)V a1tO\jJ1j U1tapxouv xa6apic; ava"Aoyter:, !JoE -rov t6vtxta!J-6 -rwv M1toe:pc; ivav atwva apy6npa. 6. Etvat (awe; a~toal)!J-dw-ro 6-rt o Tou1tax A!J-apou oe:v a1toxljpu~E o"AoxAl)pw-rtxa 'rl)V acpoatwO"l) a-rov la1tav6 6aatAta. Au-roc; xat ot o1taoo! -:ou (I votavot ae: !J-EyaAo 6a6!J-O, aMa xat xa1tOtot Ae:uxot xat !J-Ea-rhaoc;) £Vavnw61)xav a-ro xa6e:a-rwc; -r"Y)c; At!J-ll. Masur, Bolivar, a. 24. 7. Seton -Watson, Nations and States, a. 201. 8. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, a. 192. 9. ~-ro toto, a. 224. 10. Edward Morgan, «The Heart or Jefferson», The New York Times Review of Books, 17 Auyoua-rou 1978, a. 2. 11. Masur, Bolivar, a. 207· Lynch, The Sp:mish-American Revolutions, a. 23 7. 12. 'Oxt xwptc; xa1totouc; EAt"(!J-OUc;. A1te:AEu6ipwaE -roue; otxouc; -rou axA6:6ouc; "A(yo !J-E-ra -rlJ otaxljpu~l) -rl)c; ave:~ap-rl)atac; -rl)c; BEve:~oui"Aac; -ro 1810. '0-rav xa-recpuye: a'rl)V Ai-rlj -ro 1816, e"Aa6e: a-rpa-rtw-rtxlj 6olj6e:ta a1to -rov IIpoEopo Alexandre Petion, !JoE av-raA"Aay!J-ll 'rlJV u1t6axe:alj -rou va xa-rapyljae:t 'rl) oou"Ada ae: OAa -ra ll1tE:Ae:u6EpW!J-EVll e:oaCfilJ· H u7tooxe:0"1J 1tpay~J-a-ro7totlj61JxE a-ro Kapaxac; -ro 1818 - aA"Aa 7tpe1te:t va u7te:v6u!J-taou~J-e: 6-rt ot e:m-rux1e:c; -rlJc; Maophl)c; a'rl) Be:ve:~oui Aa !J-E-ra~u -rwv E-rwv 1814 xat 1816 ocpe:["Aov-rav e:v !J-EpEt a-ro yEyov6c; 6-rt "Y) {oca a1te:"Ae:u6ipwae: -roue; VO!J-t!J-6cppove:c; axA6:6ouc;. '0-rav o M7to"A16ap iytve: Ilp6e:opoc; -rl)c; Me:ya"Al)c; Ko"Ao!J-6tac; (Be:ve:~oui"Aa, Nia rpavaoa xat IO"l)!J-Eptv6c;) -ro 1821, ~1)-rl)ae: xat 1ti-ruxe: a1to -ro Kovyxpiao VO!J-O 1tou 6a a1tEAe:u6ipwve: -roue; ycou.; -rwv axA6:6wv. Ae:v «e:1xe: ~l)'rlJaEt ll1t0 -ro Kovyxpiao va xa-rapyljae:t 'rl) oou"Ada, yta-rt oe:v lj6e:AE va e:maupe:t 'rl) ouaapiaxe:ta -rwv !J-Eya"Awv yatOX'rl)!J-OVWV». Masur, Bolivar, a. 125, 206-207, 329 xat 388. 13. Lynch, The Sp:mish-American Revolutions, a. 276. H u1toyp6:!J-!J-t0"1) OtXlJ !J-OU. 14. AvaXPovta!J-6c;. To Oixa'to 6yooo atwva o auvlj61)c; 6foc; lj-rav ax6!J-t1 Las Espafias [ot la7tavtEc;] xat 6xt Espafia [ la7tav(a j. SetonWatson, Nations and States, a. 53. 15. Au-rlj 1J via e:m6e:-rtxlj aU!J-1te:ptcpopa -rl)c; !J-l)'rp01toA1)c; lj-rav e:v !J-tpe:t 1tpo"i6v -rwv ooy!J-hWv -rou Atacpw-rta!J-OU, e:v !J-tpe:t 1tpo"i6v XPOVtWV OlJ!J-OatovO!J-txwv 1tpo6Al)!J-hwv, xat e:v !J-Epe:t, !J-e:-ra -ro 1779, -rou 1tOAt!J-OU !JoE 'rl)V Ayy"A(a. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, a. 4-17.
106
MllENENTIKT ANTEPl:ON
16. ~'t'o !oto, a. 301. TEaa~pa ~xa't'Of.I.IJ-Uflta XfJY)atfJ.07tot~6Y)xav yta va ~mxopYJnaouv f£Ma f.1.€pYJ 't'YJ<; Aa-.tvtx~<; A~ptx~<;, ~vw €~t ~xa 't'Of.l.f.I.Upta ~-.av -.o xa6ap6 xipoo<;. 17. ~'t'O tOtO, a. 17. 18. To ~unay{.I.IX 't'Y)<; IlpW't'Y)<; dY)fJ.OXpa-.!a<; 't'Y)<; B~v~~ou€Aa<; (1811) ~'t'aV a~ 7tOMfJ. CIY){.I.Eta 7t:ta't'o antypacpo 't'OU ~UV't'fJ.)'{J.IX't'O<; 't'WV Hvw{.l.ivwv IloAtntwv. Masur, Bolfvar, a. 131. 19. Mta ~~a(p~'t'Y), 7tOAU7tA~UPYJ avfJ.AuCIY) 't'WV OOfJ.tXWV at't'twv 't'Y)<; totat-.~po't'Y)'t'a<; 't'Y)<; fJpa~tAtfl.vtXY)<; 7t~pt7t't'WCIYJ<; 7tpoacp€p~t o Jose Murillo de Carvalho, «Political Elites and State Building: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Brazil», Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24:3 (1982), a. 378-399. duo a1t6 -.ou<; 1tto CIY)f.I.IXV't'tXou<; 7tapfJ.yovn<; ~'t'av: 1) ot otacpop€<; a't'Y)V ~x7ta(o~uCIYJ. Evw «Eixoat -.pia 7tav~ma't'~{.l.ta bptaXOV't'aV Otaaxopma{.l.iva a't'O xwpo 1tOU ea a1tO't'EAOUa~ 't'£AtxfJ. o~xa 't'flEt<; Otacpop~'t'tX€<; xwp~<;» a't'Y)V Ia7tavtx~ Af.l.~ptxij, «Y) Ilop-.oyaA(a apvt6-.av aua~Y){J.a't'txfJ. va ~m-.p€\jJ~t 't'Y)V ~yxa!:l(opuCIYJ xfJ.!:le: Oe:af.I.OU avwnpY)<; f.I.Ofl<:pWCIYJ<; a't't<:; a1totXte:<:; 't'Y)<;, xwpt<:; va !:le:wpd W<:; 't'€'t'oto 't't<; t~pa't'tx€,:; axoA€<;». Avw-.e:pY) f.I.OflcpWCIY) f.1.1tOpouae: xfJ.7toto<:; va AfJ.b~t f.I.OVO a-.o Ilave:ma't'~f.l.to 't'Y)<:; Ko'tf.1.7tpa, xat e:xd, a't''Y) f.I.'Y)'t'ipa 7ta-.pioa, 7t~ yawav -.a 7tatotfJ. 't'Y)<:; e:Ah 't'wv xpe:oAwv, 1tou Y) ~yfJ.AY) -.ou,:; 7tA~tov6't''Y)'t'a a1touoa~e: VO{.I.txfJ.. 2) dtacpope:'t'tx€<; ouva't'O't'Y)'t'e:<:; a-.aotoopo{J.ta<; yta -.ou<:; xp~oAouc;. 0 De Carvalho 7tapa't'Y)pe:! «-.ov 1toAU ~yaAtvce:po a7toxAe:taf.1.6 't'WV la1tavwv 1tou ye:vv~6Y)xav IJ't'Y)V Af.l.~ptx~ a1t6 -.a u\jJY)A6-.e:pa 1toa-.a a't'Y)V ta7tavtx~ 7tAeupfJ. [sic]». BA€7te: e:7ttCIY)<:; Stuart B. Schwartz, «The Fonnation of a Colonial Identity in Brazil», xe:cp. 2 a-.o Nicholas Canny xat Anthony Padgen (e:xo.), Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800, o o1toioc; 7tapa't'Y)pe:i (a. 38) 6-.t «oe: Ae:t't'oupyouae: 't'U7toypacptx6 me:a't'~pto a't"Y) Bpa~tA!a xa't'fJ. 't'Y) otfJ.pxe:ta 't'WV -.ptwv 7tpw-.wv atwvwv 't'YJ<; a7totxtoxpa-.!a<;». 20. Ta iota ea f.1.1tOpouaav va e:mw!:louv yta 't'Y) a't'fJ.CIY) 't'OU Aovo!vou avacpoptxfJ. ~ 't't<; Ll~xa-.pd<; A7totxie:<; xat yta 't'Y)V toe:oAoy(a 't'Y)<; ETiavfJ.a-.aCIY)<:; 't'OU 1776. 21. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, a. 208· 7tflbA. Masur, Bolivar, a. 98-99 xat 231. 22. Masur, Bolfvar, a. 678. 23. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, a. 25-26. 24. Masur, Bolivar, a. 19. uatxfJ. au-.fJ. 't'a !.1.€-.pa ~'t'av ouva-.6v
KPEOAOI llPOTOllOPOI
107
VrJ. EqlrJ.p(J.OO""t"OUV !J.OVO !J.Eptxwc; XrJ.t "t"O Arx!lpE!J.7t0pto ~"t"IXV a.pXE"t"tX EX"t"t"t"rJ.(J.EVO. 25. ~"o !ow, a. 546. 26. B'Aene: "t"Ou (otou The Forest of Symbols, Aspects of Ndembu Ritual, e:tOtXO"t"e:prx "t"O XEqlaArxto «Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passages». rta. (J.trJ. (J.E"t"rJ.j'EVEO""t"Epl] XrJ.t mo 7tOAU7tAEUPlJ E7tE~e:pya.a(cx, 6'Ae1te: "t"OU (otou Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors, Symbolic Action in Human Society, XEql. 5 («Pilgrimages as Social Processes») xcxt 6 («Passages, Margins, and Poverty: Religious Symbols of Communitas»). 27. BAine: Bloch, Feudal Society, I, a. 64. 28. Y7tapxouv e:ow 7tpoqJrxvdc; a.va.'Aoy(e:c; !J.E "t"ouc; a.nta"t"mxouc; p6'Aouc; "t"WV o(y'Awaawv OtrJ.VOOU!J.EVWV XrJ.t "t"WV txVrJ.AqltXbl]"t"WV Cl"E (J.Ej'tXAO 6tx!l(J.O Epj'rJ."t"WV Xtxt xwptxwv Cl""t"Y) j'EVEO"l] auyxe:xpt(J.ivwv dlvt>ttO""t"tXWV XtVlJ!J.cX"t"wv - nptv rJ.7tO "t"l]V eAEUO"l] "t"Ou pa.OtOqlWVOU. To pa.OtOqlWVO, "t"O o1to!o e:<:pe:upe!lYJxE "t"o 1895, xa."t"a!fle:pe: vex e:maxttiae:t "t"ov Tu1to xcxt va. Ol]!J.toupy~ae:t tJ.La.v cxxoua"t"tx~ txVtx7trxpaa"t"rJ.O"l] "t"Y)c; cpa.v"t"a.atrxx~c; xotv6"t"l]"t"rJ.c; e:xd 6nou lJ ev"t"U7tlJ ae:'A(oa. a7tavtcx tJ.7topouae: va. ote:taouae:t. 0 p6'Aoc; "t"ou O""t"""J 6te:"t"Vtx(J.tX~ xcxt "t"l]V tvOOVl]O"ta.x~ e:7ta.vaa"t"rJ.O"l], xa.t ye:vtxti Cl""t"OU<;; dlvt>ttO"(J.OUc; "t"OU !J.EO"OU "t"OU EtltOCl""t"OU IXtWVtx, EXEt U7tO"t"L!J.l]6e:( 7tOAU ltrJ.t OEV exe:t !J.EAE"t"l]6E( e:na.pxw.;;. 29. 0 6poc; «Nii.x6 npoaxUVlJ!J.rx» oe: !la. enpE7tE va. e:xArJ.(J.btXVE"t"rJ.t rx1t'Awc; we; tJ.trx qlrJ.V"t"rJ.X"t"Ep~ (J.t"t"txqlopti. 0 K6vpa.v"t" ~"t"txv e:tpwvtx6c;, rxlla E7ttO"l]c; a.xpt6oA6yoc;, O"t"a.v 7ttpteypa.\jle: we; 7tpoaxuvlJ"t"ec; "t"ouc; qliXO"fJ.rJ."t"txouc; cxv"t"mpoaw7touc; "t"ou Awrr.6'Aoou B' O""t"""JV xa.potti "t"ou ax6"t"ouc;. 3 o. Iotcxhe:pcx onou: a.) lJ tJ.ovorrxtJ.h ~"a.v e:7tt6e:6"AlJtJ.EVlJ a.7t6 "t"lJ 6pl]axe:(a. xa.t "t"O VO!J.O" 6) lJ XAl]povo(J.t>t~ tJ.E"t"rx6(6rxO"l] "t"l]<;; t~oua(a.c; ~"t"txv o xcxv6va.c;· i') ot !J.l] ouvrxa"t"txo( "t"t"t"Aot xa.t (J.t"t"a.6t6ti"ov"t"txv XAY)pOVO!J.tXa xa.t ~"t"txv 6e:wpl]"t"txti xtxt VO!J.txti ota.xpt"t"o( a.n6 "t"tx u7ta.Ml]Atxti a.~tWtJ.rx "t"a.: OlJAtxo~, 61tou ot e:nrxpxtcxxec; a.pta"t"oxpa."t"(e:c; dxcxv Cl"lJfJ.rJ.V"t"tx~ a.ve:~tXp"t"lJ"lJ e:~oua(cx - lJ An'A(a. at a.n(!le:O"l] tJ.E "t"O ~tatJ.. 31. B'A€1te: Bloch, Feudal Society, II, a. 422 xcxt e:~~c;. 32. E(vcxt q~a.ve:p6 O"t"t txu"t"~ lJ 'Aoytx~ oe: !lex 'npe:m: va. U7te:ptX"t"t!J.l]!ld. H 7tEpt7t"t"WO"l] "t"Ou HvwtJ.evou Bcxat'Adou, 07tOU ot Kcx!lo'Atxo( dxrxv rJ.7tOXAEta"t"d a.1t6 "t"rJ. xptx"t"txti rx~tW(J.rJ."t"rJ. tJ.EXPt "t"O 1829, oe:v dva.t !J.Ov®m~. E>a. rxtJ.<:peb
108
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
IXU't"O~ · 0 !J-IXXpoxpovto~ IX7tOXAEtO'!J-0~ O''t"l]V ava7t't"U~1J 't"OU tpAIXVOtXOU
e:6vtxtcr!J-OU; 33. Lynch, The Spanish-American Revolutions, cr. 18-19, 298. A7t6 't"OU~ oe:xa7tEV't"E XtAtaoe:~ 7tEpt7tOU peninsulares Ot !J-tcrof ~'t"IXV cr't"pa't"tW't"E~.
34. ~e: OAlJ 't"1J ot&pxe:ta 't"l]~ 7tpW't"l]~ OEXIXE't"tiX~ 't"OU OEXIX't"OU iva't"OU atwva (jjafve:'t"at O't"t u7t~pxav 't"e:'t"pax6crtot 7te:pt7tou No't"ta!J-e:ptxavof xa't"otxot cr't"lJV lcr1tavla. ~· au't"ou~ 7te:ptAa!J-6avo't"av o «Apye:v't"tvo~>> ~av Map't"tv, 1tou e:fxe: Tiae:t !J-txp6 Tiato! cr't"lJV lcr1tavfa, xat €~1Jcre: 't"IX e:7t6~J-e:va dxocrt e:TI't"a 'X_Povta e:xd. MTI~xe: cr't"l] Bacrt:Atx~ AxaOlJ!J-LIX yta !J-trl e:uye:v~ ava't"pO(jj~ xat E7tat~e: iva otaxe:xpt!J-EVO p6:Ao cr't"OV EV07tAO aywva e:vanfov 't"Ou N a7to:A€ov't"a 7tptv e:mcr't"pitjle:t cr't"ov 't"07to 1tou ye:vv~!h]xe:, !J-OAt~ E!J-rx6e: O't"t 1J Apye:v't"tv~ otax~pu~e: 't"l]V ave:~ap't"l]crta 't"l]c;. E1tt0'1)c; 0 M7t0Atbap, 0 07tOtoc; xa7tO't"E acpY)crE 't"Y) Maopt't"Y) !JoE 't"OV Mavoui:A Mi:Ao, 't"OV «A!J-e:ptxavo» e:pacr't"~ 't"Y)c; 6acrf:Atcrcra~ Map(ac; Aouf~a~. 0 Macroup 7te:ptypa(jje:t O't"t av~xe: (7t. 1805) cre: «~J-ta o!J-&oa ve:apwv No't"tiX!J-Eptxavwv» ot o7totot, 61twc; xat au't"oc;, «~'t"av 7tAOUcrtot, ae:pyot XIXt ave:m!lU!J-Y)'t"Ot cr't"l]V Au:A~. To !J-lt10<; XCit 't"O atcr!ll]!J-rx 't"l]c; XIX't"W't"EpO't"lJ't"IXc; 7tOU IXtcr!lavOV't"IXV 7tOAAot xpe:oAOt IX7tEWXV't"t cr't"l] !J-l]'t"Epcx 7tCX't"ptOIX IXVCX7t't"UX61JXE XIXt e:~e:AtX61JXE cre: E7tiXVIXcr't"IX't"tX~ Op!J-~». BoHvar, cr. 41-47, xat 469-470 (SanMartin). 35. Me: 't"O 7tEpacr~J-IX 't"OU 'X_POVOU, 't"IX cr't"piX't"tW•rtxa 7tpOO'XUV~!J-rl't"CX am:X't"Y)criXV 00'1] crYJ!J-(lcrta dxav XCXt 't"IX 7t0At't"txa. «H Icr7tCXVtiX oe: ot€8e:n ou't"e: 't"a XP~!J-rl't"CX ou't"e: 't"O cxv6pwmvo ouva!J-tXo Wcr't"e: va ota't"lJp~cre:t O'lJ!J-rlV't"txic; cre: !J-Eje:!loc; (jjpoupic; a1t6 't"IXX't"txa cr't"panU!J-rl't"IX cr't"l]v A~J-e: ptx~ xat 6acrt~O't"av xup!wc; cre: a7totxtax€c; e:!lvo(jjpoupi~, ot 07tote:c; a1t6 't"a !J-Ecra 't"OU OEXIX't"OU 6yooou atwva e:~a7tAW!h]xcxv xat avcxowpyavw61JXIXV». (~'t"o toto, cr. 10). Au't"ic; ot e:!lvo(jjpoupic; dxav xup!wc; 't"omx6 xcxpaX't"~pa, xat oe:v a7tO't"EAOUcrav IXV't"aMa~t!J-(l 't"IJ-~!J-(l't"CX e:voc; e:upw7tatXOU !J-lJXCXVtcr!J-OU acr(jjaAdac;. 'E7tat~av f:vav o:Aof:va xat 1tto O'l]!J-(XV't"tx6 p6:Ao cx1t6 't"O 1760 xcxt !J-E't"a, xcx!lwc; ot 6pe:'t"avtxf:c; e:mopo~J-f:c; 7toMa7t:Aacrta~ov't"av. 0 7ta't"epac; 't"ou M7to:A\6ap u1t~p~e: €vac; e:m(jjav~c; ototXl]'t"~c; 't"l]c; e:6vo(jjpoupac;, u7te:pacr7ti~ov't"ac; 't"a :At!J-&vta 't"l]c; Be:ve:~oui:Aac; a1t6 't"ouc; e:tcr6o:Ae:!c;. 0 lowe; o M1to:A\6ap U7t1Jph1Jcre: cr't"lJV Tia:Ata !J-Dvaoa 't"ou 1ta't"ipa 't"OU w~ E(jjlJbOc;. (Masur, Bolivar, cr. 30 xat 38). A1t' au't"~ 't"l]V a7tOtji1J ~'t"IXV !J-tCX 't"U7ttX~ 7tE:pt7t't"WO'l] 07tW<; 7tOMOt IX7t0 't"OU<; l]yf:'t"e:c; 't"l]<; 7tpW't"1J<; ye:vtac; e:!lvtxtcr't"wv 't"l]c; Apye:ntv~~. Be:ve:~oui:Aa~ xat Xt:A~c;.
KPEOAOI IIPOTOIIOPOI
109
B'Atm: Robert L. Gilmore, Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910, xecp. 6 [«The Militia»] xa~ 7 [«The Military>>]. 3 6. Ac; 7tpoai~OU[J.E 't"~<; [J.E't"aflo:Aic; 1tOU e1ticpepe l) ave~ap't"l)O"ta a't"ouc; Atup~xavouc;: lJ Tif'W't"lJ yev~a (U't"avaa't"wv iy~vav 't"Wpa m «xa't"Wnpo~» ant ot «avw't"epot», Ol)Aao~ au't"ot Tiou dxav [J.OAuv6et 7tep~a a6't"epo a1t6 iva [J.otpato 't"OTIO yiWl)O""Y)<;. Ilap6[J.o~ec; [J.E't"IXO"'t"(JO
110
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
49. «'Evct<; oou'Aomxpotxo<; ~p6e ytct VIX Otct(J4p't"Upl)6d O't"t 0 la7tctVO<; ema't"cX't"l)<; 't"ou x't"~tJ.ct't"o<; 't"ou 't"ov dxe X'~"U7t~aet. 0 ~ctv Mctp't"lv ~'t"ctv ctyctvctX't"tatJ.ivo<;. E7tp6xet't"o tJ.ciN-ov ytct e6vtxtt:r't"tx~ 7tctpci ytct aoatctAta't"tX~ ctyctvcXX't"l)O"l). "Tt VOtJ.t~et<;; Me't"ci ct7t6 't"ptct 'f..POVtct e7tctVcXa't"ctO"l)<; €vet<; maturrango [xuo. la7tctv6.; ct7t6 't"l)V 16l)ptx~ Xepa6vl)ao] 't"oAtJ.ciet VIX O"l)XWaF;t 't"O xept 't"OU 7tcXVW ae AtJ.eptxctv6;"». ~'t"O tOto, a. 87. 50. Mtct auvctp7t~Xa't"tX~ 7te:ptypctrp~ 't"OU ct7tO!J4Xpou Xctt 't"l)<; ct7tOtJ.OVWO"l)<; 't"WV ta7tctV0-1XtJ.EptXIXVtXWV 7tAl)6UatJ.WV IX7tO't"EAet l) 7te:ptypctrp~ 't"OU tJ.U6txm) Mctx6no ct7t6 't"Ov Mcipxe<; a't"o Exa-r6 XP6vca p.ova~cat;. 51. H auvoAtx~ ex't"ctO"l) 't"wv ~exct't"ptwv A7totxtwv ~'t"ctv 322.497 't"E't"pctywvtxci tJ.tAtct. Tl)<; Beve~ou€Act<; ~'t"IXV 352.143· 't"l)<; Apyentv~<; 1.072.067· xctt '~"l)<; ta7tctv6rpwVl)<; No't"tct<; AtJ.eptx~<; 3.417.625 n't"pctywvtxci tJ.tAtct. 52. H IIctpctyoucil) a7to't"eAd 7tept7t't"WO"l) ~exwpta't"ou evotarpepov't"o<;. Xcipl) a't"l) axe:'t"txci yevvat6owpl) otx't"a't"opia 1tou e:yxa6topu6l)xe e:xei a1t6 't"ou.; ll)aouin.; a't"t<; apx€.; 't"ou oexa't"ou €6ootJ.ou atwva, m t6aye:vd.; dxav xaAU't"e:pl) tJ.E't"IX'f..etptO"l) a1t6 o7touo~7to't"e: aN-ou a't"l)V la7tiXVtX~ AtJ.eptx~, XIXt l) Guarani IX7tOAcXtJ.6ave: 't"O xupo<; EV't"U7tl)<; )'AWaaa<;. 'O't"IXV 't"O ~'t"EtJ.tJ.IX IX7tEAaae 't"OU<; ll)aOUt't"e:<; IX7t0 't"l)V la7tctVtX~ AtJ.e:ptx~ 't"O 1767, l) e:octrptx~ xuptapxia 't"l)<; IIapctyoucXl)<; erp't"ctae: a't"o Pto oe AIX llAcX't"IX, IXMcX 7t0AU xa6ua't"Epl)tJ.EVIX XIXt yta Atyo 7te:ptaa6npo a1t6 tJ.tiX ye:vtci. BA€7te Seton-Watson, Nations and States, t:r. 200-201. 53. Etvat otarpw't"ta't"tx6 't"O O't"t l) ~tax~pu~l) 't"l)<; Ave:~ap't"l)ata<; 't"O 1776 xcivet Aoyo tJ.OVO ytct «Aao», evw l) AE~l) «e6vo<;» xcivet 't"l)V 7tpW't"l) 't"l)<; EtJ.tflcXVtO"l) tJ.OAt<; a't"o ~UV't"IX)'!J.IX 't"OU 17 89. Kemilii.inen, Nationalism, a. 105.
IIAAIE~
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TO TEAm: TH~ EIIOXH~ 'tWV e:m
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MIIENENTIKT
112
ANTEP~ON
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Bildung wie seine Sprache» 1• Au't"~ lJ !J.E"'(IXA07tflE7tlJ !J.E ~cXO"YJ 't"l)V wp(tmai.x~ E!J.7tEtpta auMlJ~lJ 't"l)c; O"U!J.!J.E't"OX~c; ·ae €va €6voc; O"UVOEOE!J.EVl) !J.E 't"l) "'(AWaaa 't"l)c; ll't"O!J.tX~c; tOtoX't"l)O"tcxc; cXO"Xl)O"E !J.E"'(cXAlJ emppo~ O"'t"l)V EupW7tlJ 't"OU Uxa't"ou €va't"ou cxtwva xat, ae mo a't"ev6 7tAatato, O"'t"l)V max6"Aou6l] 6ewpl)'t"tX~ Ota7tpll"'(!J.cX't"WO"YJ 't"l)c; cpual)c; 't"OU e6vtXtO"!J.OU. IIotec; ~'t"IXV ot IX7t1XflXEc; cxu't"ou 't"OU ovdpou; To mo m6cxv6 dvcxt O't"t ot p(~ec; 't"Ou EV't07tt~OV't"IXt O"'tl)V 7tpocpcxv~ aupptXVWO"l) 't"OU wpw7ta·r:xou XOO"!J.OU O"E xp6vo X!Xt xwpo, lJ 07t0t!X ~&XtVl)O"E ~Ol] 'tO OEXIX't"O 't"E't"!Xp't"O atwva, X!Xt 7tpox"A~6lJXE apxtxa cx1t6 't"tc; avaax.acp€c; 't"WV Ou!J.CXVtO"'t"Wv xat apyo't"epcx, 7tflcX"'(!J.Il 7tOU etVIXt cxpXE't"cX 7tllflcXOO~O, IX7t0 't"l)V 7tAIXVlJ't"tX~ e~a7tAWO"Y] 't"l)c; EupW7tl)c;. I:u!J.cpwvcx !J.E 't"l)V EV't"&XVlJ ota't"U7tWO"YJ 't"OU Aou&p!J.7t~XX2 : I:'t"l)V !XU~ 't"OU OU!J.IXVLO"!J.OU apxtae vex U7tcXflXEt lJ ataSl]ir} O't"t 'til yeyovo't"a 't"Y)c; x"Aaatx~c; ta'top(ac; xat 't"OU !J.U6ou 61twc; xat au't"a 't"l)c; Bt~"Aou oe otcxxwp(~ov't"av a1to 't"a 7t1Xp0V't"IX !J.OVO E~llt't"tcxc; 't"l)c; XPOVtX~c; IX7t00"'t"IXO"Y)c; aMa Xllt c~avda~ -rwv cv·n:Aw~ otaq;opc-rtx.wv auvOr;x.wv 'w~~- 0 OU!J.IXVLO"!J.Oc;, 7tOU dxe O"IXV O"'t"OXO 't"l)V IXVIXVEWO"l) 't"WV cxpxcxiwv !J.Opcpwv ~w~c; X!Xt €xcpp1Xal)c;, Ol)!J.tOupyd !J.LIX 7tpW't"O"'(VWPlJ tO"'t"O(JtX~ 7tp007t't"tX~· ot OU!J.IXVtO"'t"Ec; ~AE7tOUV 't"l)V ap'X.IltO't"l)'t"ll ae ta't"optx6 t)ci6oc;, xcxt ae cxv't"tOtcxa't"oA~ !J.' au't"o 'tO f'le oa oc;, 't"l) O"XO't"EtVl) E7t0'X.lJ 't"WV MlEO"WV flOVWV 7t0U !J.Eao"Aci~lJacxv ... [ Au'to €xcxve aouvcx'tY) 'tlJV] e7tcxveyxcx6(opuO"YJ 't"l)c; au't"apxouc; ~w~c; 1tou ~'t"av cpuatx~ yta 't"Y)V apxcx(o 7tOAt't"tO"!J.O xcxt 't"l)V ta't"optx~ IX7tAo·r:x6't"l)'t"IX 't"OU owo€xa't"ou X!Xt 't"OU OEXIX't"OU 't"pt't"OU IXLWVIX. I
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113
«vew-teptXO't'Y)-tac;» 1tou av-.mape-tt'6e-to a7teptcppaa-ta a-t'Y)V «apx.at6-t'Y)-ta», xat 6x.t a7tapat-t'Y)-ta 7tpoc; 6cpeAoc; -t'Y)c; nAEU-tafac;. To ~~'t'YJIJ.Ct auvoe6Y)XE enova fJ-E 't'YJ «dta~J-ax'YJ Apxafwv xat N w-tepwv» 1tOU xuptapX,Y)aE a-t'Y) yaAAtX~ 7tVEUfJ-a'ttX~ ~W~ 'tO 'tEAEU-tato 't'E't'ap't'O 't'OU oexa't'OU ebOOfJ-OU atwva 3 • IIapa6e't'OV't'ac; ~ava 'tOV AouEpfJ-7tax: «TY)V mox~ 't'OU Aouooflfxou L:l' Ot raAAOt dxav 'tO 6appoc; va 6ewp~aouv 'tO Otx6 't'Ouc; 1t0At'ttafJ-6 we; eva eyxupo fJ-OV't'eAo 7tOU ~-tav ta6't'tfJ-O fJ£ au-.6 -.wv apx.a{wv xat E7tH)aAav au-.~ 't"YJ'V a7tO\ji'Yj a't' Y)V U7t6AOt1t'YJ EupW7t'Y)» 4 • ~'t'o 1tepaa~J-a 't"Ou oexa't'ou ex't'ou atwva, 'YJ eupw7tat·x~ «avaxaAu\ji'YJ» 't"WV fJ-EyaAWV 1tOAt'ttafJ-WV 1tOU OEV dx.av a1tOX't~aEt ax6IJ.Ct 't' YJ fJ-E'tE7tEt't"a cp~fJ-'YJ -.ouc; ---'t'Y)c; Kfvac;, 't"'Y)c; la7twv(ac;, 't"Y)c; N o-ttoava-toAtx~c; Aa(ac; xat 't'YJ<; tvotx~c; U7tO-'Y)7tdpou- ~ 't'WV E'V't'EAWc; ayvwa't"W'V --"t'W'V A~'tEXW'V a't'O Me~tx6 xat 'tWV 'Ivxac; a't"o ITepo&-- u1too~Awvav 't'ov a6epa7tw't'o 7tAoupaAtafJ-6 't"Y)c; av6pw7t6't''Y)'t"ac;. Ot 7tEptaa6-.epot a1t' au-.ouc; 'roue; 7tOAt-ttafJ-ouc; dx.av ava7t-tux.6d eneAwc; ave~ap"'YJ"a a1t6 "'YJ yvwa-t~ ta't'op(a "'YJc; Eupw7t'YJ<;, -t'Y)c; x.pta't"tavoauv'Y)c;, 't"'YJ<; Apx.at6-t'Y)-tac;, xat 6e6ata -tou av6pw1tou: ot yeveaAoyfec; -touc; 6pfaxov-.av 1tepa a1t6 't' YJV EoefJxat oev fJ-1tOpo6aav va acpofJ-otw6o6v a1t6 au't'~. (M6vov o OfJ-otOyev~c;, xev6c; x.p6voc; 6a fJ-7topo6ae va 't'ouc; 7tpoacpepet xa-.aAUfUX.) H E7ttopaG"YJ 't"WV «avaxaAuljlewv» fJ-7topd va u7toAoyta't'd fJ-E 6aG"Y) 't'tc; tot6fJ-opcpec; yewypacp(ec; -.wv cpav-.aa't'tXWv 7tOAt't'eu~a-.wv 't' YJ<; E7WX,~c;. H Utopia -tou Mop, 1tou EfJ-cpavta't"'Y)XE 't'O 1516, tax.upt~6-tav 6't't a1tO'tEAOUaE 't'OV a1tOAoytafJ-6 evoc; vau't'tXOU, 'tOV 07tOtO auvaV't''Y)aE 0 auyypacpeac; a-to Antwerp, xat 0 07tOtoc; dy,.E 1tapet fJ-Epoc; a't"'YJV a7toa-toA~ -.ou A~J-eptxo Bea7to6xt a't'tc; AJJ.eptxec; 't"o 1497-1498. To New Atlantis (1626) -rou iPpavatc; M7tetxov ~'t'av xti't't xatvoupyto 1tavw a1t' 6Aa E7tEto~ ex-tuAtaa6-tav a-tov Etp'Y)vtxo Oxeavo. To 1mepox.o N'Y)at -rwv Xo6vfJ-WV 't'OU ~ou£cp-r (1726) auvoow6't'aV a1t6 evav 7tAaaJJ.a-ttx6 x.ap-r'Y) 't' Y)<; 't'01to6ea(ac; 't"OU a-tov A't'Aav't'tx6. H G"Y)IJ.Ctata au't'WV -rwv 't'07tWV 6a ~-rav (awe; mo ~exa6ap'Y) av axecp-.6-rav xave{c; 1t6ao aotavo'Y)'t'O 6a ~-tav va 't'07to6e't'~atL xavdc; 't"'Y)V IIoAt't'da 't'OU IlAa't'W'Va at xa7tOtO x.lip't"YJ, I
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118
MllENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
xcbtmwv ouaxoA.wv €pywv 't"OU EUa-tpocpou Ouyypou auyypacp€a rxE6pyxt M1tEaEVtE"i, 0 01tOtoc; 't"O't"E OLE!J-EVE a't"l) BtEWl) xat U1tl)pE-toUaE a-tl) awp.a-tocpuA.ax~ 't"l)c; Maptac; E>l)pEatac;... Ta magna opera -tou M1tEaEVtE.i ax61twav vex a1tood~ouv 6-tt l) ouyyptx~ yA.waaa &pp.o~e: a-to u~l)AO-tEpo A.oyonxvtx6 dooc;» 17 • Em1tA.€ov e:pHltap.a 7tapdxav m e:x'te:vdc; e:xo6aEtc; 'tou EpEvx Ka~Ev-tat (1759-1831), «'tou 1tCX'tEpa 'tl)c; ouyyptx~c; A.oyo-tExvfac;))' XCXt l) !J-E't"CXcpop& a't"l) BouOCX1tEa't"l)' 't"O 17 84' 't"OU !J-E't"E1tEL't"CX IIavEma'tl)!J-tOu -tl)c; Bouoa1tEa-tl)c; a1t6 't"l) p.txp~ mapxtax~ 1tOAl) Tmava. H 1tpW-tl) 1tOAt't"tX~ -tou txcppacrl) ~-tav l) E'f..6ptx~ av-ttopacrl) -tl)c; ACX'ttv6cpwvl)c; p.ayu&ptxl)c; apta-toxpa-ttac; a-tl)V CX1t0cpCXalj 't"OU CXU't"oxp&-topa lwa~cp B' 't"O 1780, aup.cpwva !JoE 't"l)V o1tota l) yEpp.avtx~ 6a E1tpe:1te: vex av-ttxa-taa't~aEt 't"l) Aa-ttvtx~ we; xupta yA.waaa 'tl)c; CXU't"OXpCX'tOptx~c; OtotXl)al)c; 18 • Tl)v 1te:piooo 1800-1850 otap.opcpw6l)xav -tpEtc; otaxpt-ttc; yA.waaEc; a-tl) fl6pe:ta BaA.xavtx~, we; CX1tO't"EAEap.cx -tl)c; 7tpw-to1toptax~c; oouAEtac; 'Yl)"(EVWV A.oyfwv: l) aA.oflEvtx~, l) aEpfloxpoa-ttx~ xat lJ flouA.yaptx~. Av xat, -to 1830, m «BouA.yapot» dxav 6Ewp~aEt O'tt av~xav a'to tOto €6voc; p.e: -touc; :Etpflouc; xat -touc; Kpo&nc; xat dxav a-tl)V 7tpayp.a-ttx6-tl)'t"CX aup.p.E-tcXaXEt a-to IAA.uptx6 Ktvl)p.cx, tva ~E'f..Wpta-t6 flouA.yaptx6 xphoc; e:1tpoxEt't"o vex CX1tOX't~ae:t U1tOO'tCXal) we; 't"O 1878. To OEXCX'tO 6yooo atwva, l) ouxpavtx~ (Mtxp~ Pwatx~) ~-tav avEx-t~ we; yA.waaa -twv CX1tAO.tXWV xwptxwv. AAA.& 't"O 1798 0 Ifl&v Ko-tAtaptcpaxt typa~E 't"l)V Aeneid -tou, tva e:~atpE-ttx& Ol)!J-OcptA.tc; aa-ttptx6 1tOtl)p.a 1tavw a'tl)V ouxpavtx~ ~w~. To 1804 top66l)XE 't"O IlavEma't~!J-LO -tou X&pxoflo xt €ytve: ap.tawc; xtv-tpo 'tl)c; EXpl)~l)c; -tl)c; ouxpavtx~c; A.oyo-tEXVtac;. To 1819 e:p.cpavta'tl)XE lJ 7tpW-tl) ouxpavtx~ ypap.p.a't"tX~ - p.6A.tc; OEXCXE1t'tcX xp6vta p.e:-t& 't"l)V E1ttcrl)!J-l) pwatx~. Kat -to 1830 axoA.ouSl)aav 'tCX tpya -tou T&pac; :EEfl-tatvxo yta -tov 01t0t0 0 :Ehov-rou6-taov 1tCXpCX't"l)pEt O't"t «l) Otap.6pcpwalj p.tac; a1toOEx-t~c; ouxpavtx~c; A.oyo-te:xvtx~c; yA.waaac; ocpd"AEt 1tEptaa6-te:pa a' au-t6v 1tap& aE 07towvo~1tO't"E &AA.o &v6pw1to. H x.p~crl) CXU't~c; 't"l)c; yJ..waaac; ~'t"CXV 't"O CX1tocpaata't"tXO a't"cXOW a-to a'X.l)!J-CX-
IIAAIE~ rAO~~E~.
NEA MONTEAA
119
-rtcr(J-6 -r"Y)c; ouxpavtx~c; E6vtx~c; cruvdOY)O'"Y)c;» 19 • ~uv-ro(J.Cl., a1t6 XEt xat 7tEpa, -ro 1846, topu6"Y)xE "Y) 1tf'W'!"Y) ouxpavtx~ E6vtxtcr-rtx~ opyavwO'"Y) cr-ro K(d)o a1t6 €vav tcr-roptx6! To o€xa-ro 6yooo atwva "Y) xpMtx~ yA.waaa -r"Y)c; O'"Y)fJ.Eptv~c; c)tvA.avo(ac; ~-rav "Y) crou"Y)otx~. 'ETIEt-ra a1t6 '!"Y)V Eoaq~tx~ €vwO'"Y) !J.E -ro -rcraptx6 6acr(AEW -ro 1809, ETiiO'"Y)!J."Y) yA.waaa €ytvE "Y) pwcrtx~. 'O~J.wc;, €va «aq>uTivt~6[J.EVo>> Evotaq>€pov yta -ra q>tvA.avotxa xat -ro q>tvA.avotx6 7tapEA.66v, Tiou Exq>pacr-r"Y)XE apx.txa [J.Ecra a1t6 xd[J.EVa ypa!J.!J.Eva a-ra A.a-rtvtxa xat a-ra crou"Y)Otxa 7tpoc; -ra -rEA"Y) -rou Uxa-rou 6yooou atwva, EXOY)Awv6-rav oA.o€va xat mo q~avEpa cr-r"Y)V xa60!J.tAOU[J.EV"Y) we; '!Cl. 182020 . Ot "Y)yE-rEc; 't"OU q>tVACXVOtXOU E6vtXtO''!tXOU Xtv~(J.Cl.'!Oc; 1tOU CXVCX7t'!UO'O'O'!Cl.V ~'!Cl.V «av6pW1tOt 1tOU acrx.oA.ouv-rav E7tCX'Y'YEA~J.a-rtxa !J.E -ro X.Etptcr!J-6 -r"Y)c; yA.WO'crac;: cruyypacpdc;, oacrxa.A.m tEpdc;, xat OtX"Y)y6pm. H !J.EAE'!"Y) '!"Y)c; A.aoypaq>tx~c; 1tapaOOO'"Y)c; xat "Y) E1tCXVCXVCl.XtXAU~"Y) xat "Y) cruMo~ '!"Y)c; A.a·t·x~c; Emx~c; TIOi"Y)O'"Y)c; cruvouacr-r"Y)Xav [J.E '!"Y)V EXOOO'"Y) ypa[J.(J.Cl., 1: ' !'' ' !' ' '!tXWV Xel.t ...1\E<.,tXWV, Xel.t OO"Y)' Y"Y)O'Cl.V O''!"Y)V E!J.C'j)Cl.VtO' "Y) 1tEptootXWV 1tOU 6o~6Y)crav cr-r"Y)v -ruTioTioi"Y)O'"Y) -r"Y)c; cptvA.avotx~c; A.oyo-rEx.vtx~c; [ O"Y)A.ao~ EV'!U1t"Y)c;] yA.WO'crac;, x.ap"Y) O''!"Y)V 01tOLCX ~'!Cl.V ouva-r6v vex 7tpow6"1)6ouv tcrx.up6-rEpa TioA.mxa at-r~~J.a-ra>> 21 • ~-r"Y)V 7tEpi7t-rWO'"Y) -r"Y)c; Nopb"Y)yiac;, 61tou yta !J.EitXAO 'X.POVtx6 otacr-r"Y)!J.CX 'X.f'"Y)O't!J.01totoucrav '!"Y)V iota ypa7t-r~ yA.waaa !J.E -roue; LlavoUc;, av xat "Y) 1tpocpopa ~'!Cl.V EV'!EAWc; Otaq>opE-rtx~, 0 E6vtxtcr~J-6c; avaou6"Y)xE !J.E '!"Y) v€a vopb"Y)ytx~ ypa[J.!J.CX'!tX~ (1848) xat -ro AE~tx6 (1850) -rou 'I6ap AacrEv, XEL!J.EVCX 1tou UTIOXLV"Y)crav xat av-ra7toxpW"Y)xav erE at-r~!J.MCX yta !J.tCX totai'!Ep"Y) vop6"Y)ytx~ €v-ru1t"Y) yA.WO'cra. AAA.ou, cr-ro -rEA.w-raio !J.Epoc; -rou o€xa-rou €va-rou atwva, cruvav-ra[J.E -rov E6vtxtcr!J.6 -rwv AcpptxavEp 1tou Etcr~x.e"Yl a1t6 -roue; MTioEpc; Jtacr-ropEc; xat -roue; av6pw1touc; -rwv ypafJ.fJ.tX't"wv, ot 01toim -ro 1870 xa-racpEpav va xavouv '!"Y)V -romx~ oMavotx~ OttXAEX'!O A.oyo-rEXVtX~ yA.waaa xat vex '!"Y)c; owcrouv €va OVO(J.Cl. 1tOU OEV ~-rav ma wpw7tatx6. Ot Mapwv(-rEc; xat m K67t-rEc;, 1toMoi a1t' au-roue; 7tpoi."6v-ra -rou A!J.Eptxavtxou KoA.Eyiou -r"Y)c; B"Y)pu-r-rou (Tiou topu6Y)XE -.o 1866) xat -rou I"Y)croumxou KoA.Eylou -rou St.
