BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A.
LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH
Tidak dapat disangkal disangkal lagi, bahwa bahasa adalah sistem sistem lambang lambang berupa bunyi yang bersifat sewenang-wenang (arbitrer) yang dipakai oleh anggot anggota-a a-anggo nggota ta masyar masyaraka akatt untuk untuk saling saling berhubu berhubungan ngan dan berinte berinterak raksi si (Sumarsono, 2004: 18). Bahasa juga berfungsi sebagai alat yang digunakan seseorang untuk mengemukakan pendapat, pikiran dan perasaannya kepada oran orangg lain lain.. Deng Dengan an baha bahasa sa manu manusi siaa bisa bisa memb memben entu tukk masy masyar arak akat at dan dan per perad adab aban an.. Anda Andaik ikat ataa tida tidakk ada ada baha bahasa sa,, maka maka dia dia tida tidakk akan akan dapa dapatt melakukan hal tersebut di atas. Atas dasar inilah maka sangat wajar bila kita mengatakan bahwa semua aktivitas yang kita lakukan sepanjang hidup kita selalu membutuhkan bahasa. Keba Kebany nyak akan an orang orang bela belaja jarr lebi lebihh dari dari satu satu baha bahasa sa.. Sese Seseor oran angg mung mungki kinn dapa dapatt meng menget etah ahui ui atau atau bela belaja jarr dua dua baha bahasa sa atau atau lebi lebihh dari dari permulaan hidupnya. Yang lebih terbiasa ialah bahwa dia belajar bahasa kedua atau bahasa asing sesudah sistem bahasa pertamanya mantap. Tidak dapat di sangkal, bahwa seseorang yang mempelajari suatu bahas bahasaa asing asing akan akan mendap mendapati ati kesuli kesulitan tan-ke -kesul sulita itan, n, yang yang mana mana kesuli kesulitan tan-kesulitan kesulitan ini dapat diperkecil apabila dia memiliki memiliki faktor-fakto faktor-faktorr pendorong pendorong yang sangat kuat atau dengan kata lain dia memiliki keinginan yang kuat untuk mempelajari bahasa tersebut. Oleh karena kajian bahasa tidak cukup dengan mengenali ciri-ciri konstruksi bahasa, tetapi ia harus lengkap dengan mengenali fungsi dalam kerang kerangka ka masyar masyaraka akatt (Hamda (Hamdani, ni, 2004: 2004: 7). Maka Maka seseor seseorang ang yang yang ingin ingin
1
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mempel mempelaja ajari ri bahasa bahasa kedua kedua atau atau bahasa bahasa asing asing di tuntut tuntut untuk untuk memil memiliki iki keterampilan-keterampilan berbahasa, yang mana keterampilan ini dapat dia kemban kembangka gkann dan kuasai kuasai sesuai sesuai dengan dengan motiva motivasin sinya ya dalam dalam mempel mempelaja ajari ri bahasa keduanya. Rajiman membagi keempat keterampilan tersebut di atas kepada keterampilan menyimak, keterampilan berbicara, keterampilan membaca, dan keterampilan menulis (Tarigan 1986 :1). Keempat aspek tersebut sangat berkaitan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan satu sama lainnya. Bahasa asing dapat dengan mudah dipelajari bila dibandingkan deng dengan an memp mempel elaj ajar arii baha bahasa sa dari dari suat suatuu daer daerah ah.. Deng Dengan an maks maksud ud,, para para pem pembe bela laja jarr
dapa dapatt
memp memper ergu guna naka kann
empa empatt
kete ketera ramp mpil ilan an
berb berbah ahas asaa
dilingkungan penuturnya. Oleh karena itu, empat keterampilan berbahasa ini dapat dipelajari dan dipergunakan. Menyim Menyimak ak dalam dalam proses proses berbah berbahasa asa merupa merupakan kan ketera keterampi mpilan lan pemula pemula yang harus dimiliki oleh seseorang seseorang yang sedang mempelajari mempelajari suatu bahas bahasa. a. Ketera Keterampi mpilan lan ini memili memiliki ki keterk keterkait aitan an yang yang sangat sangat erat erat dengan dengan prose proses-p s-pros roses es berfik berfikir ir yang yang mendas mendasari ari bahasa. bahasa. Hal ini dipert dipertega egass oleh oleh Daws awson sebag ebagai aima mana na yang yang di kut kutip oleh oleh Tari Tariga gann bahw bahwaa mel melatih atih kete ketera rampi mpila lann berb berbah ahas asaa bera berart rtii pula pula mela melati tihh kete ketera ramp mpil ilan