Makalah
AKUNTANSI MANAJEMEN SEKTOR PUBLIK
“ Analisis Investasi Publik ”
OLEH : KELOMPOK IV SITI ARIFAH NUR F.
A311 12 112
SRI MARDHANI
A311 12 286
FADHIL AZHAR
A311 12 314
SRI MARDHANI
A3
31112314
JURUSAN AKUNTANSI FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN 2015
1
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
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BAB II
2
PEMBAHASAN ANALISIS INVESTASI PUBLIK A. Pror!" I#$%&'!&( P)*+(, Dalam melaksaaka !"#s$ %ela&aa mas&a'aka() %eme'$(ah *$ha*a%ka %a*a masalah
%e#am+$la ke%"("sa $,es(as$ %"+l$k- Ke%"("sa $,es(as$ %"+l$k *$%e'l"ka "("k me*"k"# %elaksaaa %'.#'am) ke#$a(a) *a !"#s$ &a# me/a*$ %'$.'$(as ke+$/akae#el"a'a "("k $,es(as$ %"+l$k ha'"s me*a%a( %e'ha($a &a# le+$h +esa' *$+a*$#ka *e#a %e#el"a'a '"($) ka'ea %e#el"a'a $,es(as$m.*al mem$l$k$ e!ek /a#ka %a/a#) se*a#ka %e#el"a'a '"($ le+$h +e'*am%ak /a#ka %e*ek- Kesalaha *alam melak"ka %e#am+$la ke%"("sa $,es(as$ ($*ak sa/a aka +e'*am%ak %a*a a##a'a (ah" +e'/ala) am" /"#a aka mem+e+a$ a##a'a (ah"(ah" +e'$k"(&aI,es(as$ %"+l$k mem$l$k$ ka$(a &a# e'a( *e#a %e#a##a'a m.*al$,es(as$e#a##a'a m.*al$,es(as$ me'"%aka %'.ses "("k me#aal$s$s %'.&ek%'.&ek *a mem"("ska a%akah %'.&ek (e'se+"( *a%a( *$ak.m.*as$ .leh a##a'a m.*al$,es(as$- U("k mem+e'$ka meka$sme *alam me#a("' %'.&ek $,es(as$ %"+l$k se3a'a le+$h e!$s$e *a e!ek($!) maka %e'l" *$lak"ka aal$s$s $,es(as$ se3a'a me*alam- Aal$s$s $,es(as$ +e'h"+"#a e'a( *e#a %e#a##a'a !"#s$.al) al.kas$ s"m+e' *a&a) *a %'ak($k maa/eme ke"a#a *$ se3(.' %"+l$k- Sela$ $(") %'.#'am $,es(as$ %"+l$3 me'"%aka +e("k *a'$ dual budgeting ) &a$(" %em$saha a##a'a m.*al$,es(as$ *a'$ a##a'a '"($D$ ke+a&aka Ne#a'a +e'kem+a#) a##a'a %em+a#"a *a a##a'a '"($ *$%$sahka-
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B. P%#%#')!# K%*)')-!# I#$%&'!&( P)*+(, ee("a ke+"("ha $,es(as$ %"+l$k +e'ka$(a *e#a /"mlah a##a'a &a# aka
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4
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Ke%"("sa $,es(as$ me'"%aka ke%"("sa &a# %e'l" *$ka$(ka *e#a masalah *$s('$+"s$ %ela&aa %"+l$3 se3a'a a*$l *a me'a(a- U("k $(" %e'l" *$ke(ah"$ s$a%a &a# aka mee'$ma ma!aa( a(a" ke"("#a &a# *$has$lka *a'$ %'.&ek $,es(as$> *a'$ maa me*a%a(ka m.*al "("k melaksaaka %'.&ek) a%akah *a'$ public revenue a(a" .leh $*$,$*"> a%akah (e'*a%a( %a/ak %e#has$la a(a" ($*ak> a%akah %'.&ek *$/alaka .leh public agencies a(a" .leh $*$,$*"- As%ek *$s('$+"s$ (e'ka$( *e#a kea*$la *a %e'samaa kesem%a(a "("k me*a%a(ka %ela&aa %"+l$3 ;equity ? equality). D. F!,'orF!,'or !# M%"/%#!r)-( I#$%&'!&( P)*+(, Fak(.'!ak(.' &a# ha'"s *$%e'($m+a#ka *alam aal$s$s $,es(as$ %"+l$3 a*alah4 1- T$#ka( *$sk.(. &a# *$#"aka T$#ka( *$sk.(. me'e!leks$ka ($#ka( ke"("#a ;rate of return< &a# *$%e'.leh *a'$