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPI.ON
120
Joseph (Jtou topu&rp(E 't'O 1875) cruvi6aA.av 7tEptcrcro't'e:po a1t6 01tOto'J0~1tO't'E &AA.o cr't'"Y)V ava6twcr"Y) 't'"Y)c; x.A.acrtx.~c; apa6tx.~c; x.at C1't'"Y) ot6.00C11) 't'OU apa6tx.ou e:6vtX.tC1!J-OU 22 • Kat 't'a C11tEP!J-IX't'a 't'OU 't'oupx.tx.ou e:6vtx.tcr~J-ou !J-1tOpouv e:ux.oA.a va avwpe:6ouv cr't'"Y)V E!J-cpb.vtcr"Y) e:voc; Tu1t01) C1't'"Y)'J x.a60!J-tAOU!J-EV"Y) !JoE EV't'O'J"Y) opacr't'"Y)ptO't'"Y)'t'a, cr't'"Y)V Kwvcr't'aV't'tVOU1tOAY) 't'O 1870 23 • de: ea 1tpE1tEt E1ttcr"Y)c; va ~E'X,VOU!J-E O't't 't'"Y)V tOta E1t0'X,~ ota' A-.-Jx.e: cr't'"Y)V x.a (:) O!J-tAOU!J-E:V"Y) .... ' ' '........ '~ 't'U1tW~, x.at e:va a/\1\0 Etooc; E'' J't'U7t"Y)c; cre:A.(oac;: "Yl 7tap't't't'oupa. Me:'t'b. 't'OV N't'O!J-7tp66crx.t, ax.oA.o66Y)crav o ~!J-E't'ava, o N 't'66p~ax. x.at o ftcba't'cre:x.· !J-E't'b. o Aacre:v x.at o rx.ptyx.· !J-E't'b. 0 K&~e:v-rcrt x.at 0 M7tEAa M7t6.p't'ox.· x.at OU't'W x.a6' e:~~c; !J-Ex.pt x.at 't'Ov atwva ~J-~Xc;. TY)v iota cr't'ti'!J-~. dvat au't'OVO"Y)'t'O O't't 6A.ot au't'o( ot A.e:~tx.o yp&cpot, cptA.6A.oyot, ypa!J-!J-IX't'tx.o(, A.aoyp&cpot, EX.OO't'Ec; x.at cruv6€nc; OEV acrx.oucrav 't'tc;. E1tavacr't'a't'tX.Ec; opacr't'"Y)ptO't'"Y)'t'Ec; 't'Ouc; C1't'O X.E'JO. ~E 't'EAEU't'ata avfJ.AUC11), "Y) 1tapayw~ 't'ouc; 1tpoopt~O't'av yta t' 't'"Y)V EV't'U1t"Y) ayopa X.at C1U'JoEO'J't'a'J, ota !J-EC10U aU't'OU 't'OU C1tW1t"Y)AOU 7ta~aptou, !JoE 't'O x.a't'avaAw't'tx.6 x.otv6. Ilotot ~'t'av au't'ot ot x.a't'avaAw't'ec;; Me: 't'"Y)V mo ye:vtx.~ evvota: ot otx.oyeve:te:c; 't'WV avayvwcr't'tx.wv cr't'pW!J-cX't'WV - O'X,t a1tA.wc; o <
I
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6to!J-"Y)'X.avtx.~ acr't'tX.~ 't'b.~Y). ~'t'a !J-Ecra 't'Ou oex.a't'ou eva't'ou atwva "Y) EupW1t"Y) u7t~p~e: ~p't'upac; !J-tac; pa~oa(ac; au~"Y)cr"Y)c; 't'Wv x.pa't'tx.wv oa1tavwv x.at
't'Ou !J-EIE6ouc; 't'WV x.pa't'tx.wv ypacpe:tox.pa't'tWv (1toAt't'tx.wv x.at
IIAAIE:E rAOl:l:E:E, NEA MONTEAA
121
1tapa TI)V a7toua(a !J-Ei'tXAWV 't'Omxwv 7tOAE(J-WV. 1830 xat 1850 m OlJ!J-cXnE~ xa't'a XE([)a'A~v xa't'a 25% O''tl)V Ia7tav(a, xa'ta 40% O''tl) ra'AA(a, XIX'ttX 44% O'TI) Pwa(a, 50% O''t'O BO:'Ayw, 70% O''t'l)V Aua'tp(a, 75% a't't~ HilA xat 1tavw a1t6 90% O''tl)V 0MavO''t'('a'ttW"nxwv),
«ME'ta~u 't'Wv E'twv Oa7ttXVE~ au~~&rjxav
o(a»24. H ypa(j)Etoxpa't'tX~ E7tEX't'aO'l), 1tOU O'~(J-IXtVE E7tLO'l)~ ypa-
(j)Etoxpa'ttX~ E~EtOLXEUO'l), avm~E 'tt~ 7ttJAE~ 't'WV 7tpoaywywv O''tt~ U1tl)('EO'tE~ O'E 1tOAU (J-EyaAU't'E(>OU~ apt6(J-OU~ xat O'E av6pw7tou~ 1tOAU ota(j)O(>E't'tX~~ xmvwvtx~~ 7tpoeAEUO'l)~ a1t' 6,'t't auve6atvE !J-EXPt 't'wpa. A~ 7tapou!J-E ax611-a xat 't'OV U7tEpll)po, i'E!J-tX'to apy6(J-ta6ou~, Xa'taOUVaO''t'EU(J-EVO a1to wye:vd~ aUO''t'poouyyptXO xpa'ttXO (J-l)'X,aVtO'(J-0: 'tO 7tOO'OO''t'O 't'WV avopwv 7tOU 7tpOE(>'X,OV't'aV
a1t0
'tl) (J-Eaa(a 'ta~l) a't'a uljJl)AO't'Epa xAt(J-tXXta 't'OU OlJ!J-Oa(ou au~~6l) XE Xa'ttX 't'O ~(J-tO'U, a1t0 0 't'O 1804, O'E 27 'tO 1829, 35 'tO 1859 xat E(j)'t'ME aE 55 't'O 1878. ~"~~ a'tpa't'tW'ttXe~ U7tl)pEaLE~, 7tapouattXO'TI)XE l) LOta 't'tXO'l), av xat (JoE eva xapaX't'l)('LO''ttXtX apy6't'E(>O pu611-6: 't'O 7tOaoa't'6 't'l)~ (J-Eaa(a~ 't'tX~l)~ a't'o U7taMl)Atx6 O'W(J-1% au~~&rjxE a1to 10% O'E 75% (J-£'ta~u 't'WV E't'WV 1859 xat
191825 • Av l) ava7t't'U~l) 't'WV ypa(j)Etaxpa'ttxwv (J-Eaa(wv 'ttX~Ewv ~'t'av eva (j)atvO(J-EVO 7tOU dxE LOtE~ Otaa'ttXO'Et~ O'E 6'Aa 't'a xptX'tl) 't'l)c; EupW7tl)c;, xa6wc; XU(J-IXtVO't'aV O''ta iota 7tE:pL7tOU 7tOO'OO''t'tX O''t'a aVE7t't'Ui'!J-EVa xat O''ta U7taVa7t't'UX't'a X(>tX't'l), l) avoooc; 'tl)c; E:(J-7tO-
ptx~c; Xat 6ta(J-l)'X,aVtX~c; IXO''t'tX~c; 't'tX~l)c; ~'taV (j)UO'tXtX E~atpE'ttXtX avtO'l) - (J-Eya'Al) xat yp~yopl) aE xa1tma (J-Epl), ap~ xat xa6uO''t'EpYj(J-EVl) O'E aMa. ~E xa6e: 7tEpL7t't'WO'l) WO''t'OO'O, aU't'~ Yj «avoooc;» 1t(>E1tEt va xa'taVOYj6d (JoE btXO'l) 'tl) O''X,EO'l) TI)~ (JoE 't'OV EV't'U7t0 xam't'aAta(J-6 't'l)c; xa6o(J-tAOU(J-EVl)c;. Ot 7tpo-aa't'txec; apxouaEc; 'ttX~Etc; OYj(J-tOUpi'l)aav 't'l) auvox~ 't'OUc; (JoE (J-ta EVVOta E~W a1t0 'tl) i'AWaaa ij, 't'OUAa'X,LO''t'OV, E~W a1t0 't'l)V EV't'U7tYj y'Achaaa. ~E 7tEpL7t't'WO'l) 1tou o lJi'E!J-OVac; 't'Ou I:t&!JE7tatpve: (J-ta Ma'Aatatav~ apta'toxpa'ttaaa we; 7taMax(oa, ~ 1tou o 6aat'Atac; 'tl)c; Ayy'A(ac; 7tCXV'tpe:u6't'av (J-ta la7tav(oa 7tptyxfmaaa, (J-7tOpoooav O'TI)V 7tpay!J4't'UtO't'Yj'ta va e:mxotvwvf)aouv; H aMY)-
122
MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
AE')'')'UlJ ~'ta.v 7tpo't'6v 'tlJ<; auyyEvEta.<;, 'tWV 7tEAa.'tEta.xwv axEaEwv xa.t 'tlJ<; a.cpoatWO'l)<; aE a'top.a.. Ot «raA.A.m» wyEvd<; p.7topouaa.v va. ()ol)S~aouv 'tOU<; «AyyAou<;» ()a.atAtcXOE<; EV!X.V'ttOV 't'WV «raA.AWV» p.ova.pxwv, oxt O''tl) ()cl;O'l) 'tl)<; XOtV~<; ')'AWaaa.<; ~ XOUA'tOUpa.<;, a.AA.ci, 7tEpa. a.1t6 p.a.xta.()EA.txou<; u7toA.oytap.ou<;, a'tlJ ()cl;O'lJ 'tl)<; O'U')")'EVEta.<; xa.t 'tWV cptAtXWV axEaEWV. To O'X,E't'tXcX p.txp6 fJ.E')'ESo<; 't'WV 7ta.pa.ooata.xwv a.pta't'oxpa.'t'tWV, m a't'a.SEpE<; 7tOAm' "'' Et<;, X!X.t l) Eo,!X.' 1: ' "I ' ' XE<; 'tOU<; O!X.O' tOfJ.tXEUO' l) 'tWV 1tO/\t'ttXWV O''X.EO' EWV, 1tou U7tOOlJAWVo'ta.v a.1t6 'tl) aE~oua.Atx~ E7ta.cp~ xa.t 'tO XAl)povop.tx6 otxa.(wp.a., a~p.a.tva.v O'tt m auvEX'ttxo( OEap.o( 'tOu<; w<; 'tcX~Et<; ~'ta.v 'toao 'X.Etpoma.a'tot 6ao xa.t cpa.v'ta.a'ttxoL Mta. a.va.A.cpci()l)'tl) a.pta'toxpa.'tta. ~'ta.v ouva.'tov, 7ta.p' 6A.a. a.u'ta, va. EVEp')'d w<; a.pta'toxpMta.. H a.a'ttX~ 't'cX~lJ 6p.w<;; Au't'~ ~'t'a.v p.ta. 'tcX~lJ 1tou, !J.E'ta.cpoptxa p.tA.wv't'a.<;, EytvE 't'cX~lJ p.6vo aE 1toA.A.ci a.v'ttypa.cpa.. 0 Epyoa'ta.atapxlJ<; a'tlJ AtA. auvoEo't'a.v !J.E 'tov Epyoa'ta.
OAAIE~ rAO~~E~.
123
NEA MONTEAA
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eva «7tpoaxA'Y)'t~pto>> (ea'tw xat a'to xe:'Aapt) 7tpoc; 6'Aouc; 'touc; XrJ.'trJ.7ttEO"fJ.EVouc; O"Ufl7trJ.'tptw'te:<; 'tOU<;. Av 6€.Ae:'te:, 'Y) 'Aoytx~ 'tOU EX7te:poubtrJ.VtO"fJ.OU 'tOU I:av Map'ttV ~'trJ.V O"E opaa'Y). Eav Ot «Ouyypot>> ~'trJ.V a~tot e:voc; e:6vtxou xpa'tOU<;, 'tO'tE rJ.U'tO O"~fJ.rJ.IYe 6'Aot Ot Ouyypot35 • O"~fJ.rJ.tVE EVrJ. xpa'tO<; O"'tO 07t0t0 'tO uljita'tO O"'Y)fJ.EtO xuptapziac; E7tpme: va dvat 'Y) auA'Aoytx6"'Yl"a au-rwv 1tou otaba~av XrJ.t fJ.tAOUO"rJ.V ouyyptxa· XrJ.t, e:v e:u6i'tw zpovo, O"~fJ.rJ.tVE 't'Y)V E~rJ. cpaVtO"'Y) "'Ylc; oou'Ao7tapotxiac;, "'Ylv 7tpow61)0"'Y) "'Ylc; e:xTiaioe:uO"'Y)c; 'tou 'Aaou, 't'Y)V e:7tEX'trJ.O"'Y) 'tou otxatWfJ.rJ.'toc; lji~cpou, xat ou'tw xa6' e:~~c;. E7tO!J.EVW<;, 0 «ArJ.tXtO"'ttXO<;)) xaprJ.X't~pac; 'tWV 7tpWtfJ.WV e:upw7ta"ixwv e:6vtxta!J.WV, ax6!J.rJ. xat o'tav xa6oo'Y)younav, O'Y)flrJ.Ywrtxa, rJ.7tO 'trJ. mo oma6oopO!J.LXa XOLVWVLXa O"'tpWfJ.rJ.'trJ., ~'trJ.V brJ.6unpo<; a1t' 6ao O"'t'Y)V A~J.e:ptx~: 'Y) oouAo7tapotXtrJ. inpene va XrJ.'trJ.pl1)6d, 'Y) VO!J.tXa XrJ.'tozupWfJ.EVYJ oou'Ada ~'trJ.V rJ.OtrJ.VOYJ't"YJ - xup(wc; e:7te:to~ 'to ee:wpYJ'ttx6 !J.Ov'te'Ao e:txe: pt~wae:t ba6ta xat ava7t6opaa'ta.
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ptfJ.'lY) 7topdc.t 't'OU a't'OV 7tAIXV~"rf), fJ.)..)..ot 7tOAt't'tatJ.Ot ~p6av IXV't'tflE't'W7tot !J£ 't'piXUflll't'tXO 't'p07t0 !J£ 7tAoupc.tAtatJ.OU~ 7tOU £Xfl7JOEvtac.tv 't't~ te:pe~ 't'OU~ ye:ve:cxAoyte:~. H 7ttpt6wpta7tOt7]0'7] 't'ou Ke:nptxou BaatAe:iou a't'7JV A1tw Ava't'oA~ dvcxt e:voe:tx't'tx~ cxu-r~~ "7J~ otcxotxaaia~. 7. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, a. 337. 8. Edward Said, Orientalism, a. 136. 9. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, a. 337. 10. «Axpt6w~ £7te:to~ 7] ta't'optc.t "rf)~ y)..filaacx~ a't'7JV e:7tOX~ tJ.CX~ E'X,£t Xpc.t"rf)6tt '!000 fliXXptfJ. CX7t0 "rf) aUtJ.6Gt-rtX~ 7tOAt'!tX~, otXOVOtJ.tX~ XIXt xotvwvtx~ ta-ropic.t, 6e:wpw e:ux-rcxio va "7J cpepw xov't'fJ. a' au-ri~. ea't'w xcxt tJ.E -ro xoa't'o~ "rf)~ ave:7tc.tpxou~ -re:Xfl7]ptW0'7]~». Nations and States, a. 11. I:'t'7JV 7tpc.tytJ.cx't'tx6"7J"cx, fJ.tc.t cx1t6 "'~ 1tta 7toAu-rt!J£~ 1tAe:upe~ 't'ou XEttJ.EVOU '!OU I:hov-r ou6-raov ~'t'IXV axpt6w~ 7J 7tpoaox~ '!OU a"rf) yAwaatx~ ta't'opicx - 7tc.tp6Ao 7t0U xa7toto~ tJ.7topd VGI Ota.cpwvd fl£ 't'OV 't'p07t0 1tou "rf) xe:tpi~e:-ra.t. 11. The Age of Revolution, a. 166. Tcx 7tcxve:ma't'Y)fltc.txfJ. toputJ.Gt-riX ~'t'IXV c.ta~tJ.IXV't'IX )'tiX 't'OU~ GttJ.e:ptXIXVtXOU~ e:6vtxtatJ.OU~. 0 tOto~ 0 X6tJ.7tatJ.7tiXOUtJ. 0'7]fl£tW\I£t 6-rt 7tc.tp6Ao 7t0U U7t~pxcxv e~t XtAtaoe:~ cpot-r'l')'t'E~ a-ro Ilcxptat e:XttVY) "rf)\1 £7tOX~· oe:v E7t1Xt~IXV ouataa-rtx6 p6Ao a"rf) rcx)..)..tx~ E7tavfJ.a-rCXO'TJ (a. 167). E1tt0'7]~ flll~ U7t£\16UtJ.t~£t O't't 7ta.p6Ao 1tou 1) £X7tc.tt0£U0'7] e:~c.t7tAw&rjxe: !J£ 1toAU 't'IX'X,tt~ pu6tJ.OU~ 't'O 7tpw't'o tJ.ta6 't'OU .oixcx-rou evcx-rou c.ttWVCX, o cxpt6tJ.O~ '!W\1 e:cp~6wv a-rex axoAdc.t e:~a. XOAou6ouae: va dvat tJ.txp6~ tJ.E: 't'c.t O'TJtJ.EptvfJ. xpt-r~pta: -ro 1842 a-r'l') rcx)..)..(a U7t~pxa.v flOAt~ oe:xae:wea XtAtfJ.oe:~ tJ.Gt67J't'e~ a-ra ycx)..)..txfJ. 07]tJ.OatiX Mxe:ta.· 't'O 1850 a"rf)V au-roxpcx't'optx~ Pwaia. u7t~pxcxv dxoat XtAtfJ.oe:~ tJ.Gt67J-re~ a"rf) tJ.EO'TJ £X7tCXt0£U0'7] ae: auvoAtx6 7tA7]6UatJ.O £~~\/'!IX ox-rw e:xa-rOtJ.tJ.Upta· xcxt auvoAtxfJ. a't'7JV EupW7tY), 't'O 1848, 7te:pt7tou aapfJ.v't'a. ox't'w 'X,tAtaoe:~ cpot-r'Y)-r€~. 'OtJ.w~. a"rf)v e:7tavfJ.a-rc.t0'7) au-r~~ "'YJ~ x.povta~. au-r~ 'Y) tJ.txpoaxomx~, a)..)..a a't'pc.t"rf)ytx~~ O'TJfliXO'tGt~, otJ.cioa. E7tc.tt~e: xe:v't'ptx6 p6Ao (a. 166-167). 12. 7tpw't'e:~ e:)..)..'Y)vtx€~ e:cpYJtJ.e:pioe:~ e:tJ.cpavia-r'Y)xa.v 't'o 1784 a"rf) BteWY). H cl>tAtx~ E't'c.ttpda., 'Y) tJ.Ua't'tX~ e:-rc.ttpdcx 1tou ~'t'IXV ae: tJ.EyaAo 6a.6tJ.O U7t£U6UV7J ytcx "rf)\1 e:~eytpO'T] -rou 1821 e:vcxv-rtov '!W\1 06WtJ.~XVW\I, topu67]xe: a't'o «a1touoa.io veo pwatx6 AttJ.Iivt "rf)~ Oo'Y)aaou 61tou yw6-rav Efl7tOpta at"rf)pwv» 't'O 1814. 13 . BAe7te: 't' Y)V e:taa.ywyfj 't'Ou Elie Kedourie a't'o Nationalism in Asia and Africa, a. 40.
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14. :E'to 1oto, a. 43-44. H u7toypa!J-!J-IITIJ otx~ !J-OU. To 7tA~pe:c; -tou Kop!X~, «The Present State of Civilization in Greece» ( «Y 7tO!J-VYJ!J-IX ytiX "1J ITIJ!J-e:ptv~ xiX-ttXa'tiXITIJ 'tou 7toAt-tta~J-ou a"1J" EMao!X») 7t1Xp1XOLOe:'t!Xt a'ttc; a. 15 7-182. IIe:ptAIX!J-btX\Ie:t !J-IIX E\l'tU7tWat!XX.a auy1.2ov1J !XvaAUITIJ 'tWv xmvwvtoAoytxwv baae:wv 'tou e:M1Jvtxou e:6vtxtxd~J-e:vo
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15. K!X6wc; oe:v ixw e:totxic; yvwae:tc; 6aov !Xcpopa a'tl]\1 xe:v'tptx~ XIXt Eupw7t1], a'tlJPLX'tlJXIX 7tap1X 7tOAU a'tl]\1 IX\IaAUITIJ 7tOU 1XxoAou6d a't0\1 :Ee'to\1-rouo'ta0\1. rtiX 'tiX poufJ-iX\ItXa, bAE7te: Nations and States, a. 177. 16. :E ..o 1oto, a. 150-153. 17. Paul Ignotus, Hungary, a. 44. «Ilpay!J-IX'tt ·-to IX7tEoe:t~e:, IXMa 1] 7tOAE!J-tX~ 'tOU Op!J-~ ~'tiX\1 mo 7te:ta'ttX~ IX7t0 'tlJV 1Xta61j'ttX~ IX~LIX 'tW\1 7t1Xp1XOe:ty!J-a"wv 1tou 7t1Xp~y~Xye:». A~(~e:t (awe; v!X 7t1Xp1X't1Jp~aou~J-e: O'tt IXU't~ 1] 7t1Xpayp1Xcpoc; aU\IIX\I'tCl't"IXt a' E\IIX U7toxe:cpaAIXtO !J-E 't0\1 'tt'tAO: «The Inventing of the Hungarian Nation», :to o7toLo !Xvo(ye:t !J-E "1J !J-Ea't~ cppaiTI): «'EviX €6voc; ye:wtE'tiXt O'tiX\1 Xtl7tOtOt av6pw7tot IX7tOcp1XaLaouv 6-tt e:Lv!Xt IX\IIX)'XIXLO» . 18. Seton-Watson, Nations and States, a. 158-161. H IX\I'tLOpiXITIJ ~"IX" 1Xpxe:'ta bLIXtTJ cixr..e: viX 1tdae:t ..o otaoox6 'tou Ae:o7t6Aoo B' (6. 1790-1792) \IIX E7tiX\11XcpEpe:t 't'Y] AIX'tt\ltX~. BAE7te: e:1tLITI)c; 7t1Xp1XXtl'tW, Ke:cpaAIXto 'Ex-to. E1v1Xt ot1XcpW'tta'ttx6 o'tt o Ka~e:vaxt 7t~pe: 'to !J-Epoc; 'tou lwa~cp B' a' IXU'tO 'tO ~~"TJ!J-IX. (Ignotus, Hungary, a. 48). 19. Nations and States, a. 187. E(v!Xt 7te:pt't'tO \IIX 7tOU!J-e: 6-tt o 'ta!Xpta!J-Oc; EOWae: a' IXU'touc; 'tOUc; IXV6pw7touc; !J-tXp~ ITIJ!J-IXaLIX. 0 :Ee:b'taE\IXO u1texuljie: a'tTJ :Etbl]pLIX. Ot Aljiboupyot, O!J-Wc;, e:v6appuv1Xv x.a1twc; 'tOUc; Ouxp!Xvouc; e:6vtxta'tEc; a'tl] riXAtXLIX, )'tiX \IIX e:~ouOe:'te:pWaOU\1 'tOUc; IloAwvouc;. 20. Kemiliiinen, Nationalism, a. 208-215. 21. Seton-Watson, Nations and States, a. 72. 22. :E"o 1oto, a. 23 2 X!Xt 261. 23. Kohn, The Age of Nationalism, a. 105-107. Au'to ~!J-!Xtve: IX7t6pptljil) 't'Y]c; «o6W!J-!XVtx~c;», !J-t!Xc; ouv!Xa'ttx~c; yp1Xcpe:toxp1X'ttx~c; yAcixra!Xc; 7tOU aU\IOUIX~e: a'totXEtiX IX7t0 't'Y]\1 'tOUpXtX~, 7te:patX~ XIXt 1Xp1XbtX~. X1Xp1XX'tl)pta'ttxa, o I!J-7tp1X~!J- :Etvaat, topu-t~c; "lJc; 7tpW'tl)c; IXU'tou -tou e:(oouc; e:cpl]fJ-EpLOIXc;, dxe: !J-OAtc; e:ma'tpeljle:t IX7t0 't'Y] riXMLIX IJ-E'ta IX7t0 7tE\I'te: 1.20\ltiX a7tOUOW\I. :Euv'tO!J-IX IXXOAOU6l)aiX\I Xt aMot 'tO opO!J-0 7t0U IX\IIX'tOAtx~
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:Xvm~e. '0~ 't'O 1876, urt~pxa.v ecp't'a 't'oupx6cpwve~ 'YJ!J-Ep~ate~ ecp'Y)!J-Eptoe~ 'J't''Y)'I Kwvcr't'a.v't'wourtoAlJ. 24. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, cr. 229. 25. Peter J. Katzenstein, Disjoined Partners, Austria and Germany since 1815, cr. 74, 112. 26. 'Ortw~ etoa.!J-e, 'YJ ota.otxa.cr(a. xa.{hepwO"YJ~ 't'wv xa.6o!J-t'Aou!J-evwv y'Awcrcrwv w~ y'Awcrcrwv 't'OU xpa't'OU~ cr' a.u't'a 't'a. ouo 6a.crtAo:ta. dxe ~extv~cret a.rt6 rtoAu vwpt~. ~'t''Y)V rteptrt't'WO"Y) 't'OU Hvw!J-EVou Ba.crtAetou, 'YJ. cr't'pa.'t'tw't'tx~ xa.'t'ox~ 't'wv Gaeltacht cr't't~ a.pxi~ 't'ou oixa.'t'ou 6yooou a.twva. xa.t o At!J-6~ 't'ou 1840 ~'t'a.v rta.payovn~ rtou auvi6a."Aa.v rtpo~ !X.U't'~ 't'WV X!X.'t'O:U6UVO"Y). 27. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, cr. 165. fta. ~J-ta. o:~a.tpe 't'tX~, a.va.Au't'tX~ au~~'t''Y)O"Y), 6'Airte Ignotus, Hungary, a. 44-56· erttO"Y)~ Jaszi, The Dissolution, a. 224-225. 28. Kedourie, Nationalism in Asia and Africa, a. 170. H urtoypa!J-{J.tO"Y) OtX~ (J.OU. Ka.6e't't eow dva.t rta.pa.oety{J.a.'t'tXO. Eav 0 Kopa.~~ XOt't'aet 't' Y)V «EupWrtl)» rttO'W a.rto 't' Y)V rtAh'Y) 't'OU, 't'O bAE{J.(J.!X. 't'OU IX't'O:'It~et 't"Y)V KwVO''t'!X.V't't'IOU1tOA'Y). H o6W(J.!X.VtX~ oev dva.t !X.XO(J.!X. ~EV'Y) y"Awcrcra.. Ka.t ot {J.'YJ epya.~6~J-eve~ !J-EAAouae:~ au~uyot {J.rta.tvouv O"'t' YJV ev't'urt'Y) a.yopa. 29. fta. rta.pa.ody(J.a.'t'a., 6'Airte Seton-Watson, Nations and States, a. 72 (
ea.
132
MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
35. 'Oxt O't"t ~'t"IXV evrx ~Exrx6rxpta-!J-€Vo 6€!J-1X. Ot !J-I.O"Ot IX1t0 't"OU~ U1t1Jx6ou~ 't"OU Brxa-tAEtou 't""tJ~ Ounrxptrxc; ~'t"rxv !l-"tJ Mrxyuapot. M6vo 't"o
evrx 't"pho IX1t0 't"OU~ OOUA01tapotXOU~ ~'t"IXV !J-IX'(U!Xpocpwvot. :E't"t~ rxpxe~ 't"OU OeXIX't"OU eVIX't"OU rxtWVIX, 1) u\jl"t)A~ !J-IX')'UaptX"t) rxptO"'t"OXpiX't"tiX !J-tAotm: yrxAAtxa ~ ')'Ep!J-!Xvtxa· "tJ !J-EO"rxtrx xrxt xrx't"wnp1J rxpta-'t"oxprx't"trx MuvEvvoounrxv !JoE !J-1tiXO"'t"1XpOE!J-eVrx Arx't"tVtXa OtE0"1t1Xp!J-€Vrx !JoE !J-IX')'Uaptxrx, rxMa xrxt !JoE a-AofJaxtxE~, a-Epf1tx€~ xrxt pou~J-~Xvtx€~ Excppaa-w; 61tw~ xrxt !JoE 't""t)V xrx60!J-tAOU!J-EV"t) ')'Ep!J-!Xvtx~ ... » Ignotus, Hungary, a-. 45-46 xrxt 81.
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't"OU o€xot't"OU €vot't"OU ot~WVot, Xot~ xup(w<; O''t"O nAEU't"ottO f1-~a6 't"OU, 'YJ cp~AoAoy~x~-AE~~xoypotcp~x~ E7totvaa't"otO"Y) xor;~ 'YJ tivooo<; 't"WV Evoo-Eupw7ta·~·xwv E6v~x~a"~xwv x~V'YJfl-cX't"wv, 7tpo"r."6V't"ot O'""f.} fJ-OVov 't"Ou xotm't"otA~O"fi-OU otAAa xor;~ 't"'YJ<; U7tEp't"pocptot<; 't"WV ouvota't"~xwv xpot't"WV, O'YJfJ-WUp"('YJaotv au~av6f1-EVot 7tOA~'t"~O"fi-~Xti xor;~ auvotx6Aou6ot 1tOA~'t"~XcX 7tpoflA~f1-ot't"ot aE 7tOMOU<; OE0'1tO't"E<;. ftot't"t, 07tW<; dOotfJ-E, 'YJ VOfJ-~fi-O't"'Y)'t"ot 't"WV 1tEp~aO'O't"Epwv OUVotO''t"~WV OEV dxE XotfJ-tot axeO"YJ fi-E 't"'YJV E6v~x~ U1tOO''t"otO"Y). o~ Ta't"otpo~ Xott Ot AE't"OVOt, Ot rEpfJ-otVOt Xott Ot Apf1-€Vtot, Ot PWO"m Xott Ot
134
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a(J-to-cw't'oxpcx't'optxo» xcxt «'t'omx6-a:6vtx6» . 7t<:ptaa6npo l) OUVCXa't'dcx 7ttE~E 't'l) ')'Efl(J-CXVtK~ 7tpoc; 't'l)V 1tflW't'l) 't'l)c; tOtO't'l)'t'CX, 't'OO"O tpcxtVO't'CXV vex 't'aaaE't'CXt O"'t'O 7tAEUpO 't'WV ')'Efl(J-CXVOtpWVWV 1 't'l)c; KCXt 't'OO"O J:c;,EO"l)KWVE 't'l)V CXV't't7tCX16 EtCX 't'WV U1tO/\ot'\ U1tl)KOWV 1tWV. 0(.J-wc; av oa:v 1ttE~E 7tpoc; cxu't'~ 't'l)V xcx't'a:u6uv0"'1) -Exava: WO"'t'OOO 1tcxpcxxwp~aEtc; 0"€ aMEc; ')'AWaaa:c;, 7tavw cx7t' OACX O"'t'l)V ounptx~- O'X,t (J-OVO l) EV01tOtl)O"l) 6cx xcx6ua't'a:pouaa:, cxMa ot ')'Efl(J-CXVOtpWVot U7t~KOOt 't'l)c; 6cx CXta6aVOV't'CXV 1tCXflCX')'KWVtO"(J-EVot. ETiofJ-&vwc; ote't'pa:xa: 't'ov xfvouvo vex (J-tad't'cxt 't'CXU't'oxpova we; U1tEfl(J-CX'X,Oc; 't'WV ra:p(J-CXVWV cxMa Kat we; 1tflOOO't'l)c; 't'ouc;. (Me: 't'OV tOto 7tEpt1tOU 't'fl01t0, ot 06W(J-CXVOt E')'tVCXV (J-tO"l)'t'Ot ex1t0 't'OUc; 't'OUpKOtpWVOUc; we; ct7tOa't'a't'a:c; xcxt cx1t6 't'Ouc; fi-ll 't'oupx6c.pwvouc; we; EX't'OupKtO"'t'Ec; .) Ka6wc; OAOt Ot ouvaanc; we; 't'CX (J-EO"ex 't'OU extwvex 'X.Pl)O"t(J-01tOtoUO"exV xan:o&a xex60(J-tAOU(J-EVl) we; "(AWaaex 't'OU xpa't'ouc;\ xext l) a:6vtK~ tOEex ex1tEACXUE OAO xext (J-E"'(CXAU't'a:pou xupou~ a' OAOKAl)pl) 't'l)V EupW7tl), U7t~pxa: (J-tex otcxxpt't'~ 't'aO"lJ a't'tc; Eupw-Ma:aoya:texx€c; (J-OVexpxfa:c; Vex exv't'ex1tOKpt6ouv O"'t'O xaAEO"(J-CX (J-tcxc; a:6vtK~c; 't'exU't'O't'l)'t'CXc;. Ot PO(J-CXVOtp avaxaAu~cxv O't't ~'t'exV Ma:yaAot PWO"ot, ot Avo6a:ptcxvo[ O't't ~'t'exV 'An"Am, Ot Xoa:V't'O"OAEpv O't't ~'t'CXV ra:p(J-exVOt - xat fi-E fl-a:raM't'a:plJ fl-aA"Aov ouaxo"Aiex m a:~aoa:"Ac.poi 't'ouc; &ywav Poufl-avot, EMlJva:c; xcxt ou't'w xa6' a:~~c;. A1t6 "ll (J-tex 7tAa:upa CXU't'Ec; ot 't'CXU't'taa:tc; O"'t'~pt~CXV VO(J-t(J-O't'l)'t'Ec; Ot 07tOta:c;, aa: (J-tex E1t0'X,~ 1tOU xuptexpxouaa: 0 xexm't'exAtO"(J-Oc;, o O"XE7t't'tXtO"(J-Ofo XCXt l) a:ma't'~ (J-'1), oa:v ~'t'exV 7tAEOV cxatpcxAEc; vex E7textptEV't'CXt O"'t'l)V U1tO't't6E(J-EVl) ta:pO't'l)'t'CX xcxt O"'t'l)V apxcxtO't'l)'t'CX. A7t6 't'l)V aMl) 7tAEUpa Ol)(J-toUp')'l)O"CXV v€ouc; xtvouvouc;. Eav 0 Kat~a:p rouAtEA(J-Oc; B' XCX't'E't'CXO"O"E 't'OV ECXU't'O 't'OU we; «'t'OV U1t' expt6(J-OV 1 r Ep(J-exVO», E(J-(J-EO"Wc; 1tCXpexOE'X,O't'exV O't't ~'t'exv iYa~ aYap.eaa ae n:o.Mou~ 'TOU &o{ou doou~ p.e au'TOY, O't't a:m't'a:Aouaa: (J-tCX cxv't'mpoaw7tEU't'tX~ AEt't'oupytcx, xcxt E1tO(J-EVWc; 6cx (J-1tOflOUO"E, 6a:Wpl)'t'tXa, VCX ex7tOOEt'X,6d n:poOO'TY}~ ~ 7tpoc; 't'OUc; r Ep(J-exVOuc; O"U(J-1tCX't'fltW't'Ec; 't'OU Xex't't 7tOU l)'t'exV exotexVOl)'t'O O"'t'l)V exun 't'OU ouvexa't'tXOU xex6a:a't'W't'Oc;. Nex 7tpoowaa:t 1towv ~ 't't;). Ma:..a 't'lJV xa't'cxa't'poc.p~ n:ou &7tAlJ~E 't'lJ ra:pfJ-CXvla ..o IOao
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MIIENENTIKT ANTEPEON
136
1918, '!ou a1teowcrav 'to x.apax'n)ptcr~J-6 1tou u7tetocrxE. EvEpywv'!ac; cr'!o 6vo~J-a '!OU ')'Ep!J-aVtxou €6vouc;, ot 7tOAt'!txol (Ol)!J-Ocrta) xat '!0 rEvtx6 Em'!EAdo (!JoE '!0 CTUVl)6Ec; 6cippoc; '!OU, fJ-UCT'!tXtX) '!OV ECT'!EtAav 1taXE'!O a7t6 't"l)V 1ta't"ptoa cr' eva tX')'VWCT't"O oAAavotx6 7tpoacr't"to. ME 't"ov low 't"po7to xat o Mox.ci~J-E't" PE~a Tiax."Aa6l, €x.ov't"ac; xa't"a't"a~Et 't"OV Eau't"o '!OU, 6x.t we; ~tX'X.lJ aMci we; ~tX'X.l) 't"Ou Ipciv, xa't"EAlJ~E va cr'tt')'fJ-~X"tcrnl we; 7tpoo6'tl)c;. To o't"t o lotoc; OEX,'t"l)XE, O'X,t 't"l)V E't"UIJ-l)')'Opta, aMci, ac; 'tO 7tOUfJ-€ E't"crt, 't"l) Otxawoocrla 't"OU E6VtXOU OtXaCT't"l)ptou, (jlatVE't"at a1to eva XWfJ-tXO cru~J-tciv 't"l) cr't"t')'fJ-~ 't"l)c; avax.wpl)~c; '!ou yta 'tl)V E~opla. Tiptv avetd CT'tl) ptX!J-7ta 't"OU tOtW't"tXOU 't"OU aEp07tAtXVOU, (jltAl)CTE 't"l) ')'l) !J-7tpocr'!a cr't"ouc; (j)W't"O')'ptX(j)Ouc; xat awxxo(vwcrE O't"t e7tatpvE ~J-a~l 't"OU A.lyo tEpo tpavtx6 X.W~J-a. Au't"~ l) 7tptX~l) dvat 7tapfJ-EVl) cm6 !J-La 't"atv(a yta 't"OV rapt6aAOl), xat 6x.t yta '!0 Bacrt"At& HAto5 • Ot «7toAt'!O')'paql~CTEtc;» 't"WV ouvacr't"Etwv 'n)c; EupW7tl)c; -e"Aty!J-Ot 1tou a1tat't"oucrav erE 1to"AA€c; 1tEpm't"WcrEtc; xa1tma otacrxeoacr'!txci axpota't"txci- OO~')'l)CTav 't"EAtXtX cr' aU't"O 7tOU 0 ~hov- rou6'!CTOV OVO!J-IXCTE crapxacr't"txci «E7tLCTl)fJ-OUc; E6vtxtcr!J-oUc; » 6 , a1to 't"ouc; 07tOtouc; 0 't"CTaptxoc; EXpwcrtCTfJ-Oc; dvat fJ-OVtXX,a 't"O 7tt0 ')'VWCT't"O 7tap&oEt')'fJ-a. Au't"ot ot «E7ttCTl)fJ-ot E6vtxtcr~J-ol» !J-7topouv va xMavolJ6ouv xaAU'!Epa we; 't"O !J-Ecro yta va cruvouacr't"ouv lJ 7toAt't"oypci(jll)CTl) !JoE 't"l) ota't"~pl)CTl) 't"l)c; ouvacr't"tX~c; E~oucrlac;, totat't"Epa cr't"tc; 't"Epacr'!tEc; 7to"AUy/..wcrcrEc; 7tEpwx.ec; "lJc; otxawoocrlac; "lJc; 1tou dx.av crucrcrwpw6d a1t6 't"O Mecralwva, ~. yta va 't"O 6ecrw otaqlOpE't"txci, yta va ~J-7topecrEt va a1tAw6d 'tO xov'!o xat cruv6 oep!J-IX 't"OU €6vouc; 1ttXVW cr't"o ')'t')'tXV'!LO CTW!J-a 't"l)c; au't"oxpa't"oplac;. 0 «ExpwcrtCTfJ-Oc;» 't"W'I U1tl)XOW'I 't"OU 't"crapou, 7tOU a7tO't"EAoucrav avofJ-Oto')'E'IEtc; 7tAl)6Ucr!J-OUc; av't"mpocrW7tWE, E1tO!J-EVWc;, !J-ta ttatl) cru'IEtOl)'t"~ cruv6ECJ'l) OUO av'!t't"t6E!J-EVWV 7tOAt't"tXWV Xa't"aCT't"cXCTEW'I, !J-tac; apx.atac; Xat !J-tac; apXE't"a VEac;. (E VW U7tapX,Et Xa7tOta avaAO')'ta !JoE 't"OV E~tcr7tavtcr!J-6, yta 7tapaOEt')'fJ-1X, 'n)c; A!J-Eptx~c; xat 't"WV ll>tAm7tlvwv, E~axo"Aou6d va ucptcr't"a't"at !J-ta oucrtacr't"tX~ ota(j)Opa. Ot 7tOAt't"tcr't"txo( xa't"cxX't"l)'t"Ec; 't"l)c; 't"crcxptx~c; Emxpa't"Etac; '!ou 't"eAouc; 't"OU oexcx't"ou evcx't"ou atwva 7tpoepx.ov't"cxv cx1t6 €vcxv 1
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137
EvauvdOYj"t"O (UXXta()E'AtatJ-6, EVW ot Ia1tavo( 1tp6yovot "t"OU~ "t"OU Uxa"t"ou EX"t"OU atwva EVEpyouaav fJ-E ()liaYJ €vav aauvdOYJ"t"O 1tflCXYfJ-CX"t"LO'fJ-0. OU"t"E ~"t"CXV yt' CXU"t"OU~ O'"t"YjV 1tflCXY(UX"t"LXO"t"Yj"t"CX «E~t0'1tCXVLO'fJ-O~)) - E1tpoxEt"t"O fJ-IiA'Aov yta tJ.Lil fJ.ETtX-opon~ -.wv 6ap6apwv xat "t"WV ayptwv.) To xAEtOt yta va xa"t"avo~aoufJ-E "t"OV «E1ttO'YjfJ-O E6vtxta!J-6)) 1tOU EmAEX"t"YJXE w~ O'UVOE"t"LXO~ xptxo~ "t"OU €6vou~ Xllt "t"Yj~ ouvaO'"t"LX~~ llU"t"OXflll"t"OflttX~- dvat vex 6UtJ.YJ60ufJ-E O"t"t ava1t"t"UX6YJXE fi-E'OtZ XCXL Wt; av-o{opa~ rna All.tXa E6VtXa XLV~(UX"t"ll 1tOU ll1tAW6Yjxav a"t"YJV EupW1tYJ a1t6 "t"O 1820. Eav au"t"ot ot E6vtxtatJ.ot O"XEOtaO'"t"Y)XIlV 1taVW O'"t"Y)V CXfJ-EflLXIlVLX~ Xllt yaAALX~ LO'"t"Ofltll, €ywav "t"Wflll fJ-OV"t"EAa !J-E "t"Y) aEtpa "t"ou~ 7 • To fJ-Ovo 1tou XflEta~6..av ~"t"av €vex EcpWflE"t"tx6 "t"axuoax"t"u'Aoupytx6 x6'A1to wa"t"E w:1. Em"t"pE~Et O""t"Y)V llU"t"OXflll"t"Ofltll va cpavd EAXUO""t"tX~ ~aa a"t"o E6vtx6 EVOU(UX. rta Vll EXOUIJ-E IJ-Lil ELXOVIl "t"Yj~ O'UVOALX~(, OtllOLXCXO'tCX~ "t"OU llV"t"LOflllO'"t"LXOU, OEU"t"EflOYEVOU~ axEOLCXO'fJ-OU, 6a 1tCXflll"t"Yjfl~O'OUfJ-E xa1tOLE~ 1tllpaMY)Atc;, lXV Xllt x.p~at!J-E~ yta auyxptO'Y) 1tEflL1t"t"WO'Etc;. IT6ao a6o'Aa llta6av6YjXE Yj ll1tOAU"t"CXflXtll "t"WV PO!J-IlVOcp «6yatVOV"t"ll~ O'"t"OU~ OflOfJ-OU~)) !J-Ii~ "t"O odxvEt 1tOAU 1tE"t"UXYJfJ-EVIl 0 l:E"t"OV-rouo"t"aov 8 . '01tW(, avacpEflll!J-E vwphEpll, Yj yAWaaa "t"Yj~ au'A~~ "YJr:. Aylar:, IlE"t"flOU1tOAYJr:, ~'t"av 't"a ya'A'Atxa, Evw YJ y'AWaaa Evor:, fJ-EYa'Aou fJ-Epour:, "t"YJ(, E1tapxtax~~ apta"t"oxpa"t"tar:, ~"t"av "t"ll YEfl~J-IlVtxa. ME"t"a "t"YJ va1to'AE6v ..Eta E1tE~J-baO"YJ, o K6~J-YJr:. ~Epy€t Ou6apocp, a£ IJ-Lil U1tYJpEatax~ avacpopa "t"o 183 2, EtO'Y)~SY)xE o"t"t 't"O bllO'CAELO 1tflE1tEL Vll O'"t"Yjflt~E't"llt O'E "t"flEL~ apx€r:,, "t"Yjc; A1tOAU"t"CXflxfar:,, 't"l')~ Op6ooo~[ar:, xat "t"Yj(, E6vtXO"t"Yj"t"CX~. Av Ot ouo 1tflW"t"E~ ~"t"llV 1tCXAiltE~, Yj "t"fll"t"Yj ~"t"llV llflXE"t"a xawoupyta - Xllt Xll"t"a Xa1tOLOV "t"fl01t0 1tflOWflYj O'E !J-Lil E1tOX~ 01tOU "t"O fJ-LO'O «E6vo~)) ~"t"llV IXXO(UX OOUA01tapotxot xat 1tEflLO'O'O"t"EflO ll1t0 "t"O fJ-LO'O OEV dxE fJ-YJ"t"flLX~ y'AWaaa "t"a pwatxa. M' au"t"~ "t"YJV avacpopa "t"ou o Ou6apocp XEflOLO'E 't"l') 6EO'Yj "t"OU U1toupyou Ilatoda~. aMa oxt 1tOAU 1tEptaaO"t"£flll. WO fJ-taO lltWVIl o "t"O'IlflLO'fJ-Oc; llV"t"tO'"t"a6YjxE