an berf berfik ikir ir”. ”. (Tarigan, 1986:1) Bahasa Arab merupakan salah satu bahasa asing yang lambat laun mulai dipelajari oleh para pembelajar di dunia. Di Indonesia pun bahasa ini mulai dipelajari, terlebih lagi bahwa mayoritas masyarakatnya beragama Islam, yang mana mereka memiliki kitab Al-Qur’an yang diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab. Salah satu perbedaan bahasa Arab dengan bahasa lainnya yaitu bahwa bahasa ini memiliki memiliki banyak banyak kata-kata kata-kata ambigu, dan tidak jarang satu kata mempunyai dua atau tiga arti yang berlawanan. Tapi, dalam saat yang
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sama seseorang dapat menemukan kata yang tidak mengandung kecuali satu makna yang pasti saja. (Shihab, 2001: 98) Bagi pembelajar Indonesia, menyimak bukanlah suatu hal yang dapa dapatt di angg anggap ap muda mudah. h. Hal Hal ini ini dika dikare rena naka kann dala dalam m seti setiap ap hari hariny nyaa kesemp kesempata atann untuk untuk menyim menyimak ak bahasa bahasa Arab Arab sangat sangatlah lah sediki sedikit. t. Dan bagi bagi pembe pembelaj lajar ar bahasa bahasa Arab, Arab, masala masalahh yang yang dihadapi dihadapi pada pada saat saat mempel mempelaja ajari ri Istima’ biasanya adalah suara, kosakata, struktur kalimat dan sebagainya. Selain Selain kesulitan kesulitan dalam dalam hal berbahasa, berbahasa, banyak banyak kesulitan kesulitan lain yang munc muncul ul dala dalam m
memp mempeelaja lajari ri Isti Istima ma’’.
Kesu Kesuli lita tann
ini ini
dapa dapatt
beru berupa pa
per perma masa sala laha hann yang yang bera berasa sall dari dari diri diri prib pribad adin inya ya (ins (instr trin insi sik) k) dan dan dari dari lingkungan (ekstrinsik), kesulitan lainnya pun dapat disebabkan dari hal-hal yang menghambat pada Proses Belajar Mengajar (PBM), seperti kurangnya fasi fasili lita tass pend penduk ukung ung kela kelanc ncar aran an PBM, PBM, terl terlam ampa pauu bany banyak akny nyaa juml jumlah ah mahasiswa dalam satu kelas, kurangnya motivasi, ketidakhadiran dosen dan sebagainya. Berdasarkan pemaparan di atas, maka penulis ingin mengadakan pen penel elit itia iann seput seputar ar kesu kesuli lita tann memp mempel elaj ajar arii baha bahasa sa Arab Arab.. Pene Peneli liti tian an ini ini berangkat dari pengalaman penulis yang kerap kali mendapatkan kesulitan dalam mempelajari mempelajari bahasa Arab dalam mata kuliah kuliah Istima’. Istima’. Dengan alasan alasan inilah, maka peneliti memberi judul penelitian: Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Baha Bahasa sa Arab Arab Pada Pada Mata Mata Kuli Kuliah ah Isti Istima ma’’ I (Stu (Studi di Anal Analis isis is Desk Deskri ript ptif if Terh Terhad adap ap Maha Mahasi sisw swaa Prog Progra ram m Pend Pendid idik ikan an Baha Bahasa sa Arab Arab Angk Angkat atan an 2004/2005 ______________________). B.
RUMUSAN MASALAH
Penulis membatasi permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yang hanya akan akan memb membah ahas as menge mengena naii halhal-ha hall yang yang menj menjad adii perm permas asal alah ahan an bagi bagi mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Bahasa Arab _____ yang meliputi:
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a.
Faktor Faktor-fa -faktor ktor instri instrinsi nsikk yang yang menca mencakup kup moti motivas vasi, i, mina minat, t, dan dan psikolo psikologis gis mahasiswa dalam belajar bahasa Arab.
b. b.
Fakt Faktor or-fa -fakt ktor or ekst ekstri rins nsik ik yang yang menc mencak akup up lingk lingkun unga gann dise diseki kita tarr kamp kampus us dengan berbagai proses belajar mengajar di kelas. Pene Peneli liti tian an ini ini hany hanyaa dila dilaku kuka kann kepa kepada da maha mahasi sisw swaa Prog Progra ram m
Pendidikan
Bahasa
Arab
Angkatan
2004/2005
________________________ yang telah mengikuti perkuliahan Istima’ I. Adapun
rumusan
masalah
dari
penelitian
ini
penulis
operasionalkan kedalam pertanyaan-pertanyaan sebagai berikut:
1.