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T @ ($#ka( %a/ak E @ Ha'#a %asa' saham D @ ha'#a %asa' s"'a( +e'ha'#a "(a# V @ E D @ $la$ %asa' %e'"sahaa se3a'a kesel"'"ha =e'*asa'ka as"ms$ +ah8a sel"'"h +$a&a *a ma!aa( s"a(" %'.&ek (elah *$$la$ 3"k"%) masalah +e'$k"(&a &a# %e'l" *$%e'($m+a#ka +e'!.k"s %a*a ($#ka( *$sk.(. ;discount rate< &a# 3.3.k &a# aka *$#"aka- A(a'a +$a&a *a ma!aa( (e'/a*$ %a*a ($($k 8ak(" &a# +e'+e*a) seh$##a $la$ (e'se+"( %e'l" *$*$sk.(.ka "("k +e+e'a%a %e'$.*e 8ak(" se+el"m +e'+a#a$ al(e'a($! $,es(as$ *$%e'+a*$#ka "("k *$(e("ka $,es(as$ maa &a# aka *$lak"ka- U("k ("/"a aal$s$s +$a&a ma!aa() maka %e'l" *$#"aka ($#ka( *$sk.(. s.s$al ; social discount rate
7
Capital rationing a*alah kea*aa ke($ka .'#a$sas$ me#ha*a%$ masalah ke(e'se*$aa *aa "("k melak"ka %e#el"a'a $,es(as$- Dalam kea*aa se%e'($ $$ (e'*a%a( +e+e'a%a al(e'a($! $,es(as$ &a# *a%a( *$lak"ka aka (e(a%$ ($*ak (e'se*$a 3"k"% *aa "("k mem+$a&a$ $,es(as$$,es(as$ &a# *$a/"ka- Oleh ka'ea $(" ha'"s *$lak"ka %e'ak$#a $,es(as$- e'ak$#a *a%a( *$lak"ka *e#a me##"aka 'as$. ma!aa(+$a&a a(a" *a%a( /"#a me##"aka m.*el %em'.#'ama l$ea'a*a .'#a$sas$ se3(.' %"+l$k) sela$ mem%e'ha($ka !ak(.'!ak(.' *$ a(as %e$la$a $,es(as$ %"+l$k /"#a ha'"s mem%e'ha($ka halhal +e'$k"(4 a- T$#ka( "(a# %eme'$(ah- T$#ka( "(a# %eme'$(ah a*alah /"mlah &a# ha'"s *$+a&a'ka %eme'$(ah seh"+"#a *e#a %e'.leha s"m+e' %em+$a&aa *$l"a' %a/ak) se%e'($ "(a# l"a' e#e'$ *a .+l$#as$ %eme'$(ah &a$(" +e'"%a +"#a *a %.k.k "(a# +- T$#ka( kesem%a(a s.s$al &a# *$k.'+aka- D$se+"( /"#a social opportunity cost rate &a# (e'ka$( *e#a %e#e'($a +ah8a %'.&ek %eme'$(ah ha'"s *a%a( me#has$lka ($#ka( ke"("#a ;return) &a# m$$mal sama *e#a ($#ka( ke"("#a %'.&ek se3(.' s8as(a *e#a %e##"aa *aa &a# sama- A(a" *e#a ka(a la$) *e#a /"mlah $,es(as$ &a# sama) %'.&ek $,es(as$ %"+l$3 &a# *$lak"ka %eme'$(ah ha'"s mem$l$k$ k"al$(as &a# m$$mal sama /$ka %'.&ek (e'se+"( *$lak"ka .leh s8as(a3- $ocial ti!e preference rate. $ocial ti!e preference rate me'e!leks$ka ($#ka( ke"("#a &a# *$$s&a'a(ka .leh mas&a'aka( /$ka me"*a k.s"ms$ saa( $$ "("k ke%e($#a k.s"ms$ *$ masa *e%aE. T%,#(, D!&!r P%#(+!(!# I#$%&'!&( P)*+(,