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a'tou<; oubtXtlocptxou<; 7tEttl1XafJ-ou<;. M€Xflt "ll btXatAdtX 'tou Af-E~av opou r· (1881-1894) 0 ExpwatO'fJ-0<; OEV XIX'ttXcpEpE VIX ytvEt €7ttO'l')fl-1) 7t0At'ttX~ 'tl')<; IX7tOAU'tiXP'X.tiX<;, OlJAIXO~ 7t0AU fJ-E'ttX 'tl')V EfJ-cptXvtc11) O"'tl')V tXU'toxptX'topttX 'tou ouxp~Xvtxou, cptvAtXvotxou, AE'tovtxou x~Xt ai-Awv E6vtxtafJ-wv. Y7tapx€t xa1tot1X o60'lJ Etpwvd~X<;
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..a~Et<; .. ou OlJfJ-O'ttxou, fl-t"po 1tou 1Xpy6..Ep1X e7tex .. ti61)xE xiXt a'tiX tOtW'ttXtX axoAdiX. To 1893' 'tO lltXvema't~fJ-W 'tOU Dorpat, evtX 1X1t6 'tiX mo ot~XxExptfJ-eVIX 7tiXVEma't~fJ-tiX a'tlJV tXu'toxptX'toptx~ Emxpa'tEtiX, ixi-Etae l-6yw "lJ<; 'X.P~O'lJ<; 'tlJ<; ytpfJ-~Xvtx~<; yl-waatX<; a'tiX 1XfJ-cpt6etX'tp1X. (NIX u7tEv6ufJ-taoufJ-e o'tt fl-EXPt .. 6.. e ll yepfJ-IXVtx~
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n<;, At'tOVOU<; ~Xypo'tt<; XIXt rewpytiXVOU<; ~Xyp6'tt<;» 9 • TlJV tOtiX a'ttYfJ-~, 6tX ~'tiXV fJ-tytXAo acptXAfl-IX VIX u1to6iaoufl-€ O'tt ecp6aov o expwatafJ-O<; ~'tiXV ouwza'rtX~ 7tOAt'ttX~, oev 7tE'tU'X.E iv~Xv IX7t0 'tOU<; xuptou<; O''tO'X.OU<; 'tOU, VIX XIX'ttu6uvet Ol)AIXO~ 'tOV IXVtp'X.OfJ-EVO E6vtxtafJ-6 'tl')<; «MeyaAlJ<; PwattX<;» 7tpo<; 'tO 6p6vo. K~Xt 6xt IX7tAW<; a'tlJ baall 'tou auv~Xta6~fl-IX"o<;. Y7t~P'X.IXV 'ttpaa'ttE<; eux~Xtptt<;, ae 'ttAW'tiXtiX ~XvaAuO'l'), yt~X 'tOU<; Pwaou<; Att'toutlyou<; XIXt 'tOU<; E7tt'X.ttpl')fJ-IX'ttE<; O''tl')V IX'X.IXV~ yptXcpEtOXtliX'ttiX XIXt O''tl')V E7ttX'tEtVOfJ-EV1) ~Xyopa 7tOU 7t1Xpdxe 1) IXU'tOXp1X'tOpt1X. To toto tVOttXcpipov fJ-E 'tOV AAE~IXVOpo r·, expwata't~ 'taapo
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O''t' Y)V cXVOOO 't'WV a.ata.'t'tXWV XIJ.t a.cpptXIJ.VtXWV e:6vtXtO'(J-WV 't'OU EtXOO''t'OU a.twva.. Au't'6 1tou Xf>EtcX~e:'t'a.t va. 't'ovta't'd e:ow dva.t O't't o e:~a.yy!-ta(J-6c; 1ta.p~ya.ye: X,tAtcX.oe:c; Ila.A ae: 61-o 't'OV XOO!J-O. Au't'6 u7toypa.fJ-fJ-t~Et mo €.nova. a.1t' O't't0~7tO't'E 6.1-Ao 't"YJ 6E!J-EAtWO'Y) a.v't'(cpa.O"Y) 't'OU IJ.i(AtXOU E1ttO"Y)(J-OU e:6vtXtO'(J-OU, 7tOU O''Y)(J-IJ.tVEt 't' Y)V e:aw't'E(JtX~ a.au(J-()a.'t'O't''Y)'t'IJ. 't'OU t(J-7tEpta.At<7(J-OU xa.t 't'OU €.6vouc;. Mt!-cX.w O'X01tt(J-Wt:; "(tiJ. «E6voc;», E7tEt0~ fJ-1tiJ.tVEt 7tcXV't'O't'E xa.vdc; O''t'OV 7tEt(JIJ.<7(J-O va E(J!J-Y]VEUO'Et 't'O cpa.tVO!J-EVO 't'WV Ila.A (JoE 'tOUt:; opouc; 't'OU ('IJ.'t'O'tO'(J-OU. Ka.v€.va.c; Aoytx6c; cX.v6pw7toc; OE ea. a.pvtO't'IJ.V 't'OV 7tpocpa.v~ pa.'t'ata't'tXO x_a.pa.x't'~pa. 't'OU a.yy/-txou t(J-7tEpta.At<7(J-OU 't'OU o€.xa.'t'ou €.va.'t'ou a.twva.. ITa./- O!J-Wc; u7t~px_a.v xa.t a't'tc; Acuxi~ a.7tmx(e:c; - O"'t"YJV Aua't'pa./-(a., 't' Y) N €.a. ZY]Aa.vo(a., a't'ov Ka.va.ocX. xa.t a't''Y) NO't'ta. Acpptx~. 'A yyAm xa.t :Exo't'a€.~ot ocX.axa./-ot auv€.ppe:a.v e:xd, xa.t o e:~a.yy/-ta(J-6c; ~'t'a.v xa.t e:xd 7tOAt't't<7(J-t~~ 7tOAt't'tX~. '01twc; xa.t yta. 't'ouc; ITa./-, E't'at xa.t yta. 6/-ouc; 't'ouc; cXAAouc;, 't'O ' '!I' 'Y fJ-OV01tiJ.'t't 't' Y)t:; IJ.VOoOU 1tOU 'Y' )'t'IJ.V IJ.VOtX,'t'O' "(tiJ. 'tOUt:; ·.._, ..::...XO't'O'E~oOUt:; 't'O 0€-xa.'t'o 6yooo a.twva. ~'t'a.v x/-e:ta't'6. Ot e:~a.yy!-ta!J-€.vm Aua't'pa./-o( oe:v U7t1J(JE't'OUaa.v a"t'o ~ou()/-(vo ~ a"t'o McX.nae:a't'E(J a.McX. ou't'E xa.v a't'YJV 0't'cX.()a. ~ a"t'o K€.m't'a.ouv. Ou't'e: !J-7topouaa.v, !J-EX,pt a.pXE't'cX a.pycX., va. y(vouv a't'pa.'t'tW't'txo( OtotX'Y)'t'Et:; O"'t' Y)V Ka.!J-7tEpa. 24 • M6vov m «'Ayyl-ot 'Ayy/-m» fJ-7tOpoootXv, 1tOU O"Y)(J-tXtVEt.(J-EAl) e:v6c; auyxa.AU!J-fJ-EVou a.yyAtxou €.6vouc;. Tp(a. Xf>6vta. 7tpo't'ou 'YJ E't'a.tpda. Ava.'t'oAtxwv Ivotwv xcX.ae:t 't'OV tvotx6 XUV'Y)"(O't'o7t6 't' Y)t:;, o a.~tW(J-IJ.'t'tx6c; 't'Ou va.u't'txou II€.pu (JoE 't'IJ. fJ-tXU(JtX 7tAOta. 't'OU XIJ.'t'EOcXcptaE opta't'tXcX 't'tX 't'dX,l) 7tOU dx_a.v xpa.'t'~ae:t 't' Y)V Ia.7twv(a. yta. "t'Oao xa.tp6 ae: e:6e:l-ouata. a.7tO!J-OVW<71J. Me:'t'cX 't'O 1854, 1] a.u't'07tE7tot6l)O"Y) xa.t l) e:aw't'e:ptx~ VO(J-t(J-O't'l)'t'tX 't'OU M1ta.xoucpou ( 't'O xa.6e:a"t'wc; aoyxouvcX't' 't'WV ToxouyxcX.()a.) xAovtO"'t''Y)XE tX!J-Eawc; a.1t6 (J-ttX xa.'t'a.cpa.v~ a.ouva.(J-ta. va. a.nt(J-E't'W7ttae:t 't' Y) otdaOUO''Y) X'Y)t:; ~UO"Y)t:;. Me: 't'O auv6l)(J-tX Sonnoi Joi ( «TtfJ-cX't'E 't'OV a.u't'OX(JcX't'O(JtX, OtW~'t'E 't'ouc; ()a,p()cX.pouc;») (J-ttX (J-tXp~ OfJ-cXOa. <7tXfJ-OupcX.t (J-EO"Y)c; te:pa.px_(tXc;, xup(wc; a.1t6 't'ouc; cpe:ouotXpx_txouc; o(xouc; (han) :EMaOU(J-IJ. xa.t Ta6aou, 't'EAtXcX 't'O IJ.VE't'(JE\jJa.v 't'O 1868. AvcX.tuaa. a't'ouc; /-6youc; 't"Y)t:; e:m't'ux(a.c; ~'t'tXV (J.ttX E~tXt-
146
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pe:'t"tXa O'Y)(J-tOUp)'tX~ acpO(J-OtWCTY), totahe:pa (J-E:'t"il: a1tO 't"O 1860, 't"WV vewv cr't"pa't"tW't"tXWV 't"E:X,VtXWV 't"'Y)~ ~UCTY)~, Ot 01tOte:~ dx.av CTUCT't"'Y)(J-a't"01t0t'Y)6d a1tO IlpWcrOU~ Xat raMOU~ E:7tayye:A(J-Cl.'t"te:~ a1t6 't"O 1815 xat e:~~~· E(x.av, Aom6v, 't"'Y)V e:ux.epe:ta va x.p'Y)crt(J-07tot~crouv a7to't"e:Ae:cr(J-a't"txli 7.300 't"oucpexta 't"e:Ae:u't"ata~ 't"e:x.voAo' (U7tO/\E:t(J-(J-Cl.'t"a -. , , , yta~ 't"a 7te:ptcrcro't"e:pa a1to, 't"OV a[J.e:ptxavtxo, E (J-cpu25 AtO)' 't"a 01tOta ayopil:cr't"'Y)Xav a1tO evav 'ArrAo e[J.1tOpo 01tAWv • «.l:'t"'Y) 'X.P~O"YJ 't"WV 07tAwv ... ot linpe:c; 't"Ou o(xou Tcr6crou e:7teoe:t~av ' Y) e:moe:r.,tO't"'Y)'t"a, ,. t:' ' t"E: Ot 1ta/\ate:~ .... ' 1tO/\E:(J-tXE:~ .... ' (J-E:'6 OoOt ,. 't"OU at' 't"OCT' WCT' 26 (J-a't"O<; xat 't"OU atcpvtotacr[J.OU oe:v ecpe:pav xaveva a1tO't"eAe:cr(J-Cl.» • MoAt~ aveAagav 't"'Y)V e:~oucr(a, O(J-W~, Ot e:7tavacr't"a't"e:~, 't"OU~ o7totou~ cr~[J.e:pa avaxaAOU(J-E: w~ oAtyapx.tx~ O(J-Iioa 't"OU Me:.t't"~t, Xa't"aAagav O't"t 't"a cr't"pa't"tW't"tXa avopaya6~(.J-a't"li 't"OU~ oe:v 't"OU~ e:~acrcpaAt~av au't"6(.J-a't"a 7toAt't"tx~ vo(J-t(J-O't"'YJ't"a. Eav 'YJ 7taAtv6p6wCT'YJ 't"ou Tevo ( «Au't"oxpa't"opa») ~'t"av li[J.e:cra 7tpay(J-a't"o7tm~crt(J-'Y) (J-E: 't"'Y)V Xa't"lip)"Y)CTY) 't"OU M7taxoucpou, oe:v ~'t"av 't"O tOtO e:uxoAo va e:xotwx.6ouv ot glipgapm27 • H ye:w7toAt't"tX~ acrcpil:Ae:ta "'YJ~ Ia7twvta~ 7tape[J.e:tve: 't"O toto e:u6paucr't"'YJ 61tw~ xat 7tptv a1t6 't"O 1868. 'Eva~ a1t6 't"OU~ gacrtxou~, Aom6v, 't"p07tOU~ 1tou uto6e:'t"~6'Yjxav yta va cr't"a6e:po7tOt'Y)6d 'Y) 6eO"Y) 't"'YJ~ oAtyapx.ta~ cr't"o e:crw't"e:ptx6 ~'t"av (J-ta 1tapaMa~ 't"OU «e:7ttCT'Y)(J-OU e:6vtXLCT(J-OU» 't"WV (J-eCTWV 't"OU atwva, 1tou xa't"a 1til:cra m6av6't"'Y)'t"a, crx.e:otacr't"'Y)Xe: cruve:tO'Y)'t"a 1til:vw cr't"o (J-One"Ao "'YJ~ Ilpwcroye:p[J.avta~ 't"WV X6e:v't"cro"Ae:pv. Me:'t"a~u 't"WV e:'t"wv 1868 xat 1871, dx.av ota"Au6d 6"Ae:~ ot 't"Omxe~ «cpe:ouoaAtxe~» cr't"pa't"tW't"tXe~ (J-OVaoe:~ 1tOU dx.av a1tO(J-EtVe:t, 7tapex.oV't"a~ CT't"O ToxtO eva cruyxe:v't"pW't"tXO (J-OV01tWAto 't"WV [J.ecrwv licrx'Y)cr'Y)~ g(a~. To Au't"oxpa-roptx6 ~til:'t"ay(J-a 't"Ou 1872 6pt~e: 't"'Y)V 1tpow6'Y)O"Y) 't"'Y)~ e:yypa(J-(J-a't"OCTUV'Y)~ cr' OAO 't"OV avoptx6 1tA'Y)6Ucr[J.O. To 1873, 7tptv a1t6 't"O Hvw(J-evo BacrtAe:tO, 'YJ Ia7twv(a xa6tepwcre: 't"'Y)V U7tox.pe:w't"tX~ cr't"pil:'t"e:UCTY). T'Y)v tota CT't"t)'(J-~ 't"O xa6e:cr't"W~ xa't"ap)"Y)cre: 't"OU~ CTa(J-OUpil:t W~ VO(J-tXIi Xa't"O'X,UpW(J-eV'Y) Xat 7tpOVO(J-tOUX,a xil:cr't"a. 'H't"aV eva CT'Y)(J-aV't"LXO g~(.J-a OX,t (J-OVO yta 't"O (apy6) avoty(J-Cl. 't"WV U7taM'Y)ALXWV 6ecre:wv ere: OAOU~ 6crot dx.av 't"a 7tpocr6v't"a, aA"Aa yta va e:cpap[J.Ocr't"d 't"o «ota6ecrt[J.o» 't"wpa (J-OV't"eAo
147
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't"OU l6vou~ 't"WV 1t0At't"WV. Ot Ia1tWVE~ aypo't"E~ tX1tEAEU6Epw6Y)XtXV a1to 't"Y)V U1tO't"tX"(~ O"'t"O qJEOUOtXAtxo O"UO"'t"Y)f'-tX 't"WV 't"t!J-tX('tWV (han) xat EX't"O't"E lytvav a!J-EO"tX tXV't"tXEt!J-EVO EX!J-E't"aAAEUO"Y)~ tX1tO 't"O
xpa,;o~ xat ,;ou~ E!J-7t6pou~ yatx't"~!J-OVE~ 28 • To 1889 axoA.o66YJcrE 1 ""I I "\ I ~~~ I EVtX ..:...UV't"tX"(!J-tX 1t('WO"tXOUI 't"U1tOU XtXt 't"E/\tXtX 00vo 1XE XtX 0/\tXO OtXtXtW!J-tX 'f~q;ou O"'t"OU~ avopE~. ~· tXU't"~ 't"Y) !J-E600tX~ EXO"'t"('tX't"EttX 't('Et~ EV !J-E('Et 'tUX,tXtOt 1ttXpayovn~ OtEUXOAUVtXV 'tOU~ avopE~ 'tOU ME.i't~L IIpw't"OV, 0
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O"'X,E'ttXa !J-EyaAo~ ()a6!J-O~ E6V01tOAt't"tO"!J-tX~~ O!J-otO"(EVEttX~ 't"Y)~ Ia1tWVttX~ 1tOU ~'ttXV tX1tO't"EAEO"f'-tX 't"Y)~ tX1tO!J-OVWO"YJ~ OUO!J-tO"t atwvwv xat 't"YJ~ EcrW'tEptx~~ Etp~VEUO"YJ~ ,;ou M1taxouq;ou. Evw ,;a yta7twvl~txa 1tou !J-tAoucrav cr,;o Kwu- ~ou ~'tav crE !J-EyaA.o ()a6!J-6 axa'tav6Y)'t"tX cr'to Xovcrou, xat ax6~J-a xat !J-E't"a~u ftlv'to- T6xw xat Kto'to-Oaaxa YJ Emxmvwv(a ~'tav 7tpo()A.YJ!J-tX'ttX~, 'tO YJ!J-tcrtvo7tmYJ!J-EVo towyptX!J-!J-tXo crucr'tY)f'-tX avayvwcrYJ~ EtX,E xa6tEpw6d O"'ttX VY)O"ta XtXt E1tO!J-EVW~ YJ tXVa1t'tU~YJ 'tY)~ !J-tX~tX~~ E'Y"(('tX!J-tX'tOO"UVYJ~ !J-EO"W ,;ou crx.oA.dou xat ,;wv EV't"U1tWV ~,;av EUXOAYJ xat aota!J-q;tcr()~'t"Y)'t"Y). dEU'tE('OV, YJ a1tapa!J-tMY) tX('X,tXtO't"Y)'t"tX 't"OU au'tOX('tX'tO('tXOU o(xou (YJ Ia1twvia dvat YJ !J-OVYJ
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()6vou~ xat ,;ou~ AljJ()oupyoud otwx6A.uvE 't"YJV EX!J-E't"aMEUO"YJ ,;ou tXU't"OX('a'tO('tX yta 'tY)V E~U1tYJ('E'tY)O"Y) 't"WV O"X01tWV 't"OU E1ttO"Y)!J-OU e:6vtXtO"!J-OU 29 • Tphov, YJ otdcrOUO"YJ 't"WV
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!J-tX~tx~ xat apxE,;a a1te:tAYJ't"tx~ wcr'tE 'to !J-EyaA.U'te:po 't"f'-~!J-a 'tou 1toAmxa cruve:tOY)'t"01totY)!J-EVou 7tAYJ6Ucr!J-OU va avacrunax.6d 1ttaW au,;oa!J-uva~ 1tou cruyxpo't~&r)xE !JoE 'tou~ vlou~ E6vtxou~ 6pou~. A~t~Et va 'tov(crou!J-E O'tt au,;~ YJ ouva'tO'tY)'ttX
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148
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166
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12. «Some Reflections», a. 5. 13. ~-ro ()t()"A(o -rou [J-£ -ro 01JAW't"tx6 -rh"Ao Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, o Gary Wills a't""YJ'II ouatiX u7toa-r1)pt~et 6--rt 't"IX 6e:[J-EAtiX a't""Y)
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VotV tJ.EAYJ -rou Kmvo()ouA(ou ~ tJ.EYotAoe:x.oo-re:<;. 25. Eow "fJ x.e:v-rptx.~ tJ.opcp~ ~-rotv o OtJ.oupot Motaoux.lpo (18241869 ), o ot7tOX.otAOUtJ.EVO<; «Ilot-rtpot<; -rou lot7tWVtx.ou I:-rpot-rou». 'H-rotv evot<; aottJ.Oupat X.ot'rW'rEpYJ<; ()ot!ltJ.tOot<; ot1t0 -rov o(x.o Taooou, 1tOU ~EX.tV"f)aE -rYJV x.otptepot -rou a1touoa~ov-rot<; ou-rtx.~ tot-rptx.~ tJ.taw o"A"Aotvotx.wv e:yx.e:tpto(wv. (Not !lutJ.(aoutJ.E 6-rt tJ.EX.Pt -ro 1854 m OA"Aotvoo( ~-rotv ot tJ.OVot ~U'rtX.Ot a-rou<; 01t0tOU<; E1tt'rpE7tO'rotV Vot EX.OUV 7tp6a()otO""f) a'r"f)V lot7tWVtot, x.ott otu-r~ "fJ 7tp6a()otO""f) 7ttptopt~6-rotv ouatota-rtx.a a-ro VYJa( N -re:altJ.ot, x.ov-ra a-ro "At~vt -rou N otyx.otaax.t, -ro o1toto oe:v ()ptax.6-rotv x.a-rw otTI6 1"0V e"Ae:yxo -rou M7totx.oucpou.) A7tocpot-rwv-rot<; ot7t0 1"0 Te:x.tytoux.ou a"t""f)V Oaax.ot, -ro X.otAU-re:po -r6-re: x.ev-rpo e:x.~!l"f)a"f)<; 'r"f)<; oMotVOtX~<; y"Awaaot<; a-r"f) x.wpot, e:mta-rpe:o,Jie: a-rov -r61to -rou ytot vot otax.~ae:t 'r"f)V tot1"ptx~, x.wp(<; OtJ.W<; t0tott1"EPYJ e:m-rux.tot. To 1853 eytvE x.ot!l"f)YYJ'r~<; OU"t"tX~<; Tiottodot<; a-rYJV Ou()otyt!J.ot x.ott x.ot-r6mv tJ.E-ri()YJ cr-ro N otyx.otcraxt ytot vot (J1t0UOacre:t VotUTIY)ytx.~. (l::X,EOtotO"E Xott E1tE()Ae:o,jle: 'r"f) VotU,1t~Y"f)Cl""f) 'rOU 7tpw-rou ytot7twve~txou M!J-67t"Aowu tJ.e: ()&crYJ x.a1totot e:yx.e:tplotot.) Ot tJ.EyaAE<; EUX.ottptE<; 7totpoucrtaO"'r"f)X.otV tJ.E'ra 'r"f)V acpt~"f) 'rOU IJepu- 'rO 1856 1t~YE a-ro rtev-ro, ytot Vot OtOa~Et a'r"f) axoA~ 1tOU E1tpOx.e:t-ro Vot y(ve:t E!lvtx.~ I:ipot"t"tW'rtX.~ Ax.otOY)tJ.tot X.ott a't'Y)V U1t"f)ptatot otVW-rEpYJ<; epe:uvot<; •ou MTiotx.oucpou ytot '"1 tJ.EAE-rYJ ou•tx.wv xe:ttJ.ivwv. Ot tJ.E•otcppacre:t<; -rou e:upw7tot"ix.wv a-rpot-rtw-rtx.wv epywv, totothe:pot otu"t"wv 1tOU otcpopoucrotv a-rou<; ve:w-re:ptatJ.OU<; -rou N ot7toAEov-rot a-r"f) cr-rpot-r"f)ytx.~ x.ott a"t"t<; -rotx.-rtxe<; 1"0V EXotVotV OtaO""f)tJ-0, e:vw a. otu-re<; ocpe:tAE'rott "f) otvax.A"f) a~ 1"0U a-ro Tcr6crou, -ro 1860, ytot vot U7t"f)pe:-r~cre:t w<; cr-rpot-rtw-rtx6<; crutJ.()ouAo<;. To 1864-1865 "f) e:m-rux.lot 1ou w<; ototX"f)-r~ cr1ov e:tJ.cpUAtO 7tOAe:tJ.O 1"WV Tcrooou ot1tEOEt~e: 'r"f) Cl""f)tJ.(XO"tot 1tOU dx.otv 'rot ypot7t-ra -rou. I:-r"f) auvex.e:tot eytvE 0 7tpw-ro<; U1tOupy6<; IlOAE!J.OU 1"0U Me:"i-r~(, X.ott cruyx.p6'n]ae: 'rot e:Tiotvotcr"t"ot-rtx.a 7tpoyp&!J.!J.ot'ot -rou xot!le:cr-rw-ro<; ytot ""fJ !J.ot~tx.~ u7tox.pe:w1"tx.~ a•panuO""f) x.ott -rov Tie:ptoptcrtJ-6 -rwv 7tpovotJ.(wv •wv crottJ.oupat. H OOAocpov(ot 'rOU ot7t0 EVotV opytcrtJ.EVO crottJ.OUpat ~1"otV "f) otV'rotfJ-Ot()~ 'rWV x61twv -rou. BA€1te: Albert M. Craig, Ch6shii in the Meiji Restoration, totothe:pot a. 202-204, 267-280. 26 'Evot<; cruyx.povo<; la7tWVot<; 7totpot-r"f)p"f)'r~<;, 7totpot-rt!le:-rott a-ro E. Herbert Norman, Soldier and Peasant in Japan, a. 31. 27. Elx.otv yvWO""f) otu-rou -rou 7tpaytJ.ot-ro<; ot7t6 mx.p~ 7tpoawmx.~
168
MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
1tdpa. To 1862, !J.tll ay-{Atx~ !J.Otpa taoTieowaE ayfo6v 'tO At!J.cXVt 't"Yj<; Ka:yxoa(~J.~I· 'tO 1864, !J.tll auVIX0"1tta"!J.€Vl] IX!J.Eptxavtx~, oMtxvotx~ XIXt ll'('(AtX~ VIIU't"tX~ !J.OVaOII Xll't"Ea't"pt::o.jiE 't"t<; 7t1XpcXX't"tt::<; oxupwaEt<; 't"WV Ta6aou a't"O ~t!J.OVoaext. John M. Maki, Japanese Militarism, a. 146147. 28. '0AIX IIU't"a 6U!J.t~OUV 't"t<; !J.E't"1XflpU6[J.taEt<; 7tOU 1tflllY!J.Il't"07tOt~6-rj XIXV a't"1JV IIpwaitx !J.E't"a 'to 1810, we; txv't"tx7t6xpt0"1J a't"lJ ye!J.6."1J 1ta6oc; exxA1J0"1J 't"Ou BlUcher a't"o BEpo:Aivo: «E>e:Aou!J.t:: evtxv E6vtx6 a't"pMo!» Vagts, A History of Militilrism, a. 130· 7tpbA. Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of Prussian Anny, xEcp. 2. 29. 'Exw 7tA1Jpocpop1J6Ei O!J.W<; tx7t6 IciTiwvEc; Ema't"~!J.OVE<; O't"t ot 7tpoocptx't"E<; IXVIIO"Xtxcpec; 't"WV 7tpWt!J.WV biXO"tAtXWV 't"cXcpwv 7ttxpexouv to-xupee; evod~t::t<; O't"t 1J mxoyevEtiX EAxEt 't"l)V XIX't"txyw~ 't"Yj<; --IXAt(J.OVO!IJ.6.Mov tx7t6 't"lJV Kopitx. H ttxTiwvtx~ xu6epV1J0"1) tx7to6appuvE tJ.E o7toto0~7to't"E 't"flOTIO xci6E 7tEptxt't"EpW ipwvtx a' txU't"cX 't"IX tJ.Vl)(J.Ettx. 30. Maruyama Masao, Thought and Behaviour in Modem Japanese Politics, a. 138. 31. ~'to tOto, a. 139-140. 32. ~UO"'t"UXW<;, 1J tJ.OV1J EVIXMIXX't"tX-fj 7tp0't"IXO"l) O"'t"IX ouw:m-rtxa xpa't"l) 't"lJ<; ETIOX~<; 1tOU EcpaptJ.O~IXV 't"OV E1tt0"1)!J.O t::6vtXtO"!J.O --1) AuO"'t"poouyytxpttx- OEV ~'t"txv tx1t6 't"t<; ouvci[J.Et<; 1tou Etxa.v O"l)!J.IIV't"tx-Yj 7ttxpouattx O"'t"l)V A1tw AvMoAij. 3 3 . IItxpa6. a-ro Richard Storry, The Double Patriots, a. 3 8. 34. To tJ.Epoc; 1tOU IXXOAou6d dvat (J.tiX O"U!J.1tUXVW!J.EV1J exoox~ EVO<; 't"IJ.YJ!J.IX'tO<; '!1)<; Epytxaiac; tJ.OU «Studies of the Thai State: the State of Thai Studies», a-ro Eliezer B. Ayal (Exo.), The State of Thai Studies. 35 0 Battye odxvet !JoE EUO"'tOXO 'tfl01t0 O't"t 0 O"X07t0<; 'tWV emaxeo.jJEWV -rou vEtxpou tJ.ovcipx1J a't"1JV M1ta't"ci6ta xtxt a't"lJ ~tyxtx7toup1J -ro 1870 xtxt a't"1)v Ivoitx 'to 1872 Yj-rtxv au!J.cpwva !JoE -rtx 6tJ.opcptx :A6yttx ..ou ~ou:Aa:Aovyx6pv, «vtx emAE~Et eva aacptx:Aec; !J.OV't"EAO». BAE7tE «The Military, Government and Society in Siam, 1868-1910)), a. 118. 3 6. «II 1)~ 't"l)<; E!J.7tVW0"1)<; -rou E6vtxta-rtxou 7tpoypci!J.!J.Il't"O<; -rou BtxytptxbOU't" ~'tiXV 1J MeyaA1) Bpt::'t"IXVtll, 'tO ~U't"tXO e6voc; 1t0U 0 BaytptxbOU't yvwpt~E XIXAU'tEfliX IX1t. OAIX, eva e6voc; 1tOU exdvl) 'tl) XflOVtX~ a-rty!J.~ EtXE XIX't"IXA1Jcp6d tx7t6 t!J.7tt::ptaAta-rtx6 Ev6ouattxa[J.O)). Walter F. Vella, Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism, a. xiv. BAETIE E7tt0"1)c; a. 6 xtxt 67-68. 0
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45. ~-.o (ow, a. 59. 46. 0 Ignotus 7tcxpcx-.'Y)pe:t 6-.t o M1tax 7tcxpdxe a-.ouc; euyeve£c; Xa7tOtO OtX.OVO!J.tXO CXV'tta-ta6!J.ta!J.CX "(tel 't'Y)V CX7tWAEtl7. 'tWV 7tpOVO!J.tWV 'tOU<;' «m617.vw<; OU'!E 7ttptaa6npi7. OU'!E At"(O'ttpi7. 17.7t0 au-t 7tOU ea '/..a!J.()avav u1t6 -to x.a6ea-.wc; -.ou K6aou-t» (a. 64-65). 47. ~-to toto, a. 74. 48. Oc; a7to-t€'/..ea!J.CX, o 11pt6!J.6c; -.wv x:A'IJpovorJ.txwv X't'IJ!J.a-.wv -!pt7tAI7.ataa'!'Y)X.e: \1-e:'ta~u 'tWV e:'!WV 1867 X.l7.t 1918. Eav X.a7tOto<; aU!J.7te:ptM()e:t x.cxt '!'Y)V e:x.xA'Y)atcxa-ttx.~ 7te:ptouail1, -to ev11 -tpho OA'Y)<; '!'I)<; "('')<; "='IJ<; Ouni7.phc; dxe x.'/..'Y)pooo-t'Y)!ld a-.o -te'/..oc; "'IJc; llu11otx.~c; Mov17.pxhc;. Ot rep!J.CXVOt X.l7.t Ot E()pi7.t0t emxetp'Y)fJ-IX'ttE<; E7tta'l)<; e:U'Y)fJ-e:pouacxv e:7tt T£a-tal7.. 49. ~'!0 [ow, a. 81 X.Clt 82. 50. Ot X.'t'Y)VWOtE<; ~'!CXV xup(wc; epyo '!WV 1ttptcp'Y)fJ-WV «pandoors»' 7t0U 17.7tO'tEAOUai7.V fJ-EpO<; '!OU a-tpi7.-tOU a-t'Y) ot&6e:a'l) '!WV OtotX.'Y)'tWV 't'Y)<; XOfJ-'Y)'teti7.<; xcxt XP'Y)at[J-07totouv'!I7.V we; ()(17.t'Y) cxypo-.tx.~ cxa-.uVO[J-ta.. 51. The Dissolution, a. 3 28. 52. ~UfJ-cpwva fJ-E -.ouc; u7to:AoytafJ-OU<; -.ou Lajos Mocsary (Some Words on the Nationalist Problem, Bouoa.7tea-t'Y), 1886), 7ti7.pa.-.£6e-.a.t a-to (ow, a. 331-332. 0 Mocsary (1826-1916) (opuae 'tO 1874 eva. !J.txp6 Ave~ap-t'Y)'!O K6fJ-!J.CX a-to ounptx6 Kotvo()ou:Ato yta va. a.ywvtan£ yta. 'tt<; toee:c; 'tOU Kooou'!' CtU'!E<; 7tOU xup(wc; !7.cpopouai7.V a'!O !J.EtDVO'!tXO ~~"='IJ!l-Cl· Ot A6ym -.ou, fJ-t11 O'Y)fJ-Oata. xcx-.a.ne:A(a. -twv x.pa.uya.:Aewv 7ta.pa.()taaewv -.ou N OfJ-OU -.wv E6vo-t~'!wv -tou 1868 111t6 -tov Tia-.aa., oO~'Y'Y)aa.v 7tpw-.a. a-to cpuatx6 -.ou a.7tox.:Ae:ta[J-6 a.1t6 '!o Kotvo()ou:Ato x.a.t e7te:t'!a. a't'Y)V Ct7t07tO[J-7t~ 'tOU (X7t0 '!0 tOtO 'tOU 'tO X.Ofl-!J.Cl· To 1888 E7tEa-.pe:lj;e a-to Kotvo()ou'/..to fJ-Eaw [J-tcx<; xcx6o'/..txa pou!J.Clvtx~c; ex:Aoytx~<; 7te:ptcpepe:ta.<; X.l7.t eytve ouatcxa-ttxa EVI7.c; Ct7tOX.A'Y)pO<; 't'Y)c; 7tOAt'ttX~c;. lgnotus, Hungary, a. 109. 53. Jaszi, The Dissolution, a. 334. 54. ~'!0 tOto, a. 362. ~'!OV ttxoa-t6 11tWVCt U7t~PXE !J.LIX vo6a. 7tOt6't'Y)'tet a' au-.~ "='Y)V «e6vtx~ o'/..tya.px£a.». 0 Jaszi e:x.6€-.e:t "'IJ otcxaxeoa.a-ttx~ ta-.op(a. e:v6c; 17.V'tl7.7toxpt'!~ [J-t17.c; cp'Y)[J.ta[J-EV'Y)c; 'Y)fJ-Ep~ata<; ounptx~c; ecp'Y)fJ-e:piol1c;, o o1to£oc;, a-t'IJ otapxe:ta. -.ou A' IIa.yxootJ-tou IIo:Af.tJ-ou 7t~pe aUVEV'!EU~'Y) et7t0 EVetV '!pCtU!J.CX'!ta[J-EVO U7taM'Y)AO, '!OV fJ-E'!em:t'!a. CXV'!tOpa.a'!tXO otx-.hopcx '!'I)<; Ouyya.p(cxc; a'!'Y) [J-Eao7tOAEfJ-tX~ 7ttp(ooo. 0 Horthy E~CX"(ptW6'Y)XE [J-e: 'tOV '!p07t0 7tOU '!0 ~p6po 7ttpttypacpt 'tt<; axe\j;e:tc; '!OU
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afJ.to II6'AefJ.o, aUfJ.fJ.E"t'dx.e a"t'1JV iopu0'1J "t'ou ~1JfJ.oxpa"t'txo6 K6fJ.fJ.IX"t'oc; hwv X!J.ep) xat ote"t'EAeae 1tpw6u1toupy6c; "t'"Y)V 7tep(ooo 1946-194 7. 0 u1toupy6c; A(J.uvac; !:ov Boeva&:t, €xave ax.eo6v "t'a iota "t'a~(ota. 0 Xou( Kav6ou'A, 1tpw6u1toupy6c; "t'wv ~1JfJ.Oxpa"t't xwv "t'"Y)V 7tep(ooo 1951-1952, et'X,€ IX1tO(jlOL"t'~a€t IX7t0 (J.tiX ecole normale a"t'o Av6t "t'O 1931, xat E7tet"t'a e1tEa"t'pe\jie a"t'"Y)V IIvo(J. Ilev, 61tou "t'€Atx6: auyxa"t'a'A€x.61Jxe av&:(J.eaa a"t'o otoax"t'tx6 7tpoawmx6 "t'OU lycee !:tao66:632 • 'Iawc; 1) mo av"t'mpoaw7teu"t'tX~ fJ.OPCJl~ dvat o leu Koeus, 7tpW"t'oc; a"t'"Y) 6'At6ep~ aetp6: oo'Aocpov1)6€v"t'wv X(J.ep 7tOAt"t'tXWV apx.1Jrwv33 • reW"Y)fJ.EVoc; a"t'"Y)V €7tapx.ia "t'ou M7ta"t'afJ.7t&:vyx "t'O 1905 --""YJ" 1tepiooo 1tou ~"t'av ax6fJ.a x6:"t'w a1t6 "t'OV €'Aeyx.o "t'"Y)c; M7tavyx6x- cpo("t'"Y)ae a' €va "t'omx6 «(J.E"t'appu6(J.ta(J.EVO ax.o'Ado 7tay6oa» 7tpo"t'ou fJ.7t€t a' €va «tvooxtve~tx6» ax.o'Ado a"t'"Y)V 7tOA1J M7ta"t'a(J.7t6:vyx. To 1921 7tpox.wp1Jae a"t'o Ko'A€ym !:tao66:6 a"t'"Y)V 7tpw"t'euouaa "t'OU IIponx"t'op6:"t'ou xat E7t€t"t'a a' €va EfJ.7tOptx6 xo'A€yto a"t'o Av6t a1t6 "t'O o1toio a7tocpo("t'1)a€ "t'O 1927, 7tpw"t'oc; a"t'o fJ.tX61JfJ.a "t'"Y)c; ya'A'Atx~c; y'Awaaac;. qlt'Aooo~wv"t'ac; va a1touoaaet 'X.1J(J.eta a"t'o M7topv"t'6, €owae e~e"t'6: aetc; xat 7t~pe U7tO"t'pocp(a. To a7totxtax6 xp6:"t'oc; O(J.Wc; €(J.7tOOtae "t'"Y) (J.E"t'6:6aa~ "t'OU a"t'o e~w"t'eptx6. E7tEa"t'pe\jie a"t'OV "t'07tO "t'OU, "t'O M7ta"t'IX(J.1ttXV')'X, 07tOU &:vot~e cpapfJ.IXXetO, XtXVOV"t'ac; IXU"t'~ "t'1) oouA€ttX ax6(J.IX xat fJ.E"t'tX "t'"Y)V av6:X"t'1Ja1) "t'"Y)c; e7tapx.iac; a1t6 "t'"Y)V M1tavyx6x "t'O 1941. Me"t'6: "t'"YJV ta7twvtx~ xa"t'6:ppeu0'1) "t'OV Auyoua"t'o "t'OU 1945, e7taVefJ.cpav(a"t'1)X€ a"t'"Y)V «KafJ.7tO"t'~1)» we; 6ou'Aeu"t'~c; "t'WV ~1J(J.Oxpa"t'txwv. Eivat a~toO'"Y)(J.dW"t'O O"t't (J.€ x6:1toto "t'p67to ~"t'av xt au"t'oc; a1t6yovoc; "t'WV Aa(J.7tpwv cpt'AoMywv "t'"Y)c; 7tpWt(J.O"t'Ep1Jc; Eupw7t1Jc;, acpou ax.eo(aae €va 7tA1JX"t'po'A6yto ypaCJlOfJ.1J'X.av~c; fJ.€ "t'O a'Acp6:61J"t'O "t'"Y)c; 'X.fJ.Eptx~c; xat e~€owae "t'o 6apu"t't(J.O o("t'O(J.O Pheasa Khmer [H 'X.fJ.€ptx~ y'Awaaa] ~ 07tWc; dvat o 7tapa7tAIXV1)"t'tx6c; "t'("t'Aoc; "t'"Y)c; €xoo0'1)c; "t'Ou 1967, La Langue Cambodgienne (Un Essai d'etude raisonne) 34 • Au"t'O O(J.Wc; "t'O xd(J.EVO Exave "t'"Y)V 7tpW"t'1) "t'OU €(J.(jltXVt0'1) --{) 7tpw"t'oc; "t'O(J.Oc; fJ.OVo"t'O 194 7, o"t'av o au'Y'Ypacp€ac; ~"t'av 7tp6eopoc; "t'"Y)c; !:uv"t'aX"t'tx~c; !:uv€'Aeu0'1)c; a"t'"Y)V IIvo(J. IIev, xat O'X,t -.o 1937, O"t'av cpu"t'o~wouae
192
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPl:ON