Apakah permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa Program Pendidikan
Bahasa
Arab
Angkatan
2004/2005
_____________________________________ dalam mempelajari keterampilan menyimak pada mata kuliah Istima’ I ditinjau dari faktor instrinsik pembelajar ?
2.
Apakah permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa Program Pendidikan
Bahasa
Arab
___ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Angkatan dala dalam m
2004/2005 memp mempel elaj ajar arii
keterampilan menyimak pada mata kuliah Istima’ I ditinjau dari faktor ekstrinsik pembelajar ? C.
TUJUAN DAN KEGUNAAN PENELITIAN
1.
Tujuan Penelitian
Tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap kesulitan-kesulitan yang di dapat oleh para pembelajar bahas bahasaa Arab Arab dalam dalam mempel mempelaja ajari ri Istima Istima’I, ’I, untuk untuk kemudi kemudian an member memberika ikann solusi dari permasalahan tersebut. Adapun tujuan khusus dari penelitian ini adalah:
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1.1.
Untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa Prog Progra ram m Pend Pendid idik ikan an Baha Bahasa sa Arab Arab Angk Angkat atan an 2004 2004/2 /200 0055 _________________________ dalam mempelajari keterampilan meny menyim imak ak pada pada mata mata kuli kuliah ah Isti Istima ma’’ I diti ditinj njau au dari dari fakt faktor or instrinsik pembelajar.
1.2.
Untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa Prog Progra ram m Pend Pendid idik ikan an Baha Bahasa sa Arab Arab Angk Angkat atan an 2004 2004/2 /200 0055 ___ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ __
dala dalam m
memp mempel elaj ajar arii
keterampilan menyimak pada mata kuliah Istima’ I ditinjau dari faktor ekstrinsik pembelajar. 2.
Kegunaan Penelitian
Bany Banyak ak kegu keguna naan an yang yang diha dihara rapk pkan an penu penuli liss dapa dapatt lahi lahirr dari dari pen penel elit itia iann ini, ini, dian dianta tara rany nyaa adal adalah ah pene peneli liti tian an ini ini dapa dapatt memb member erik ikan an sumbangsih yang nyata bagi perkembangan pembelajaran bahasa Arab pada ______ __________ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ ____ juga juga dapat dapat member memberika ikann inform informasi asi tentang kesulitan yang dialami oleh mahasiswa dalam mata kuliah Istima’ I, sehingg sehinggaa semua semua pihak pihak yang yang terkai terkaitt merasa merasa perlu perlu untuk untuk mencar mencarii faktor faktor pen penye yeba babb dan dan juga juga solu solusi si yang yang signi signifi fika kann dala dalam m meng mengat atas asii kesu kesuli lita tann tersebut. tersebut. Adapun kegunaan kegunaan lain yang diharapkan diharapkan penulis dari penelitian penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 2.1. 2.1. Untu Untukk penga pengaja jar: r: Penelitian Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan bahan pemikiran pemikiran dan pertimbangan pertimbangan oleh pengajar untuk lebih meningkatkan metode pembelajaran, khususnya pada mata kuliah Istima’ I untuk lebih meningkatkan kualitas hasil yang di dapat dari mata kuliah ini. 2.2. 2.2. Untu Untukk mahasi mahasisw swa: a: Penelitian ini dapat mereka gunakan sebagai motivasi untuk lebih
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2.3. 2.3. Untu Untukk pen penul ulis is:: Pene Peneli liti tian an ini ini dapa dapatt mena menamb mbah ah penge pengeta tahu huan an penul penulis is dala dalam m menyikapi menyikapi kesulitan-ke kesulitan-kesulit sulitan an yang dihadapi dihadapi mahasiswa mahasiswa dalam mempe mempela laja jari ri mata mata kuli kuliah ah Isti Istima ma’’ I, sehi sehingg nggaa penu penuli liss dapa dapatt memberikan solusi untuk mengatasi kesulitan tersebut. D.
DEFINISI OPERASIONAL
Agar tidak terdapat kesalahan dalam menafsirkan judul penelitian, maka maka beri berikut kut ini ini penu penuli liss akan akan menj menjel elas aska kann defi defini nisi si oper operas asio iona nall yang yang terdapat pada judul penelitian: 1.
Analisis, adalah adalah penyel penyelidi idikan kan suatu suatu perist peristiwa iwa (karan (karangan gan,, perbuat perbuatan an dan sebagainya) untuk mengetahui apa sebabnya, bagaimana duduk perkaranya dan sebagainya (Poerwadarminta, 1984: 40). Adapun anal analis isis is dala dalam m pene peneli liti tian an ini ini adal adalah ah menga mengana nali lisi siss kesu kesuli lita tannkesulitan yang di dapat oleh para mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Bahasa
Arab
Angkatan
2004/2005
__________________________ dalam mempelajari mata kuliah Istima’I. 2.
Belajar dan Kesulitan Belajar, Suatu proses perubahan tingkah laku seseorang (dalam arti luas) yang ditimbulkan/diubah melalui praktek dan latihan (Garry & King Kingsl sley ey,, 1970 1970:: 15). 15). Kesu Kesuli lita tann bela belaja jarr adal adalah ah masa masala lahh yang yang dihadapi oleh siswa pada saat proses belajar mengajar sehingga tidak tidak berhas berhasil il mencap mencapai ai taraf taraf kualif kualifika ikasi si hasil hasil belaja belajarr terten tertentu tu (Muhibbin Syah, 2001: 172). Yang dimaksud dengan kesulitan belajar dalam penelitian ini adalah kesulitan mahasiswa dalam mempelajari bahasa Arab pada mata kuliah Istima’ I
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E.
ASUMSI
Asumsi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1.
Kesu Kesuli lita tann yang yang di dapa dapati ti maha mahasi sisw swaa yang yang bera berasa sall dari dari fakt faktor or-f -fak akto tor r inst instri rins nsik ik yang yang menc mencak akup up motiv motivas asi, i, mina minat, t, dan dan psik psikol olog ogis is mahasiswa dalam belajar bahasa Arab.
2.
Kesu Kesuli lita tann yang yang di dapa dapati ti maha mahasi sisw swaa yang yang bera berasa sall dari dari fakt faktor or-f -fak akto tor r ekstrinsik yang mencakup lingkungan disekitar kampus dengan berbagai proses belajar mengajar di kelas.
F.
SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN
Sistematika penulisan yang penulis susun dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: BAB BAB I:
PEND PENDAH AHUL ULUA UAN, N, terd terdir irii dari dari lata latarr bela belaka kang ng masa masala lah, h, rumus rumusan an masa masala lah, h, tuju tujuan an dan dan kegu keguna naan an pene peneli liti tian an,, defi defini nisi si operasional, asumsi, dan sistematika penulisan.
BAB II: ANALISIS
TEORITIS
MENGENAI
BELAJAR
DAN
MENY MENYIM IMAK AK (IST (ISTIM IMA’ A’), ), terd terdir irii dari dari pemba pembaha hasa sann mengenai pengertian belajar, tujuan belajar, kesulitan
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BAB V: KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
BAB II ANALISIS TEORITIS MENGENAI BELAJAR DAN MENYIMAK (ISTIMA’)
A.
Belajar
1.
Hakekat Belajar
Bagi makhluk hidup, belajar merupakan proses kegiatan yang sangat bermakna. Belajar tidak hanya dialami oleh manusia, melainkan hewan hewan juga juga mengal mengalami aminya nya.. Namun Namun demiki demikian, an, belaja belajarr pada diri diri hewan, hewan, sangat dipengaruhi oleh naluri yang melekat pada mereka, sedangkan pada diri diri manus manusia ia,, peng pengar aruh uh nalu naluri ri tadi tadi dire diredu duks ksii oleh oleh akal akal piki pikira rann yang yang berkembang dan dapat dikembangkan. Makna belajar pada diri manusia sangat luas sesuai dengan kondisi, situasi, tantangan dan masalah yang dihadapi. (Sumaatmadja, 2002: 25) Terdapat batasan-batasan yang beragam mengenai definisi belajar. Hal Hal ini ini dika dikare rena naka kann para para ahli ahli berb berbed edaa titi titikk tola tolakk dan dan pendi pendiri rian an dala dalam m merumuskan suatu definisi. Namun jika ditelaah, batasan yang beragam itu bis bisaa mela melahi hirk rkan an suat suatuu defi defini nisi si yang yang terp terpad adu. u. M. Sury Suryaa (199 (1991: 1:32 32))
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“Belajar adalah suatu perubahan dalam kepribadian sebagaimana dimanifestasikan dalam perubahan penguasaan pola-pola respon, tingka gkah laku yang baru, ru, yang nya nyata dalam peruba ubahan keterampilan, kesanggupan, sikap dan kebiasaan.” Definisi di atas di pertegas lagi oleh Abin Syamsudin Makmun (1999: 5) bahwa definisi belajar manapun mengacu pada konsep belajar yang yang menun menunju jukk kkan an suat suatuu prose prosess peru peruba baha hann ting tingka kahh laku laku seba sebaga gaii hasi hasill belajar yang terjadi pada individu merupakan perubahan dalam kepribadian, yang dimanifestasikan dalam perubahan penguasaan pola-pola respon atau tingk tingkah ah laku laku baru baru yang yang dapa dapatt di liha lihatt dari dari perub perubah ahan an kete ketera ramp mpil ilan an,, kebiasaan, kesanggupan dan pemahaman. Sedangkan Sumaatmadja (2002: 27) berpendapat bahwa belajar merupakan proses yang melekat pada diri kita masing-masing, dan juga sangat bermakna dalam kehidupan. Untuk lebih lebih mening meningkat katkan kan makna makna belaja belajar, r, proses proses terseb tersebut ut harus harus diland dilandasi asi oleh oleh kesadaran yang mendalam, yang meliputi kesadaran emosional, intelektual, spiritual, sosial dan budaya. Ahmadi (1982:20) mengemukakan pendapatnya mengenai belajar, yaitu “proses perubahan dalam diri manusia. Apabila setelah belajar tidak terjadi perubahan, maka tidaklah dikatakan telah terjadi proses belajar”. Perubahan tingkah laku yang merupakan produk belajar memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut: 1.