O"'t'O Mmx't'a~J.mxvyx, 07tOU 0€V U7t~PX.£ aXO!J.a xaviva aMo 'X.IJ.€p6cpwvo lycee £x't'6c; a1t6 't'o Lycee ~tao6fx.6, xat O't'av lJ lvooxfva ~'t'av !J.ta £Cji~!J.€pl) 7tpay!J.a't'tXO't'l)'t'a. To 194 7, au't'ot 7tOU !J.tAouaav 't'l) 'X.!J.€ptx~ -;ou"Afx.x.ta't'ov a't'l)V «Ka!J-7tO't'~l)»- O£V 7tapaxo"Aou6ouaav 1tAEOV ~J.rx6~~J.rx't'a a't'l) ~a·tyx6v ~ a't'o Av6t. Mta via y£vtfx. £PX,O't'av a't'o 7tpoax~vto yta 't'l)V o1tota lJ «lvooxfva» ~'t'av ma 7tap£"A66v xat 't'o «Bt£'t'Va!J.» !J.ta ~EVlJ 1tAiov x.wpa. Efvat a"A~6£ta O't't ot 6fx.vaua£c; £ta6o"Aic; xat xa't'OX,Ec; O"'t'l) otfx.px£ta 't'ou oixa't'ou iva't'ou atwva, 1tou opyavw6l)xav a1t6 't'ouc; Nyxtytiv 't'l)c; Xou€, fx.cpl)aav mxpic; etVCt!J.V~a£tc; O"'t'l) "Aa'ix~ !J.V~ IJ.l) 't'WV X!J.€p, aU!J-7t€ptAa~J-6fx.vov-.ac; xat au't'ouc; 1tou ~ouaav a't'l)V 7t£ptox.~ 't'l)c; «Kox.tvyxfvac;» 7tOU £7tpox£t't'O va ytv£t 't'IJ.~IJ.rx 't'OU Bt£'t'Va!J.. 0!J.wc;, mxp6~J.m£c; ~'t'etv ot €1J-7t€tpt£c; xett a't'tc; OA"Aetvotxic; lvot£c;: ~OUV't'avo( £VaV't'tOV Ia6avwv· M7ta't'aX £VaV't'LOV Mtvavyxa~J-7tfx.ou· ~etafx.x £vav't'tov M7taAtv~atwv· Top&yta £vav't'(ov M7touytv€~wv· Ia6avot £vav't'tov A!J-7tOv~atwv xat OU't'W xa6' £~~c;. H Ct7tOXCtAOU!J.€Vl) «o!J.Oa1tOVOtax~ 7t0At't'tX~)) 1tOU gcpfx.p!J.Oa£ IJ.€'t'Ct~U 't'Wv £'t'Wv 1945 xat 1948 o U7tOOtOtXl)'t'~c; 0U!J-7tEp't'ouc; 6av Moux yta va U7t£pcpa"Aayyta£t 't'l) IJ.OAtc; aua't'a6daa lvooVl)atax~ Lll)!J.OXpet't'tet a7t07t€tptX6l)X€ va €XIJ.€'t'aM£U't'd au't'Ec; axpt6wc; 't'tc; mxpt£c; 35 • 0!J.Wc;, 1tapfx. 't' Y]V 7tA'YJ!J.!J.Uptoa 't'WV £6VW't'tXWV £7tavaa't'aa£WV a£ 6"Aa ax.£06v 't'a !J.EP'YJ "lJc; av£~ap't'lJ't''Y]c; I voovl)atac; IJ.€'t'a~u 't'WV £'t'WV 1950 xat 1964, l) «lvOOVl)ata» £m6twa£. Ev !J.Ep£t £m6twa£ £7t£to~ lJ M7ta't'a6ta 7tapE!J.€tv£ 't'O xev't'po 't'l)c; £x7tatOWO"l)c; !J.Ex.pt 't'EAouc;, aA"Afx. xat £7t£to~ 'YJ a7totxtax~ ototx'Y]'t'tx~ 7tOAt't'tx~ o£v £xofw~£ 't'ouc; !J.Opcpw!J.ivouc; ~ouv't'etvouc; a't'tc; «Sundalands», ~ · 't'ouc; M7ta't'ax a't'ov 't'07to 't'l)c; Xet't'etywy~c; 't'ouc;, a't'a u\jit7t£oa "lJc; B6p£tac; ~OUIJ.a't'petc;. ~x.£o6v 6"A£c; m O"l)IJ.aV't'txic; £6voy"Awaatx€c; OIJ.aO£c;, a't'o 't'EAoc; 't'l)c; et7totxtax~c; 7t£pt6oou, auv~6taetv O"'t' Y]V tOEa O't't 't'O etpx.mi"Aayoc; et7tO't'£Aoua£ 11: !J.ta aX'Y)Vl) a't'l)V 07tOta 0/\0t €7tp€7t€ Vet 7tatc;,OUV 't'O p0/\0 't'OUc;. E't'at, !J.OVo !J.ta et7t6 't'tc; etV't'etpat£c; 't'l)c; 7t£pt6oou 1950-1964 dx.£ anoa-xta--rtxi~ cpt"Aooo~[gc;· 6"A£c; m u7t6Aom£c; aywvf~ov't'etv !J.Eaa a' €vet xat IJ.OVO tvoov'Y)atetx6 7toAmx6 aua't''YJ~J.rx36 . 1
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TO TEAErTAIO KrMA
Em1tA€ov, xexvdc; oev (J.1t0pet vex exyvo~aet exu-.6 'tO ex1tp6()'Ae1t'tO: a-t'Y) oexexe-.(ex -.ou 1920 'YJ «tvoov'Y)atexx~ y'Awaaex» efx.e ex1toK-t~aet auvetO'Y)al) -t'Y)c; tmexp~~c; -t'Y)c;. Efvext evotexql€pov vex e~e-.tiaoutJ.e 1twc; auvt()'YJ exu-.6, xtivov-.exc; (J.tex auv-tO(J.'YJ 1texp€x()exa'Y). N wpf-tepex, exvexqlep6~xextJ.E a-to yeyov6c; 6-tt "f) xuptexpx.fex -.wv OA'Aexvowv a-ttc; Ivo(ec; ~-.exv 1teptoptatJ.€V'YJ xext xex6ucnep'YJtJ.€VlJ. dev (J.1topoooe vex dvext otexqlope-ttxa, exqlou ot OA'Aexvoo( efx.exv t <,&KtV'Y)a&t -ttc; -.omxec; xex-texK-t'Y)aetc; -.ouc; a-ttc; expx.ec; -tou oexex-tou e600(J.OU extwvex, evw "f) Otoexaxex'A(ex 't'Y)c; oAAexvotx~c; y'Awacrexc; cr-touc; inlanders O&V et'X,& &m'X,&tp'Y)6et (J.€X,pt 'ttc; expx.€c; 'tOU &tKOrJ'tOU. Av-.( yt' exu-.6, (J.& (J.texv exp~ xext cre (J.&ya'Ao 6ex6tJ.6 ex1tpocrx.eo(excr-t'Y) otexotxexcr(ex, exvex1t-tUX,6l)x& (J.tex 1tep(epy'Y) xpex-ttx~ y'Aeoocrex cr-t'Y) 6ticrl) (J.texc; 1texAextac; lingua franca 1tou x.p'Y)crttJ.o1totouv-.exv cr-t'Y) x.epcr6v'Y)cro 37 • A7toxexAoUtJ.&V'YJ dienstmaleisch Gawc; «U1t'Y)p&crtexx~ (J.CXAex'ix~» ~ «OtotK'Y)'ttK~ (J.CXAex.ix~» ), exv~xe 'tU1toAoytxa cr-t'Y)V «o6w(J.CXvtx~» ~ cr-tex «yeptJ.exvtxa -t'Y)c; xexpex6tivexc;» 1tou exvexou6'Y)xexv ex1t6 -.ex 1to'AUy'Awcrcrex cr-tpex't01t&Oex 't'Y)c; exu'toxpex-top(exc; -.wv A~()oupywv 38 . 1:-ttc; expx.tc; -.ou oexex-.ou €vex-.ou extwvex dx.e yepec; p(~ec; cr-t'Y) ypexqletoxpex-tfex. '0-.exv (J.&-ta -.ex tJ.Ecrex -.ou extwvex ~pee cr-.o 1tpocrx~vw o ev-tu1toc; xexm-texAtcrtJ.6c;, 'YJ y'Awcrcrex 6~xe cr-t'Y)V exyopti xext cr-tex tJ.€crex tJ.ex~tx~c; emxmvwv(exc;. Evw expx.txti "'YJ 'X.PlJcrttJ.01towucrexv xupfwc; Ktve~ot xext. Eupexcrta-tec; ex06-.ec; xext tiv6pw1tot -.ou Tu1tou, -t'Y)V 1texpe'Aex6exv cr-.ex -.t'A'YJ -.ou extwvex inlanders. I:unotJ.ex o dienstx'Aaooc; exu-.~c; -t'Y)c; y'Awcrcrtx~c; mxoyevetexc; ~&'X,M't'YJK& xext exv-.txex-.excr-.ti6l)xe ex1t6 tvexv u1to-tt6€(J.&Vo 1tp6yovo cr-.ex N 'Y)crta Ptaou (ex1t6 -.ex o1totex -.ex mo alJ!J.CXV-ttxa ex1to-te'Aoucrexv - (awe; xext ytex xex'Ab- ex1t6 -.o 1819 "'YJ Bpe-.exvtx~ I:tyxex1touplJ). To 1928, xex6wc; 'YJ y'Aeoocrex exu-.~ dx.e fJ.Opql01tOt'Y)6e( ex1t6 ouo yevt€c; cruyypexql€wv xext exvexyvwcr-.wv -tou cxcr-ttxou x.wpou, ~-.exv €-tot(J.'Y) vex uw6e-tY)6d ex1t6 't'YJV lvoo'J'Y)crtexx~ Neo'Aexfex we; 'YJ e6vtx~( -tcr'ttK~) r Aeoocrex 't'Y)c; N eexc; I VOOV'Y)crtexc; (J:naxa~a 'YOOYYJ~'ax.~. A1t6 -.6-.e, oe cr-tptXql'Y)K& 1tO'tE cr-to 1texpeA66v. 'O(J.wc;, -t&Atxa, 'Y) 1tept1t'tWa'Y) -t'Y)c; lvoov'Y)~(exc;, (J.OAov6-tt -tooo evOtaqlepoucrex, oe eex €1tpe1te va 1tapcxcrupet a-t'Y)V u1t66&alJ 6-.t, exv I
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'r1 O'A'AIXvofiX ~"IX" fL<-YIXAU't<-fl'rJ ouv<'XfL'rJ 39 , x<'Xt dxf ~o.xtv~ao.t 'ttc; XIX't<'XX't~O"<.tc; 'tO 1850 IX\I'tt yt<'X 'tO 1600, 'r] d}vtx~ y'Awaa<'X oo. 61X (J.1tO('OUO'€ xaMtO''tiX \IIX dviXt 'rJ OAAIX\IOtX~. Tt7tO'tiX 0€\1 U1tOO'r]AW\I€t O'tt 0 o.6vtXtO'(J.Oc; 't"Y)c; rxav<'X dviXt Atyo't€('0 1tfl1XY(J.IX'ttx6c; IX1t0 'T:0\1 t\IOO\I"Y)O"t<'XXO <.1t<.tO~ IX7tAWc; 'r] o.6vtx~ 'tOU y'Awaa<'X dviXt 'r] IXYYAtX~ x<'Xt 6y.; 'rJ <'Xaav'tt. Etv<'Xt 'Aa6oc; v<'X IX\I'ttfL<-'twTif~oufL<- 'ttc; y'Awaao.c; (J.E 't0\1 't('01t0 1tOU 'ttc; IX\I'tt(J.E'tWJtt~OU\1 auyxo.xpt(J.E\1€<; <.6\ltXtO''ttXEc; too.o'Aoyfo.c; -we; ep.bA ~(J-IX"C'a 't"Y)c; o.6vtXO't"Y)'t1X<;, o1twc; ot O'"Y)(J.<'XtEc;, ot cpopo.atec;, ot AIX"ixo( x.opo( X<'Xt oAIX 't<'X u1t6'Aom1X. To mo aJtouo<'Xto <'Xv<'Xcpoptxa fL<- "'rl y 'Awaa<'X dviXt 'rJ tx<'Xvo"'rl"a "'rlc; v<'X 1t1Xpayo.t cp1Xn<'Xat<'Xxec; xotVO't'rJ't<-c;, auyxpo'tWV't<'Xc; ouat<'XO"'ttxa tO&a{"C'c:pc:~
axiac:u; aAA"/7AE:YYU"17~· rt<'X'tt 'tEAtxa, xat Ot IXU'tOX('IX'tO('tXEc; y AWO'O'Ec; 0€\1 dv<'Xt 1t<'X('tX xaeop.t/..oup.c:vc:~ r AWO'O'C:~ IX\ItX(J.EO'IX 0'€ aM<.c;. Eav 0 pt~00'1ttXO''t"Y)c; Mo~IX(J.{)txtoc; (J.tAtXEt 1tO(''tOY1XAtXa, cw'to O"rJ(J.<'Xtvo.t o'tt 't<'X Jtop'toy<'X'Atxa dviXt 'to fJ.Eao yt<'X "'rl" o.mv6'rJO"rJ 't"Y)c; Mo~IX(J.{)fx'r]c; (x<'Xt 't"Y)\1 tOtiX O"'tty(J.~ 7t<.ptopt~ouv 'T:'r)\1 EX't<'XO'~ "'rlc; a"'rl" TIXv~IX\ItiX x<'Xt O''t'rJ z&:fLmiX). I:ufLcpwviX fL. IXU't~ "'rl" 07t'ttX~, 'r] 'X.P~O"'r] 'T:W\1 TIO(''tOYIXAtxwv O"'t'r) Mo~IX(J.{)tx"Y) (~ 'tW\1 1XYY'Atxwv a"'rl" I vof<'X) oo. ot<'Xcpepo.t ouat<'Xa'ttxa 1X1t6 "'rl 'X.P~O"rJ 'twv IXYYAtxwv O"'t"Y)\1 Aua'tpiXAtiX ~ 'T:W\1 TIO(''tOYIXAtxwv O"'t"Y) Bp1X~tAtiX. H y'Awaa<'X oo.v IX1to'to.'Ad o.py1X'Ado IXJtox'Ao.tafJ.ou: 6o.wp'rJ'ttxa, o XIX6Ev<'Xc; (J.7tOpd \IIX (LtX6<.t 07tOtiX0~7ton y'Awaa<'X. Av'tt6tf'twc;, (J.1topd XIX'ttX {)tl:O"r] \IIX O"U(J.7t<.pt"Aa{)o.t 'touc; 7ttXV't<.c;. Ot 7t<.ptopta(J.Ot 'tt6€\l't<'Xt (J.0\10 IX1t0 'tO (J.otp1Xt0 't"Y)c; BIX{)if..: XIX\IE\I<'Xc; 0€ ~Et 'tOO'O wa't<. VIX fJ.tX6o.t 6/..e:~ 'ttc;
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MIIENENTIKT
196
ANTEP~ON
CTY) 't"OU e:qmt 't'OU 'ltOU exe:t IXVtxOd~e:t lJ VEO't'E('l) tO''t'Opttx41 • ~!XtVE't'IXt O't't 'Ttxtpta~e:t, a' IXU't'O 't'O 'ltA!Xtato, VIX x'AdaOU!J.E IXU't'O 't'O xe:cpa'Atxto e:ma't'pecpov't'txc; O"'t"YJV Eupw7tl) xtxt !J.E 't'l) auv't'OIJ.lJ 6e:wpl)CTY) e:v6c; e6vouc; 't'OU O'ltOtOU l) "'(AWO'O'tX~ 'ltOtXtAttx exe:t 't'OO'O auxva x.pl)at!J.O'ltotl)6e:( we; XIX't'tx'lteA't'l)c; EVIXV't'tOV 't'WV U'ltOO''t'l)('tX't'WV 't'WV 6e:wptWV 't'OU e:6vtXtO'fJ.OU 'ltOU 6E!J.EAtWVOV't'txt O''t"YJ "'(AWO'O'IX. To 1891, xtx't'a "lJ otapxe:ttx 't'wv 'lt('W't'wv e:op't'txa!J.w" yttx "lJ" e:~txxoawa"t'~ e:'ltenw 't"Y)c; O~J.oa'ltovoltxc; 't'ou ~bt't'c;, 't'ou 'O~J.'ltbtx'A ""e:" Xtxt 't'OU NtnbtxAV't'EV, 't'O EAbE't'tXO xpa't'oc; «tx7tocpav6l)XE» o't't 'to 1291 ~'t'txv lJ x.povta -tl)c; «topu
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Mac; u7te:v6ufJ.t~e:t O't"t 'Y) 7tpW't"'Y) xa't"oxupwa"Y) 't"'Y)c; tOtO't"'Y)'t"ac; 't"OU EA6e:'t"ou 7toAt't"'Y), 'YJ xaOtepwO"YJ 't"ou otxatwfJ.a't"oc; ~~cpou (yta 't"ouc; ~vope:c;) xat 'YJ xa"~PY'YJO"YJ 't"wv «e:aw't"e:ptxwv» owolwv xat 't"e:Awve:lwv ~'t"av e:mnuy(J.a't"a 'IT)c; E'A6e:'t'tx~c; A'Y)fJ.OXpa't"tac; 1tou O'Y)(J.toupn6YJxe: U7t0 'IT)V 7ttEO"Y) 't' Y)c; yaMtX~c; Xa't'OX~c; 't'OU 17980 M6'Atc; 't'o 1803 't'o xp~'t"oc; 7te:pte'Aa6e: O"Y)f.J.IXV't"tx6 apt6fJ.6 t't'a'AOcpwvwv, fJ.E 't"'Y)V 1tpoa~p't"'Y)O"Y) 't'OU Tt't"CitVOo Evw fJ.OAtc; 't"O 1815 xepOtCTe: 't"tc; 7tuxvoxMotx'Y)fJ.Eve:c; ya'AA6cpwve:c; 1te:pwxec; 't"ou Ba'Aaf, 'IT)c; re:ve:u'Y)c; xat 't'OU Ne:aiX't'eA fJ.E 't"'Y) bo~Oe:ta 't"'Y)c; e:xotX'Y)'t'tX~c; av't"tya'A'Atx~c; Ie:p~c; ~UfJ.fJ.axfac; - fJ.E av't'~May(J.a 't' Y)V ouoe:'t'e:p6't''Y)'t"a xat eva totat't'e:pa CiUV't"'Y)(''Y)'t"tXO ~unay(J.IX 45 OuataCT't'tX~, 'Y) O"Y)fJ.e:ptv~ 1to'Auy'Awaafa 't' Y)c; E'A6e:.. fac; dvat 7tpo"i6v 't'Wv a.pxw-v 't'ou Uxa't'ou eva't"ou atwva 46 'Evac; oe:u't"e:poc; 7tap~yonac; ~'t'av 'Y) otXOVO(J.tX~ xa6ua't"ep'Y)O"Y) 't"'Y)c; xwpac;, 'Y) 01tOta, CTE: CTUV~(''t''Y)Ci'Y) fJ.E 't"'Y)V aV't"t~O'Y) ye:wypaCj)tX~ ota.fJ.opcpwa~ 't' Y)c; xat 't' YJV e'A'Ae:t~'Y) 7tAou't'o1tapaywytxwv 1t'Y)"(WV, EfJ.7tOOtCTa.V 'IT)"V acpO(J.OtWCT~ 't' Y)c; a1t0 tCTXU('O't'e:pouc; ye:f't'ove:c;o ~~fJ.e:pa fJ.1tOpd va. ouaxo'Ae:ue:'t"a.t xa.vdc; va 6UfJ.Y)6d O't't fJ.EX('t 't'O B' IIayx6a(J.tO IIoAE:fJ.O 'Y) E'Abe:'t"ta. ~'t"a.V (J.ta Cj)'t'WX~ xwpa., 1tou 't'O 6to't'tx6 't"'Y)c; e:1tt1te:oo ~'t"a.V 't'O (J.tCTo a1t6 't"'Y)c; Ayy'Alac;, xa.t (J.ta. OAOXA'Y)pW't'tX~ aypo'riX~ xwpao To 1850, fJ.OVO 't"O 6% 't"OU 1tAY)6UCTfJ.OU ~ouae: ae: Ci't'OtXe:twowc; aa't'txec; 7te:ptoxec;, xat fJ.OAtc; 't'O 1920 't'O 1toaoa't"6 aveb'Y)Xe: a't'o 27,6% 47 ~e: OA'Y) 't' Y) ot~pxe:ta 't"OU oexa't'OU eva.'t"OU atwva., Aom6v, 0 xuptoc; 6yxoc; 't"OU 1tA'Y)6UCTfJ.OU Yj't'aV a.ypo't'tx6c; xat xa.paX't"'Y)pt~O't'aV a7t6 'IT)V e'A'Ae:t~'Y) XtV'Y)'t'tXO't"'Y)'t'ac; (fJ.e: e:~atpE:Ci'Y) 't' Y)V 1ta(J.1t~Aata e:~aywn CTXA'Y)payW"('Y)fJ.e"VWV VEWV 7tOU 7tpOOpt~OV't'aV yta 't"a (J.tCT0ocpoptX~ Ci't'pa.'t'E:UfJ.a't"a xat 't"'Y)"V IIamx~ poup~)o H xa6ua't"ep'Y)O"Y) 'IT)c; xwpa.c; oe:v ~'t"aV fJ.OVO' OtXOVO(J.tX~, ~'t'aV xat 1tOAt't"tX~ xat 1tOAt't"tCT(J.tX~o H «IIa'Aat~ EA6e:'t'ta», 1tOU 'Y) ex't'a.a~ 't' Y)c; e(J.e:tve: a(J.e:'t"~bA'Y)'t''Y) fJ.E't'a~u 't'OU 1515 xa.t 't"Ou 1803 xat 7tOU ot x~'t"otxol 't' Y)c; (J.tAouaav otacpope:'t"txec; 't'Omxec; OtaAeX't"OUc; 't"'Y)c; ye:pfJ.aVtx~c;, xu6e:pvto't'aV a1tO eva xa'Aapo CTUVaCT1ttCifJ.O (J.tac; OAtyapxtac; a.ptCi't"OXpa't"WV 't"WV Xa.V't"OVtWVo «To fJ.UCT't'tXO 'IT)c; (J.axpobtO't''Y)'t'ac; 't' Y)c; 0fJ.OCi1tOVOta.c; bptaxo0
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198
MTIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
'f:aV er'f:'Y) OmA~ 'f:'Y)c; c:pUerYJ. r~a 't'YJV av't~fJ-E'tW1ttCTY) E~W'tEp~XWV e:x6pwv 1tpow6Y)erE !J-~a a1tO'tEAEerfJ-(T.'t~X~ EVWCTY) 1tAY)6Uer!J-WV. r~a 'f:'YJV av't~IJ-E'twmer'YJ e:erw'te:p~xwv anaper~wv, 1tpow6"r]ere: !J-~a a1to'te:Ae:er~J-a't~x~ €vwer'YJ o"A~yapx~wv. 'O'tav o~ aypo'te:c; e:Jtavaer'ta'touerav, 1tptiyfJ-(T. 1tou eruv€6a~ve: 'tpe:~c; 1te:pi1tou c:pop€c; ere: xti6e: a~wva, 'tO'tE 0~ o~ac:popEc; 1tapafJ-Ept~OV'taV xa~ m xu6e:pv~ere:cq 'tWV U1tOAm1tWV xav'tov(wv 1tapdxav "'YJ 6o~ee:~ti 'touc;, o~a!J-e:ero"Aa6wv'tac; eruxvti, 6x~ O!J-Wc; 1ttXV'ta, 1tpoc; 6c:pe:"Aoc; 'tOU 'YJYE't'YJ 't'Y)c; E1tavaer'ta't'YJ!J-EVY)c; m:pwx~c;» 48 • Av e:~a~p€ere:~ xavdc; 't'YJV a1toueria !J-Ovapx~ xwv 6e:er!J-WV, 'YJ e:~xova au't~ oe:v a1tEXE~ 1tOAU a1to 'ta avapW!J-'Y)'ta 1tp~yxmti'ta 't'Y)c; Aylac; Pw!J-a·~·x~c; Au'toxpa'toptac;. 'Eva a1t' aU'ttX, 'tO Atx'te:Ver'ta"iv, er'ta ava'tOA~XtX eruvopa 't'Y)c; E"A6e:'ttac;, dva~ 'tO 'te:Ae:u'tato 1tapti~e:vo a1tO!J-E~vtip~ 49 • Elva~ e:voe:~X't~XO O't~ 'tOerO apyti. 'tO 1848, erxe:o6v ouo ye:v~Ec; IJ-E'ta "'YJ OYJ!J-toupyla 'tou e:/..6e:'t~xou xpa'touc;, m 1ta"A~ol 6pYJerxe:u't~xo( O~axwp~er!J-Ot dxav fJ-E"(CXAU'tEp'Y) 1tOAmx~ erYJ!J-CXerta a1to 'touc; :\ , E'~Va~ CX'Ot01tpOerEX'tO l: , , , "(AWerer~XOUc;. O'tt ere: Eoac:p'YJ 1tOU EtXCXV xapaX't'Y)pter'tEl CXfJ-E'ttXXA'YJ'ta we; xa6o/..txa o IIpo'te:er'taV'tter!J-6c; ~'tav EX'TOq YO(J.OU, EVW ere: EOtXCfl'YJ 1tOU xapaX't'Y)pt~OV'tCXV 1tpO'tEer'tCXV'ttXtX xat CXU'tO 'tO xa6e:er'twc; oe:v fJ-1tOpouere: va aAAtX~e:t, 0 Ka6oAtXter!J-6c; ~'tav 1tapavo~J-oc;. IIp€1te:t va CT'YJ!J-Etw6d o'tt ot v6!J-ot au 'tot 't'Y)pouv'tav auer't'Y)pa. Av'tt6e:'ta, 'YJ y/..werera ~'tav 6€!J-a 1tpoerwmx~c; e:m"Ao~c; xat e:uxo"Alac;. M6vo fJ-E'ttX 'tO 1848, er't'Y) OtV'Y) 'tWV e:Jtavaer'ta'ttxwv ava'tapaxwv 1tou eruv'tapa~av 't'YJV Eupw1t'YJ xat !J-E 't'Y)V e:upda E~tX1tAWCTY) 'tWV e:6vtXWV XtV'Y)fJ-tX'tWV fJ-E Aa"ixo xapaX't~pa, 'YJ "(AWerera aV'ttXCX'tEer't'Y)erE 1tpCX"(fJ-(T.'ttXtX 't'YJ 6pYJerXEla, Xat 'YJ xwpa XCX'tCX'tfJ-~6YJXE ere: y/..werertXEc; ~wve:c;, xa6e:er'twc; 1tOU 6e:wp~S'YJxe: CX!J-E'ttXXA'YJ'tO. Twpa ~'tav 'YJ 6pYJerxda 1tou €ytve: ~~"'YJ!J-CX ~,
1tpoerwmx~c; e:m/..oy~c; 50 •
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TO TEAEYTAIO KYMA
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199
E7top.€vw<; 'tCX Hochsprache ('ta yepp.avtxa 'tou €nu1tou /..6you) xMdxav p.€xpt apxe'ta 7tp6cupa'ta "YJ 6€cnJ xpa'ttx~c; y/..waaac;, 6p.ota<; p.e au't~ 'tWV ararisch deutsch xat 'tWV diensmaleischo Em7t/..€ov o Hughes 7tCXf'CX'tY)f'EL O'tt a~p.epa CX7tCXt't"EL'tat yta 'tOU<; «U~Y)AtX tcr'tap.evouc;» a~twp.a 'touxouc; va €xouv e1tapx~ yvwcrYJ ouo op.ocr7tovotaxwv y/..wcrcrwv, U7tOVOOWV'tCX<; O'tt oev CX7tCXt'tEL'tCXt CX7t0 'tOU<; urptcr'tap.evouc; 'tOU<; Y) Iota e7tapxetao Ep.p.€crwc;, p.ta 7tap6p.ma 6€cnJ exrppa~e'tat CT'tYJV Op.ocr7tovotax~ OoY)yta 'tou 1950, YJ o1tota 'tovf~et O'tt: «Ot p.opqHup.evoc repp.avoe/..f)e't"Ot Ota6houv crlyoupa 'tY)V XCX'ttXf''t"I(Jf) ')'!CX VCX Ef'')'CXCT'tOUV CT'tY) ra/../..(a, 07tW<; XCXt Ot p.oprpwp.eVOI ha/..o( CT'tY)V EA.f)e'tta» 51 o'Exoup.e vex xavoup.e, OUCT!CXCT't!XtX, p.e p.ta XCX't"tXCT'tCX(Jt) 7tOU CT'tY) ~tX(Jf) 'tY)<; oe Otarp€pet CX1t0 'tY)V XCX'ttXCT'tCX(Jf) CT'tY) Mo~ap. ~tXY) IJ.!CX o(y/..wcrcrYJ 7tOAt'ttX~ 'ttX~YJ 7tOU xa'taAap.f)tivet p.ta aarpa/..~ 6€crYJ ere p.ta 7totxt"Ata 7tAYJ6ucrp.wv m o7totot p.t"Aouv p.ta y!..Waaa, p.e p.ta p.6vYJ otacpopa: YJ «oeu't"Ef'YJ yi..Waaa>~ dvat au't~ ev6c; tcrxupou ')'et'tova 1tapa ev6c; 7tf'WYJV a7tmxwxp&"YJ YJ')'E'tYJo IIap' 6/..a au'ta, /..ap.f)tivov'ta<; U7tO~Y) O'tt, 'tO 1910, 'tO 73% 0
CT'X,EOOV 'tOU 7tAY)6ucrp.ou EL'X,E W<; fJ.Y)'t('tX~ ')'AWcrcra 'tY) ')'Ef'fJ.CXVtX~, 'tO 22% 'tY) ')'CXAAtX~, 'tO 4% 'tY)V t'tCXAtX~ xat 'tO 1% 'tY) pat'topop.avtx~ (au'ta 'ta 7tocrocr'ta €xouv otacpopo7tOtY)6d e"Aaxtcr'ta cr'tt<; oexae'tte<; 1tou p.ecroA.&f)YJcrav), 7tpoxa/..d p.aMov EX7tAYJ~YJ 'tO yeyov6c; O'tt cr'to oeu'tepo p.tcr6 'tou Uxa'tou €va'tou atwva -'tY)V E7tOX~ 'tWV E7tt(Jt)fJ.WV e6vtxtcrp.wv- oev E')'tVCXV 1tf'OCT7ta6ete<; exyepp.avtcrp.ouo ~tyoupa p.E'X,('t '!O 1914 U7t~f'XE tcrxup~ crup.7ta6eta U7tEf' 'tWV repp.avWVo Me'ta~u 'tY)<; repp.avta<; xat 'tY)<; repp.avtx~<; EA.f)e'ttCX<; 'tCX cruvopa ~'tCXV CT'tO E7tCXXf'O O!CX7tEf'CX'ttXo Ep.7t6pto xat e7tevoucretc;, xa6wc; xat aptcr'toxpa'te<; xat E7tCX')")'EAp.tX'ttec;, p.e'taxtvouv'tav 7tpoc; x6:6e 7tAeupa p.e apxe't~ e/..eu6E:ptao 'Op.wc; YJ EA.f)e'ttCX cruv6peue E7ttCTY)<; p.e ouo aMe<; p.eya/..ec; EUf'W7tCXotXE<; Ouvap.et<;, 'tY) raMta XCXt 'tY)V ha/..(a, xat Ot 7tOAt'ttXOt XtVOUVot 'tou exyepp.avtcrp.ou ~'tav ~exa6apot. H vop.txa xa'toxupwp.EVYJ tCTO'tY)'tCX yepp.avtxwv, ')'CXAAtXWV xat t'tCXAtXWV ~'tCXV E7tOfJ.EVW<; Y) aMY) 6~Y) 'tOU vop.tcrp.a'to<; 'tY)<; eAbe'ttX~<; ouoe't"Ef'O'!YJ'ta<; 52 0
200
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MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
Oc; otyAwererot OtaV001J(J.eVot O(J.Wc;, xat mxvw a1t' 6Aa we; otavooutJ.evot 't'wv apxwv 't'ou etxoer't'ou atwva, dxav 7tp6er6aC1lJ, (J.gera er't'tc; at6ouerec; otoaerxaAtac; xat g~w a1t' au't'gc;, ere (J.OV't'gAa g6vouc;, erU(J.(J.e't'O"f..~c; ere g6voc; xat e6vtxter(J.OU 1tou ~'t'av a1toer't'cX'((J.Ct't'a 't'WV 't'apay(J.gvwv xat "f..CtO't'tXWV e(J.7tetptWV evoc; atWVa Ct(J.eptxavtx~c; xat wpw7taoix~c; ter't'optac;o Au't'a 't'a (J.OV't'gAa, (J.e 't'"YJ eretpa 't'ouc;, gowerav fJ.OP'fi~ ere XtAtaoec; 7tpw't'oc.pavgpw't'a 6vetpao Me otac.pope't'txouc; eruvouaertJ.ouc;, 't'a tJ.a6~(J.a't'a e6vtxter(J.WV, e7ttC1l)(J.WV, 't'"Y)c; xa60(J.tAOU(J.gVl)c; xa6wc; xat 't'WV xpeoAWV c.tV't't'(ptX(jll]XCtV, 7tpoeraptJ.Oer't'lJXav xat 6eAnw6l)xavo TeAtxa, 61twc; o xam't'aAter(J.6c;, (J.e oAogva xat (J.eyaAu't'epl) 't'!X"f..U't'"Y)'t'a, (J.e't'aerxlJ(J.cX't'tere 't'a (J.gera 't'l)c; cpuertx~c; xat otaVOl)'t'tx~c; emxotvwvtac;, ot otavoOU(J.eVot 6p~xav 't'po7touc; va XPlJert(J.07tot~erouv 't'l)V 't'U7toypacpta yta va 7tpo7tayavo(erouv 't'"YJ cpav't'aertax~ xotVO't'l)'t'c.t, 6xt a1tAwc; er't'tc; avaAc.pa6lJ't'Ec; fJ.cX~ec; aMa xat er't'tc; eyypci(J.(J.Ct't'ec; ~~ec; 1tou tSui6a,av otac.pope't'tx€c; yAwererec;o
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2 o 0a avacpepOUf.I.E: (J-0\10\1 eva 7t1XpaOE!")'f.I.IX: 't'O 1828 u7t-f)pxrxv crxe:00\1 2500000 au-r6x6ove:<; cr-rt<; tJ-tcr6o:Aoytxe<; xa-racr-racre:t<; -rwv O:A:Aavotxwv AVIX't'OAIXW\1 lvOtW\1, XIX! IXU't'Ot IXTI:O't'E:AOUO"IX\1 't'O 90% OAW\1 't'W\1 xpa-rtXW\1 U7tiXMTjAW\Io (Evoe:tX't'tXa, 0! a\1!0"0! (J-t0"6o( XIX! 01 O"U\I't'a~e:t<; -rwv OA:Arxvowv xat -rwv n6mwv u1ta:AAT):Awv, 6-rrxv cruvouacr-rouv rx11:op-
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poqJouv 't"O 50% 't"wv xpamxwv e~6owv!). B"Abte Amry Vandenbosch, The Dutch East Indies, a. 171-173. H aufJ.fJ.E't"OX~ 't"Wv 0Ma.vowv a't"Y) ypa.qJttoxpa.'t"ta. ~'t"a.v ewia. qJOpe~ fJ.E'f~X.AU't"tpY) a.1t6 't"WV 'Ayy"Awv a't"Y) Bpe't"a.vtx~ (7tou oev a.7to't"eAouae «eyx_wpto xpci't"o~») lvoia.. 3. Ax6f.1-a xa.t a-rt~ e~a.tpc:-rtxa auv-rYJp'Y)-rtxi~ 0Mavotxi~ Ivoic:~, o a.pt6fJ.O~ 't"WV V't"07ttWV 7tOU etx_av Aab!:t a-rotx_EtWOY) !:X7t1XtOW(jY) eupW7ta.·r:xou -ru1tou ex-rtvax_fh]xe a.1t6 2.987 xa.-ra fJ.f.aov 6po avafJ.eaa cr-ra 19001904 crc: 74.697 -ro 1928· evw o apt!lfJ-6~ a.u-rwv 7tOU dx_av Aclbet fJ.ta. c:upw7ta·r:xou -ru7tou oeu't"epoba6fJ.tCX c:x7ta.toeuaYJ au~~6Y)Xt cr't"o toto x_povtx6 otcicr't"Y)f.I-CX a1t6 25 cre 4.468. Kahin, Nationalism, a. 31. 4. ~uf.locpwva fJ.E 't"ov Anthony Barnett, «e7thpc:ljie a't"ou~ otavooufJ.CVOu~ va 7T:OUY a-rou~ aUVOfJ.tAY)'t"e~ 't"OU~ [ 7tOU fJ.LAOUO"CXV 't"t~ V't"07tt!:~ xa60fJ.tAOUfJ.EVe~ y:Awcrac:~] O't"t "efJ.d~" fJ-7topoufJ.e va. df.lo!J.an aav "au-rou~"».
5. EfJ.cpavb't"Y)X!: 7tflW't"Y) cpop& a't"Y)V De Expres a't"t~ 13 Iou:Aiou -rou 1913, fJ.e't"aqJpacr't"'Y)xe Of.I-W~ yp~yopa a-ra «tvoov'Y)atxa» xat OY)fJ.Oateu"Ylxe a-rov -romx6 Tu1to. 0 ~oub&pnt ~'t"a.v -ron 24 x_p6vwv. 'Eva~ e~atpe:-rtxa fJ.OpqJWfJ.ivo~ xat 7tpoooe:u-rtx6~ apta-roxpa't"YJ~ iopuae: f.I-IX~t fJ.E: ivav la.bav6 7toAhY), 't"OV op Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, xat ivav EupaatcX't"Y), -rov Eduard Douwes Dekker, 't"O Indische Partij, -ro 7tpw-ro 7t0At't"LXO XOfJ.fJ.!J. 't"Y)~ !J.7tOtXt(J.~. r t(J. fJ.L!J. aUV't"OfJ.Y) a.Mci eua't"OX.Y) avcl.AU(jY) ax_e:-rtxcl. f.I-E: 't"OV ~oubcl.pnt ~Ae1te: Savitri Scherer, «Harmony and Dissonance: Early Nationalist Thought in Java», xe:cp. 2. To Ilapcl.p't"Y)f.lo!J. I 7te:ptACXfJ.bclve:t 't"Y)\1 ayy:Atx~ fJ.E:'t"cl.cpp!XaY) 't"OU 7te:ptqJY)fJ.OU &p6pou a.1t6 -ro o7toto 7tpoipx_e:'t"at -ro a1toa1taaf.loa. 6. IIapa-r~pY)crt 't"'Y) auvoea"f) f.I-E't"IX~U «cpav-raataxwv» xat «cpanaa-rtxwv» xmvo-r~'t"wv. 7. Ot e:op't"acr't"txi~ exoYJ:Awae:t~ -rou 1913 ~'t"av evoe:tx-rtx.i~ 't"ou t7tbY)fJ.OU e:6vtxtafJ.OU fJ.e fJ.LIX.\1 clMY) ewota. 0 !:7te't"ttax6~ e:op't"aafJ-0~ 't"'Y)~ «e6vtx~~ a7te:Ae:u6ipwaYJ~» ~'t"av a't"Y)V 7tfl1XYf.I-1X't"tx6-rYJ't"IX YJ 7taAtv6p6waY) 't"OU Oixou "Yl~ Op&m~ a.1t6 -ra vtxY)cp6pa cr't"panUfJ.!J.'t"CX "=lJ~ lep&~ ~UfJ.fJ.CXXtiX~ (oxt Y) eyxa6iopuaY) 't"Y)~ LlY)fJ.OXpCX'ttCX~ 'tY)~ M7tMclbtiX 't"O 1875)· XIXL 'tO fJ.ta6 CX7t0 't"O xpcl.'to~ 7tOU IX7t!:Atu6e:pw!l'Y)xe: !J.7tOax_ta't"Y)XE: auv't"Of.lo!J. yta. va. axYJfJ.a.'t"tae:t 't"O Ba.ai:Ae:to -rou Bc::Ay[ou 't"O 1830. 'OfJ.W~ o x_a.pax't"Y)ptafJ-6~ «e:6vtx~ a.7te:Ae:u6ipwaY)» ~'t"IXV X.cl'tt 7tOU o ~oub&pv't"t O!oax_'t"Y)Xt a't"Y)V a.7totxtax~ crx_o:Atx~ a.ieoucra.. 8. «Marxism and the National Question», a. 41.
MITENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
9. Eow
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a't'otxa 't'OU~ auxva 1ttXpOUO'tCl~IXV 't'O tOto EVO\IXipEpov. 0 [J.OVtfJ.O~ O''t'piX't'O~ 't'OV 07t0t0 O'U)'XpO't'OUO'IXV E1t1XTfEA!J-1X't'tE~ XIX\ 0 01t0t0~ et"f..E W~ 7tpO't'U7tO 't'OV 7tpWatxo O''t'piX't'O IX1t1Xt't'OUO'E !J-IIX EX1t1XtOW't'tX~ 1tUp1X!J-tOIX O'E 7tOMtX ITtj!J-etiX 1te:ptaa6npo auv6E't'Yj, lXV O"f..t m:ptaO'O't'e:po e:~e:tOtXW!J-EVYj, IX1t0 't'O :Aai'x6 ava:Aoy6 't'Yj~. Ot ve:apo( a~tW!J-iX't'txot ( «Toupxot») 1tou ()~xav IX1t0 't't~ vee:~ O''t'piX't'tW't'tXE~ IXXIXOYj!J-tE~ E1tCtt~IXV O'Yj!J-IXV't'tXO p6:Ao O''t'YjV ava7t't'U~'YJ 't'ou e:6vtxta!J-ou. Evoe:tx't'tx~ dvat YJ 7te:pt7t't'WITtJ 't'ou 't'IX'f!J-IX't'apxYJ Taouxou!J-IX N~e:x()ou, o o7toto~ ~'t'av o e:yxeipiXAo~ 't'ou 7tpa~txo7t~IJ-IX't'O~ 't'l)~ 15l)~ Iavouaptou 't'Ou 1966 O''t'Yj Nt'(Yjpta. 'H't'IXV iva~ "f..PtO''t'tiXVO~ 'l!J-7tO, ava~J-eaa O''t"Y]V 7tpW't''YJ O!J-aOa 't'Wv ve:apwv N t'(Yjptavwv 1tOU a't'aA6Yjxav yta va EX7tiXtOe:u't'ouv a't'o Sandhurst, !J-E axo1t6 va !J-E-
't'IXO'"f..Yj!J-IX't'taouv !J-tiXV IX7tOtXtiXX~ !J-ta6oipoptx~ OUVIX!J-Yj 7tOU IX7tO't'e:AoUV't'IXV
a1t6 :Ae:uxou~. ae: e:6vtx6 a't'pa-r6, yta 't'YJV e:7ttnu~Yj 't''YJ~ IXve:~IXP't'YJO'tiX~ 't"Y]~ Nt'(YjptiX~ 't'O 1960. (Il1Xpo:Ao 1tou U7tYjpE't'YjO'E O''t'O Sandhurst !J-E 't'OV IJ-E't'e7te:t't'IX 't'IX~t1Xp"f..o Afrifa, o o7to(o~. e:7ttiTtJ~ 't'o 1966, e:7tp6xe:t't'o viX IX'ICX't'pei\Je:t 't'l)V XUbEpVYjO'~ 't'OU, 7tpooptO'!J-0~ Xtl6E V't'01t\OU ~'t'IXV VIX E1t\O''t'pei\Je:t O"'t' YJ otx~ 't'ou au't'oxpa't'optx~ 7te:ptox~.) H ouviX!J-YJ 't'ou 7tpwatxou !J-OV't'EAou IX7tOOe:txvue:'t'IXt 7te:phpaviX IX7tO 't'O O't't o toto~ !J-1tOpe:ae: VIX ooYJ~ae:t 't'IX !J-Ouaou:A~J-~Xvtxa a't'piXnUIJ-IX't'IX 't'wv Xaouaa ytiX viX oo:Ao!pov~ae:t 't'OV Sardauna O''t'O ~OXO't'O XIX\ aMou~ fJ.OUO'OUA~VOU~ 1XptO''t'OXpa't'E:~ XaouaiX, XIXt auv1Xxo:Aou61X viX XIX't'IXa't'pei\Je:t 't''YJV xuflepVYJITtJ 't'ou Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 1tou xupt1Xp"f..OUV't'IXV IX7tO fJ.OUaou:A~vou~ Xtl:oucriX. Kat 't'o yeyov6~ O't't 1X1t6 't'o P1Xot6ipwvo 't'Yj~ K1XV't'OUVIX e:mflef.iaiwae: 't'OU~ IX'(pO't'e:~ O't'\ «Oe:
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Nt'(YjptiXVOt» IX1tO't'e:Ae:t !J-IIX e:~tO'OU ITtJ!J-IXV't't)(~ evoe:t~Yj 't'OU IX1tOXtiXXOU e:6vtxtcr!J-OU 1tou ye:wtE't'IXt IJ-EO'W 't'ou axo:Adou (I11Xp1X6. cr't'o Anthony H.