Terjadi secara sadar,
2
Bersifat ko kontinyu da dan fu fungsional, ma maksudny dnya be berla rlangsu gsung te terus
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5.
Bertujuan dan terarah, maksudnya perubahan yang dilakukan individu individu senantias senantiasaa terarah terarah kepada tingkah laku atau tujuan yang ditetapkan, dan
6.
Mencakup se seluruh ruh as aspek pe pengetahuan, si sikap da dan ke keterampilan. Dari beberapa pendapat para ahli di atas mengenai belajar, maka
dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa belajar merupakan usaha sadar yang dilaku dilakukan kan seseor seseorang ang dalam dalam hidupny hidupnyaa dan merupa merupakan kan proses proses peruba perubahan han tingkah tingkah laku individu melalui interaksi dengan lingkungan lingkungan untuk mencapai mencapai tujuan dan sasaran belajar. 2.
Tujuan Belajar
Tuju Tujuan an adal adalah ah hal hal yang yang sang sangat at esen esensi sial al,, baik baik dala dalam m rang rangka ka perencanaan, pelaksanaan maupun penilaian. Tujuan memberikan petunjuk untuk memilih pelajaran, menata urutan topik-topik, mengalokasikan waktu, memilih alat bantu pembelajaran serta menyediakan ukuran untuk mengukur prestasi belajar siswa. Adapun tujuan dari belajar adalah sejumlah hasil belajar yang menunjukkan bahwa siswa telah melakukan kegiatan belajar, yang meliputi pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap-sikap yang baru. Tujuan belaj belajar ar adalah adalah suatu suatu deskri deskripsi psi mengen mengenai ai tingka tingkahh laku laku yang yang dihara diharapka pkann tercapai oleh siswa setelah berlangsungnya proses belajar (Oemar, 1999: 73). Menurut Menurut Hernow Hernowoo dalam dalam buku terjem terjemaha ahanny nnyaa “Revolu “Revolusi si cara cara belajar”, belajar seharusnya memiliki tiga tujuan :
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2.3.
Mengembangkan kemampuan dan sikap pribadi yang secara mudah dapat digunakan dalam segala tindakan kita.
3.
Unsur-unsur Dinamis Belajar
Oemar Hamalik (1999: 50-52) menyebutkan bahwa unsur-unsur yang terkait dalam proses belajar terdiri dari: 3.1. Motivasi siswa Moti Motiva vasi si adal adalah ah doron doronga gann yang yang meny menyeb ebab abka kann terj terjad adii suat suatuu perbuatan atau tindakan tertentu. Dorongan itu dapat timbul dari dalam diri subjek yang belajar yang bersumber dari kebutuhan terten tertentu tu yang yang ingin ingin mendap mendapat at pemuas pemuasan; an; atau atau doronga dorongann yang yang timbul karena rangsangan dari luar sehingga subjek melakukan kegiatan belajar. 3.2. Bahan belajar Baha Bahann bela belaja jarr merup merupak akan an suat suatuu unsu unsurr bela belaja jarr yang yang pent pentin ingg mendapat perhatian oleh guru. Dengan bahan itu para siswa dapat mempel mempelaja ajari ri hal-ha hal-hall yang yang diperl diperluka ukann dalam dalam upaya upaya mencap mencapai ai tujuan belajar. Oleh karena itu, bahan belajar harus berdasarkan tujuan yang hendak dicapai. 3.3. 3.3. Alat Alat bant bantuu bel belaja ajar r Alat bantu belajar disebut juga alat peraga atau media belajar. Alat bantu belajar merupakan semua alat yang dapat digunakan untuk untuk membant membantuu siswa siswa melaku melakukan kan kegiat kegiatan an belaja belajar, r, sehing sehingga ga
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dan siswa senantiasa dituntut untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang baik dan menyenangkan. 3.5. 3.5. Kondis Kondisii subje subjekk belaja belajar r Kondisi subjek belajar (siswa) turut menentukan kegiatan dan keberha keberhasil silan an belaja belajar. r. Siswa Siswa dapat dapat belaja belajarr secara secara efisie efisienn dan efektif apabila berbadan sehat, siap untuk melakukan kegiatan belajar, memiliki minat untuk belajar, serta pengalaman yang bertalian dengan pelajaran. 4.
Syarat-syarat be belajar
Ada
beberapa syarat dalam pro proses
bel belajar yang haru haruss
dipersiapkan, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut: 4.1 4.1.
Dapat apat men menca capa paii tuju tujuan an bel belaj ajar ar dal dalam am wa waktu ktu yang yang rel relaatif tif sing singka katt, karena ditunjang oleh pelaksanaan yang terencana sesuai dengan kurikulum.
4.2 4.2.
dapa dapatt mel melaksa aksana naka kann PBM PBM yang yang re relati latiff efek efekti tiff dan dan efis efisie ienn kare karena na ditu ditunj njan angg oleh oleh mate materi ri/b /bah ahan an pela pelaja jara rann yang yang tela telahh disi disiap apka kann
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M. Surya Surya (1979:3 (1979:39-4 9-40) 0) mengem mengemuka ukakan kan pandang pandangann annya ya dalam dalam menyikapi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi belajar, antara lain terdiri dari faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal terdiri dari faktor fisiologis atau jas jasma mani ni indi indivi vidu du,, baik baik yang yang bers bersif ifat at bawa bawaan an/h /her ered edit itas as maupu maupunn yang yang dipe dipero role leh, h, misa misaln lnyya peng pengli liha hata tan, n, pend penden enga gara ran, n, stru strukt ktur ur bada badann dan dan sebagainya. Faktor internal lain yaitu faktor psikologis, baik yang bersifat bawaan maupun yang diperoleh, yang terdiri dari faktor intelektif (faktor potensial, yaitu intelegensi dan bakat serta faktor actual yaitu kecakapan yang yang nyat nyata, a, sepe sepert rtii pres presta tasi si). ). Fakt Faktor or psik psikol ologi ogiss lain lain yait yaituu fakt faktor or non non inte intele lekt ktif if yait yaituu kompo kompone nenn kepri kepriba badi dian an tert terten entu tu sepe sepert rtii sika sikap, p, mina minat, t, kebiasaan, kebutuhan, motivasi, konsep diri, penyesuaian diri, emosional dan sebaga sebagainy inya. a. Sedang Sedangkan kan faktor faktor ekster eksternal nal melipu meliputi ti sosial sosial,, lingku lingkungan ngan kelu keluar arga ga,, seko sekola lah, h, tema teman, n, masy masyar arak akat at,, buda budaya ya,, adat adat isti istiad adat at,, ilmu ilmu penge pengetah tahuan uan dan teknol teknologi ogi,, faktor faktor lingkun lingkungan gan fisik fisik contohny contohnyaa fasili fasilitas tas belajar di rumah, di sekolah, iklim dan faktor spiritual serta lingkungan keluarga. Faktor yang berasal dari dalam individu (internal), baik yang
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masyarakat, teman) dan lingkungan non-sosial (rumah, sekolah, peralatan, alam). 5.3. Faktor pendekat pendekatan an belajar, belajar, yakni jenis jenis upaya siswa siswa yang meliputi meliputi strate strategi gi dan metode metode yang yang diguna digunakan kan siswa siswa untuk untuk melakuk melakukan an kegiatan pembelajaran materi-materi pelajaran, yang terdiri dari pendekatan tinggi, pendekatan sedang dan pendekatan rendah. rend ah. B.
Kesulitan Belajar
1.
Kesulitan Belajar Secara Umum
Belajar sebagai suatu proses perubahan tingkah laku, terkadang meng mengal alam amii suat suatuu hamb hambat atan an atau atau gangg ganggua uann dala dalam m upay upayaa penc pencap apai aian an tuju tujuan anny nya. a. Hal Hal ters terseb ebut ut tela telahh di kena kenall denga dengann nama nama masa masala lahh bela belaja jar. r. Masa Masala lahh bela belaja jarr merup merupak akan an suat suatuu kondi kondisi si tert terten entu tu yang yang di alam alamii oleh oleh seseorang siswa yang dapat menghambat kelancaran proses belajar. Kondisi ini biasanya berkenaan dengan keadaan dirinya (kelemahan-kelemahan yang dimilikinya) dimilikinya) dan berkenaan berkenaan dengan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan menguntungkan
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Motivasi belajar merupakan kekuatan mental yang mendorong terj terjad adin inya ya pros proses es bela belaja jar. r. Lema Lemahny hnyaa motiv motivas asii bela belaja jarr akan akan melemahkan kegiatan belajar.