M. Kirk Greene, Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Source Book, 0'. 126.) 0 e:6vtXtO'!J-O~ O!J-W~ oe:v ~'t'IXV apxe:'t'oc OtiXOe:OOfJ.EVO~ O''t''YJ N t'(YjptiX, fJ.e: IX7tO't'EAEa!J-IX 't'o e:6vtxta't'tx6 7tp1X~tX07tYJfJ.IX 't'ou N~e:xbou 'IIX e:p!J-Yj'IE:U6et W~ 1tA£X't'tl'IYj 't'W'I 'l!J-7t0' cr' IXU't'O OipdAOV't'CXt XCX.\ 0\ O''t'pcx't'tW't'tXE~ e:~e:yepae:t~ 't'OU Iou:A(ou, ot otW'(!J-Ot 't'wv 'lfJ.7tO 't'o ~e:7t't'E!J-bpto
XIXt 't'ov Ox't'wf.ipto xiXt YJ a7toaxtp't''YJO'YJ '~'YJ~ MmaippiX 't'o Mato 't'ou 1967. (BA€7te: 't'YjV e~O"f..Yj !J-EAi'I'Yj 't'Ou Robin Luckham, The Nigerian Military,
passim.) 10. H toea O't't EVIX~ !J-IX6YJ't'~~ ~'t'IXV «1toA.u !J-£YtXAo~ » ytiX VIX 7toce:t O''t'YjV X ~ 't'tl~Yj, IXO\IXVOYj't'Yj '(\IX eva 1t1Xp1XOOO'tiXXO fJ.OUO'OUA!J-iXVtXO
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axo'Ado, a.1ton'Aouae a.auvdol)'t'O a.~twfJ-!X yta. 't'o ot7totxta.x6 ou't'txou 't'U7tou axo'Ado. 11. Te'Atxa, cpuatxa, Ot xopucpe~ ~'t'IXV l) XaYl)' 't'O AtJ.a't'epV't'!XfJ. XIXt 't'O Aetvnv· otu't'ot OtJ.W~ 1tou ovetpeuov't'otv ao6otpa va. t:r7touoaaouv exe( ~'t'IXV fJ.tiX fJ.tXp~ tJ.etoVO't'l)'t'IX. 12. Tot axo'Aela. 't'ou etxoo't'ou a.twva., w~ 'Aa.·t·xa, ~'t'otv auv#lw~ tJ.etX't'a, lXV XIXt 't'IX a.yoptot ~'t'IXV taxup~ 7tAetOVO't'l)'t'IX. rt' IXU't'O XIXt Ol)tJ.toupyouv't'a.v oeatJ.ot xa.t auxva yatJ.ot, «a.1t6 't'ot axo'Atxa 6pa.vla.», 7tou a.ve't'pe7ta.v 6"Aa. 't'IX 7ta.pa.ooata.xa ax~tJ.IX't'IX. 13. 0 ~ouxapvo oev doe 7tO't't 't'O du't'txo lptav ytot 't'O 07toto dxe 7to'AetJ.~aet ax'Al)pa tJ.EXPt 't'IX 60 't'ou xa.t 1t'Aeov. 61tw~ xa.t a't'ou~ axo'Atxou~ xap't'e~' 7t1Xpotxo'Aou60UtJ.e 't'l) CfiiXV't'IXatiX VIX OtiX'X.Ee't'IXt a't'l)V 1tP1XYfJ-!X't'tx6't'l)'t'1X - 7tpbA. Noli xdt El Periquillo Samiento. 14. ~uyxptve, w~ a.v't't6eal), 't'ou~ «half-breeds» ~ 't'Ou~ «niggers» *, 1tou ~extvwv't'a.~ a.1t6 't'O Krx.'Aa.( ~ecpu't'pwvrx.v o1touo~1to't'e a't'OV 7tArJ.V~'t'l) e~w rJ.1tO 't'O HVWtJ.EVO Ba.al'Aeto. 15. rtiX 't'l) yevet:rl) XrJ.t 't'l)V e~EAt~l) IXU't'OU 't'OU 7teptcpl)fJ.OU axo'AetOU, 6A€1te Abdou Moumouni, L' Education en Afrique, a. 41-49· ytrx. 't'l)V 7tOAt't'tX~ t:rl)fJ-!Xatot 't'OU, Ruth Schachter Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking WGSt Africa, a. 12-14, 18-21. 3extvl)ae rx.pxtxa w~ fJ.tiX ecole normale xwp(~ OVOfJ-!X, 7t0U eopeue a't'O ~(J.tV't' Atout~ xrx.t tJ.e't'IXCf1Ep6l)xe a't'o Goree, 'Alyo t~w rx.1t6 't'O N 't'otxap, 't'o 1913. 'E7tet't'IX 7t~pe 't'O OVOfJ-!X William Merlaud-Ponty, 't'OU 't'E't'otp't'ou OtotXl)'t'~ (19081915) 't'l)~ ra.MtX~~ du't'tX~~ Acpptx~~. ~'t'OV Serge Thion ocpetAW 't'l)V 7tAl)pocpoplrx. O't't 't'O OVOfJ-!X William (a.v't't ytrx. 't'O Guillaume) ~'t'rx.v ytot xrx.tp6 't'ou auptJ.ou a't'l)V · 7tepwx~ 't'ou M7topv't'6. lllxa.trx. rx.7tooloet a.u't'~ 't'l) 01JtJ.O't'tx6't'l)'t'rx. a't'ou~ ta't'optxou~ oeatJ.ou~ tJ.e "1J" Ayy'Ala. 1tou Ol)tJ.toupn6l)xrx.v !J.Earx. IX7t0 't'O etJ.7t0pto xpaatou• cprx.lve't'!Xt OtJ.W~ 't'O tOto m6av6 va a.vaye't'rx.t a"1J" e1tox~ xa't'a 't'l)" o1to£rx. 't'o M7topn6 (rxuev) ~'t'rx.v rx.x6fJ-!X "fJ.~tJ.rx. 't'l)~ 7tepwx~~ 7tou xu6epvt6't'rx.v · a1t6 't'o Aovolvo. 16. lle cprx.tve't'ott va. u7t~pxe xa't't av't'ta't'ot'X.o a't'l) Bpe't'avtx~ llu't'tx~ Acpptx~. ehe ytot't't Ot 6pe't'IXVtXE~ IX7tOtXte~ oev ~'t'IXV auvex6tJ.eVe~ et't'e ytot't't 't'O Aovolvo ~'t'IXV otpXe't'a 7tAOUato XIXt cpt'Ae'Aeu6epo wan VIX tOpuaet yutJ.VaatiX axeoov IXtJ.EaW~ a't'IX tJ.eyaArx. eoacpl) et't'e e~IXt't'trJ.~ 't'OU
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't'07ttXtertJ.OU 't'WV IXV't'tmXAWV 7tpO't'€er't'IXV't'tXWV te:pot1tOer't'OAtXWV opyotvtertJ.WV. To Achimota School, f.vcx yu!J-vlierw 1tou topu61Jxe: cx1to 't'o ot7totxtcxx6 xpti-ro<; er't'l]V Axpcx 't'O 19 27, f.ytve: eruv't"O!J-IX lJ tlcxertx~ xopucp~ 't'"Y]c; e:x7tcxtoe:u't'tX~<; 7tU(JIX!J-tOIX<; 't'l]<; Xpucr~<; Ax't'~<;, 01tou !J-E't"tX 't"l]V cxve:~cxp 't'l]ertot 't'IX 1t1Xt0ttX 't'WV U1tOU(J(WV cpot't"OUeriXV e:xd (tiX VIX !J-Ii6ouv 1tW<; 6ot Ototoe:x6ouv 't"OU<; 1t1X't'e:paoe:<; 't"OU<;. Mtot IXV't"IX(WVtO"'t"tX~ xopucp~, 't'O Mfantsipim Secondary School, dxe: 't'o 7tAe:ovf.x't'lJ!J-IX -rlJ<; 7totAottO't'lJ't'IXc; (dxe: topu6d 't"O 1876) otAAa 't'IX !J-EWVEX't"~!J-IX't'IX 't"l]<; ye:wypotcptx~<; 6f.O'"Y]c; 't'Ou (Cape Costa) xcxt -rou xcx6e:er't'w't'oc; l]!J-totu-rovo!J-tiX<; cx1to 't'o xpa't'oc; (~'t'IXV ere: EXXAl]ertoter't'tXa xf.ptiX IX(JXE't'a !J-E't'a 't'l]V IXVE~otp't"l]O"tiX). Ocpd'Aw otU't'~ 't'l]V 7tA1Jpocpop(cx er't'ov Mohamed Chambas. 17. OO~YlJerE, IXVatJ.EeriX O"'t"IX aAAot, O"'t'O tlpcxxutlto KO!J-!J-OUVter't'tXO K6!J-!J-IX 't'l]c; Ivooxtvcx<; (1930-1951;), er-ro o1toto erUtJ.tJ.E-rdxcxv ve:cxpot 1tou dxcxv !J-lJ"PtX~ y'Awerercx e:he: 't'"YJ tltE't'VIX!J-tX~ d-re: 't'lJ 'X.!J-Eptx~ ~ 't'"YJ 'Acxo't'tv~. ~~!J-Epot lJ Ol]!J-toUpytcx IXU't'OU -rou XO!J-!J-IX't'O<; CXV't't!J-E:'t'W1tt~e:-rcxt IX1tAW<; O"IXV !J-tiX f.xcppotO'l] «'t'OU Y1Jp1XtoU tltE't'VIX!J-tXOU E:1tE:X't"IX't"tertJ.OU». ~'t'l]V 7tp1X(!J-1X't'tXO't"l]'t"IX, ye:vv~6l]xe: IX7tO 't"l]V Ko!J-tv't'Epv !J-Eerot IX1tO 't'O e:X7tottoe:u-rtx6 (xcxt ere: !J-tXpo't'EplJ EX't'IXO"YJ ot7tO -ro OtotXl]'t'tx6) eruer't'l]!J-IX 't'"YJ<; rcxA'Atx~<; Ivooxtvcxc;. 18. Au't'~ lJ 1toAmx~ eru~"YJ't'~6l]xe: e:1tcxpxwc; xcxt ere: tla6o.; er't'o Gail Paradise Kelly, «Franco-Vietnamese Schools, 1918 to 1938» . .:luer-ruxw.; 't'O tlttlAto IXU't"O E:O"'t"ta~e:t IX1tOXAEter't'tXa er't'O tltE't'VIX!J-OCfJWVO 1tAYJ6UertJ.O 't'l]<; I VOOXtVIX<;. • 19 . Xpl]O"t!J-01t0tW IXU't'~ 't'l]V aXO!J-o.JiYJ opo'Aoytcx ytot VIX 't'OVtaW 't'l]V IX1tOtXtiXX~ 1t(JOEAEUO'"YJ IXU't'WV 't'WV xwpwv. To «Aao.;» eruyxpo't'~6l]xe: IX7tO f.vcx erUtJ-7tAe:y!J-!X cxv-rcxywvter-rtxwv YJ'YE!J-OVtwv, cxcp~vov-rcxc; 7te:ptercr6-re:po IX1t0 't"O !J-10"0 Aotocpwvo 1tA1]6UO"!J-0 O"'t"O ~tli!J-. Tot cruvopcx 't"l]<; «Kcx!J-1t0't'~Yjc;» oe:v IXV't'ter't'otxouercxv ere: XIX!J-tiX ter-roptx~ EX't"IXO'"YJ -rou 7t(JOIX7totxtcxxou tlacrt'Adou ou-re: er't'YJV XIX't'IXVO!J-~ 7tAYJ6uertJ.WV 1tou !J-tAouerav "Yl xtJ.e:ptx~. Ka1tme:.; e:xcx-rov't'aoe:.; xt"Ataoe:.; cxu't'wv -rwv 1tAYJ6UertJ.wv xcx-rf.AY)~cxv vcx 7totytoe:u't'ouv er't'YJV «Koxtvyx(vcx», eruyxpo't'wv-rcxc; !JoE -ro 'X_POvo 't"l] otcxxpt-r~ XotVO't'lJ't"IX 7tOU dvcxt yvwer't'~ w<; X!J-e:p Xpo!J- (m X!J-Ep 't'OU xa-rw !J-Epou<; 't'OU 1tO't"IX!J-OU). 20. Ttot 't'YJV E1tt't'€U~YJ IXU't'OU 't'OU O"X01tOU tOpuerotV 't'O 1930 !J-tiX Ecole Superieure de Pali O"'t"lJV Ilvo!J- Ile:v, evcx e:xxAl]ertoter't'tx6 xo'Aeyto er-ro 07toto cpot't'ooocxv xcxMye:pm 1tou !J-tAouercxv 't"Y) 'X.!J-E:PtX~ xcxt 't'lJ 'Acxo't'tV~. H 1tpoer1ta6e:tcx vcx cx7toer't'pf.o.jlouv -ro ti'Af.!J-!J-IX 't'WV tlouoter't'wv cx1to
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'!1)V Mmxvyx6x OE cpaivE'!at va rr.huxE. To 1942 ("Aiyo (J-E'!cl t:tcpo'!ou '!O l:tcl(J- Err.aveX'!1)Cl"E '!OV eAEYXO '!OU (J-EyaAU'!Epou (J-epouc; '!1)c; bOpEtOOU'!tx~c; «Ka(J-Tr.O'!~Y)c;» (JoE '!1) bo~6Eta '!WV larr.wvwv), Ot raA"Aot cruveAabav iva crEbacr'!6 xa61JY1J"~ '!1)c; Ecole yta xa'!OX~ xat otaxiV1)CT1) «ava'!pe:Tr.'!txou» '!a"i"Aavoe~txou e:xrr.atOEU'!txou u"Atxou. To mo m6av6 dvat O'!t aU'!O '!0 UAtx6 IXTCO'!E:AOUV'!IXV arr.6 xcirr.ota totatTepwc; e:6vtXtCT'!tXcl crxoAtxli e:yxe:tpiott:t rr.ou rr.ap~x61)crav arr.6 "o enovt:t antyt:tAA.tx6 xa6e:cr't"wc; '!OU 1npa'!cXflX"Yl Plaek Phibunsongkhram (1938-1944). 21. David G. Marr, Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945, cr. 146. T1)v iota av1)auxia rr.poxa"Aouae: 1) "Aa6pt:tia e:tcrayw~ xtvE~txwv fJ-e:'!acppciae:wv e:mxivouvwv r!XAA.wv auyypacpewv 6rr.wc; o Poua6 (Kelly, «Franco-Vietnamese Schools», a. 19). 22. l:'!1)V '!E:Atx~ '!OU (J-Opcp~ t:tU'!O 't"O t:tAcpclb1)'!0 t:trr.oo[oe:'!t:tt cruxva (J'!O xapta{J-a'!tXO AE~txoypcicpo Alexandre de Rhodes, 0 orr.otoc; '!0 1651 e:~eowae: '!o rr.e:ptcp1)fJ-O '!Ou Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanum et latinum. 23. «[ Ot rr.e:pt(J(JO'!e:pot] raAA.ot a~tW(J-(X'!OUXOt '!OU '!eAouc; '!OU oeXtX'!OU evt:t'!OU atWVtX... ~'!(XV rr.e:rr.e:tCT(J-eVot O't"t yta VIX e:~aacpt:tAtaOUV '!1) auvexe:tt:t "1Jc; arr.otxtt:tx~c; e:~ouaiac; arr.at'!ounav aua'!1)p6c; rr.e:pwptcr(J-6c; 't"WV xtve:~txwv Err.tppowv, rr.ou m:ptAtX(J-bt:tvav xat 't"o crua'!Y){J-(X ypacp~c;. Ot te:pt:trr.OaTOAot auxvci tXV'!t{J-E:'!WTCI(JtXV '!OUc; (J-OflCfiW(J-eVouc; XO(J-CfiOUXttXVt(J't"Ec; we; '!0 xupto S:(J-Tr.OOto (J'!O' ye:vtx6 Tr.flOCT1)AU'!t(J(J-0 '!OU Bte:Wcl(J- (J'!O xa6oAtx6 o6y(J-(X. Err.o{J-evwc;, xa't"cl '!1)V cirr.olj;~ 'rOUe;, 0 rr.e:ptopta(J-6c; '!Y)c; XP~Cl"1Jc; '!1)c; xtvE~tx~c; y"Awaat:tc; a~{J-atve: 't"aU'!OXflOVt:t '!Y)V arr.o~xpuva1) '!OU Bte:'!VclfJ- arr.6 '!1)V XAY)povor-uci '!Ou xat '!1)V ouoe:'!Eporr.Ot1)0"1) '!1)c; rr.apt:tooatax~c; e:At'!». (Marr, Vietnamese Tradition, a. 145). BA.. e:rr.tel"1)c; Kelly, «Franco-Vietnamese Schools» 6rr.ou rr.apa6e'!e:t ae: evav arr.otxtoxpa-!1) auyypacpea: «Ouatt:t(J'!tXcX, 1) OtOMXt:tAit:t '!Y)c; quoc ngu (J-OVO ... 6t:t exe:t we; arr.o'!eAS:(J(J-(X va (J-S:'!aOOOOU(J-S: (J'!Ouc; Bte:'!Vt:t{J-i~ouc; (J-OVO '!0 yaMtx6 A.6yo, 't"1) ya"AA.tx~ A.oyo'!E~Vtt:t Xt:tt cpt"Aocrocpia, rr.pciy(J-(X '!O orr.oio S:UXO(J-(X(J'!€. Au'!O Cl"1){J-(Xive:t e:xdva l'!a epyt:t] rr.ou xptVOU(J-S: Xfl~O"t{J-tX yt' au'!ouc; xat dvat e:uxo"Ao va acpo(J-Otwcrouv: fJ-OVo '!a xdfJ-EVt:t '!a orr.ota e:(J-dc; 6t:t fJ-E:'!t:typ&lj;oufJ-e: a'!Y)V quoc ngu». «Franco-Vietnamese Schools», a. 22. 24. l:"o (ow, a. 14-15. rtt:t "o e:upu xa'!w'!e:po a'!pWfJ-tX '!ou bte:'!Vt:t{J-i~txou Tr.A1)6Ua(J-OU o av'!tbacrtAtcic; Albert Sarraut (e:ta1)Y1J"~c; -rou Kwotxt:t ~Y)fJ-OOtac; ~toacrxa"Aiac; -.ou 1917) auvta'!oooe:: «Mta arr."A~
•
208
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
exmx.!oeuCTY) 1tou ea 7teptop!~e-rcx.t a-rex. ouatwoYJ x.cx.t ea em-rp€7tet a-ro 7tCX.t0t VCX. {Jh6et 0, '!t 6cx. 't"OU etVCX.t 'X,P~O'tfi.O O''!Y)V '!CX.7tEtV~ O''!CX.OtOOpOfJ-tCX. '!OU W<; yewpyou ~ '!EX,VhY), WO''!E vex. bEA'!tWae:t '!t<; UAtX.e<; X.CX.t X.otVWVtX.e<; auve~x.E<; '!Y)<; U7tCX.p~~<; '!OU». ~'!0 tOto, (j. 17. 25. To 1937 o auvo'Atx.o<; cx.pt6tJ-6<; -rwv eyyeypcx.fJ-tJ-EVwv cpot-tY)'!WV ~'!CX.V 631, CX.7t0 '!OU<; 07tOtOU<; Ot 580 EtX,CX.V eyypcx.cpet O''!Y) VOfJ-tX.~ X.CX.t O''!YJV tMptx~. ~"o !oto, a. 79· 6'A€1te E1ttCTY)<; a. 69-79, ytcx. '!YJV 7tcx.pa~EVYJ ta-roptcx. cx.u-rou -rou toputJ-cx.-roc; 1tou topu6Y)x.e -ro 1906, ex'Aetae -ro ,1908, ~CX.VtXVot~e: '!0 1918 X.CX.t 7tO'!E, tJ-EXPt '!0 '!EAO<; '!Y)<; OE:X.CX.E'!tCX.<; '!OU 1930, oev ~-rcx.v '!t7tO'!E 1tcx.pcx.1tavw cx.1t6 €vex. ao6cx.p6 E7tCX.YYEAfJ-CJ.'!tx.6 x.o'Aeyto. 26. E1tEt0~ ecx. £7ttX.£V-tpoow O''!Y) auvex.e:tcx. '!Yj<; tJ-EAE'!Y) fJ-OU O''!OU<; XtJ-e:p x.cx.t a-roue; Bte:-rvcx.tJ-e~ouc;, cx.u-r~ dvcx.t iJ.tXMov Y) x.cx.-raMYJAYJ a-rtyiJ.~ ytcx. tJ-tcx. auv-rotJ-YJ cx.vcx.cpopa ae x.a1tmov otcx.x.ex.ptiJ.€vo Alto. 0 CTY)tJ-e:ptv6c; 1tpw6u1toupy6c; -rou Aaoc;, Kaysone Phoumvihan a1touocx.ae tcx.-rptx.~ a-ro IIcx.vema-r~tJ-to -rou Av6t a-rex. '!EAY) '!Y)<; oex.cx.t-rtcx.<; -rou 1930. 0 cx.px.YJy6c; -rou x.pa-rou<;, Ilp(yx.mcx.c; Souphanouvong, cx.7tocpohY)aE cx.1t6 -ro Lycee Albert Sarraut -rou Av6t xptv 7taptt -ro 7t-rux.(o -rou iJ.Y)X.CX.Vtx.ou O''!Y) iJ.Y)-tpo7toAt-rtx.~ rcx.'A'Atcx.. 0 fl-EYCX.Au-repo<; -rou cx.oe'Acpo<;, Ilp(yx.mcx.<; Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, o o7toto<; ~-rcx.v emx.ecpcx.'A~<; -tY)<; 6pcx.x.u6tcx.<; cx.ntcx.7totx.tox.pcx.-rtx.~<; x.u6€pvY)CTY)<; -rou Lao Issara (E'Ae:u6e:po Aaoc;) O"'!Y) Btev-rtav CX.7t0 '!OV Ox.-rwtpto '!OU 1945 iJ.EXPt '!OV A7tpt'Ato '!OU 1946, dx.e cx.7tocpot-r~aet cx.1t6 -ro Lycee Chasseloup-Laubat '!Y)<; ~cx.i"yx.6v. Ilptv cx.1t6 -ro B' IIcx.yx.6atJ-to II6'AetJ-o, -ro cx.vwnpo e:x.7tcx.toeu-rtx.6 topuiJ.cx. a-ro «Aao<;» ~-rcx.v -ro fJ-tx.p6 College [OY)Acx.o~ yutJ-vaato] Pavie a-tY)v Btev-rtav. B'Ae7tt Joseph J. Zasloff, Pathet Lao, a. 104-105· x.cx.t «3349» [~j~euowvutJ-o -rou Phetsarath Ratanavongsa], Iron Man of Laos, a. 12 x.cx.t 4 6. E(vcx.t, VOfJ-t~w, CX.7tox.cx.Au7t-rtx.6 6-rt a-rov cx.7to'AoytatJ-6 -rwv n'Aeu-rcx.(wv ax.o'Atx.wv Y)tJ-e:pwv -rou a-ro Ilcx.plat, o Phetsarath fJ-tAaEt ix.a-uveiOY)'!CX. x.cx.t iJ.E cpuatx.6-tY)'!CX. ytcx. -roue; eux.o'Acx. cx.vcx.yvwptattJ-OU<; Aao, XtJ-Ep X.CX.t Bte:'!VCX.tJ-E~OU<; O'UtJ-fJ-CJ.6YJ-t€<; '!OU W<; «I voox.tve~ou<; cpot'!Y)'!E<;». B'A€7tE, 7t.X,, a-ro toto, a. 14-15. 27. 'E-rat a-rex. 7tpOYJYOUtJ-EVcx. «otJ-oyevo7totY)tJ-Evcx.» lycee ChasseloupLaubat x.cx.t Albert Sarraut topu6Y)x.cx.v x.cx.-rwnpYJ<; 7tot6-rYJ-rcx.c; «eyx.wptcx. "iJ.~tJ-cx.-rcx.» -ro 1917-1918. Au-ra -rex. «e:yx.wptcx. "iJ.~tJ-Cl"cx.» n'Atx.a eytvcx.v, cx.v-rta-rotx.cx., Lycee Petrus Ky x.cx.t Lycee du Protectorat. (~-ro toto, a. 6063). Ilcx.p' 6'Acx. cx.u-ra, iJ.tCX. iJ.Etov6-tY)'!CX. 7tpovoiJ.toUX,Wv indigenes auv€x.tae:
TO TEAEYTAIO KTMA
209
va cpwtci CT't"O «1tpayfJ.Cl't"tXO yaMtXO)) lycee (o ecpY)60~ NopOV't"O[J. ~txa voux 't"tfJ.Y)CTe: 't"O Chasseloup-Laubat), e:vw [J.ta [J.E:tov6't"Y)'t"IX «fciAAwv» (xuptw~ Eupaatci't"e:~ xat au't"6x6ove:~ [J.E: yaMtx6 VO[J.tXO status) cpot't"Y)CTE: a't"o Petrus Ky XIXt CT't"O 6uya't"ptx6 't"OU (opu[J.IX CT't"O Av6t. 28. 0 Marr 1t1Xp1X't"Y)pe:t O't"t 't"O 1920 «IXXO[J.IX XIXt 't"O mo 1Xtat6oo~o [J.fAo~ 't"Y)~ OtiXVOY)CTY)~ [1tOU ~'t"IXV acpoatW[J.EVO CT't"Y)V quoc ngu-] oe:v [J.1tOpouae: VIX [J.IXV't"E~e:t O't"t, ouo oe:xae:'t"te:~ [J.OVO [J.E:'t"cX, m XcX't"OtXm 't"Y)~ ~"f\tJ.Oxpa't"tiX~ 't"ou Bte:'t"VcXtJ. 61X tJ.1topoucrocv vrJ. ote:u6e:'t"l)crouv 6'A.e:c, 't"tC, aY)[J.IXV't"tXE~ U1t06tcre:t~ -'1tOAt't"tXE~, CT't"pll't"tW't"tXE~, OtXOVO[J.tXE~, e:mO"'t"Y)[J.OVtXE~ xat axaOY)tJ.iX·ix€~- cr't"Y) 6te:'t"VatJ.e:~tx~ 't"ou 1tpocpoptxou J..6you cr't"o a"Acpci6Y)'t"O quoc ngu-». Vietnamese Tradition, cr. 150. 'H't"av e:mTIAtov [J.LIX oucrcipe:cr't"Y) EX1tAY)~Y) yta 't"OU<; fciAAou~. 29. Eivat e:voe:tx't"tx6 O't"t iva 1X1t6 't"a 1tpW't"IX 6€tJ.a't"a 1tou 't"e6Yjx1Xv IX1tO 't"Ou~ 1tpW't"ou~ X[J.e:p e:6vtxtCT't"E~ 't"OU 't"EAou~ 't"OU 1930 ~'t"av Y) «XIX't"cXpa» 't"OU IX1tOXIXAOU[J.E:VOU «quoc ngu-tCT(J.OU» 't"OU aAcpafJ~'t"OU 't"Y)~ XfJ.E:ptx~<; a1t6 't"t<; a1totxt1XXE~ 1Xp'X,t<;. 30. To [J.OV't"EAO oe:v e:cp1Xp[J.OCT't"Y)XE: IX[J.ECTW<; CT't"Y) Bte:V't"tcXV. 0 Toy avacpepe:t O't"t CT't"Y) Otcipxe:tiX 't"Yj<; oe:xae:'t"t(l~ 't"OU 1930 [J.OVO 54 Acio IX1tOcpot't"Y)O"IXV a1t6 't"O College [ 't"O ovo[J.cl~e:t Aav6occrtJ.€va Lycee] Pavie, e:vw 9 6 Bte:'t"VIXtJ.E~ot. Laos, cr. 45. 31. Etv!Xt 1tt61Xv6v O't"t IXU't"~ Y) e:tapo~ ~'t"av IXV't"tO"'t"Ot'X,Y) [J.E: 't"O 6e:CT[J.O 't"OU yaAAo6te:'t"VIX[J.tXou axo"Atxou aua't"~[J.a't"o<;, 't"O O't"t IX1tEXAe:te: 't"OU<; Bte:'t"VIX[J.E~ou<; IX1tO 't"O auvaywvta[J-6 flE: 't"OU<; fciAAou~ 1tOAt't"e:~ a't"a mo ave:Jt't"UYtJ.EVa, ava't"oAtxci 't"tJ.~tJ.a't"a 't"Y)~ lvoox(va~. To 1937 ~ouaav 39.000 Eupw7tatot CT't"Y)V «Koxtvyx(va», cr't"o «Avci[J.» xat' a't"o «Tovx(vo» xat [J.OVO 3.000 O"'t"Y)V «Ka[J-1tO't"~Y)» xat a't"o «Acio<;». Marr, Vietnamese Tradition, a. 23. 32. Ta 6toyp1Xcptxci au't"wv 't"WV a.vopwv e:ivat e:uye:vtx~ 1tapox~ 't"ou Steve Reder. 33. IH61Xve: 't"O 1950 ae: 6o[J.6ta't"tX~ E:1tt6e:aY) a't"a xe:v't"ptxci ypacpda 't"Ou ~Y)flOXpoc't"txou K6tJ.tJ.IX't"O~ 1tou opyavw6Y)xe: 1X1to eviX ciyvwa't"o, 1tt6avw<; O[J.W~ 1tptyxmtx6, xept. 34. ~Y)[J.Oate:U't"Y)XE: O"'t"Y)V TivotJ. lle:v a1t6 't"O Librairie Mitserei [E"Ae:u6e:pa X€pt1X]. «ll1Xp1X1tAavY)'t"tx6» e:Jte:to~ 'to TIA~pe:.; xe:t[J.E:VO e:(vat a't"Y) 'X.tJ.E:ptx~. Tt<; 6toypacptx€~ Ae:Jt't"OfJ-Epe:te:<; yta 't"OV leu Koeus, 1tou IXV't"A~6Yjxav IX1t0 't"OV IX1tO't"e:cppW[J.EVO 't"O[J.O 't"OU 1946, [J.OU 't"t<; 1tpOacpe:pe: ye:wrxtoowpa o Steve Heder.
210
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
35. B'Aem: Kahin, Nationalism, xeqJti'Aato 12· Anthony Reid, The Indonesian National Revolution , 1945-50, xecptiAato 6· xat Henri Alers, Om een rode of groene Merdeka, passim. 3 6 . H e~atpeal) ~'tav 'Y) 6vY)O't')'eV~~ d Y)(J-OXpa'tta 'tWV N O'ttwv Mo'Aouxwv. Ot exXPta'ttavta{ltVot A(l7tov~atot Eixav rvx (laXpo 'X.P6vo O''tpa'toAo')"Y)6et O'e !lerti'Ao apt6(l6 O''tov au'tapxtx6 aTiotxtax6 O''tpa't6. IloAAot TIOAE(l'Y)O'av u1t6 'tOV Bav Moox evav'ttov 't'Y)~ veap~~ e:TiavaO''ta'ttX~~ IvoOV'Y)O'tax~~ dY)(J-OXpa'tta~· (J-E'ttX 't'Y)V avarvwptal) 't'Y)~ ave:~ap 't'Y)O'ta~ 't'Y)~ lvOOV'Y)O'ta~ 'tO 1950, dxav Mrou~ va 1te:pt(J-EVOUV eva OUO'tXpeO''tO (J-EAAov. 3 7. BAtTie: 'tOV e:~atpe:'to aTioAo')'tO'(J-O O''tO John Hoffman, «A Foreign Investment: Indies Malay to 1902», Indonesia, 27 (ATiptAto~ 1979), 0'. 65-92. 3 8. 0 a'tpa'to~ «aTion'AouO'e xti'tt O'av a-eOvcx~ xa(J'Ttx, Tiou 'ta (lifA'Y) 't'Y)~ ~OUO'av aXO(J-a xat O''t'Y)V tOtW'ttX~ 'tOU~ ~W~ aTIOXO(l(llfva aTIO 'ta e:6vtxti 1te:pt6tiMOV'ttX 'tOU~ xat (ltAoooav TIOAU auxvti {lta totahe:p'Y) "(AWO'aa, 't'Y)V aTioxaAOU(J-EV'Y) iirarisch deutsch ("repflavtxti 't'Y)~ xapa6tiva~"), OTIW~ ovo{J-tia't'Y)XE etpwvtxti a1t6 'tOU~ e:xTipoadmou~ 'tWV ')'Ep(lavtxwv 't'YJ~ 'Aoro'te:xv1a~, e:wowv'ta~ !l' au't~ 't'Y)V ovo(laO'ta iva Tie:pte:pro 'YAWO'O'tXO (J-d')'(la TIOU oe:v Tiatpve:t TIOAU O''ta 0'06apti 'tOU~ xav6ve:~ 't'Y)~ rpa(lfla'ttX~~». Jaszi, The Dissolution, 0'. 144. H uTionpti(l(ltal) 'tou O'U')'')'paqJia. 3 9. 'Oxt aTIAw~ flE 't'Y)V 7tpocpav~ iwota. ETie:to~ O''to oixa'to 6rooo xat OEXa'tO EVa'tO atwva 'Y) 0Mavota dxe: crxe:o6v (J-OVO {lta aTIOtXta, a'AAti nptiO''tta xat 7tpOO'OOOqJ6pa, ~'tav apxe:'tti 7tpax'ttx6 va exTiatoe:uO'e:t 'tou~ uTiaM~Aou~ 't'Y)~ O'e: {lta ((J-OV'Y)) flY) eupwTia'ix~ dienstaal. Me: 'tO 'X.(JOVO, etotxti axo'Ada xat 0'"/..0Ae~ topu61)xav O''t'Y) (l'Y)'tpOTIOA'Y) ')'ta va 7tpoe:'tot{J-tiO'OUV ')'AWO'O'tXtX 'tOU~ (J-EMOntxou~ U'ltaAA~Aou~. rta 'tt~ eupwTia't'xi~ au'toxpa'topte:~ ot oTiote:~ dxav TioAAe~ aTiotxte~, 61tw~ 'Y) Bpe'taVtX~, oe: ea e:TiapxouO'e: {lta 'tO'lttX~ dienstaal. 40. H TiapouO'ta(J'Y) a1t6 'tOV Marr 't'Y)~ ')'AWO'O'tX~~ e~i'At~'Y)~ O''t'Y)V ava'toAtx~ Ivooxtva dvat TIOAu aTioxaAuTI'ttx~ 0', au't6 'tO (J'Y)(ldo. Ilapa't'Y)pd o'tt !lixpt 'to 1910 Tie:ptTiou, «ot flOpcpw{levot B te:'tvaflt~ot 6ewp'Y)O'av O'tt 'Y) xtve~tx~ ~ 'Y) ')'rJ.Mtx~ ~ xat ot ouo ~'tav ouO'tWO'Y) flEO'a "uq;'Y)'A~~" emxotvwv(a~» (Vietnamese Tradition, 0'. 137). Me:'tti 'tO 1920, O(J-W~, xat ev {ltpe:t w~ aTio'ttAeO'{la "'YJ~ 7tpow6Y)O''Y)~ a1t6 'to xptX'tO~ 'tOU qJWV'Y)'ttXOU rJ.AqJa6~'tOU quae ngu-, 'ta 7tptX')'(la'ta aMa~av
TO TEAEfTAIO KfMA
211
yp~yopa . .1\.pxt~g va «xgpo(~gt ioacpo~ Y! 7tg7tot6Y)07J 6-rt Y! 6tg-rvatJ.tx~ -rou 7tpocpoptxou A.6you ~-rav iva 07JtJ.antx6 xat ia-w~ [sic] oua-twoE~ a-ua--ra-rtx6 't"Y)~ ~::6vtx~~ -rau-r6-rY)-ra~. Ax6tJ.t:X xat ot otavooUtJ.EIIot 1tou ata-6cXIIOII't"all 7tt0 cXIIE't"a (J.E 't"a yaMtXcX 7tapcX fJ.E 't"Yj (J.Y)'t"ptX~ 't"OU~ ')'AWO"a-a EX't"t(J.Y)O"all 't"Y) O"Y)(J.t:XO"ta -rou y~::yov6-ro~ 6-rt -rouA.cixta--rov -ro 85% -rou 7tAYj6UO"tJ.OU (J.tAOUO"E 't"Y)II iota yA.Wa-a-a» (a-. 138). Eixav w~ 't"O't"E 7tA~pY) E7ttyvwa-Y) -rou p6A.ou "Y!~ tJ.a~tx~~ ~::yypatJ.tJ.a-roa-uvY)~ a--rY)II 7tpow6Y)07J -rwv ~::6vtxwv xpa-rwv 't"Y)~ Eupw7tY)~ xat 't"Y)~ la1twvia~. 0 Marr OtJ.W~ o~::ixv~::t E7tt07J~ 6-rt yta tJ.EyciA.Y) 7tEptooo o~::v u7t~P'X.E xa6ap~ a-x€07J tJ.E-ra~u 't"Y!~ yA.wa-a-tx~~ 7tpo-rttJ.Y)07J~ xat "Y!~ 7toAt-rtx~~ 6€07)~. «To va u7toa--rY)pt~Et xav~::i~ "Y! 6t~::watJ.tx~ fJ.Y!"Ptx~ yA.wa-a-a o~:: o~A.wv~:: a1t6 (J.OIIO -rou 7ta-rptw-rtxci ata-6~tJ.a-ra 07tW~ OE o~A.wvg a1t6 (J-OllY) 't"Y)~ a-uve:pyaa-ta tJ.E -rov ~::x6p6 Y) u7toa--r~pt~Y) "Y!~ yaAA.tx~~ yA.Wa-a-a~» (a-. 150). 41. Aiw «tJ.7topouv», E7tEto~ u7tcipxouv cicp6ovE~ 7tEpm-rfi>a-Et~ 61tou Y) ouva-rO't"Y)'t"a E'X,Et a7toxAEta--rd xat a--ro 1tap~::A.66v xat -rwpa. ~· au-ri~ -rt~ 7tEpm-rfi>a-Et~, 07tW~ yta 7tapcio~::ty(J.a -ro IIaA.at6 IIaxta--rciv, Y) E~~ YY)O"Y) OEII dvat o E6vo7toAt't"tO"(J.tX6~ 7tAoupaAttT(J.O<; aAA.ci -ra a7tayopEUtJ.Eva 7tpoa-xuv~tJ.a-ra. 42. Christopher Hughes, Switzerland, a-. 107. To i~oxo au-r6 XEt(J.EIIO, yta 't"O 07t0t0 OtXata 0 ~hov rouO't"O"OII EX!.ppcX~Et 't"O 6au~J-atT!J-O 't"OU, Etllat Yj 6cXO"Yj 't"OU E7tt'X,Etp~!J-a't"O<; 7tOU aXOAOU6Et. 43. ~-ro toto, a-. 218. Ot Y)!J-EPO!J-Yjlltg~ gtvat otx~ !J-OU 7tpoa-6~XY). 44. ~-ro toto, a-. 85. 45. Em7tAeov -ra Aargau, St. Gallen xat Orisons. Au-r6 -ro -re:A.w-rato E'X,Et totatnpo EIIOtacp€pov, acpou a-~~J-e:pa dvat Y) e:va7tO!J-dvaa-a 7ta-rptoa 't"Y)<; pat-ropo(J.t:lvtx~~. 't"Y)~ 7tEpta-a-6-re:po «yv~a-ta<; ~::A.6e:-rtx~~» a7t6 't"t<; E611tXE<; yA.Wa-a-e:<; 't"Yj<; xwpa<; - !J-ta 6€07) 7tOU xa.-r€A.a6e:, O!J-W<;, jA.OAt<; -ro 1937. ~-ro toto, a-. 59 xat 85. 46. E>a !J-7topoua-a~J-E va 7tapa-rY)p~a-ou!J-E e:v 7tap6ow 6-rt Y) Manci~J N-re: ~-rae:A. !J-OAt<; 1tou 7tp6A.a6e: va oe:t 't"Y) yiwY)a-~ 't"Y)<; 7toA.UyA.wa-a-Y)<; ' EA.6e:-rta<;. Em7tAiov, Y) mxoyeve:ta 't"Y)<;, o1tw<; xat ot ~ta-!J-6v-rt, ~pee: a1t6 't"Y) re:IIEUY), 7tOU ~'t"all eva ave:~ap't"Y)'t"O xpa-rtoto e~w a1to 't"Yjll «EA6E-rta» jA.ix.pt -ro 1815. Ae: tJ.t:X<; e:x7tA.~a-a-e:t A.om6v -ro ye:yov6<; 6-rt Y! toea -rou e:A.6~::nxou e6vou<; «OEII -rou<; a7tatT'X,OAYjtTE totat-re:pa». 4 7. ~'t"O toto, (j. 173 xat 27 4. Kaee: «xaMtEpYY)!J-eiiO !J-EO"ato a--rpwtJ.t:X» -rou oexa-rou eva-rou atwva e7tpE7tE va dvat 7tOAU jA.tXpo. 48. ~-ro toto, a-. 86. H u7toypa~Ao~Aot07J otx~ tJ.OU.
212
MllENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
49. H ct1touaict !J.Ovctpx~wv xctpctx't~P~~e: xctt "71 Xctvae:ct'ttx~ 'EvwO"r), €vet Xct:Actp6 1tOAt'ttx6 auvct0'1ttO'!J.O O''tOV 01toto !let ~'tct:V 1tpo6"A7)!J.Ct:'t~x6 vet ct1tooWo-ou!J.e: et'te: xpct't~x6 e:he: e:!lvtx6 Xctpctx't~pct. 50. ~'to [ow, a. '274. 51. ~'tO [ow, a. 59-60. H U1toypa!J.!J.t0'7) OtX~ !J.OU. 5'2. H ctvct6a!l!J.~0'7) "lJc; pctt'topo~J.ctvtx~c; 'to 1937 e:"Aaxta'tct 'tpo1to1t0t1Jae: 'tov ctpxtx6 u1to"Aoy~atJ-6. 53. H xmvwvtx~ OO!J.~ 'tY)c; Ouyyctptctc; ~'tctv e:1tt0'7)c; xct!lua'te:p7)!J.i.v1J, OtJ-Wc; ot Mctyuapot ctpta'toxpa'te:c; 6ptaXOV'tct:V !J.EO'ct 0'!: !J.~Ct: npaa'tt(X 1tOAue:!lvtx~ ouvcta'ttX~ ctu'toxpct'top(ct, a'tY)V o1totct l) U1tO'tt!lE!J.€VY) y'Awaatx~ o~oct 'touc; ct1tO'te:Aouae: ct1tAWc; fJ-EWVO'tY)'tct, ctv xct~ 1tOAU O"r)!J.ctn~x~. H fJ-~xp~, ct:V'tt!J.ovctpxtx~ ctp~a'toxpct'ttx~ o"A~yctpxict 'tl)c; E"A6e:'ttctc; oe:v ct1te:t"A~!l1Jxe: 1tO'tE !J.' ctu'tov 'tOV 'tpo1to. 54. Marx xct~ Engels, The Communist Manifesto, a. 37. llowc; aMoc; €X'tOc; (X1t0 'tOV Mctp~ !let fJ-1tOpouae: Vet 1te:ptypa\jie:t 'tY)V 'ta~Y) 1tOU aMct~e: 'tl) !J.Opip~ 'tOU XOO!J.OU we; «Xct'tct:Otwy!J.i.vYJ»;
8 IIATPIQTI~MO~
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PAT~I~MO~
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Ottxotxtxcrte:<; fJ.ECTtx tx7t0 't't<; 07tOte:<; 't'O e6vo<; eytve: OUVIX't'O Vtx e:mVOYJ6d, Xtxt, tx7t0 't'"Y) CT't'tY!J.~ 7tOU e:mvo~6YJXE, Vtx crxe:ottxcr't'd, Vtx npocrtxpfJ.OCT't'd CT't't<; vee:<; cruve~xe:<; Xtxt Vtx fJ.E't'txCTX"YJ!J.IX't'tCT't'e:L Elvtxt txvtxyxtxto fJ.ttx 't'E't'Otou doou<; txVcXAUCT"Y) Vtx txO"XOAYJ6d a' evtx npW't'O e:nlne:oo !J.E 't'"YJV xotvwvtx~ aMa~ xat 't't<; otacpope:'t'txe<; !J.Opcpe<; auvdOYJCT"YJC,. Etvtxt O!J.WC, txfJ.cpt~oAo Xtx't'a nocro "YJ xmvwvtx~ txMtx~ ~ o fJ.E't'txCTX"YJ!J.tx't'tO"fJ.OC, 't'"Y)C, cruvdOY)CT"Y)C. e:ntxpxouv txno !J.OVtx 't'OUC, yttx Vtx E~"Y)~CTOUV tXIXV07tOt"Y)'t'tXcX 't'"Y)V npocn
214
MITENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
e:(va:t "t'O cr"t'OLX,do "t'OU (J.tcrou~ cr"t't~ e:XOY)AWcre:t~ "t'OU e:6vtxou a:tcr6~ (J.IX"t'O~. ~, IXU"t'~ "t'Y)V 1tE('t1t"t'WO'Y) IXV~XOUV, j'LIX 1tiX('aOELj'(J.IX, Y)
1tf>W"t'YJ xa:t ot "t'e:Ae:u"t'a:(e:~ cr"t'poq;€~ "t'ou Ultimo Adios (T e:Ae:u"t'a:(o Av"t'(o), "t'ou 7te:ptqJY)fJ.OU 1tOL~fJ-1X"t'o~ 1tou €ypa:ifie:
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Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida, Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido eden, A darte voy, alegre, la trista mustia vida· y fuera mas brillante, mas fresca, mas florida, Tambien por ti la diera, la diera por tu bien ...