3.
Konsentrasi belajar. Kons Konsen enra rasi si
bel belajar ajar
meru merupa paka kann
kema kemamp mpua uann
memu memusa satk tkan an
perhatian pada pelajaran. Konsentrasi seringkali terfokus karena bebe bebera rapa pa hal, hal, sepe sepert rtii ting tingka katt kece kecerda rdasa sann rend rendah ah,, kese keseha hata tann terganggu, terganggu, mata dan telinga kurang berfungsi berfungsi dengan baik, tidak menguasai cara-cara belajar yang baik.
4.
Rasa percaya diri siswa. Rasa Rasa perc percay ayaa diri diri timb timbul ul dari dari kein keingi gina nann mewu mewuju judk dkan an diri diri bertindak dan berhasil. Dari segi perkembangan, rasa percaya diri dapat timbul dan berkat adanya pengakuan dari lingkungan.
b.
Masalah-masalah ekstern belajar,
1.
Guru sebagai pembimbing siswa belajar
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3.
Yang Yang bers bersif ifat at psik psikomo omoto tori rik, k, yait yaituu terga tergang nggu guny nyaa mata mata (ala (alatt penglihatan) dan telinga (alat pendengaran).
b.
Faktor ekstern siswa, 1.
Ling Lingku kung ngan an kel keluarg uargaa, misa misallnya nya keti ketida dakh khar armo moni nisa sann hubu hubung ngan an antar keluarga atau rendahnya perekonomian keluarga.
2.
Ling Lingku kung ngan an perk perkam ampu pung ngan an,, misa misaln lnya ya wilay ilayah ah perk perkam ampu pung ngan an kumuh atau teman dilingkungannya.
3.
Ling Lingku kung ngan an seko sekola lah, h, mis misalny alnyaa kond kondiisi dan dan let letak seko sekola lahh yang ang buruk, seperti dekat pasar, kondisi guru serta alat-alat belajar yang berkualitas rendah.
c.
Faktor khusus, Di antara antara faktor faktor-fa -fakto ktorr yang yang dapat dapat di pandan pandangg sebaga sebagaii faktor faktor khus khusus us adal adalah ah sindr sindrom om psik psikol olog ogii yang yang berup berupaa lear learni ning ng disa disabi bili lity ty (ketidakmampuan belajar). Sindrom yang berarti satuan gejala yang muncul sebagai indikator adanya keabnormalan psikis (Rebb, 1998) yang menimbulkan kesulitan belajar tersebut.
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5.
Tidak memiliki keterampilan-keterampilan dan pengetahuan dasar yang yang dipe diperl rluk ukan an,, seper eperti ti keti ketida dakm kmam ampu puan an memb membac acaa dan dan menghitung.
b.
Faktor-faktor yang terletak di luar diri siswa antara lain: 1.
Kuri Kuriku kulu lum m yan yangg ser serag agam am,, buku buku sumb sumber er yang yang tida tidakk ses sesua uaii den denga gann tingkat kematangan dan perbedaan individu.
2.
Keti Ketida daks kses esua uaia iann stan standa darr admi admini nitr trat atif if peni penillaian aian,, peng pengol olah ahan an kegiatan dan pengalaman belajar-mengajar, dan sebagainya.
3.
Terlalu berat belajar.
4.
Terl Terlal aluu besa besarr popu popula lasi si sisw siswaa dala dalam m kela kelas. s.
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kemasyarakatan, termasuk teks-teks Arab yang terdapat dalam pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI), mengingat status pelajaran Bahasa Arab di madr madras asah ah merup merupak akan an pela pelaja jara rann yang yang tak tak terp terpis isah ahka kann dari dari PA PAII seca secara ra keseluruhan. Kesuli Kesulitan tan belaja belajarr bahasa bahasa asing, asing, khusus khususny nyaa bahasa bahasa Arab, Arab, bagi bagi pembelajar asing (bukan orang Arab) disebabkan berbagai macam faktor, baik dari faktor bahasa itu sendiri (seperti tata bahasa , ungkapan dan sebagainya) dan faktor di luar bahasa yang bervariasi (seperti kebiasaan, budaya dan sebagainya). Bahasa Arab termasuk bahasa yang memiliki bentuk bahasa yang berbeda dengan bahasa asing lainnya. Bentuk bahasa tersebut dapat di amati
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sharaf sebagai ilmu tentang pokok-pokok (kaidah-kaidah) yang dengannya dapat diketahui bentuk-bentuk kalimat dalam bahasa Arab dan ihwal yang berkaitan dengannya di luar persoalan i’rab dan bina. C.