12.
Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido: Tu atmosfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzare Vibrante y limpia nota sere par tu ofdo· Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido, Constante repetiendo la esencia de rni fe.
13 .
Mi patria idolatrada, dolor de rnis dolores, Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios. Ahf, te dejo todo: rnis padres, rnis amores. Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores· Donde la fe no mata, donde el que riena es Dios.
14.
Adi6s, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma rnfa; Arnigos de la infancia, en el perido hogar; Dad gracias, que descanso del fatigoso dfa; Adios, dulce extranjera, rni arniga, rni alegria· Adios, queridos seres. Morir es descansar. . Ila:piX"t'Y)('Et xa:vd~ O"t'L O'X,L (J.OVO oe: j'tVE"t'IXL a:va:q;opa O'"t'Y)V
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llATPIOTLEMO~
KAI
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't'p01tOU 1tOU Ot ')'AWO"tn:c; m:ptyparpouv 't'O IXV't'tXe:f(J.EVO 't' Y)c;: e:i't'e: (J.E 't'O Ae:~t"A6yto 't' Y)c; cruyyeve:tcxc; (motherland, Vater]and, patria) ~ 't"OU 't'01tOU XIX't'IX')'W~c; (heimat ~ tanah air [ ')"Y) XIXt UOWp, rppacr'Y) ytcx 't'O cxpx.me"Acxyoc; 't'WV lvoov'Y)crfwv ]). Kcxt 't'CX ouo totW(J.CX't'cx Ol)AWvouv xa't't fJ.E 't"O o1tofo dvcxt xcxvdc; rpucrtxa oe:fJ.evoc;. 01twc; e:fOCX(J.E XIXt 7tpO'Y)')'OU(J.eVwc;, cre: xcx6e:'t't «tpUCl'tXO» U7tapx.e:t 7taV't'O't'E Xa't't 1tOU oe:v ex.OU(J.E e:mAe~e:t. M' IXU't'OV 't'OV 't'p07t0 'Y) tOtO't''Y)'t'IX 't'OU vex cxv~xe:t xcxvdc; cre: e6voc; 't'IXU't't~E't'IXL (JoE 't'O XPW(J.IX 't'OU oep(J.IX't'Oc;, 't'O tpUAO, 't' Y)V Xa't'IX')'W~ XIXt 't' Y) x.povoAO')'tiX yeW'Y)Cl"Y)c;. - OAIX IXU't'a ytcx 't'IX 01tOtiX xcxvdc; oe:v (J.1tOpd vex x
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216
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPl:ON
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217
PAT~I~MO~
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A!J-E:ptx~ xa.t (opucrav IX7tcmtlcl a-.o II"Av!Joou(:) (~.-..M.).
218
MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
Map't'tv 1tou llatp't't~E 't'Ou~ Ivot&:vou~ 1tou !J-t'Aouaav «xe't'aoua» «IIEpoubtiX\IOU~» """'tMIX 7t('cX~'Y} 1tOU O'Ui'(EVEUEt !JoE 6p'Y}aXEU't'tXO 7tpOa'Y}AU't'ta'!J-6- dvat EVOEtX't'tx6. fta't't OEt'X,VEt O't't IX1tO 't''Y}V IXP'X.~ 'Y} aUMYJ~Y) 't'OU €6\lou~ 6aat~E't'1Xt O"'t'Y) jAWaaiX XIXt O'X,t O"'t'O IXtfJ-IX, xt O't't xa1toto~ !J-1topd VIX «7tpoax'A'Y}6et» O"'t'Y) tpiXV't'IXatax~ xmv6't"Y)'t'IX. E7tO!J-EVW~ a~fJ-EpiX, IXXO!J-IX xat 't'IX mo a't'EVO!J-UIXAIX €6vYJ o€x.ov't'IXt 't'YJV apx.~ 't'Y)~ 1toAvroypacpr;a-r;~, 6ao xt av 't'Y)V x&:vouv OUO"XOAYJ O"'t'Y)\1 1tpcX~YJ· To €6vo~, tOW!J-EVO XIXt w~ t(j'T:Optx~ fJ-OtpiX XIXt w~ XotVO't"Y)'t'IX 1tOU aUMIX!J-bcX\IE't'IXt fJ-EO"W 't'Y}~ jAWaaiX~, 1t1Xpouata~E't'1Xt 't'IXU'tO'X.POVIX IXVOt'X,'t'O xat XAEta't'6. Mta 7tE't'U'X,'Y}fJ-EVYJ Etx6va IXU't'OU 'tOU 1tap&:oo~ou !J-IX~ o(vet 'Yl eva'A'Aay~
1.
Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, as his corse to the rampart we hurried· Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot o· er the grave where our hero we buried.
2.
We buried him darkly at dead of night, The sods with our bayonets turning· By the struggling moonbeams' misty light, And the lantern dimly burning.
3.
No useless coffin enclosed his breast, Not in sheet or in shroud we wound him But he lay like a warrior taking his rest, With his martial cloak around him ...
5.
We thought, as we hollowed his narrow bed, And smoothed down his lonely pillow, That the foe and the stranger would tread o'er his liead And we far away on the billow ...
DATPHJTI~MO~
KAI
PAT~I~MO~
8.
Slowly and sadly we laid him down. From the field of his fame fresh and gory· We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone But we left him alone with his glory!
1.
d~v exxouO"'t'"fJX~ 't'U(J-7texvo oun ~mx~o~Lex vo't'ex 't'"f]V wpex 1tOU 't'O Ad~exvo 6texO''t'LXcX 1texpexx.wcrex~· O''t'()ex't'tW't'Y)c; o~v E()L~~ ex1tOX,exLp~'t'LO''t'~pto 66At 1tcX'JW ex1t' 't'OV 't'cXcpo 01tOU 't'OV ~()WcX {J-exc; 6a~ex(J-~.
2.
Tov eci~ex{J-~ ~pciou O''t'"f]. (J-EO'"f] 't'"f)c; vux.'t'exc; 't'o X.WtJ-ex {J-~ 't'tc; ~LcpoA6yx.~c; {J-exc; exvexO'"f)xwvov't'exc; XcX't'W ex1t' 't'WV cp~nexpexX,'t'LOWV 't'O cp't'~VO cpwc; xaL 't'O cpexvcipL 1tOU tJ-OALc; €xexty~.
3.
Oun exvwcp~AO cp€p~'t'()O 't'O O''t'~6oc; 't'OU EXA~LO'~ o~v 't'OV 't'UAL~~ (j~'J't'OVL OU't'~ crci6exvo aexv O''t'()ex't'LW't'"f)c; XEt't'~'t'at 0'~ exva7taUAex ~ 't'OV 7tOA~(J-LXO (J-CXVOua 't'UALjfJ-EVO cr't'ouc; WfJ-OUc; ...
5.
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219
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8.
Apyci xaL 6At(J-(J-EVex 't'OV exxou(J-7t~O"ex(J-~ xci't'w 't'O 7t~o(o 't'"f)c; 06~exc; (J-OAtc; 6yexA(J-EVO XL ext(J-6cpup't'o· d~ Aex~E~ex{J-~ O''t'L'X,O OU't'~ 1tE't'pex O'"f]XWO'ex~ 't'OV excp~O'ex{J-~ (J-OVO O''t'"f] OO~ex 't'OU .•
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MIIENENTIKT ANTEPmN
220
6€6ata, xat 0 U!J.V'r)'t~~ 'tOU ~'ta'l Ip'AavooL Kat, cpucrtx&, eva~ r&AA.o~ ~ lcr1tav6<; CX1toyovo~ 'tWV «c:x.6pwv» 'tOU Mop !J-1tOpd va axoucret O'E OAY) 'tY)~ 'tY)'I ex'taO'Y) 'tY)V Y)'X.Y)PO'tY)'ta 'tOU ~tm~~'to~: "\. ' ' t'' ,...... "\.' ' ' 'ta ayy/\tXa, 01tW~ xat 01totaoY)1tO'tE a/\1\Y) yl\waaa, Et'lat 1taV'tO'tE avmx.'t~ ac: v€ou~ O!J.tAY)'tE~, axpoa'tE<; xat avayvwcr'tEC,. A<; axoucrou!J.E 'tOV Thomas Browne va 7tEptx"Adc:t !J.EO"a a& Aty&c, 1tpO'tcXO"Et~ 'tO !J.~XO~ xat 'tO 1tAcX'tO~ 't'tj~ tO''tO('ta<; 'tOU av6pW7tOU8:
Even the old ambitions had the advantage of ours, in the attempts of their vainglories, who acting early and before the probable Meridian of time, have by this time found great accomplishment of their designs, whereby the ancient Heroes have already out-lasted their Monuments, and Mechanicall preservations. But in this later Scene of time we cannot expect such Mummies unto our memories, when ambition may fear the Prophecy of Elias, and Charles the Fifth can never hope to live within two Methusela' s of Hector. Ax611-a xt ot cptA.ooo~tE~ 'tou 7tape"A66no~ ~E7tEpacrav 'tt~ Otx€~ ~~· !J.E 'tY)'I EVEpyc:ta 'tY)~ !J.a'tatoOO~ta~ 'tOU~, aU'tOt 1tOU EV~p YY)O'a'l vwpk, 7tptv a1t6 'to !J.&croupaYrJ~ 'tou x.p6vou, xa'tacpepav va EX1tAY)pwcrouv 'tOU~ O''tO'X,OUC, 'tou~· E'tO"t, ot apx.aiot 'Hpwe~ ~&7tepacrav cre otapxeta 'ta MVY)!J.da xat 'tt~ MYJx.avtx€~ O"UV'tY)p~cr&t~. Kt O!J.W~, a' au't~ 'tY)V UO"'ta'tY) O"'ttY!J.~ 'tou x.p6vou 'tt !J-7topou!J.E va 7tpocrooxoU!J.E a1t' au'tE~ 'tt~ Mou!J.tE~ O"'ttc; ava!J.V~O"Et~ 11-a~, acpou Y) cpt"Aooo~ia cpo~a'tat 'tY)V llpocpY)'t&ta 'tou H'Aia xat o Kapof..o<; E' oev !J-7topd va EA7tt~Et O'tt 6a em~~cr&t !J.EO"a a1t6 Ma6oucra"Ae~ 'tou 'Ex'topa.
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IIATPIOTI:EMO:E KAI PAT:EI:EMO:E
221
ex1t6 •t"Y)V totext't"epO'n)'t"ex 'OJ~ exyyAtx~~ 7tp6~ex~ 't"OU Browne 't"O oEXex't"O E:ooOfJ.O extWVex9 . T0 ex1t00"1texO"fJ.ex fJ.1tOpEt, (jlUO"tXex, fJ.Ex.pt EVO~ O"r)fJ.etOU vex fJ.E't"excppexa't"el. 0!J.W~, Yj ex7tOXOCI!J.Yj fJ.E'(exAo7tpg7tEU.t 't"Ou «probable Meridian of time», 't"WV «Mechanical preservations», «such Mummies unto our memories» xext «two Methusela' s of Hector» !J.7topouv vex 7tpoxexAgaouv exvex't"pt'JJAex !J.OVO a't"ou~ 'AyyAou~ exvexyvwa't"e~. ~'t"O 1texpex1tavw ex1t001texO"fJ.CX, Yj ex1tOXOCI!J.Yj fJ.E'(exA07tpg7tetex ex1tOXexAU7t't"E't"ext ae OAO 't"Y)~ 't"O eupo~ fJ.1tpOO"'t"a G"'t"OV exvexyvWa't"Yj. A7t6 't"Y)V aMY), Yj e~(aou ex1tOXOCI!J.Yj !J.EyexA01tpg7tetex 't"OU 't"gAou~ 't"OU ((yang Sudah Hilang» ex7t6 't"O fJ.E'(aAo I voov~ato auyypexcpgex Pramoedya Ananta Toer10 : ~~
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Suara itu hanya terdengar beberapa detik saja hidup. Getarannya sebentar berdengung, takkan terulangi lagi. Tapi seperti juga halnya dengan kali Lusi yang abadi menggarisi kota Blora, dan seperti kali itu juga, suara yang tersimpan menggarisi kenangan dan ingatan itu mengalir juga - mengalir kemuranya, kelaut yang tak bertepi. Dan tak seorangpun tahu kapan laut itu akan kering dan berhenti berdeburan. Hilang. Semua itu sudah hilang dari jangkatuan panc[h]a-indera. fJ.gvet m6exv6't"ex't"ex xpucp~ 11 • Av xext Yl ex~6Y)CTrJ xli6e yAwaaex~ dvat ouva't"~, Yl 7tpoa7ta6eta exu't"~ eex XIX't"IXAa!J.61XvE, 1tap' OAex IXU't"a, gvex 7tp1X'(fJ.IX't"tXO fJ.gpo~ "Yl~ ~w~~ ev6~ av6pw1tou: xli6e xextvoupytex xa't"aX't"Y)O"rJ fJ.E't"pt€'t"ext fJ.E 't"t~ !J.gpe~ 1tou Atyoanuouv. Au't"o 1tou 7teptop(~et 't"Y)V 7tp6a61XO"Yj xa7tmou O"'t"t~ liMe~ yAwaae~ oev ocpdAE't"IXt Cl"'t"O O't"t dvat ex1tpoo-1tgAIXCJ't"E~ IXMa Cl"'t"Yj 6vY)'t"O't"Yj't"li 't"OU. rt' IXU't"O xext OAE~ m yAwaae~ gxouv 't"OV tOtW't"tXO 't"OU~ xwpo. Ot raMm xext ot A!J.eptxavo( tfJ.7tEptaAta't"g~ xu6epvouaexv, EXfJ.E't"IXMeuov't"av xat axo't"wvexv Bte:'t"VexfJ.E~ouc; ytcx 1toMa x.p6vtex. 0!J.wc; O't"t0~7tO't"e xt 1
222
MllENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
a.v xa.p7tw&rp
* Atyot&plJoec;/xt't'ptvt&plJoec; (~.'t'.M.). ** Apoupcx(ot (~.'t'.M.). *** ~l
IIATPIOTI:EMO:E KAI PAT:EI:EMO:E
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B1X'tpaxtiX: U7tO'tt(J-T)'ttXO e:7tt6e:'to ")'tiX 'tOUc; raMouc; (~.'t.M.).
224
MIIENENTIKT ANTEP:!::ON
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IIATPUlTLEMO~
KAI
225
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Tt xpt(J-a va (J-YJV ixw ip6Et EOW oixa X.POVta vwp(npa! II6aEc; 7t6p-.Ec; 6' avo(yov-.av fJ-7tpoa-.& (J-OU! LlEv u7t&pxEt EOW OLI'tE evac; xa'tW'tEpoc; a~tW~'ttx6c; ~ OtEu6uv-.~c; -.axuopo(J-dou 7tOU va (J-YJV E~EALX6l'JXE (J-EO'a. O'E e~t (J-~VEt:;, (JoE 'tl'JV 1tf'W'tO~OUAta 'tOU, 'tl'J 6eAYJO'~ 'tOU, 'tl'JV E1tt(J-OV~ 'tOU, 'tYJV npoawmXO'ITj'rtX 'tOU, oao evac; a~tW(J-a'ttXOt:; O''tl'J raJ.)..(a cr'to a7tO)'Eto "l'Jc; xaptepac; 'tou. ~'to Tovx(vo, 'tO
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07t0l0 tipEcrav ot a~tW(J-a'ttXOL 7tOU O"UVOUa~aV 'tO 6&ppoc; !JoE 'tO "cr'tu)..", O"UfJ-7t&6Y)crE a1to 'tYJV 7tf'W'tYJ O"'tt)'(J-~ 'tOV 'tOA(J-YJpO a~tw (J-a'ttXO 'tOU mmxou [Colonel de Castries] (JoE 'tO Xa'tax6xxtvo xa7teAo, -.o ~v'ttAt -.wv cr1tax~owv xat -.o u7tepoxo (J-acr'ttyt6 -.ou, 0 01tOLOt:; O"UVOUa~E 'tl'J r:ptAtX~ O"U(J-7tEptr:pop& (JoE 'tOUt:; 'tf'07t0Ut:; EVOt:; OOUXa, 7tp&y(J-a 7tOU 'tOV EXaVE aXa'tafJ-&'X.YJ'tO O"'ttt:; )'UVaLXEt:; O"'tl'JV Ivoox(va xa-.& "l'J OEXaE'tla 'tOU 1950 61twc; xat cr-.tc; Ilapt~t&vEc; "l'J OExaE-.(a 'tOu 19 3 0 » 24 • Ax6(J-a (J-ta otar:pW'ttO"'ttX~ EVOEt~YJ 'tl')c; apta-.oxpa'ttX~c; ~ l.jJEuooaptcr'toxpa'ttx~c; 7tpoEAEUcrYJc; -.ou a7totxtaxou pa'tcrtcr(J-OU ~'taV YJ xapaX'tl]ptcr'ttX~ «aAAYJAEYYUYJ (J-E'trJ.~U AEUXWV»' 7tOU cruVEOEO"E aTimxtaxouc; YJYEfJ-OVEc; a1t6 otar:popE'ttxec; E6vtxec; fJ-YJ"Po7t6AEtc; - o7tmEcr0~7tO'tE xt av ~"av m Ecrw-.Eptxec; -.ouc; av-.maM-
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ANTEP~ON
7tVEUfJ-CX.]. M7topd vex. umipxouv otcx.cpope<; a"'Y)V e:>mcx.loe:uO"Y), a"ov 7tAou"o ~ a"'Y)V EfJ-cpavtO"Y), cx.AAa 7tO"E ooov a.cpopa O'"'Y)V oua(cx. "'YJ<; CflUO"Y)<; (pagkatao) xcx.t "'Y)V tXCX.VO"'YJ"CX. vex. U7t'Y)pe:"~aouv fJ-tCX. u1t66e:O"Y). M1topd vex. 6pe:t xcx.vd<; cx.vcx.'Aoyle:<; xwpl<; ouaxo'Alcx. a"'Y)V aM'Y) 7tAe:upa "'Y)<; r'Y)<;. la7tcx.v6cpwvm Me:~txcx.vol fJ-EO' .. hao<; CX.VCX.~'Y) ..OUV "ex. lxv'Yl .. wv 7tpoy6vwv "ou<; 6xt a..ou<; Kcx.a,..t'Atavou<; xcx...cx.x"'YJ"e<; cx.Ma a..ou<; ~E:'X,CX.O'fJ-EVOU<; axe:oov A~..EXOU<;, Maytcx., To'A.. ex xcx.t Zcx.7to,..€x. Ot Oupouyoucx.vol e:1tcx.vcx.a"a"e:<; 7tcx.,..ptw,..e:<;, xpe:o'Aol m lowt, 7t~pcx.v "o 6vo!J-IX "ou Tou1tax A~pou, "ou .. e:'Ae:u .. cx.lou fJ-E')'a'Aou t6cx.ye:v~ e:1tcx.vcx.a"a"'Yl 1tou e:vcx.v,..twS'Yjxe: a"'Y)v xcx...cx.7tle:O"YJ ..wv xpe:o'Awv, o o1tolo<; 1te6cx.ve: fJ-E cx.xcx.,..ov6!J-cx.a"cx. 6cx.acx.vta,..~ptcx. "0 1781. M7topd vex. cpcx.lve:,..cx.t 1tcx.paoo~o 6"t "ex. cx.v,..txe:l!J-e:vcx. cx.u ..~<; "'YJ<; Q'UVCX.t0'6'Y)fJ-MtX~<; "CX.U"tO"Y)<; «dvcx.t cpcx.v .. cx.atcx.xa» - CX.VWVUfJ-ot, CX.7tp6aw7tot_ auv .. pocpot Tcx.yxcx.A6yx, cpuAE<; 7t0U e:~o'Ao6pe:U..'Y)XCX.V, 'Y) M'YJ"epcx. Pwalcx. ~ "o tanah air. 'O!J-w<; 'YJ cx.ya7t'Y) ytcx. "'YJV 7tcx.,..plocx. oe: Otcx.cpepe:t, cx.7t' cx.u:r~ "'YJV a7tO~'Y). CX.7t0 aMcx. auvcx.ta6~fJ-CX."CX. cx.ya7t'Y)<; a.. cx. 07tOtCX. e:vu7tapxe:t EVCX. a"mxdo 6cx.6ta cpcx.ncx.atcx.x6. (Au .. 6 e;~'Y)')'d ytcx. 7t0to 'Aoyo 6.. cx.v xm"a~OU!J-E aA!J-7tOUfJ- fJ-E ')'CX.fJ-~ Ate:<; cpw,..oypcx.cple:<; cx.yvWO" .. wv dvcx.t acx.v vex. fJ-EAe:,..oUfJ-E "t<; xcx... 6~e:t<; e:v6<; cx.pxcx.to'A6you ytcx. "ou<; Kpe:fJ-cx.a"ou<; K~1tou<; "'YJ<; Bcx.6u'Awvcx.<;.) 'O,,..t dvcx.t "o 6AEfJ-fJ-CX. yt' cx.u,..6v 1tou cx.ycx.1ta ---cx.u .. 6 "o totcx.l,..e:po, xmv6 6AEfJ-fJ-CX. fJ-E "o o1tolo ye:vvt6!J-1Xa"e:- dvcx.t 'Y) y'AWO"acx. ---Q7totcx.0~7to"e: y'Aooacx. E'X,OU!J-E w<; fJ-'YJ"PtX~ cx.1t6 "'YJV ta,..oplcx.ytcx. "ov 7tcx.,..ptw"'Yl· Meaw "'YJ<; y'Awaacx.<;, "'YJV o1tolcx. !J-IX6cx.lvou~J-e: cx.1t6 "ex. ye:vvocpaaxtcx. fJ-CX.<; xcx.t "'YJV cx.7toxwpt~6~J-cx.a"e: !J-6vo a"ov "acpo, cx.vcx.auyxpo,..oufJ-e: "o 7tcx.pe:'A66v, cpcx.ncx.atwvoufJ-e: "t<; auv,..pocptx6"'Y)U<; xcx.t ove:tpe:u6!J-1Xa"e: "o fJ-EAAov.
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1. IlpbA. 'tO IX7t00"7tiXO"!JIX a--to ()~()"Alo -tou Na.~pv, The Break-up of
Britain, a-. 14-15 xa.~ 'tY) b~vnp[J.a.y~c:p~x~, xa.-ta xa1toto 'tp07to p~crY), -tou X6fJ.7tO"fJ.7tiXOUfJ.: «Et'Ja.~ yc:yo'JOC, 6-tt ot Y'J~tot !JIXP~\0"-ttc, OE'J Et'Ja.t c:6'JtXtO"-ttc,». «Some Reflections», cr. 10. 2. M7topd o IXVIXY'JcM'tY)C, va. crxc:qnd IX[J.tcrwc, tcr-tw xa.t 'tpc:tc, 'YfJ.'JOuc, -tou MboUI;; H oc:unpYJ cr-tpocp~ -tou God Save the Queen/King dva.~ ota.cpw'ttcr-t~x~: «Kup~c: 0c:i fJ.IXC., c:yipcrou I ~u""P~tJ!c: -touc, c:x6pouc, -tY)c,hou, I Ka.'ta.ba.pa6pwcri -touc,· Ava'tpc:tj;c: -tY)V 1to"Amx~ 'touc,, I Ma.-ta.lwcrc: 'tiX a.vtv't~fJ.IX -tc:xvcicr[J.IX'tct -touc,· I ~· Eo-iva. E'JIX7to6t'tOUfJ.E, 't~C, EA7tt0EC, !JIXC," KuptE O"WcrOV Y)fJ.ctC,». Ila.piX-tY)pd xa.vdc, O't~ IXU't"Ot ot c:x6pot oc:'J ixou'J -ta.u'tO-tl)'ta. xtl.t 611 fJ.7topoucrt1'J 'Jt1 c:t'Jtl.t 'Ayy"Aot onwc, xt1t 07tOto0"0~7tO't€ ctMOC,, E(j)OO"OV d'JIX~ «O~XOt 'tY)C.I'toU» c:x6pot XIX~ OXI «OtXOt !JIXC,». 'O"Aoc, 0 UfJ.VOC, dva.~ EVIXC, 1tt1~ava.c, y~a. 'tY) fJ.OVa.pxla. XIX~ ox~ yta. xa7totol'tO i6voc, - -to o1toto oc:v a.va.tpipc:'ta.~ ou'tc: fJ.tiX
1.
A'J-tto 1ta.-tptoa. AIX'tpEfJ.E'JY), xwpa. 'tOU ~AtoU a.ya.1tY)fJ.EVY), Ma.pya.p~'tap~ -twv a.va.'to/..txwv 6a.J..a.crcrwv, xa.fJ.t"YJ Ila.paoc:tcro, rta. xapY) crou 'tY) 6M)c:p~, 'tY) !JIXP!XfJ.t'JY) fJ.OU ~w~ 6a. totva.· Kt tl.V bwc, ~-ta.v mo A!XfJ.7tp~, mo ~wv'ta.v~, mo 7tAtp~a. r~a. 'to otxo crou ..o xa.M otx~ crou aa. •-ta.v 1taAt.
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Ila.-tptoa. 7tOU xpt1-tW O"'tl)V xa.pota fJ.OU, 6"f-ttj;Y) 'tY)C, 6"f-ttj;Y)C, fJ.OU, Ayt11tY)fJ.E'JY) YYJ 'tWV q.tAt7t7ttVW'J, axou 'tO icrxa.-to IXV'ttO. T' a.cp~vw c:ow cr' c:crt'Ja. 6"Aa.: -touc, yo'Jdc, xa.t -ttc, a.ycbc:c, fJ.OU, xa.~ 1tCLW c:xd 7tOU OE'J U7tapxouv O"XAabO~ OU'tE -tUpt1vvo~. 07tOU lJ 7ttO"'tl) OE Q"XO'tWVEt Xa.t 01tOU XUbEf>'JctEL Q 0c:6c,.
O"YJ~J~Xcrla. £xc:t "Aom6v a.v fJ.E ~c:xacrc:tc,: 6t1 Ota.bW 'tOV a.ipa., 'tOUC, XafJ.7tOUC, xa.~ 'tO xwpo crou· v6-ta. xa.6a.p~ xa.t 7ta.MOfJ.EVYJ 6a. y("w va. fl., a.xouc,, apW!JIX, tpwc,, XPW!JIX, bO~, -tpa.youo~. O"'tEV!XYfJ.OC," {J.Ecra. t11t' !XU'tct 'tl)'J OUO"ta 'tY)C, 7ttO"'tY)C, fJ.OU va. E1tiXV!XA!XfJ.tlctVW.
230
14.
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPmN
Anio yoveic; XIXt IXOEpqna, cptAOt 't'WV 7tiXt0tXWV !J.OU xp6vwv, 't'Y)<:; \jJU'f..~<:; !J.OU XO!J.f.l.lhtiX O''t'O 'f..IXf.I.EVO 0'7tt't'tXO' Euxaptcr't'W 1tou au't'~ Y) xoupacr't'tx~ !J.Epa Ecp't'acre cr't'o 't'EAoc;· Av't'tO, yl.uxta ~EVY), cptAY) f.I.OU XIXt xapa f.I.OU' Av't'to, aya7tY)f.1.EVot. 0 6ava't'oc; dvat ava7tiXUO'YJ.
4. Me't'acppacr't'Y)XE, O!J.W<:;, cruv't'Of.l.a O''t'Y)V 't'ayxaA6yx a1t6 't'O f.I.Eyaf.o i!>tf.mmve~o e7tavacr't'a't'Y) Andres Bonifacio. H otx~ 't'Ou IX7tOOOO'Y) cr't'o toto, cr. 107-109. 5. Au't~ Y) ota'tU7tWO'Y) oev 7tpE7t€t va 6ewpY)6d 1twc; O'Y)(J.atvet O't't 't'IX e7tavacr't'IX't'txa xtv~!J-1X"a oev exouv uf.txec; emotw~etc;. 'O~J.wc;, au't'ec; ot €7ttOtW~€t<:; 0€ O'UAAa~J.()avonat we; crwpda IX't'O(J.tXWV a7tOX't'Y)f.l.a't'WV af.J.a we; 7tpou7to6€cretc; yta 't'Y) cru!J.fJ.E't'O'f..~ cr't'Y)V euTuxfa 't'ou Poucr6. 6. Ilapa()af.e 't'Y)V E:X.X.A'Y)(7l(Z(7't'IX.~ xopwoia f.l.€ 't'Y) yAWO'aiX 't'Y)<:; xa6Y)f.1.Eptv~c; ~w~c;, Y) o1tota ()twve't'at we; otaf.oyoc; xat av't'aMa~ f.I.E 't'p07t0 av't'b't'ot'f..O f.l.€ 't'Y) 'f..OpWOtiX Xat 't'a xanoc;. 7. «The Burial of Sir John Moore», a't'o The Poems of Charles Wolfe, a. 1-2. 8. Hydriotaphia, Ume-Buriall, ot, A Discourse of the Sepulchrall Umes lately found in Norfolk, 0'. 72-73. rta 't'O «To f.1.€aoupaVY)f.1.1X 't'OU xp6vou» cruyxptv€ 't'OV E7ttO'X07tO '0't''t'O ocp il>pat~tvyx. 9. de yive't'at Of.I.W<:; avacpopa a't'Y)V «Ayyl.ia» a' au't'~ '")V EVWO'Y). Mac; cpepvet a't'Y) f.I.V~f.I.Y) 't't<; E7tapxtaxec; ECJlY)f.I.Epioec; 1tou f.I.E:'t'ecpepav 't'a vea 6'Aou 't'Ou XOO'f.I.OU, f.I.Eaw 't'Wv ta7tavtxwv, a't'o Kapaxac; xat a't'Y)V M7toyxo't'a. 10. 2:'t'o Tjerita dari Elora [la't'opiec; IX7tO 't'Y)V Blora], cr. 15-44, O''t'Y) (j. 44. 11. Ilap' OAa IXU't'a, ac; 't'O axouaOU!J.€! 'Exw aMa~Et 't'Y)V op6oypacpta 't'OU 7tpW't'O't'U7tOU yta va axof.ou6d 't'Y)V 't'Wptv~ cruf.l.()acrY) xat yta va ytve:t 't'O a1too1taO'(J.1X EV't'E:AW<:; (j)WVY)'t'LXO. 12. H 'Aoytx~ e:ow dvat: 1. E>a E'f..W 7t€6ave:t 7tptv Ote:taouaw a' au't'ec;. 2. H taxuc; !J.OU eivat 't'hota, 1tou 7tpE7te:t va f.1.&6ouv 't'Y) otx~ f.I.OU yl.waaa. 3. Au't'6 O!J.W<:; O'Y)f.l.atvet O't't exouv etcrxwp~aet a't'ov totw't'tx6 !J.OU xwpo. To va 't'OU<:; IX7tOXIXAOUV «gooks» dvat Y) (J.tXpO't'EpY) E:XOtXY)O'Y). 13. The Break-up of Britain, a. 337 xat 347. 14. E>a 7tapa't'Y)p~aou!J.E o't't oev u7tapxe:t 7tpocpavec;, cruvetOY)'t'O IXV't'WVUf.I.O yta 't'o «axta't'a». «2:'t'poyyu'Aa»; «'lcrta»; «Ooeto~»;
IIATPIOTI~MO~
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PAT~I~MO~
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15. ~'t1JV 7tP1XYf.Ut'ttXO't1J'tiX, D'f.} !J-OVO (jE !J-tiX 7tpWt!J-1] E7tOX~· II!Xp' OAIX IXU't!i, u7tlipX,Et !J-tiX IX't!J-O(j(jl1Xtp1X 7tiXAIXt07tWAdou (j'tiX MytiX 'tOU Debray: «dEv !J-7topw VIX (jXE(jl'tW o'tt u7tlipX,Et XIX!J-(IX EA7t(OIX ytiX "1JV EupW7t1J 7t1Xpli !J-OVO lXV 6pdld u1t6 't1JV 1JYE!J-OV(IX !J-tiXt; E7tiXVIX(j'tM1J!J-EV1Jt; riXM(IXc;, 7t0U ulj;wvEt !JoE 7tUY!J-~ 'tO "Aii61Xpo 't1]t; IXVE~IXP't1Jei11Xc;. MEptxet;
232
MllENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
20. rtiX !J-IIX EV'!U1tWatiXX~ auMoy~ cpw-royp1XcptWV 't"E't"otWV tableau vivant a't"t~ 0AA1Xvotxe~ lvo(e:~ (xt eviX xo~J-IjJa e:tpwvtx6 xd~J-e:vo), G"Ae1te: «E. Breton de Nijs», Tempo DoeJoe. 21. George Orwell, «Shooting an Elephant», a't"o The Orwell Reader, a. 3. To ax6"At1X a't"t~ IX"(XUAe:~ e:tVIXt, cpuatxa, OtX~ !J-OU 1t1XpE!J-bOA~. 22. To KNIL (Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger) ~'t"IXV 1Xpxe:'t"a IXve:~ap""IJ"o 1X1t6 't"o KL (Koninklijk Leger) a"""Jv OAAIXvOtiX. H Legion Etrangere [Ae:ye:wviX 't"wv Sevwv] e:txe: 1X1t6 't""I)V IXPX~ IX1tox"Ae:ta't"d !JoE v6!J-o 1X1t6 e:mxe:tp~ae:t~ 1tou fh "Aa!J-GIXviXv xwpiX a't"o e:upw1t1Xtx6 "(IXMtXO EOIXcpO~. 23. Lettres du Tonkin et de Madagascar (1894-1899), a. 84. rpa!J-!J-IX a't"t~ 22 de:XE!J-bptou 1894 IX1t0 'CO Av6t. H U1toypli!J-!J-Ia"l) OtX~ !J-OU. 24. Bernard B. Fall, Hell is a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu, a. 56. M1topd xiXve:(~ VIX cp1Xn1Xa't"d 't"O cpav't"IXa!J-IX 't"ou K"Aaou~e:Gt"~ viX IXVIX't"ptxta~e:t. [ Ot ~1t1XX~oe:~, 1tou 1tpoepxon1Xv 61tw~ XIXt ot Sepoy IX1t0 't"OU~ o6W!J-IXVOU~ Sipahi, ~'t"IX\1 a't"IXX't"ot !J-ta6ocp6pot t1t1td~ 't"OU «de:u't"e:pou ~'t"piX't"OU» a't""I)V A"Aye:ptiX.] EtviXt IXA~6e:tiX O't"t "I) riXMtiX 't"OU Lyautey XIXt 't"OU de Lattre ~'t"IXV !J-tiX Ant!J-OVIXPXIX~ riXAAtiX. 'O!J-w~. 't"O Grand Muette, yta 't"o o1toto ytvo't"av 1toM~ Myo~, dxe: IX1t0 't""l)\1 IXPXlJ '!"I)~ Tph"l)~ dYj!J-OXpiX't"tiX~ y(ve:t aau"Ao 't"WV 1Xpta't"OXp1X't"WV, ot o1totot o"AoeviX XIXt 1te:ptaa6npo IX1tox"Adon1Xv IX1to 't""l)\1 e:~ouatiX a't"ou<; aN..ou~ a"I)!J-IXV't"tXOU<; 6e:a!J-OU~ 't""l)<; OYj!J-OatiX~ ~w~~- To 1898, 'CO EVIX 't"E't"1Xp't"o OAWV 't"WV 't"IX~t1XpXWV XIXt 't"W\1 't"IX"(!J-IX't"IXPXWV ~'t"IXV 1Xpta't"oxpa't"E~. Em1t"Aeov, 't"IX aW!J-IX't"IX 't"WV IX~tW!J-iX't"txwv a't"IX o1tot1X xuptiXpXOUaiXv 1Xpta-roxpa't"e:~ ~'t"IXV ~W't"tX~~ aY)!J-!XatiX~ "(IIX 't"O "(IXMtXO I!J-1tEpt1XAta!J-O 't"OU OEXIX't"OU E\IIX't"OU XIXt 't"OU e:txoa't"OU IXtWVIX. «0 IXUa't"Yjp6~ e"Ac.yxo~ 1t0U IXaXOUV't"IXV a't"O a't"piX't"O a""") metropo[e oe:v E1tEX't"a6Y)XE 1tO't"E a'C"I) Ja France d'outremer. H E1tEX't"IXa"l) 't""l)~ riXAAtX~<; Au't"OXpiX-roptiX~ 'CO oexiX't"o eviX't"O IXtWVIX lJ't"IXV e:v !J-Epe:t IX1tO't"eAe:a!J-IX 't""l)~ IX\Ie:~e"Ac.yx't""l)~ 7tpw't"ObouAtiX~ 't"WV a't"piX't"tW't"tXW\1 OtotX"I)'t"WV 't"W\1 IX1t0tXtW\I. H riXMtX~ du't"tx~ Acpptx~, OY)!J-WUPY"IJ!J-IX, ae: !J-Eya"Ao b1X6!J-6, 't"ou a't"piX't""I)"(OU Faidherbe, 01tW~ XIXt '!0 riXMtx6 Kovyx6, 6cpc.tAIX\I '!"I)V E1tEX't"IXalJ 't"OU~ ao. IXVE~ap't""l)'t"E~ a't"piX't"tW't"tXE~ AEY)AIXate:~ a'!"I)V c.vooxwpiX. Ot IX~IW!J-IX't"OUXot ~'t"IX\1 e:1tta"l)~ u1tc.u6uvm ytiX 't"O 't"E't"e:Ae:a~J-evo ye:yov6~ 1tOU oO~YY)aE a't"o "(1XMtx6 1tponx't"opho a't""I)V TIXt't"~ a't"o 1842 XIXt ac. !J-tXpo't"e:p"l) EX't"IXa"f]
llATPIOTII:MOI: KAI PATI:II:MOI:
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a'n) yaM(X~ xa'tox~ 'tou Tovxivou a'tY)V lvooxiva a'tY) OEXI'J.E'tti'J. 'tOu
1880 ... To 1897 o Gallieni xa'tapYY)aE "1) !J.Ovapxia a't1) Maoayaaxap1) l(I'J.( arcfA.aa€ 'tY) 6aatAtaaa, xwpt~ VI'J. aU(J.bOUAE:U'td 'tY) yaAAtx~ xu6€pJohn S. Ambler, The French Anny in Politics, 1945-1962, a. 10-11 xat 22. 25 . .:lEv axouaa TCO'tE (J.ti'J. u6pta'ttX~ AE~Y) 'tY)~ tVOOVY)ati'J.X~~ ~ 'tY)~
VY)aY), 1) orcota apyo'tEpa oex'tY)XE 'tO nnAEa!J.EVO ... »
ta6avtx~~ yta 'to «0AAavo6~» ~ «Ae:ux6~». 1Iapa6aAE 'tov ayyJ.oaa-
~ovtx6 6Y)aaup6: niggers [veypotj, wops [!LI'J.xapovaoE~], kikes, gooks [J.tyotapY)OE~\xt'tptvtapY)OE~], slants [ axta'tO!J.
XI'J.PI'J.X'n)pt~€( rcpay(J.I'J.'t( 'tOU~ xuptw~ arcmxtoXpi'J.'tOU(J.EVOU~ 1CAY)6Ua(J.OU~. 0( Maupm a'tY)V A(LEptx~ - atyoupa XI'J.t aAAo&- exouv I'J.VI'J.1C'tU~€t EVI'J.
rcAouaw av'tt-A€~()..6yto (honkies, ofays, x.Arc.).
26. 'Orcw<; rcapa'tt6E'ti'J.t a'tO Pasy6n and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910 'tOu Reynaldo Ileto, a. 218. H Ercavaa'ta'ttx~ OY)!J.OXpa'tta 'tou ~axat ot~pxEaE !J.EXP( 'to 1907, O'tav rJ.tX(J.I'J.AW'tta'n]XE xat EX'tEAEa'tY)XE arc6 'tOU~ A!J.Eptxavou~. H XI'J.'ti'J.VOY)aY) 'tY)~ rcpw'n)~ rcpO'ti'J.aY)<; I'J.TCI'J.('td va 6U!J.Y)60U!J.E O'tt 'tpEt~ atwvE~ tarca-
vtx~~ xuptapxia~ xat xtvE~tx~~ (J.E'trJ.vaa'tEUa1J<; rcap~yayav eva (J.EyaJ.o TCAY)6Ua!J.6 !J.Ea'tt'tao~ a'ta VY)a(a.
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'n)t:; acp"f)p"f)fJ.eV"f)t:; 't'OU (j)UO"'f)t:;, fJ-7tOpouae: 7tAeov va a7tO't'E:Aeae:t 7tap&oe:tyfi-IX 7tpoc; fJ.tfJ."f)O"''J yta 't'ouc; e:mS!J.e:vouc;. £1 ' O't't ' '\ ' 't'"f) auA U't'O' fJ-1tOpe:t' (j)UO"tXa' va £1ve:Wp"f)vE:t a1tO't'E:AE:t V"f)6tO'fJ.eV"f) A.oytx~ 't'"f)t:; e:~e:AtX't'tX~c; Otaotxaa(ac;. 'H 't'av eva 7tpWtfJ.O anmpoaW7tE:U't'tXO ody!J.a au't'OU 1tOU apyo't'e:pa 6a a7tOX't'OUO'e: xupoc; fJ.E: 't'kAouc; 07tWt:; «VOfJ.Ot:; 't'"f)t:; tXVtO'"f)t:; xat fJ.E:tX't'~t:; aVtX7t't'U~"f)t:;». Ilta't'~ E:7taVtXA"'Jt.¥"1J Xat fJ.tfJ-"1)0"'1) 0"7ttXVta dvat 7tO't'e ouva't'~, d't'e: ae: 7tOAt't'tx6, mxovofJ.tx6, xotvwvtx6 ~ nxvoA.oytx6 e:1tt1te:oo, e:7te:to~ 't'O aU!J.7tav exe:t ~O"'J u7toa't'd 1toAA.tc; aAA.aytc; !J.iaa a1t6 't'"'JV antypacp~ 7tpw't'ocpavepw't'wv xa't'aa't'aae:wv. Au't'O 1tOU 0 N atpv A.ee:t yta 't'O auyxpovo xpa't'Ot:; taxue:t xat yta 't'tc; ewote:c; 't'"f)t:; E:7tavaa't'aO'"f)t:; xat 't'OU e:6vtXtO"fJ.OU. Ot 't'pe:tc; aoataAtO''t'txec; "f.Wpe:c; 7tOU exouv E:fJ-7tAaxd O''t'OV 7tOAE:fJ.O a7tO't'E:AOUV auyx.pove:c; 1tpayfl-a't'wae:tc; au't'OU 't'OU ~e:uyouc; 't'WV e:wotwv. 'Exoufl-e: 'nl" 't'tXa"'J va ~e:xvoufl-e: o't't au't'6 't'o ~e:uyoc; e:wotwv, 61twc; o xam't'aAtafJ-6c; xat o fJ.ap~tafJ-6c;, a7tO't'e:Aouv emvo~aee~, ot 07tote:c; oe:v 7tpOa't'a't'e:UOV't'at we; e:upe:atnxvie:c;. BptaxOV't'at e:xd, ea fJ-1tOpouaafJ.E: va 7tOUfJ.E:, avotx't'ec; ae: 7te:tpa't'txec; xp~ae:tc;. A7t' au't'ec; 't'tt:; 7te:tpa't'tXec; "f.p~ae:tc; Xat (J.OVO fJ.eaa a1t' au 'tee;, 7tpOXU7t't'E:t fJ.ta 1taa[yvwa't'"f) avWfJ.!XAta: xotvwv(e:c; 61twc; "fJ Kouba, "fJ AA.t;av(a xat "fJ Kiva, ot o1tote:c;, a't'o ba6!J.6 1tou op(~ov't'at we; e:7tavaa't'Mtxec;aoataA.ta't'txec;' 6e:wpouv O't't bptaXOV't'at «fJ-7tpoa't'tX» a1tO 't'"f) r aA.A.(a, 't'"f)V EA.be:'t'ta xat 't'tc; Hvwfl-tve:c; IloAt't'de:c;, aA.A.a 1tou, a't'o ba6fJ.O 7tOU xapaX't'"f)pt~OV't'at a1t0 xafl-"f)A~ 7tapaywytXO't'"f)'t'a, xafi-"'JAO bto't'tx6 e:1tt1te:oo xat 't'e:xvoA.oytx~ xa6ua't'ep"fJO"'fJ, 6e:wpouv't'at a(youpa O't't dvat «7ttaw». (E~ ou xat 't'O fJ.E:AayxoA.tx6 6ve:tpo 't'ou Taou-Ev-'Aat va cp't'aae:t 't'"'JV xam't'aA.ta't'tx~ Bpe:'t'av(a fl-ex.pt 't'o :woo.) '01twc; 't'ov(aafl-e: 7tpo"f)youf1-tvwc;, "fJ 7tapa't'~P"'JO"''J 't'ou X6!J.7tafl-1taoufl-, O't't «"f) raA.A.tx~ E7tavaa't'a0"'1) oe:v eytve: ~ oe:v xa600"f)y~6"f)xe: a1tO tva OtafJ.Op(j)WfJ.eVO XOfJ.fJ.!X ~ XtV"f)fJ.a fJ.E: 't'"f) auyx.poV"f) ewota, OU't'e: a7tO av6pw7touc; 7tOU a7t07te:tp&6"f)xav va e:cpapfJ.OOOUV
MllENENTIKT ANTEnON
236
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E7tEtO~ €xave ouva-t~ 't"YJ aUMYJ~~ -tou<; ae xmvwv(e<; 1tou ~-tav ax6f1-t:X. 1tto xa6ua-ttpYJf1-EVE<; a1t' au-t~. ('Eowae: "YJ ouva-t6-tYJ-ta, ' ' "\."\. '1: ' ' ). 0t X.t:X.'tt:X.' Xt:X.7tOLOV 't('07t0, Vt:X. t:X./\1\t:X.c.,EL YJ 7tO('ELt:X. 't"YJ<; LO''tO('Lt:X.<;
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7tOU apt6f1-0UO'E OUOfl-tO"L EXt:X.'tOfl-fi-Upta av~xe O"'t"YJV «epya-ttx~ 'ttX~YJ» xat Aty6-tepo a1t6 0,5% ~-rav «xam-taAta-t€<;» 2 • Me: av&.Aoyo -tp67to, a1t6 -to -teAo<; -tou o€xa-tou 6yooou atwva xat fi-E'ta, o e6vtxtaf1-6<; EX,EL 7ttp&.aet a1t6 fi-La otaotxaa(a xavovtX07tOtYJG'Y]<; Xt:X.t 7t('OO't:X.('f1-0(~<; O'Ufl-qJWVt:X. fi-E 'tt<; 7tEptoOOU<;, 'tt:X. .,_ , n ' , , ~ , H 7t0/\L'ttXa Xt:X.vEO''tW'tt:X., 'tL<; OLXOVOfJ-LE<; Xt:X.L 'tt<; XOLVWVLXE<; oOfJ-E<;.
* re:ptJ.avoc; O"'t(>(l'tLW'!LXO<; X(lt 7tOAmxoc; (~:r.M.). ** M&xYJ 't"OU TaVE:!J-1tE:pyx '!0 1914, !J.E't(l~U PWa-wv \IWV (~.'t".M.).
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~U(J.cpWviX (J.& 't'OU<; u1toAoyta(J.OUc; 't'OU Edwin Wells, (J.& ()li;O"Y) 't'OV ITtviXxiX 9 a't''Y)V KIX!J-1tO't'~'Y), Ministere du Planet Institut de la Statistique
et des Recherches Econorniques, Resultats finals du Recensement General de Ia Population 1962. 0 Wells Ot
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ArrEAO~ TH~ I~TOPIA~
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3. Vietnam and the Chinese Model, a. 120-121. 4. Au-c6 oev 7tpOXIXAet yevtxil EX1tA"Y)~"Y)- «0 Bt€WIX[J.E~O<; yp1Xcpetoxpil""Y)<; EfJ-otiX~€ fJ-€ Ktvi~o· 0 Bt€'CVIX[J.E~O~ xwptx6~ ip.otiX~€ fJ-€ N O'CtoiXVIX'COAtXOIXath"Y). 0 yp1Xcpetoxph"Y)~ inpene VIX p.tA.cht xtve~txil, viX cpopaet XtV€~tXa €VOUfJ-!X'CIX, VIX ~€t a€ XtV€~tXO a1tt'Ct, VIX xa6€'01Xt a€ XtV€~tX~ aintiX XIXt VIX IXXOAou6d IXXOfJ-IX XIXt -ct<; xtve~tx€~ totoppu6p.(e~ ""Yl~ emoetx-ctx~~ xiX-ciXvaAwrJ"Y)~. 6nw~ VIX OtiX-c"Y)pet AtfJ-V"Y) p.e XPua6~1Xp1X a-cov vo-cto!Xat!X-ctx6 xi]no -cou». I:-co low, a. 19. 5. I:U[J.(j)WVIX (J-€ 'C"Y)V IX7toyp1Xcpi) 'COU 193 7, 'CO 93%-95% 'COU tlt€'0VIX{J-tXOU 7tA"Y)6uap.ou ~ouae IXXOfJ-IX ae 1Xypo-ctx€~ nepwxi~. Exdvot nou XP"YJatp.07totOUaiXV 07tOtooi)no-ce doo~ yp1Xcpi)~ oev ~€1tepvoua!XV 'CO 10% -cou 7tA"Y)6uap.ou. Ot ilv6pwnot nou dxiXv 7t1Xp1XxoA.ou6~aet -ct~ -ceA.eu-c!Xte~ tl1X6p.toe~ 'COU O"Y)fJ-O'CtXOU axoA.dou ( -cil~"Y) 7-10) oev ~€1tepvoua!XV 'COU<; 20.000 fJ-€'CIX~U 'CWV e-cwv 1920 XIXt 1938. K1Xt 6,-ct Ot Bt€WIX[J.E~ot fJ-1Xp~ta'CE~ IX1tOXaAeaiXV «V'C07ttiX IXa'CtXi] -ca~"Y)» -XIXt a'C"Y)V 01tOtiX aup.cpWVIX p.e 'C"Y)V neptyp1Xcpi) -cou Marr !Xvi]xouv X'C"Y){J-IX'Ct€~ nou oe Ot1Xp.ivouv a""Y)V tOtoX""Y)atiX -cou~, xilnotot emxetp"Y)p.IX-cte~ XIXt p.eptxo( U~"Y)AOtl1X6p.ot Aet-coupyo(- neptA!Xp.tiavet auvoA.txa 10.500 otxoyivete~ i] neptnou -co 0,5% -cou 7tA"Y)6uap.ou. Vietnamese Tradition, 25-26, 34 XIXt 37. I:uyxptve -ciX oeoop.iviX a-c"Y) I:"Y)p.. 2 7t1Xp1Xnavw. 6. Enta"Y)~, 6nw~ a-c"Y)V nept7t'CW(J"Y) -cwv M noAaetiixwv, Aet -coUpY"Y)a!Xv eu-cuxd~, ia-cw XIXt XIX-c!Xa-cpocptx€~, auyxupte~: "Y) etatioA.i] 'C"Y)<; IIX7tWVtiX~ 'CO 1937' ytiX ""Y)V KtviX· "Y) aunpttii] 'C"Y)<; rp1X[J.{J-i]~ MiX"tVO XIXt "Y) aunop."Y) XIX-coxi] 'C"Y)~ IX1t0 'COU~ Iilnwve<;, ytiX 'CO Btewilp.· "Y) {J-IX"txi] €1tEX'CIX(J"Y) 'COU 1XfJ-€ptXIXVtXOU 1tOAE[J.OU a-ciX IXVIX'COAtXa eoilcp"Y) 'COU Bte-cvilp. p.e-cil -co Milp-cto -cou 1970, ytiX 'C"Y)V K!Xp.n6-c~"Y). I:e 6A.e~ -ct~ nepm-cwaet~, -co unilpxov ancien regime, dn Kouop.tv-cayx*, Y1XMOIX7totXt1Xx6 i] cpeouo1Xpxtx6-p.ov1Xpxtx6, unovop.eu-c"Y)xe p.otp!XtiX 1X1t6 e~wnptx€~ ouvilp.et~.
7. I:-c"Y)V 7t€pt7t'CW(J"Y) 'C"Y)~ r IXMtiX~, 61X p.nopouae VIX 1t€t XIXVet~ «viXt» a-co levee en masse** XIXt a-c"Y)V Tpop.oxpiX-ctiX, «oxt» a-cov 0epp.towp XIXt a-co tiov!Xn1Xp-ctcrp.6. I:-c"Y)v nep(n-cw(J"Y) ""Yl~ I:otite-ctxi]~ 'Evw(J"Y)<;, «viXt» cr-cov IloA.ep.tx6 Kop.p.ouvtcrp.6, O"""Y)V xoA.ex-cttl07tOt"Y)rJ"Y) XIXt * «E6vtx6 K6p.fJ-!X -cou AIXou», topu6"Y)xe -co 1912 1Xn6 -cov I:ouv ytiX-c-crev (I:.-c.M.). ** MIX"tx~ cr-cp!X-coMY"Y)rJ"Y) (I:.-c.M.).
244
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248
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPI:ON
V't"ac; 't"OUc; «MaAafouc;» m:rnop~~av 't"Y) !J.IX't"~a 't"OUc; O"'t"IX O~Xa 't"Ouc; ' , (II , , , ,,, , A.., a1to~x~axa auvopa. e:p~'t"'t"O va 't"O 7tOU(J-E:, a1to 't"Y)V IXAAY) OX.v• 1, m OA'Aavoof IX7tOypaq>dc; XIX't"IXO"Xe:ua~av (J-LIX o~aq>ope:'t"~X~ O"UMY)~Y) 't"W\1 «Ma'Aaiwv»' we; e:~iaou U1tOOEEO"'t"E:pY)c; e:OvO't"Y)'t"IXc;, ox~ avw't"e:pY)c;, !JoE 't"ouc; «Ax~ve~ouc;», «labavouc;» xa~ 't"a ax.e:'t"~xa.) o~ «T~atJ-7tt» xa~ «Kpivx~» avaq>epov't"a~ ae: 't"07tOUc; 1tapa ae: O't"~0~1tO't"e: Oa !J-7tOpouae: va avayvwp~a't"d we; e:Ovoy'Awaa~x6. Eiva~ 7tOAU m0av6 O't"L 't"O 1911, (J-0\10 eva !J-~Xpo XO(Jo~'t"L IXU't"W\1 1tOU XIX't"Y)YO('t01tO~~&rJxav XIX~ U7tOXIX't"Yjyop~o7tot~0YjXIXV 0a avayvwpt~IX\1 't"0\1 E:IXU't"O 't"OUc; xa't"W a1t' IXU't"Ec; 't"tc; e:'t"~XE't"e:c;. Au't"Ec; ot «'t"IXU't"O't"Yj't"E:c;», 7tOU 't"tc; auveAabe: 't"O (u7to auyx.uO"YJ) 't"IX~tvO(JotXO !J-Ua'A6 't"ou a1to~x~axou xpa't"ouc;, EtJ.e:ve: va a7tox't"~aouv u7tOa't"aO"Y) IX1t0 't"Y) OtO~XY)'t"~X~ o~daOUO"Y) 't"Y)c; IXU't"OXpMopfac;. IIapiX't"Yjpd xavdc;, e:1tm'Aiov, E:!J.!J.OV~ 't"WV a7toypaq>Ewv O"'t"Y)V 7tAY)pO't"Y)'t"IX xa~ aaq>~ve:ta. '01twc; e:7ttO"Y)c; xat Y) EMe:~~Y) ave:x't"~XO't"Y)'t"ac; O"'t"~c; 7tOMa7tAEc;, 7toAt't"~xa otq>opoutJ-e:ve:c;, aaaq>dc; ~ e:vaAAaacr6tJ.e:ve:c; 't"IXU't"O't"Y)'t"e:c;. '01twc; e:7ttO"Y)c; xa~ Y) a'A'A6xo't"Y) U7tOXa't"Y)yop(a, xa't"w IX1t0 xaOe: q>uAe:'t"tX~ O!J.aOa, «Aomot»' m 01t0tot, OtJ.Wc;' oe:v 1t('E7te:t va (J-1te:poe:UOV't"IX~ !J.E: 't"ouc; aMou~ «Aomouc;». H !J-U0o7tAIXO"ta 't"Y)c; a1toypaq>~c; dva~ O't"~ 7te:p~AatJ.bave:~ 't"ov xaOiva xa~ o xaOivac; xa't"ex.e:~ !J.LIX -xa~ !J.OVO tJ.La- e:~a~pe:'t"txa auyxe:xp~!J.EVY) OiO"YJ. Xwpfc; pwytJ.k Au't"oc; o 't('07toc; q>av'taatax~c; aUMY)~Y)c; 'tOU a7totXtaxo6 xpa'touc; ~'tiX\1 1t1XAIX~O'te:poc; IX1t0 't"~c; a1toypaq~ic; 'tY)c; oe:xae:'ttac; 't"OU 1870, E't"a~ Wcr'te:, y~a va tJ-7topiaoutJ.e: va xa't"avo~O"OU(Joe: 'ta to~at't"e:pa xa~VO't"O!J.IX a'tmx.da 'touc;, dva~ x.p~crt!J.O va yupfaoutJ.e: 7ttO"W O"'t"tc; 1t('W'te:c; !J-Epe:c; 'tY)c; e:upw7ta"ix~c; o~daOUO"Y)c; O"'tY) VO't"tOaVIX't"OAtX~ Aaia. duo 7tapaody!J4"a 1tou 7tpoipx.ov't"at a1t6 't"a apx.me:AaYYJ 't"WV cJhAm7ttVWV xat 'tY)c; lvOOVY)O"(ac; dvat otaq>W'ttO"'ttxa. 0 William Henry Scott, O"'tO O"Y)!J.IXV't"tXO 1tp6arpa't"O btbAtO 'tou, a7to7te:tpaOY)xe: !JoE crx.o'Aaa'ttXO'tY)'t"IX va e:7tavaauyxpo't"~ae:t a~tx~ ootJ-~ .. wv 7tpo-ta7tavtxwv IDt'Am7tivwv, tJ-e: ()
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a-r:ov il>fAm7to B' 't'Y);; «la7tCx.v(oc;;» xoct 6-r:t, ytoc xocx6 ~ xocA6, -r:o ocpxmfAocyo;; Ooc p.7topouaE voc 7tEaEt a-r:oc x€ptoc -r:wv O"A"Aocvowv ~ -r:wv 'An"Awv, voc otoctpEOd 7toAt-r:tx& ~ voc EvwOd ~ocv& p.E E7tmA€ov xoc-r:ocx-r:~aEt;; 5 . M7toct'VEt, Aom6v, xocvd;; a-r:ov 7tEtpocap.6 voc oc7toowaEt 'f:l)'V 7tEptEp')'l) EmAo~ -r:ou O€p.oc-r:6;; -r:ou a-r:l) p.ocxpoxp6vtoc 1tocpocp.ov~ -r:ou a-r:t;; il>tAm7ttvE;; xoct a't'Y)'V taxup~ aup.7t&0Et& -r:ou ytoc -ro cpt'Ammv€~txo E0vtxtap.6 1tou, EOW xt €vocv octwvoc, oOEUEt 7tpo;; 'f:l) Ol)p.toupy(oc Ev6;; -r:omxou 7tocpocodaou. 'Op.w;; dvoct m0ocv6-r:Epo 6-r:t lJ 7tpoa€nta~ -r:ou otocp.opcpwOl)xE oc1t6 -r:t;; 7tlJ')'E;; a-r:t;; 01tOtE;; a-r:l)pt"f..'rl)XE. ftoc-r:( Et'JOCt ')'E')'O'V6;; 6-r:t aE 07tOtOC0~7tO'f:E 'Vl)attX OC7to-r:6Ap.l)aocv voc 1ttX'VE m 7tpw-r:ot XAl)ptxo( xoct xoc-rocx-r:l)-r:€;; ot€xptvocv a-r:l)'V ocx-r:~ principales, hidalgos, pecheros xoct esclavos (7tptyxmE;;, EU')'Evd;;, U7tl)X6ou;; xoct ax'A&~ou;;) - OtXl)'V -r:&~EW'V (estates) 1tou ocv&yov-r:oct a-r:l)'V 6~tp.l) p.Eaoctwvtx~ l~l)ptoc. Toc €yypoccpoc 1tou &cpl)aocv 1tlaw -r:ou;; 7tocp€xouv p.toc 7tAlJ0wpoc p.txpwv Evod~EW'V 6-r:t ot «hidalgos» OEv dxocv E7tt')"VWalJ o €voc;; ytoc 't'YJ'V u7tocp~l) -r:ou &A'Aou a-r:o np&a-r:w, OtEa7tocpp.€vo xoct ocpocwxoc-r:otxl)p.€vo 7tAlJ0uap.tx& ocpxm€'Aocyo;; xoct 61tou dxocv E7tt')"VWal), auv~ Ow;; €~AE7tocv m p.Ev -r:ou;; OE 6xt w;; hidalgos, oc"AA& w;; E"f..Opou;; ~ ouv&p.Et ax'A&~ou;;. 'Op.w;; lJ ouvocp.l) -r:l);; XOC'f:l)')'Opto7tOtl)al);; ~'f:OC'J -r:ooo fJ-E')'tXAl), wa-r:E ocu-r:~ l) p.ocp-r:up(oc 7tEpt0wpt07totd-r:oct a't'Yj'J cpocv-r:oca(oc 'f:OU Scott XOCt E1tOfJ-E'VW;; 'f:OU dvoct ouaxo'Ao 'JOC OEt 6-r:t l) «-r:OC~tX~ Ottip0pwal)» 'f:l);; 7tpOOC7totXtOCX~;; 7tEpt6oou dvoct p.toc cpocv-r:ocatocx~ auAAlJ~l) 'f:l);; «OC7tO')'poccp~;;» 7tOU Ol)p.taupy~Ol)XE a-r:oc xoc-r:oca-r:pwp.oc-r:oc 'f:W'J ta7tOC'VtXW'V ')'OCAW'VtW'V. 07tOU0~7tO'f:E au'ro{ 1t~yocv, hidalgos xoct esclavos ~E7tp6~oc'Aocv p.7tpoa-r& -r:ou;;, xoct p.6vo €voc vEoaua-r:oc-r:o OC7totxtocx6 xp&-r:o;; Ooc p.7topouaE voc -rou;; op.ocoo7totl}aEt p.' €vocv -r:€-r:ow -r:p61to. ftoc 'f:l)'V lvoovl)atoc €xoup.E, x&pl] a'f:l)'V €pwvoc -r:ou Mason Hoadley' E'VOC AE7t'f:OfJ-EP~ OC7tOAoytap.6 p.toc;; al)fJ-OC'V'f:tX~;; otxoca-r:tx~;; u7t60Eal);; 1tou OtE~~XOlJ a-r:o 'Atp.tivt -r:ou T~tpEp.7t6v a-r:l)'V l&~oc, a-r:oc -r:EAlJ -r:ou o€xoc-r:ou €~oop.ou octwvoc6 . Koc-r:& -r:uxlJ, -r:oc oA'Aocvotx& hl);; OA'Aocvotx~;; E-r:octpdoc;; Avoc-r:o'Atxwv lvotwv) xoct -roc -romx& ocpxdoc 'f:OU ntpEp.7t6'V U7ttXp"f..OU'J ax6p.oc. E&v dxE
250
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
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256
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MIIENENTIKT ANTEnON
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xa(jl<:'t"t xat ou-tw xa6' e:~~c;. XpwtJ.a-ttO"(J.EVY) !J., au-.6v -tov -tp6-7to, xa6e: a7tOtXta q>atVO'taV aav EVa XO!J.(J.a'tt 1tOU !J.1tO('OUO"E va a1t00"1taO"'tEt a1t6 Eva auvaptJ.oAoyoutJ.EVO 7tatx.viot. Ka6wc; au-.~ YJ "I O'1,1,i'YJ 'tOU «auvap(J.OAOJ'OU!J.EVOU» Ej'tVE XaVOVtXO'tY)'ta, Xa16E «XO(J.(J.a'tt» !J.7tOpouae: va a1tOa1taa-td EV'tEAWc; a1tO 'tO ye:wypacptxo 'tOU 7tAatato. 1:-tY)V 'tEAtX~ ota(J.opcpwa~ 'tOU xa6e: E7tE~YJYYJ(J.a'ttXO O"'X,OAto 6a !J.1tOpouae: va e:~aAe:tep6d: ot ypatJ.tJ.E<; 'tWV ye:wypacptxwv !J-YJXWV xat 7tAa-twv, -.a -t07tWVUtJ.ta, ot e:vod~e:tc; -.wv 7tO-tatJ.wv, 6a"Aaaawv xat ~ouvwv, ot ydrovec;. Me:-.a-.p&7tYJXe: ae: a1tA6 crutJ.~oAo xat a7toauvoE6YJXE a1t6 -.ov x6crtJ.O. M' au-.6 -to ax.~tJ.a, o x.ap-tY)c; !J.7t~xe: ae: (J.ta otaotxaa(a a-tEp!J.OVY)c; ava1tapayw~c; xat EytvE ouva-t6 va y(ve:t 7t6a-.e:p, e:7ttcrYJ(J.YJ crcppay(oa, crutJ.~o"Ao e:ma-.oA6x.ap-tou, e:~wcpuMo 7te:ptootxwv xat e:yx.e:tpto(wv, -.pa7te:~o~ v-tt"Ao xat -totx.oypacp(a ~Evooox.dwv. AtJ.Eaa avayvwpicrt(J.Oc;, 7tav-.ou opa-.6c;, o x.ap-tY)c;-"Aoy6-tu7toc; otdcroucre: ~a6ta a-tYJ "Aa"ix~ rpav-taa(a, a7to-te:Awv-.ac; Eva tax.up6 EtJ.~AYJtJ.a -.wv av-tta7totxta- · xwv e:6vtxta(J.WV 1tou yo,vvt6v-.av 22 • H ve:6-te:pYJ I voovY)ata tJ.&c; 7tpoacpEpEt Eva xaA6, oouvYJp6 7tapaoe:tytJ.a au-.~c; -tY)c; otaotxaa(ac;. To 1828, o 7tpw-.oc; 7tupe:-.wOYJc; oMavotx6c; a1tOtXtO"(J.Oc; Eytve: O"'tY) NEa routvEa. Ilap6"Ao 1t0u YJ a7totxta E7tpe:7te: va e:yxa't"aAe:tcp6d 't"O 1836, -to o"A"Aavotx6 l:'t"E(J.!J.IX otax~pu~E 'tY)V xuptapx.(a -tou a-to tJ.Epoc; 't"OU VY)O"tou 1tou ~ptcrx6-.av ou-ttxa -.ou ye:wyparptxou tJ.~xouc; 141 (tJ.ta a6pa't"r; ypatJ.!J.~ 1tOU oe:v dx.e: Xa!J.ta av-ttO"'tot'X,ta O"'tO EOacpoc;, aAAa ~'taV e:yxt~W'ttO"(J.EVYJ a't"a ~aaova Ae:uxa otacr-t~(J.a-ta 't"OU K6vpav-.), fi-E e:~a(pe:aYJ xa7totWV 7tapax't"tWV EX-tacre:wv 1tOU 6e:wpounav O't"t u7tOXEtv't"av O"'t"YJV xuptapx.(a -.ou aouA't"avou 't"Ou Ttv't"6p. M6"Atc; 't"o 1901, YJ X&YYJ e:~ay6pacre: 't"O crouhavo xat e:vcrwtJ.a't"wcre: "YJ Llu't"tX~ NEa routvEa O"'t"tc; O"A"AavotxEc; Ivo(e:c;- axpt~wc; 'tY)V Xa't"aAAYJAYJ wpa yta 'tY) OYJ(J.toUpy(a AOj'O't"U7tOU. Me:ya"Aa "fi-~(J.IX't"a 'tY)c; 7tEptox.~c; 7tapEf1-e:tvav "Ae:uxa, 61twc; -.ou K6vpav't", ax6tJ.a xat !J.E't"a -.o B' IIayx6atJ.to IloAE!J.O. To tJ.txp6 oMavotx6 7tAYJ6UatJ.6 1tou e:yxa't"aa't"av, 1xE e:xEt cruyxpo-touaav xuptwc; te:pa7tOO"'t"OAOt, x.puao6~pe:c; xat cpu"Aaxe:c; e:totxwv rpu"Aaxwv-a-tpa-t07tEowv yta aotaMaI
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!J-7tpocr't'a O"'t' Y)V expxexlex bouotcr't'tX~ npexy!J-ex't'txo't"Y)'t'ex. Ynon't'Euo!J-ext O!J-W~ o't't exu't'6 nou bAenOU!J-E, O"'t' Y)V npexy!J-ex't'txo't''Y)'t'ex dvext ivex~ tX!J-Ecro~ exn6yovo~ 't''Y)~ exnotxtexx~~ expxexwAoylex~: 't'O Mnopo!J-nouv't'oup w~ 6excrtAtx6 i!J-bA'Y)!J-ex xext w~ Aoyo't'uno~ - «cpucrtx&, exu't'6 dvext». 'Evex MnopO!J-7tOUV't'oup w~ crU!J-bOAo 't"Y)~ E6vtx~~ 't'exU't'O't''Y)'t'ex~, oAoivex xext mo inovex, E7tEtO~ o xex6ivex~ yvwpt~Et 't'O npex')'IJ-CX't'LXO !J-icrw !J-Lex~ ex't'tAELW't''Y)~ O'Etpa~ nexVO!J-OLO't'U1tWV MnopO!J-7tOUV't'oup. H exnoypexcp~. 0 xap't''Y)~ xext 't'O !J-OUO'EtO, O''t'EVtX cruvexp!J-OO'!J-iVex !J-E"ex~u 't'ou~. cpw't't~ouv 't'ov 't'pono crxt~'Y)~ 't'ou 6~t!J-ou exnotxtexxou xpa't'ou~ exvexcpoptx& !J-E 't' Y) crcpexlpex Emppo~~ 't'OU. To «O"'t' Y)!J-OVt» exu't'ou 't'Ou 't'ponou crxi~'Y)~ ~'t'exv £w:x. oAtcr't'tx6 't'ex~tVO!J-tx6 nAiy!J-CX 't'O 01t0t0 eex !J-1tOpOUO'E !J-E exnEpt6ptO''t''Y) EAexO''t'LXO't' Y)'t'ex vex Ecpexp!J-OO''t'Et O'E O't'L0~7tO't'E bptcrXE't'ext XtX't'W exno 't'OV npexy!J-ex't'tXO ~ 7tAexO'!J-ex't'tXO eAE')''X,O 't'OU XptX't'OU~: exv6pwnou~, 7tEpto'X,£~, 6p'Y)O'XEtE~, yAWO'crE~, npo"i6v't'ex, !l-V'YJ!J-dex xext ou't'w xex6' E~~~- To exno't'eAEcr!J-ex exu't'ou 't'OU nAE')'IJ-CX't'O~ ~'t'exv O't't !J-7tOpoooE nav't'ex vex AeEt ytex xex eE't'L O't'L 'Y)'t'exV CW't'O Xext O'X,L EXELVO" O't'L exV'Y)XE EoW Xext O'X,L EXEL 'H't'exV opto6E't''Y)!J-eVO, xex6optcr!J-eVO xext E1tO!J-eVW~ -6EWp'Y)'t'LXtX!J-E't'p~crL!J-O. (Tex XW!J-LXtX 't'ex~tVO!J-LXtX Xext U7tO't'ex~tVO!J-LXtX XOU't'LtX 't''Y)~ exnoypexcp~~ nou dx.exv 't'l't'Ao «Aomot» crucrxo't't~exv oAE~ 't't~ exVW!J-exAtE~ 't''Y)~ npexy!J-ex't'LX~~ ~W~~ !J-E 't"Y)V unepO'X,'Y) !J-ex't'ttX 't'OU ypexcpEtoxpa't"Y)). «Y cpaot» exnO't'EAOUO'E 6, 't'L 6ex exnoxexAOUO'E xanow~ O'Etpex"ix~ nexpoucrtexO"Y): 'Y) un66EO"Y) O't't o x6cr!J-O~ ~'t'exv cp't'texy!J-ivo~ exn6 nA'Y)6uv't'txou~ nou ~J-nopoucrexv vex exv't'typexcpouv. To cruyxExpt!J-ivo nexpi!J-EVE naV't'O't'E o npocrwptv6~ exv't'mp6crwno~ !J-Lex~ O"Etp&~ xext inpEnE vex ytvEt exv't'tXd!J-EVO otexnpexy!J-&'t'WO"Y)~ cru!J-cpwvex !l-' exu't'~ 't"Y)V on't'tX~. Au't'o~ dvext o A6yo~ nou 't'O exnotxtexxo XptX't'O~ cpexV't'tXO''t' Y)XE !J-Lex XLVE~LX~ O'Etpa nptv exno xa6E Ktvi~o xext !J-Lex E6vtxtcr't'tX~ crEtp& nptv exn6 't' Y)V E!J-qJtXVtO"Y) 't'WV E6vtXLO''t'WV. Kexvd~ oEv ix.EL bpEt xexAU't'EP'YJ !J-E't'excpop& yt' exu't'6 't'o vo'Y)'t'Lx6 nAextcrto exn6 't'O !J-E')'tXAo lvoov~w !J-U6tcr-.opwyp&cpo PramoI
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MITENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
edya Ananta Toer, o 07totoc; ov6tJ.acre 't'OV 't'eAeu't'ato 't'O(J.O 't' Y)c; 't'e't'paAoylac; 't'OU yta 't' Y)V a7totxtoxpa't'tX~ 1teplooo Rumah Kaca «rutiAtvo ~7tt't't». Eivat (J.ta etx6va, tcryyp~ 6ao xat 't'O Panopticon 't'OU M7tev6a(J., 't' Y)c; ouva't'O't''Y)'t'ac; OAtx~c; emcrX01t'Y)O''Y)c;. fta't't 't'O a7tOtXtax6 xpti't'oc;
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AIIOrPActiH, XAPTH:I:, MOY:I:EIO
271
cruyx~::xpt!J.€vo
IIcxyxav, ytcx 'tct o1toicx 'to xpa'to~ o~::v ev&cxcpepo'tctv xcxt (J.E 'tct 07totcx dx.e (J.OVO cxpx.cxw'Aoytx€~ crx.€cr~::t~. Ot G'eepic; 1r:ou fJ-7topoucrcxv vex cxv'ttypcxcpouv, OfJ.W~, OY)fJ.toUp"(Ylcrctv evcx tcr'toptx6 6a6o~ cno cxv'ttXdfJ.evo 'to o1r:oio ~'tcxv euxo'Ao vex x'AY)povo!J.Y)6d cx1t6 'to fJ.E'tctTiotxtcxxo otaoox.o 'tou xpa'tou~. H 'teAtx~ €x6ctcr'Y) ~'tctv o 'Aoyo'tuTio~ ---tou «Ilcxyxav» ~ '!WV «~tAmTI(vwv», oev dx.e (J.E')'tXA'Y) Otctcpopa- 0 01tOLO~ (J.€ 't'Y) At'tO't'Y)'ttX '!OU, 't'Y)V iA.AwlrYJ TIActtcr(ou cxvcxcpopa~. '!'I') ouvMO't'Y)'ttX 'tou vex fJ.V'Y)fJ.OVeue'tctt (J.EO"W '!'I')~ O'Tt'ttX~~ IXVIX1tctpacr'tct0"'1')~ Xctt Vet IXVIX7tctptX')'€'t1Xt 0"€ xa6e XIX't€U6uvcr'Y) O"UVEOecre 't'Y)V ct'TtO')'pctcp~ Xctt 'tO 'X,tX(''t'Y), O"'t'Y)(J.OVt Xctt ucpaOt, app'Y)X'tct (J.E'tct~U '!OU~. totctt't€pw~
~HMEIQ~EI~
1. BAem: 1r:apamxvw, a'to 7. «To '!eAeu'!rxto xu!J.rx». 2. Charles Hirschman, «The Meaning and Measurment of Ethnicity in Malaysia: An Analysis of Census Classifications», J. of Asian Studies, 46:3 (Auyoua'to~ 1987), a. 552-582· xrxt «The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology» Sociological Forum, 1:2 (Avot~Yj 1986), a. 330-362. 3. Mta E\I'!U7tWattXX~ 7totXtAtrx «Eupw7t!XtW\I» exet !X7t!Xpt6!J.Yj6et !X1t0 '!Yj\1 !Xp'f..~ '!Y}~ !X7tOtXt!XX~~ E1tO'f..~~· 'O!J.W~, EVW '!0 1881 O!J.!X007tOtOU\I'!IX\I xupiw~ xth-w rx1t6 '!t~ emxecprxAioe~ «!J.OVt!J.O~ x1hotxo~», «!J.E'!!XXt\IOU(J.E\10~» X!Xt «cpuArxxta(J.E\10~»' w~ '!0 1911 eixrxv aoeAcp07tOtY}6ei w~ !J.EAYj "Yi~ (Aeux~~) «cpuA~~». Eivrxt evotrxcpepov O'!t !J.EXPt '!o '!EAO~ Ot !X7toyprxcpei~ ~'!IX\1 cprxvepa !X!J.~xrxvot axe-:txa !J.E '!0 7tOU 6rx !H)rx~rxv !XU'!OU~ 7tOU aYj!J.EtW\IIX\1 W~ «Et:prxtou~». 4. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, xecp. 7, «Filipino Class Structure in the Sixteenth Century». 5. 1::'!0 7tpW'!O (J.tCTO '!OU OEX!X'!OU et:Oo!J.OU !XtW\I!X ot t0"7t!X\ItXE~ rx7totxie~ cr'!o rxpxmeArxyo~ OE'f..'!Y}Xav e7trxvetAYj!J.!J.Eve~ em6€aet~ a1t6 '!t~ ouva!J.Et~ "Yl~ Vereenigde Oost-lndische Compagnie, "Yl !J.EYtXAV'!EPY} «u7tepe6vtx~» !J.E'!O'f..tX~ E'!rxtpeirx "Yl~ E7tOX~~. Ot eucret:ei~ Krx6oAtxoi lX7tOtXOt em6twcrav 'f..lXpYj a'!0\1 ClfJXt-tXtpi'tiXO Ilpoa'ta'!Yj, 7tOU 7tEpt6ptcre
272
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPl:ON
'!YJV e~ouata 't"Ou 1\.f.I.Cl''t"Epv't"a!J- 't"O !J-Eya:Mnpo otaa't"l)IJ-IX '!YJ<; apx~<; 't"ou. Eciv '1) 0/J..avotx~ E't"atpeta Ava't"oAtxwv lvotwv dxe TIE't"UXEt, '1) Mavt"Aa, xat 6xt '1) MTia't"abta [ ~axap't"a], 6a dxe ytvet m6avw<; 'to xinpo 't"l)<; «oMavotx~<;» au't"oxpa't"opta<; a'!l) VO't"toava't"oAtx~ Aata. To 1762, 't"O Aovo(vo 7t~pe 't"l) MavtAa a1t6 't"l)V lamxvta xat 't"l) ota't"~pl)aE a'!l)V XIX't"OX~ 't"OU yta ouo axeo6v xp6vta. Etvat Otaaxeoaa't"tXO va 0"'1)!J-EtWaOU!J-E O't"t '1) Maophl) 't"l)V 7t~pE 1ttaW !JoE ana!J..ay~ 't"l) MptV't"IX xat 't"t<; uTioAomE<; «ta7tavtx€<;» X't"~aEt<; ava't"oAtxci 't"OU Mtatam~. Eciv m ota7tpelYIJ-el't"EUaEt<; dxelv 7tcXpEt otacpopE't"tx~ 't"po7t~, 'to elpxmi"Aelyo<; 6el !J-7tOpouaE Vel dvelt TIOAt't"txci auvoEOE~J-ivo !JoE 't"l) Ma"Aatata Xelt '!lJ ~tyxaTioUpl) Xel't"cX 't"l) otcipxEtel 't"Ou Oixa't"ou ivel't"ou eltwva. 6. Mason C. Hoadley, «State vs. Ki Aria Marta Ningrat (1696) and Tian Siangko (1720-21)» (elOl)!J.Oatw'!l) Epyelatel 1982). 7. B"A€1te, TI.x., Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898, xEcp. 1 xat 2. 8. ~'to E!J-7tOpto 1tou ote~ayo't"av !J.E yelAtovta* -a't"o o1toto 1j Melv(Aa ~'t"elV ytel 7tEptaaO't"Epo IXTIO OUO eltWVE<; xiv't"po el7t06~XEUO"l)<;, elV't"IXAAcXaaov't"aV XtvE~tXcX !J.E't"el~W't"cX XIXt 7tOpaEAcXVE<; !J.E !J-E~tXcXVtXO ela~!J.L
9. BAiTIE 7t1Xpel7tcXVW, a't"O 7. «To 't"EAEU't"eltO xu~»' elVacpoptxcX !J.E 't"ov elYWVel 't"l)<; yelAAtx~<; aTiotxtoxpel't"tel<; vel otapp~~Et 't"ou<; TiaAtou<; OEa!J.OU<; 't"ou 6ouota!J.OU !JoE 't"O ~tcX!J. a't"T)V Kel!J.TIO't"~l). 10. B"AiTIE William·Roff, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, a. 72-74. 11. B"AiTIE Harry J. Benda, The Crescent and the Rising Sun, xEcp. 1-2. 12. Thongchai Winichakul, «Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of Siam» C:ltoelx't"optx~ Otel't"pt6~, IIelvema't"~!J-to 't"Ou ~uovE·i. 1988). 13. Richard Muir, Modem Political Geography, a. 119. 14. Thongchai, «Siam Mapped», a. 105-110, 286. 15. rtel !J.tel OAOXAl)pW!J.iVl) cru~~'!l)O"l) 't"WV 1tiXAtWV IXV't"tA~Ijiewv yta 't"l)V E~oucrta CJ'!l)V label (m o1tote<;, !J.E !J.txp€<; Otelcpop€<;, elV't"tCJ't"otXOUV a' elU't"€<; 1tOU U7tcXPXOUV a't"O IIaAtO ~tcX!J.), bAiTIE 't"O btbAtO !J.OU Language and Power, xEcp. 1. * Eioo<; 1t"Aoiou (~.'t".M.).
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16. Thongchai, «Siam Mapped», a. 110. 17. DavidS. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modem World, xecprl.'Aaw 9. 18. «Siam Mapped»,
a. 310.