Istima’ (menyimak)
1.
Pengertian Istima’ (menyimak)
Menu Menuru rutt Raji Rajima mann (Ta (Tariga rigann 1986 1986 :1), :1), ada ada empa empatt macam cam kete ketera rampi mpila lann berb berbah ahas asaa yang yang harus harus diku dikuas asai ai oleh oleh sese seseor oran angg sebe sebelu lum m mengua menguasai sai bahasa bahasa asing asing yang yang ingin ingin dipel dipelaja ajarin rinya, ya, yaitu yaitu ketera keterampi mpilan lan menyimak, keterampilan menulis, keterampilan berbicara, dan keterampilan membaca.
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memiliki keterkaitan yang sangat erat dengan proses-proses berfikir yang mendas mendasari ari bahasa bahasa.. Hal ini dipert dipertega egass oleh oleh Dawson Dawson sebaga sebagaima imana na yang yang dikutip oleh Tarigan bahwa melatih keterampilan berbahasa berarti pula melatih keterampilan berfikir”. (Tarigan, 1986:1) Kalau kita melihat kata Istima’ secara sepintas, maka kata tersebut sama sama denga dengann kata kata “sam “samaa aa’” ’” yang yang bera berart rtii mend menden enga gar. r. Seba Sebagi gian an oran orangg berpe berpenda ndapat pat bahwa bahwa “istim “istima’” a’” dan “samaa “samaa’” ’” memili memiliki ki penger pengertia tiann yang yang serupa, padahal keduanya memiliki pengertian yang berbeda-beda. “samaa’” adalh kegiatan yang dilakukan indera pendengar secara tidak sengaja. Pada kegiatan ini telinga mendengarkan suara-suara yang sering di dengar oleh seseorang seseorang yang mana suara-suara suara-suara tersebut tidak memiliki makna, karena di
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Menu Menurut rut Kamus Kamus Umum Umum Baha Bahasa sa Indo Indone nesi siaa (1988 (1988:: 40), 40), yang yang dimaksud dengan menyimak adalah mendengarkan, memperhatikan baik baik apa yang diucapkan atau dibaca orang. Dari teori-teori di atas, dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa menyimak adalah kemampuan memahami makna dengan mendengar bahasa yang yang dibicar dibicaraka akan, n, dan menyim menyimak ak pada pada umumnya umumnya memili memiliki ki persam persamaan aan dengan membaca. Jika kemampuan kosakata dan kemampuan menganalisis struktu strukturr kalima kalimatt kurang kurang,, baik baik menyim menyimak ak ataupun ataupun membac membacaa tidak tidak akan akan berjalan dengan baik. 2.
Proses Menyimak
Kete Ketera rampi mpila lann meny menyim imak ak merup merupak akan an pros proses es meny menyus usun un kata kata
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dia menilainya pada dua dua aspek, yaitu kekura uranga ngan dan dan kelebihannya.
2.5.
Tahap Tahap meresp merespon on (responding). Pada Pada taha tahapp pende pendenga ngarr mula mulaii merespon semua yang disampaikan oleh pembicara.
3
Materi Menyimak
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dibe diberi ri penga pengara raha hann terl terleb ebih ih dahu dahulu lu,, tanp tanpaa meng mengorb orban anka kann keot keoten enti tika kann bahasanya (Subyakto, 1993: 164). 4.
Media menyimak dan kegunaannya
Dalam menyimak pun seseorang membutuhkan alat atau media yang dapat membantu mereka, diantaranya adalah alat atau media yang
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63) bahwa metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode dalam meneliti status sekelompok manusia, suatu objek, suatu set kondisi, suatu sistem pemikiran ataup ataupun un suat suatuu kela kelass peri perist stiw iwaa pada pada masa masa seka sekara rang ng.. Tujua Tujuann pene peneli liti tian an deskriptif ini adalah untuk membuat deskripsi, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta serta hubungan antar
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(Sugiyono, 2002: 57). Sedangkan Riduan (2004: 55) mengatakan bahwa populasi adalah keseluruhan dari karakteristik atau unit hasil pengukuran yang menjadi objek penelitian. Adapun jenis populasi yang peneliti gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah populasi terbatas, yaitu populasi yang mempunyai sumber data yang
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