19. ~ev ewow IX7tAW<; '!Y)V XAY)pOVO(LtrX )((Xt '!Y)V 7tWA1)al) '!1)<;
e:y-
ye:tac; IX'!O(LtX~<; tOtOX'!Y)O'tac; fL<: '!1) cruv~fh] ewota. Ilto al)(LIXV'!tX~ ~'!lXV 1J eupw7tat·x~ 7tpax-rtx~ -rwv 7tOAmxwv (LC:-ra6t6aaewv yatwv, (LC: -roue; 7tA1)6UafLouc; -roue;, (Leaw ouvaa-rtxwv yrl.(Lwv. Ilptyx(maaec;, fLE: -ro yri(Lo -roue;, £cpe:pvav a-roue; au~uyouc; -roue; oouxrl.-ra xat (Ltxprl. 7tptyxmrl.-ra xat au-rec; ot (LC:'!IXbtbrXO'e:tc; eywav IXV'!tXd(LC:VO C:7tt0'1)(LWV Ota7tp1X)'(LIX'!c:UO'E:WV xat «u7toypacpwv». H n-rpt(L(LeVY) cpprl.aYJ Bella gerant alli, tu, felix
Austria, nube! 6a ~-rav aaUAA1)7t'!1) yta o1tot00~1ton xpa-roc; '!1)<; 7tpoa7totxtax~c; Aa(ac;.
a. 387, axe-rtxri (LE: '!Y)V at:pO(LOtWal) IX7t0 '!Y)V '!IXLAIXVOtX~ rXp'X,OUO'IX '!rX~Y) IXU'!OU '!OU -rp07tOU cpa20. BM1te: Thongchai, «Siam Mapped»,
V'!IXO'tiXX~<; O'UAA1)~1)<;. «~U(L
aundvouv O''!Y)V a7t6ppt~1) xrl.6e 7tp6-raal)c; 1) o7tota u7toa-r1)pt~e:t 6-rt 1) toea '!1)<; e6vtX0'!1)'!1X<; avaou61)XE fLOAt<; a-ro 7tpoocpa-ro 7tape'A66v, evw 1)
a7t0~1) O'!t '!0 al)(LC:ptvo ~trX(L ~'!lXV IX7tO'!eAC:O'(LIX p~~e:wv IX7tOXAde:-rat. Ka6wc; xat 1J toea 6-rt -ro ~trl.(L 7tpo£xu~e a1t6 '!YJV e:1tacp~ -rou fLE: -rtc; eupw7ta'ixec; ouvrl.(Le:tc;». 21. Au-r~ 1) uto6E'!Y)al) oev ~'!lXV eva (LIXXta6e:'Atx6 -rexviXO'(LIX. H auve:f01)0'1) '!WV 7tpWt(LWV e6vtXtO''!WV ae: oAe:c; '!t<; VO'!tO-IXO'tMtxec; IX7totl
'!1)<;- (L1tOpd va oe:t xavdc; '!1) OUVIX(LtX~ AC:t'!oupy(a '!OU C:(LbA~(LIX'!O<; a'!Y)V mo exAC:7t'!UO'(LEV1) ota7tpay(Lrl.-reua~ -rou. fta -ro a-rpa-r1)y6 Antonio Luna, -rpaytx6 ~pwa -rou anta(Le:ptxavtxou aywva -rou 1898-1899, 0 Joaquin yprl.cpet O'!t e0'7tC:UO'E: va «7tat~e:t eva po'Ao 7tOU dxav 7tllt~et eva-rtx -rwowc; m xpe:o'Ao( yta -rpetc; atwve:c;: -rou u7te:paama-r~ '!1)<; p.oprp~~ -rwv
274
MIIENENTIKT
ANTEP~ON
1tou 7tpoxa.'Acl exTIAlJ~lJ, 6-rt «at O"UfJ-fJ.Il.XOt -rwv ~tAmTitvwv, ot ve:ocpw-rtcr-rat xa.t at (J-tcr!locp6pot [ 'rl]~ lO"Tia.vta.~), 1tou cr-ra'A!ll]xa.v e:va.v-rtov "lJ~ cpt'Ammve~tXlJ~ a.v-ra.pcrta.~ tJ-7topcl va. ota.-r~plJcra.v -co a.pxme'Aa.yo~ tcrTia.vtx6 xa.t x.ptcr-rta.vtx6, a.A'Aa EfJ-TI6otcra.v 7ta.pli'AA1J'Aa. -co ota.tJ.e:'AtcrtJ-6 -rou· xa.t 6-rt ~xov-ra.v (oTiote:cro~Tio-re: xt a.v ~-ra.v m 7tpo!lecre:t~ -rwv lcrTia.vwv) va. xpa.-r~crouv -rou~ ~t'Ammve~ou~ e:vwtJ.evou~». ~-co toto, cr. 58. 23. B'Ae1te: Robin Osborne, Indonesia's Secret War, The Guerrilla Struggle in Irian Jaya, cr. 8-9. 24. ATI6 'CO 1963 exouv O"U(J-bcl 7tOAAa ll.t{J.Il.'rl]pli E:1tE:tO"OOtll. O"'rl) .6.u-rtx~ Nea. routvtll. (-rwpa. 111t0XIl.Ae:ha.t lptav T~ayta. - Me:yci'Ao lptclV), 1tOU ~'rll.V e:v (J-tpe:t 111tO'rtAE:O"(J.Il. 'rl]~ cr-rpa.-rtX01tOtl]O"l]~ 'rOU tVOOVl)O"tll.XOU xpci-rou~ 111t0 -co 1965, Xll.t e:v fJ-Epe:t O"UVEblJO"Il.V e:~ll.t'rtll.~ 'rWV Tie:pwotxci a.Tio-re:'Ae:crtJ.a.-rtxwv e:ve:pye:twv -rwv a.v-ra.p-rwv -rou 'Ae:y6tJ.e:vou OEIT (Opya.vtcrtJ-6~ yta. (J-ta. E'Ae:u!le:plJ Ila.Tioua.). Ot bta.t6-r1J-re:~ OfJ-W~ a.u-re~ wx.ptouv fJ-7tpocr-ra cr-rlJV x-rlJvwo(a. "lJ~ Tta.xap-ra. cr-ro TIPWlJV 7top-roya.'Atx6 Ava.-ro'Atx6 Tt(J-6p, 61tou e:x-rttJ.ha.t 6-rt, -ca. -rp(a. 7tpw-ra. xpovta. (J-E'rcl 'rl]V e:tcrbOA~ -rou 1976, -co eva. -rpho e:1tt 1tA1]6UcrtJ.OU 6oo.ooo xa!llJxe: e:~a.t-ria.~ -rwv Tio'AetJ.wv, "AttJ.wv, e:mOlJtJ.twv xa.t «e:TimxtcrtJ.wv». de: VO(J-t~w 6-rt clva.t M!lo~ va. e:tO"l]YlJ!lcl xa.ve:i~ 6-rt 1J ota.cpopci Til]yci~e:t e:v (J-tpe:t a.1t6 'rlJV a.1toucria. -rou Ava.-ro'Atxou TttJ-6p a.1t6 -rou~ 'Aoy6-ru1tou~ -rwv OA'Aa.votxwv Ava.-ro'Atxwv Ivotwv xa.t, fJ-EXPt -co 1976, 'rl]~ I VOOVl]O"tll.~. 25. Osborne, Indonesia's Secret War, a. 2. 26. BAETIE: 1tll.p117tclVW, 0". 159. 27. To xa.M-re:po 7ta.paoe:ty(J-a. yt' a.u-r6 e:tva.t 6-rt -co 6vo{J.Il. -rou t.Xv-rttvoovl)crta.xou e:!lvtxtcr-rtxou · a.v-rcip-rtxou opya.vtcrtJ.ou, Organisasi Papua Merdeka ( OPM), cruv-rt!le:-ra.t a.1t6 tVOOVl]O"tll.XE~ 'Ai~e:t~. 28. To 1811, ot cr-rpa.-rtw-rtxi~ ouvcitJ.e:t~ "lJ~ E-ra.tpe:ia.~ Ava.-ro'Atxwv Ivotwv xa.-ri'Aa.()a.v 6'/..e:~ -rt~ oA'Aa.votxi~ x-r~cre:t~ cr-rt~ Ivoie:~ (o Na.Tio'Aiwv e:txe: 7tpocra.p-r~cre:t 'rlJV O'A'Aa.vo(cx O"'rl]V rcxA"Atcx 'rOV 7tp01JYOU(J-E:VO x.p6vo). 0 Raffles xu()ipvlJcre: 'rlJV Ia()cx fJ-EXPt -co 1815. H fJ-VlJfJ-EtWOlJ~ -rou Ia-rop{a -rr;~ U6a EtJ.cpcxvh'rl)xe: -co 1817, ouo xp6vta. 7tptv ll.TIO 'rl]V iopucrlJ "lJ~ ~tyxcmouplJ~ a.1t6 -rov toto. 29. H (J-OUO"E:WTIOtl]O"lJ -rou M7topofJ-TIOuv-roup, -rou (J-Eya.'AU-re:pou ()ouotcr-rtxou ntJ.ivou~ cr-rov x6crtJ.o, e:ivcxt e:voe:tx-rtx~ cxu-r~~ "lJ~ ota.otxcxcricx~. To 1814, -co xcx!le:cr-rw~ -rou Raffles -co «a.vcxxci'Au~e:» xcxt -co 'rll.~tVO(J-l]O"E:. To 1845, 0 ll.U'rOOl](J-toUpYlJ'rO~ re:p(J-CXVO~ XCXAAt'rE'X,Vl]~-Tie:-
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ptYJ'(Y]'!ij<; Schaefer bma-e: -rt<; oMavotxe<; apxe<;
276
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CTY)!J-E:tWCl"CI!J-e: 7tCipCimxvw, o)\)..Civotx~ CI7totXtCIX~ Em'tp07t~ ytCI '!tc; ApXCitO'!lJ'!e:c; t0pU61JXE: '!0 1901. H Cl"U!J-7t'!WCTY) '!W'\1 lJ!J-E:PO!J-l)'lltW'\1 -1899' 1898, 1901- odxve:t oxt !J-0'110 '!1)'11 XCIA~ Ota6e:CTY) !JoE: '!1)'11 07tOtCI ot CI'II'!t7tCIAe:c; CI7tmxtCixec; ouva~J-E:tc; CI'II'!t!J-e:"wm~Civ lJ !J-tCI "lJ'~~ 6:).)..1J CI)\)..a xCit '!tc; pt~txec; ~J-e:"CI6o"Aec; 1tou u1tecr"lJ o t!J-7te:ptCIAtcr~J-6c; ~Joe: '!TJ'II (l)\)..(l~ '!ou CitwvCI. '01twc; ~'!Civ CI'IICI!J-e:v6~J-e:vo, "o Cive:~ap"lJ"o ~ta!J- Cixo"Aou6oooe: ~Joe: mo Cipy6 pu6!J-6. H ApxCiw"Aoytx~ l7tlJpe:crtCI '!ou crucr'tci6l)xe: !J-OAtc; 'to 1924 XCit '!O E6vtx6 Moucrdo '!ou 'to 1926. B"Ae1te: Charles Higham, The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia, cr. 25. 31. H VOC OtCIA66l]xe:, e:~Cit'!tCic; 'tl)c; XfJE:OX07ttCic; '!1)<;, '!O 1799. H CITimxtCI '!wv 0)\)..Civotxwv AvCI'!oAtxwv lvotwv, 6!J-wc;, XPovo"Aoye:hCit CI7to 'to 1815, o'!Civ CI7toxCI'!Cicr'ta6l)xe: lJ Cive:~CIP"lJCl"tCI "lJc; 0)J...CivoiCic; CI7to "lJ'~~ le:pa ~U!J-!J-CIXtCI xCit o'!Civ o Willem A' '!ou Oixou "lJc; Opamc; CivEblJXe: cr'!ov oAACivotx6 6p6vo, 1tou Cipxtxa ~'!CI'II e:mv61JcrlJ '!ou NCITioAeov'!CI '!O 1806 XCit '!ou Cioe:"A~ou '!ou Aouoo6ixou. H Bpe:'!Civtx~ E'!CitpdCI AvCI'!OAtxwv lvotwv e:m6iwcre: !J-EXPt '!TJ'II ~J-e:y&"AlJ w&x~ E~eye:pCTY) '!ou 1857. 32. H Oudheidkundige Commissie topu6l)xe: CI7to '!TJ'II iotCI xu6ep'lllJCTYi 1tou '!O 1901 e:yxCitvtCicre: "lJ veCI «H6tx~ IloAt'!tx~» ytCI '!tc; Ivo(e:c;, !J-tCI 7tOAt'!tX~ 7tOU ytCI 7tpW'tlJ ~opa CI7tOCl"X07tOUCJ"e: Cl"'!l)V e:yxCI6topUCTY) e:voc; OU'!tXOU '!U7tOU E:X7tCitOE:U'!tXOU Cl"UCJ"'!~!J-Cl'!Oc; ytCI CTY)!J-CIV'!tXO Cipt6!J-6 CI7totxwxpCI'!OU!J-E:'IIW'\I. 0 OtotXl)'!~c; Paul Doumer (1897 -1902) OlJ!J-WUpYlJcre: "lJ ~te:u6uvCTY) Moucrdwv xCit lcr'toptxwv M'lll]!J-e:twv "lJc; Ivoox(vCic; XCit '!O Cl"UYXfJ0'\10 E:X7tCitOe:u'!tXO !J-lJXCI'IItCl"!J-0 '!l)c; CI7totXtCic;. ~'!l] Btp!J-CI'IItCI lJ '!e:pcicr'!tCI e:~a7tAWCTY) "lJc; Civw'te:plJc; e:xTICitoe:uCTY)c; tJ.E:'!CI~u '!ou 1900 xCit 1940 0 Cipt6!J-6c; '!WV ~J-CI61J'!W'\I '!OU YU!J-'IICICl"tOU OX'!CI7tAMtlXCl"'!l)XE:, CI7t0 27.401 cre: 233.534, o Cipt6!J-6c; '!W'\1 ~ot'!l)'!WV owoe:XCI7tACICJ"taCJ"'!l)Xe: CI7to 115 cre: 2.365- apxtcre: CIXpt6wc; '!1] Cl"'!tY!J-~ 7tOU '!0 ApxCiw'Aoytx6 T!J-~!J-CI 'tl)c; Btp!J-CIVtCic; '!CIACIV'!E:UO'!CIV Cl"'!l) opacrlJ '!OU. Robert Taylor, The State in Burma, cr. 114. , IIot Cl"E: XCI7t0to , e e!J-0, CI7t . CIU'!O, '!0'11 'tp07t0 , Cl"XE:''.t.I"l)c;, 33 . E 1tl)pE:CICl"!J-E:' OCI ot CJ"UV'!TJPlJ"txo( TCI.tACivoo( OtCIVOOU~J-e:vot; CIPXCito"A6yot XCit CI~tW!J-CI'!OUXOt e:~CIXOAou6ouv we; CIU'!~ '!1] Cl"'!tY!J-~ VCI CI7tOOtOOUV '!1] Ol]!J-toUpytCI '!OU Avyx6p Cl"'!0'\1 !J-UCl"'tl)ptWOlJ Khom, 7t0U xa61Jxe: xwp(c; VCI CI~~Cl"e:t XCIVEVCI tXVOc; XCII 0 07tOtoc; Oe:V EXE:t XCI!J-tCI CJ"XECTY) !JoE: '!OU<; XCI'!CI~pove:~J-EVOUc; KCI!J-7tO'!~touc; '!OU Cl"~!J-e:pCI. 3 4 . 'EvCI xCI'Ao 7tCipaoe:ty!J-CI 1tou e:uooxt~J-1Jat '!e:'Ae:u'!CitCI e:ivCit TJ Ancient Indonesian Art '!Ou O"A'ACivoou "Aoy(ou A. J. Bernet Kempers, o
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01t0t01; o~"Aww: «1tpfiY1)V Ate:u6uv"t'~l; "t'l)l; Ap·x.rxto"AoykJ..I; O""t'l)V I VOOVl)O"tCX (sic]». I:"t'tl; ae:"A(oe:~ 24-25 flptaxe:t xcxvd~ xap"t'E:I; 1tou odxvouv "t'l) 6eO"l) "t'WV cxpxcxiwv xwpwv. 0 1tpW"t'OI; dvcxt tOtcxhe:pa OtatpW"t'tO""t'tXOI;, yta"t't "t'O op6oywvto O""J...~[J.a "t'OU (1tAatO"tW[J.eVO O""t'a ava"t'OAtXa a1tO "t'OV 141o Me:O"lJfJ-bptv6) 6e"Aona~; xat fJ-lJ 7te:pt"AafJ-6ave:t "t'O Mtnavao "t'Wv il>t"Am7ttvwv 01tWI; xat "t'O 6pe:"t'aVO-[J.CXAaix6 VO"t'to B6pve:o, "t'l) Ma"Aatx~ xe:pO"OVlJO"O xat "t'1) I:tyxa1tOUP1J· 'O"Aa dvat xe:vot xwpat, xwp(~; 6e6ata Xa[J.ta OVO[J.aO"ta, E:X"t'O~ a7tO eva a7tAO, xwpt~; Xa[J.ta e:~~YlJO"l), «Kedah». To 1tepCXO"[J.a "t'1)1; I vo(ac; am) "t'O GouotO"fJ-0 O""t'OV tO"Aa[J.tO"{J-0 auveOlJ [J.E:"t'a "t'O xaprxx"t'tx6 340. 35. B"Ae1te: Kambuja, 45 (15 Ae:xe:[J.bptou 1968) ytrx xa1tme:~; 7ttpte:pye:~; tpW"t'oyprxtpte:~;.
36. H au~~"t'lJO"lJ e:ow an"Ae:t 7tA1Jpotpopie:~; oc1t6 "t'o u"Atx6 1tou aw,.M61Jxe: mo e:x"t'e:"t'a[J.evoc a"t'o Language and Power, IH[J-7t"t'O Ke:cpa"Aato. 3 7. 'Evoc 7tapcxoe:ty[J.cx"t'tXO 7t0At"t'tx6 tx.7tO"t'eAe:O"fJ-CX "t'WV (jlCXV"t'(J.(jttx.xwv au"AA~IjJe:wv "t'Ou FuaAtvou l:m-rtou --a7to"t'e"Ae:a[J.tx. ytoc "t'o o1tolo o 7tpW1JV 1to"Amx6~; xpcx"t'OU[J.e:vo~; Pramoedya dxe: oouv1)p~ e:7t(yvwal)- dvcxt lJ "t'a~tVO[J.tX~ "t'aU"t'O"t'lJ"t'a 7tOU 6"Aot ot e:v~"Atxot I voov~atot 7tpe7te:t "t'Wptx. vex exouv [J.CX~t "t'OUI; xa6e: O""t'tYfJ-~· Au"t'~ 1) "t'CXU"t'O"t'l)"t'tx. 7ttx.pouata~e:t O"l)[J.IXV"t'tXe~ O[J.OtO"t'lJ"t'E:~ [JoE: "t'lJV a1toypacp~ --anmpoaw7te:ue:t eva etOOI; 7tOAt"t'tX~I; a1toypacp~~;, [JoE: e:totx€~; e:yxo1te~, 1tou ~"t'av totahe:pa oouv1Jp~ yta OOOU~ av~xav O""t'tl; U7to-ae:tpe~; "t'WV «aVa"t'pE:7t"t'tXWV» XIXt «7tpOOO"t'WV». Elvat a~toO"l)[J.dW"t'O O"t't au"t'~ 1) [J.Optp~ a1toypcxcp~~; n"Ae:to7tOt~61Jxe: [J.OVO [J.E:"t'a "t'l)V t1the:u~l) "t'l)l; e:6vtx~~; ave:~ap"t'l)O"ta~;.
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279
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Au't'O<; 0 VEW't'Ep~O'(J.Oc; 't'l)<; auyxpov~XO't'l)'t'exc; eex E(J.cpexv~~O't'exV ~O''t'Op~xci (J.OVO O't'exV (J.E')'cXAEc; O(J.cXOEc; exv6pW7tWV eex ~'t'exV O'E 6€0"'1] vex O'UMat!Jouv 't'OU<; EexU't'OU<; 't'OU<; we; ~WV't'exvf.c; Urtap~e~c; 1tOU urtcipxouv rtexpciMlJAex fJ.E aMec; otJ.cioec; exv6pwrtwv --rcou exv xex~ OE eex yvwp~O''t'OUV 1tO't'E, rtexp' 6'Aex exu't'cX alyoupex exxo'Aou6ouv 't'l)V lo~ex 't'pox~ci. Me't'ex~u 't'ou 1500 xex~ 't'ou 1800 exu't'oc; o 't'urtoc; cpexv"t'exa~exx~c; O'UMlJ~l)c; (J.1tOpEaE vex Urtap~E~ E~ex~'t'texc; 't'l)<; auaawpwO"'t)c; 't'EX,VOAO')'~XWV ecpwpEaEWV O''t'OU<; 't'O(J.dc; 't'l)<; VexU7tlJ')'~ x~c;, 't'l)c; vexuam'Ao'texc;, 't'l)c; x.povo(J.E't'ptexc; xex~ 't'l)c; xexp't'oypexcplexc;, (J.E 't'l) o~ex(J.EO'OAcX6l)O"'t] 't'OU EV't'U7tOU xexm't'exA~O'(J.OU 1 • 'H 't'exV 1tAEOV ouvex't'o vex xex't'otxd xcirtotoc; a't'ex rtepou6~exvci u~trteoex, O''t'~c;. rtci(J.rtexc; 't'l)<; Apyev't'~v~c; ~ O''t'ex 'A~tJ.cXv~ex 't'l)<; «N €exc; » AyyAtexc;, xex~ rtexp' 6'Aex exu't'a vex ex~aecive't'ex~ auvoeOE(J.Evoc; (J.E auyxexp~fJ.EVEc; 1tEptoX,Ec; ~ XO~VO't'l)'t'Ec;, x~'A~cioec; (J.tA~ex tJ.exXp~ci. O''t'l)V Ayy'A[ex ~ O''t'l)V I6l)p~x~ xepaOVlJO'O. Mrtopouae vex EX,E~ xexvdc; 7tA~plJ mi')'VWO"'I) o't'~ XPlJO'~tJ.ortotd 't'lJV lo~ex y'Awaaex ~ o't'~ f.xe~ 't'lJV lo~ex 6plJaxdex, ~6l) xex~ rtexpexo6ae~c;. xwplc; vex rtpoaooxci o't'~ eex yvwplae~ xcirto't'E exu't'ouc; fJ.E 't'ouc; ortolouc; dxe xmvci 't'ex rtexpexrtcivw 2 • r~ex vex rtpoxu~E~ exU't'~ lJ exta6l)O"'t] 't'OU rtexpcXAAlJAOU ~ 't'l)<; auyxpov~xo't'l)'t'exc; exMa xex~ y~ex vex exrtox't'~ae~ rtAex't'~Ec; rto'Amx€c; 7tpOEX't'cXO'E~c;, ~'t'exV exrtexpext't'l)"t'O vex dvex~ (J.E')'cXAlJ lJ ex1tOO''t'exO"'I) fJ.E't'a~u 't'WV rtexpaMlJAWv otJ.ciowv, ot veo't'epec; otJ.cioec; va f.xouv O"'I)(J.IXV't'~XO (J.E')'E6oc; xex~ (J.OV~(J.l) eyxex't'cXO''t'IXO"'t] xex~ vex dva~ O''t'ex6epa urto't'exytJ.f.vec; a't'~c; rtex'Aex~k Au't'Ec; ot rtpourto6€ae~c; rtAl)pouV't'exv O''t'l)V ex(J.Ep~xexv~x~ ~rte~po ae 6ex6tJ.6 1tou oev dxe rtpol)you, {\ ' , lJ 't'EpexO''t'~ex ' , t'exO"'I) 't'OU A, (J.EVO, Kex't' , IXP'X,lJV, EX' 't'/\exV't'~XQU iluoiXEexVOU xex~ o~ EV't'EAW<; O~acpopE't'~XE<; yewypexcp~xf.c; auv6~xec; rtou Urt~pxexv ae xci6e rt'Awpci 't'Ou f.xavexv exouva't'lJ 't'lJ a't'exo~ax~ exrtopp6cpl)O"'IJ 't'WV 7tAl)6Ua(J.WV O'E (J.E')'IXAU't'Epex rtoAmxo-rtoA~'t'~O'(J.~~ci auvoAex, 6rtwc; au't'~ rtou fJ.E't'IXO''X.lJ(J.cX't'~ae 't'lJ Las Espafias ae Espana xext EVO'W(J.cX't'WO'E 't'l) ~XO't'tiX O''t'O H VW(J.EVO BexatAEtO. Lleu't'epov, 6rtwc; O'lJ(J.ELWaiX(J.E a't'o TE't'cxp't'o Ke~Acxto, lJ wpwrtcx't'x~ (J.E't'exvcianu-
280
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288
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!J.LAOU!J.EVEc; y'AhraEc;, rx.u't~ l) rx.VW!J.!X.Atrx. XPELtXCI'tl)XE rx.t'ttoAOYlJCilJ· Krx.!J.t!X. rx.moAO'(l)Cil) OE cptivl)XE xrx.AU'tEpl) rx.1t6 'tl)V «rx.cpu7tvtal)». rx.cpou E7t€'tpE~E CI'touc; Ot!X.VOOU!J.EVOuc; X!X.L CI'touc; !X.CI'tOUc; 1tOU apXt~rx.v vrx. €xouv auvdOl)CilJ 'tou Erx.u'tou 'touc; we; Ta€xot, Ouyypm ~ ~tvArx.vooi, vrx. 7trx.pouataaouv "'YJ !J.EA€'t'YJ 'tWV 'ta€xtxwv, ouyyptxwv ~ cpw'Arx.votxwv y'Awaawv, 'Arx.'ixwv 7trx.prx.o6cnwv xrx.t !J.OUatxwv, CI!X.V «E7t!X.V!X.V!X.XtXAU~l)» 7tp!X.'(!J.cX'tWV 1tOU ~'t!X.V 1tcXV'tO'tE yvwa'ta xrx.'ta ~a6oc;. Em1t'A€ov, rx.1t6 "'YJ CI'tL'(!J.~ 1tou xa1totoc; rx.pxi~EL vrx. ExArx.!J.~avEt "'YJ" E6vtx6"lJ"rx. !J.E 6pouc; auv€xEtrx.c;, EAciXLa'trx. 7tpay!J.!X."rx. cprx.ivov'trx.t .. 6ao ~rx.6ta pt~w!J.€vrx. a'to 7trx.pE'A66v l;'o e OC10 Ot '(AWC1C1Ec;, '(t!X. 'ttc; 07totEc; ELV!X.L !X.oUV!X.'tO V!X. oO OUV l)!J.Epo23 !J.l)VtEc; y€Wl)C1l)c; • ~"'YJ" !X.!J.Eptxrx.vtx~ ~7tEtpo 'tO 7tp6~Al)!J.!X. ELXE 'tE6d otrx.cpopE'ttxci. A1t6 "'YJ !J.L!X., l) d}vtx~ rx.vE~rx.p'tl)Citrx. dxE OtE6vwc; rx.vrx.yvwpta'td !J.€xpt 'tlJ OEXrx.E'ttrx. 'tou 1830. A7to'tEAouaE Aom6v 1tA€ov XAl)povo!J.tli, xrx.t w~ x'Ar;povop.ea Eta~xe'YJ a'ttc; yEvErx.Aoytx€c; aEtp€c;. 0!J.wc; ot Eupw7trx.i'x€c; !J.€6ooot oEv dxrx.v rx.x6!J.!X. rx.vrx.7t'tux6d. H y'Awaarx. oEv dxE rx.7trx.axo'A~aEt 7to't€ 'trx. rx!J.Eptxrx.vtxa E6vtxta'ttxti xw~IJ.rx.'trx.. 01twc; ixou!J.E ~Ol) OEL, 'tO yEyov6c; O'tt dxrx.v "'YJ" iota. y'Awaarx. (xrx.t 6pl)axdrx. xrx.t xou'A.. ouprx.) !J.E "'YJ !J.'YJ"P61toA'YJ ixrx.vE Ecptx't€c; 'ttc; 7tpwnc; E6vtxic; cprx.v'trx.atrx.xic; auM~~Etc;. Avrx.V'ttpp'YJ't!X., u7tapxouv xa7totEc; Evotrx.cp€pouaEc; 7tEpm'twaEtc; 61tou !J.7topd xrx.vdc; vrx. EV't07ttCIEL rx.pxE'ttX vwpic; iva. dooc; «wpw7trx.·t·x~c;» ax€~l)c;. rtrx. 1t!X.ptXOEL'(!J.!X., 'tO American Dictionary of the English Language 'tou Noah Webster 'to 1828 («OEU'tEp'Y)c; yEvtac;» O'YJArx.o~) a'tOXEUE vrx. Emacpprx.ytaEL "'YJ" u7trx.p~'YJ !J.Lrx.c; !X.!J.Eptxrx.vtx~c; yAwaarx.c;, 'YJ o1toirx. oticpEpE rx.1t6 "'YJ" rx.yyAtx~. ~"'YJ" IIrx.prx.youcil), 'YJ 1trx.ptiooa'YJ .. wv ll)aout .. wv 'tou Oixrx.'tou 6yooou rx.twvrx. 1tou XP'YJCIL!J.07totouarx.v 'tlJ Guarani €owaE "'YJ ouvrx."6"'YJ"rx. aE !J.trx. !J.'YJ tC11t!X.VLX~ «V't07tt!X.» '(AWaarx. vrx. '(tVEL dJvex~ '(AWC1C1!X. X!X.'tcX 'tl) otapxEtrx. "'YJc; !J.rxxpac; xrx.t ~Ev6cpo~l)c; otx'trx.'topirx.c; 'tou Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia (1814-1840). 0!J.wc;, CIUVOAtxa, xa6E !X.1t01tEtprx. WJ.. oo6d LCI'tOpLXO ~a6oc; CI't'Y)V E6VLXO'tl)'t!X. !J.E '(AWm:nXcX !J.€arx., !X.V'tLIJ.E'tW7ttC1E rx.vu7t€p~Al)'t!X. E!J.1tOOtrx.. ~XEOOV xa6E xpEoAoc; 1
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Oui, chaque mort laisse un petit bien, sa memoire, et demande qu'on la soigne. Pour celui qui n'a pas d'amis, il faut que le magistrat y supplee. Car la loi, la justice, est plus sure que toutes nos tendresses oublieuses, nos larmes si vite sechees. Cette magistrature, c' est l'Histoire. Et les morts sont, pour dire comme le Droit romain, ces miserabiles personae dont le magistrat doit se preoccuper. Jamais dans rna carriere je n' ai pas perdu de vue ce devoir de 1' historien. J' ai donne a beaucoup de morts trop oublies 1' assistance dont moi-meme j 'aurai besoin. Je les ai exhumes pour une seconde vie ... lis vivent maintenant avec nous qui nous sentons leurs parents, leurs arnis. Ainsi se fait une farnille, une cite commune entre les vivants et les morts26 ».
290
MITENENTIKT ANTEP:EON
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WX U1tEV6UfJ-tC:T€t ae XCXnotOV Xcl'tt 1tOU etvext U1tOXflEW'ttXO vex ~E'X,cX aEt ex!J-Eawc;. 0 NopfJ-CXVOOc; rou"AtD\fJ-0<:; xext 0 I:a~ovexc; XapoAV't auvexnwv'text, "Aom6v, a'to 1tEOto 'tOU Hastings, exv 6x.t aexv x.opeu'ttx6 ~euyapt, 'tou"Aax.ta'tov aexv exo€"Acptex. Etvext O!J-Wc; atyoupex 1toA6 o.uxo"Ao vex ex7toowaoU!J-E exu'tC:c; 'ttc; ma'to1tot~ao.tc; 7texAextwv exoo."Acpox'tovtwv ex1t"Awc; a'touc; ~ux.pouc; u1to"Aoyta~J-ouc; 'twv xpex'ttxwv A<.t'toupywv. I:o. €vex aMo <.1tt1to.oo exv'texvexx"Aouv €vex 6ex6u fJ-"-"exax.Y!fJ-ex'tta!J-6 'tY)c; cpexv'texatexc;, 'tov 01t0t0 'tO xpa'toc; exyvoouao. ae !J-<-ya"Ao 6ex6!J-6, EVW exaxouao. xext exx6~J-ex exaxd 1tOAu fJ-txp6 €"Ao.yx.o 1tavw 'tOU. TY) oo.xex<.'ttex 'tOU 1930 av6pw1tot ex1t6 1tOAAEc; o.6vtXO'tY)'tEc; 1t~yexv vex 1t0AE!J-~aouv a'tY)V H)Y)ptx~ Xo.paOVY)aO <.1t<.tO~ "Yl 6o.wpY)aexv we; 'tY)V exp€vex 01tou OUVcXfJ-Etc; xat u1to6€aetc; 7tayx6a!J-t1Xc; ta'toptx~c; aY)!J-IXatac; otC:'tpo.x.exv cXfJ-<.ao x(vouvo. 'O'tav 'tO fJ-1XXp66to xa6o.a'twc; 'tou cJ>pavxo xa'taaxo.uexao. 'tY)V Km"Aaoex 'twv IIo.aov'twv, 7t<.pt6ptao. "Yl aU!J-fJ-E'tO'X,~ a'tY) ~ocpo.p~ IXU't~ VEXp01tOAY) a' EXetvouc;' Ot 01t0tot, a't!X OtXcX 'tOU fJ-cl'ttiX, dx.av owao.t 'tY) ~w~ 'tOUc; yta 'tOV 1tayx6a!J-to aywva EVIXV'ttOV 'tOU fJ-1tOAaEbtXta!J-OU xext 'tOU ex6o."t"afJ-OU. '0!J-W<:;, a'to 1t<.pt6wpto 'tou xpa'touc;, €xavo. ~OY) 'tY)V <-!J-cpavta~ "Ylc; Y! «!J-V~!J-Y)» o.v6c; «ta1tiXVtxou» E!J-cpUAtou IloAE!J-OU. M6vo fJ-E'tcX 'tO 6cXVIX'tO 'tOU 1texvoupyou 'tUpcXVVOU X!Xt 'tO IXXOAOU60 EV'tU1tWatiXXcX O!J-IXAO 1tEp1XafJ-IX a'tY)V aa'ttX~ OY)fJ-OXpex'ttex -o"'tY)V o1totex E1t!Xt~E xextpto p6"Ao- exu't~ Y) «!J-V~!J-Y)» €ytvo. E1ttaY)fJ-Y)· Mo. 'tOV toto ax.o.o6v 'tp01t0, 0 XOAOaatatoc; 'tex~tx6c; 1t0AE!J-Oc;, 0 01tOtoc; ex1t6 'tO 1918 we; 'tO 1920 fJ-!XtVO'tiXV fJ-E'tiX~u 'tWV Pamirs xext 'tWV Vistula fJ-VY)fJ-Ovo.uo'tav AY)a!J-ovouv'tav a'to ao6to.'ttx6 xtVY)fJ-IX'toypacpo xat a'tY) "Aoyo'tE'X,VtiX we; o EfJ-CjlUAtoc; 1tOAE!J-O<:; «!J-IX<:;», o.vw 'tO aobtE'ttx6 xpa'toc;, a'tO auvoA6 'tOU, EfJ-EVE 1tpoaxOMYj!J-€vo ae fJ-tiX op66oO~Yj fJ-exp~ta'ttX~ exvayvwcr"Yj 't"Y)c; 1tcXAYjc;. A1t' au't~ 'tY)V cX7tO~Y), ot o.6vtxta!J-Ot 'tWV xpw"Awv a'tY)V IX!J-Eptxavtx~ ~7t<.tpo dvat totaho.pex otacpw'tta'ttxoL fta'tt, a1t6 "Yl fJ-tiX, 'til exfJ-<.ptxavtxa xpcX'tY) ~'tiXV IXOUVIX!J-IX xat ouatexa'ttxa a1toxo.v'tpWfJ-EVex, xext Ot cptAoOo~(o.c; 'touc; oaov acpopa a'tY)V EX1tiXtOEUaY) 1tEptoptafJ-EV<.c;. A1t6 'tY)V aMY), ot CX!J-Eptxavtx€c; xotvwv(o.c;, a'ttc;
296
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07tOte:c; «AE:UXOt» anotxot IXV't"t7t1X('IX't"f6E:V't"IXV !J.E: «(J.IXUpouc;» ax.Aaflouc; XIXt 'Y)(J.t-E:~OAo6pe:u!J.EVOUI:; «t6aye:vdc;» ~'t"IXV XIX't"IXXE:('!J.IX"t"tO"(J.EVE:I:; e:O"W't"E:ptxa ae: fla6!J.O 7tOU OE:V U1t~(''X,E: IXV'ttO"'tot'X,O 'touc; O"'t'YJV EupW7t1J. 'O!J.wc; 'YJ (jliXV'tiXatax~ auM'Y)\);'Y) au't~c; 't'Y)c; aoe:A(jlO't'YJ'tiXc;, 'X,Wptc; 't"'YJV 07t0t1X OE:V !J.7tOpd VIX unap~e:t 7ttO"'t07tOt'Y)O"~ 't"'Y)c;, xave:t 't'Y)V E:!J.(jlliVtO"~ 't'Y)c; 7tOAU vwptc; XIXt !J.E: (J.tiXV au6e:V'ttX~ O'YJ!J.O'ttXO't'YJ'tiX. ~'ttc; H VW!J.Eve:s lloAtnte:c; 't'Y)c; A!J.e:ptx~c; au 'to 'tO napaoo~o !J.7topd va (jlavd noM xa6apa. To 1840, xa'ta 't'YJ otlipxe:ta 'tou ()(awu ox't"ae:'t"ouc; noAE!J.OU e:vav'ttov 'tWV Seminoles 't'YJC: il>Aoptv'ta (xat !J.E: 'tov (ow 'tpono nou 0 MtaE:AE e:mXIXAOUV't"IXV 't"OV 0tOt7tOOIX)' 0 nEt(J.c; il>EVt(J.Op Koune:p e:~€owae: 't"O The Pathfinder ( 0 I 'X.V'YJAa't"'Y)c;), 't'YJV 'tE'tiX(''t'YJ an6 'ttc; 7tEV't"E:, e:~atpe:'t"txli O'YJ!J.O(jltAdc; Leatherstocking Tales (la't"op(e:c; 't"'Y)c; ~e:p!J.Ii'ttV'Y)c; KaA'taac;). To xe:v'tptx6 xapaX't'Y)pta't"tx6 au't~c; 't'Y)c; ta'top(ac; ('tO ono(o xapaX't'Y)('t~e:t xat oAe:c; 'ttc; un6Aome:c; e:x'toc; an6 't"'YJV 7t('W't"'Y)) dvat au'to nou o Leslie Fiedler anoxaAe:( «'YJ IXUO"'t'Y)p~, 7tOU oe:v E'X,E:t axe:oov 1tO'tE e:mw6d IXAAa IXOtiX(J.(jltafl~'t'YJ't'YJ aylin1J» nou o€ve:t 'to «Ae:ux6» uAO'tO!J.O Na'tu Mna!J.7tOU xat 'tOV e:uye:v~ N'te:Aayou€ap, (jlUAapxo 'tou Tatvyxayxoux ( «~txayo» !)32 • 'O(J.wc; 't"O O"X'Y)Vtxo 't"'Y)I; O"U!J.(j)WV'Y)c; !J.E: 'tO 7tVE:U!J.IX 't"OU Pe:vliv IXOE:A(jl01t0t'Y)O"'Y)I; oe:v dvat 'YJ OOAO(jlOVtX~ oe:xae:'t"tiX 'tOU 1830 aMa 'ta nAe:u't"ata A'YJO"!J.OV'YJ!J.Evafxapay!J.€va O"'t'YJ !J.V~!J.'YJ x.p6vta 't'YJC: flpe:'tavtx~c; t!J.ne:ptaAta'ttx~c; apx~c;. Kat ot ouo livope:c; IX7tE:tXOVt~OV'tiXt O"IXV «A!J.E:('tXIXVOt» 7tOU aywvt~OV'tiXt yta 't"'YJV e:m()(wa~ 'tOUI; -EVIXV'ttOV 'tWV raMWV, 'tWV «E:y'X,W('tWV» O"U!J.~'X,WV ( 'tWV «aa'tavtxwv M!vyxoc;») xat 't"Wv e:mx(vouvwv npax'topwv 't"OU re:wpytoU r·. 'O'tav, 't"O 1851, o X€p!J.!XV M€AfltA ne:pt€ypalj;e: Eva 't('U(jle:p6 a'tty(J.tO'tuno !J.E: 't"OV la!J.!X~A xat 'tov Kou(xoue:yx a'to xpe:fla'tt 'tou IIavooxdou -rou i!Jurrr;-r~pa ( «~~J.~Xa'tav ~anAW!J.EVot E'tat, e:yw xat o Kou(xoue:yx, !JoE 'ttc; xapot€c; (J.IXC: aav ae: !J.~Va 'tOU !J.EAt'toc;» ), o e:uye:v~c; lloAuv~atoc; liyp~IX!J.e:ptxavonot~61Jxe: !J.E: aapowve:to 't"pono we; e:~~c; 33 :
297
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15. Lynch, The Spanish-American Renolutions, a. 314-315. 16. BA. nape& a-ro Thap-ro Ke:q)(iAatO. 17. Landes, Revolution in Time, a. 230-231, 442-443. 18. BAine: napamivw a-ro 2. «llo"A~-r~afL~xec; pt"e:c;». 19. BAine: Hayden White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe, (j. 135-143 r~a (L~IX cruv6E:'t"l] XIX~ e:m#pyaa(Le\ll) IX\IcXAUCJl) au-rou -rou fLE:'t"IXCJ')(.l)(LIX't"~CJ(LOU. 20. 'H-ra\1 6(Lwc; (L.X. (LE: (L~IX o~acpopa. IIp~\1 an6 "lJ p~~l) O~IX't"l) pouna\1 ax6(LIX, ECJ't"W XIX~ anaa(LWO~xa ae: ne:cpw-r~a(LE\IE:c; ne:pto')(.ec;, (L~IX 6e:oAoy~x~ IXupa nou IX\IIXOu6-rav an6 "lJ fLE:aa~wv~x~ AM~\I~X~. To Anno Domini icpe:pve: CJ't"l) fL\I~fLlJ 't"l)\1 e:~crboA~ 't"l)c; a6avaat1Xc; a-rov e:n(ye:w x.p6vo nou eAa6e: x.wpa a-rlJ Bl)6AdfL. Me:-rci "lJ p~~lJ, xa6Wc; ne:pwp(a-rlJXE: fLO\IO'fPIXfL(LIX'r~xci ae: A.D., auv6oe:uae: -ro B.C. -rl)c; (ayyA~x~c;) xa6ofL~AOUfLEVl)c;, npo Xp~a-rou, nou ne:p~exAe:~e: fL~IX auve:x.~ xoafLOAo-y~x~ ~a-ropta (a-rl)\1 ono(a lJ via e:ma-r~(Ll) -rl)c; ye:w"Aoy[ac; e:(x.e: al)(L~X\1-r~x~ auve:~acpopci). MnopOUfLE: (awe; \IIX xpt\IOU(LE: n6ao 6a6~a ~'t"IX\1 lJ a6uaaoc; 1tou (J.\Iot'(6-rav fLE:'t"(J.~u -rou Anno Domini X(J.L -rou A.D./B.C., -rov("ov-r(J.c; 6-rt ou-re: 0 bOUOLa't"Lx6c; ou-re: 0 ~aAIX(LLX6c; XOO(LOc;, ax6(LIX XIX~ a~(Le:pa, cpana"na~ xanma e:nox.~ 7t0U 'VIX al)(LIX't"OOO't"E:i't"at we; «llpt\1 1Xn6 't"O'V Gautama Bouoa» ~ «llp~\1 an6 't"l)\1 Ey(pa». KaL Ot ouo oe:v 't"IX nave: XIXAa fLE: 't"O ~evo fL0\16'(p1XfL(LIX B.C. 21. Apyci, -ro 1951, o e:ua-rpocpoc; Ivoov~atoc; aoa~aA~a-r~c; Lintong Mulia Sitorus (Lnopouae: ax6fLCX vex ypcicpe:t 6-rL: «Mex.pt -ra -riAl) -rou oexMou E\IIX't"OU IX~W\IIX, m E'(')(.pW(Lot av6pwno~ XOt(LOU\I't"IX'V ax6(LIX 6apta, E:\IW Ot AE:UXOt opouaiX\1 nupe:-rwowc; ae: xci6e: 't"OfLEIX» . Sedjarah Pergerakan Kebangsaan Indonesia [ lcr'top(a 'tOU Ivoovl)a~IXxou E6vtXW't~xou Ktv~(La-roc;], a. 5. 22. E>a fL7tOpoooe: iawc; xavdc; 'V(J. ne:L 6-r~ IXU-rec; m e:7ta.va.a't~ae:Lc; ~'ti1.'V, r~a -roue; Eupw7tatouc;, -ra. npw-ra np~X'((LIX't"~XcX CJY)(LIX'V't"~X~ 1rOAI't'IXa ye:yov6'ta nou auv€6l]aav no-r€ a-rl]v aAAlJ fLE:pt~ -rou A't"Aav-r~xou. 23. Ev -rou-roLc;, 'tO La-ropLx6 6~6oc; oe:v dvaL ane:p~6p~a'tO. :Ee: x~notO al)(LdO 'tiX IX'('(ALXcX )(.cX\IOV'tiX~ a-ra 'VOflfLIX\IOLXcX '(IXM~XcX XIXt a-ra. anAoaot~O\Itx~· 'tl1. yotMLX~ a'ta AIX't"t'VLXcX XIX! a-rex cppcX'(XLXIX «ye:p(Lot\I~XcX». XIXL OU't"W xcx6' e:~~c;. E>cx ex.oufLE: 't"l)\1 e:uxcxtpta 7tt0 xa-rw \111. OOU(LE: n6ao e:nm"Aeov 6ti6oc; ne:o!ou xe:po~6lJxe:. 24. Metahistory, a. 140. 0 Xiyxe:A, ye:wi)(L€voc; -ro 1770, ~'t"IX\1 ~Ol] a'to 'te"Aoc; 'tl]c; e:cpl)6e:(ac; 'tou O'tav ~ianaae: lJ E7tav~a'ta.crlJ,
304
MIIENENTIKT ANTEPEON
wa-.ooo -.o ipyo -.ou Vorlesungen iiber die Philosophie der Weltegeschichte oev exo60r;xe napa '!0 1837, E~t 'f.FOVtrJ. !J-E'!tX '!0 6tivrx.-.6 '!OU. 25. White, Metahistory, a. 159. 26. Jules Michelet, Oeuvres Completes, XXI, a. 268, O''n)V etarx.ywyf) -.ou 2ou '!O!J-OU ( «Jusqu' au 18e Brumaire») 'n)<; rJ.'!EAEU'n)'!lJ<; Histoire du XIXe Siecle -.ou. OcpetAW rJ.U'!~ '!l)V 7trJ.prJ.7tO!J-7t~ a-.o Metahistory, lJ !J-E'!ticpprx.O'l) O!J-W<; -.ou White oev dvrJ.t tXrJ.V07tOtl)'!tX~. 27. Ilrx.prx.6. a-.o Roland Barthes (exo.), Michelet par lui-meme, a. 92. 0 '!O!J-O<; -.ou Oeuvres Completes 1tou 7ttptAIX!J-tltXVEt -.o 7trx.pti6e!J-rl. oev ixet IXXO!J-rl. exoo6d. 28. Av-.(6e-.rx., ae oAOXAl)po -.o Me~tx6 u7ttipxet !J-OVO iva. tiyrx.A!J-rl. -.ou Herman Cortes. Au-.6 -.o !J-VlJ!J-Eto, 1tou -.o e!xa.v 7ta.pa.xWo-et ae !J-ta. ywvtti O"'!lJV IloAlJ -.ou Me~txou, -.o ~a.vtia-.l)at a-.o -.iAoc; -.ou 1970 -.o a.7tex6ec; xrx.6ea-.wc; -.ou Jose Lopez Portillo. 29. Ava.!J-cp(t'JoArx. meto~ yta. !J-EYtXAlJ 1tep!ooo '!lJ<; ~w~c; -.ou u1te
xa-.w
xa-.w
MNHMH KAI AH8H
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ptcr'ttxo o'tt ot 'An"Aot oa.\ldO"'tl)Xot\1 'tl) AE~l) «mestizo» ot'ltO 'tot tO"'ltot\ltxa.) 33. Herman Melville, Moby Dick, cr. 71. 0 crunpotcpeotc; 1tf>E1te:t \lot ot7to"Aap.f.lot\le: ""YJ" 'te:Aw'totiot p.ox 6l)p~ cppaO""YJ. 34. A~i~e:t \lot 1totpot'tl)pi)crou~J-e: O'tt l) ixooO"l) 'tou Huckleberry Finn 7tf>Ol)~6l)xe: !J-OAtc; (Le:ptxouc; IL~"e:c; 'tl)c; mot\lotcpopac; 'tou «Ayiou Botp6o"Ao(Lotiou» O"'t"YJ IL"~IL"YJ ot7t6 'to\1 Pe:\la\1. 3 5. 0 \IE:OAO"(tO"(LO<:; «"(E:\IOX'tO\Itot» "(t' otU'tE<:; 'ttc; O"'tt"((LE<:; 'tl)c; ot7tOxaAU~l)c; e:i\lott otpl
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