a*a *asa'&a) %'$s$% %e$la$a $,es(as$ sa#a( se*e'haa- Te'*a%a( em%a( la#kah "(ama "("k me#e,al"as$ s"a(" %'.&ek $,es(as$) &a$("4 1- I*e($!$kas$ ke+"("ha $,es(as$ &a# m"#k$ *$lak"kaO'#a$sas$ se3(.' %"+l$3 se'$#kal$ *$ha*a%ka %a*a +a&ak al(e'a($,e $,es(as$ "("k me3a%a$ ("/"a .'#a$sas$&a- Oleh ka'ea $(" %e'l" *$$*e($!$kas$ al(e'a($!al(e'a($! &a# mem"#k$ka "("k *$aal$s$s le+$h la/"(- Ke(e'ka$(a a(a'a sa(" %'.&ek *e#a %'.&ek la$ &a# %e'l" *$%e'($m+a#ka "("k me#e(ah"$ se/a"h maa %ee'$maa a(a" %e.laka s"a(" $,es(as$ aka mem%e#a'"h$ $,es(as$ la$2- Mee("ka sem"a ma!aa( *a +$a&a *a'$ %'.&ek &a# aka *$laksaaka ;cost%benefit relations#ip)-
8
e'h$("#a ma!aa( *a +$a&a ha'"s %"la memas"kka aal$s$s ma!aa( *a +$a&a s.3$al ; social cost%benefit < &a# *$($m+"lka *a'$ $,es(as$ %"+l$3 &a# aka *$lak"ka- a*a .'#a$sas$ se3(.' %"+l$3 +$a&a *a ma!aa( se'$#kal$ ($*ak *a%a( se3a'a la#s"# *$"k"' *e#a sa("a "a#) seh$##a (ek$k(ek$k aal$s$s +$a&a ma!aa( sa#a( 3.3.k "("k *$(e'a%ka- Dalam aal$s$s +$a&ama!aa( $$) benefit ;ma!aa(< *$(ekaka %a*a sem"a ke"##"la ek..m$ *a s.3$al &a# *$%e'.leh) se*a#ka "("k cost ;+$a&a< *$(ekaka %a*a kelemahakelemaha %'.&ek &a# *$k"a($!$kas$ka *alam +e("k "a#- Se+a#a$ 3.(.h ke($ka s"a(" .'#a$sas$ sek(.' %"+l$k me'e3aka mem+"a( se+"ah /ala +a'") maka aka m"3"l !onetary cost "("k +$a&a k.s('"ks$ *a %e'a8a(a- D$ sam%$# $(" /"#a aka ($m+"l +$a&a+$a&a s.s$al *a'$ %'.&ek (e'se+"() m$sal +$a&a &a# m"3"l *alam +e("k %e'"saka %ema*a#a) %.l"s$ "*a'a) %.l"s$ s"a'a) kem"#k$a +e'(am+ah&a ke3elakaa) *a la$ se+a#a$&a- D$ la$ %$hak) ma!aa(ma!aa( s.s$al /"#a aka *$%e'.leh *a'$ %em+"a(a /ala +a'" (e's+"( se%e'($ %e#"'a#a kema3e(a lal" l$(as) mem%e'3e%a( %e'/alaa) me#"'a#$ +$a&a %e*$s('$+"s$a +a'a#) *a la$ se+a#a$&a- Me#h$("# ma!aa( *a +$a&a *alam '"%$ahLa#kah ke*"a a*alah me#h$("# ma!aa( *a +$a&a $,es(as$ *alam sa("a '"%$ahTe'ka*a# (e'*a%a( kes"l$(a *alam la#kah ke*"a $$- Kes"l$(a &a# *$ha*a%$ a*alah a%a+$la +$a&a *a ma!aa( *a'$ s"a(" %'.&ek ($*ak *a%a( *$"k"' *alam +e("k '"%$ah) m$sal&a ma!aa( *a +$a&a s.s$al- Dalam k.*$s$ (e'se+"() &a# *a%a( *$lak"ka a*alah me#h$("# $la$ ma!aa( *a'$ %'.&ek se3a'a ($*ak la#s"#) &a$(" *e#a me##"aka aal$s$s e!ek($,$(as +$a&a ;cost-effectiveness analysis<6- Mem$l$h %'.&ek &a# mem$l$k$ ma!aa( (e'+esa' *a e!ek($,$(as +$a&a &a# ($##$Ras$. +$a&a *a ma!aa( a(a" e!ek($,$(as +$a&a me'"%aka ($($k a8al %ee("a %ee'$maa %'.&ek) a*a +a&ak ke($*ak%as($a &a# *a%a( mem%e#a'"h$ %e'h$("#aT$*ak sem"a +$a&a *a ma!aa( s.s$al *a%a( *$mas"kka *alam %e'h$("#a) +ahka +e+e'a%a *$a(a'a&a ($*ak *a%a( *$%aka$ *alam %e#"k"'a &a# .+&ek($! *alam +e("k m.e(e'- Aal$s$s m.e(e' m"#k$ me#$*$kas$ka +ah8a %'.&ek aka mem+e'$ka $la$ "a# (e'+a$k) (e(a%$ !ak(.'!ak(.' %.l$($k) 'es%. %eme'$(ah) se'(a (ekaa(ekaa s.s$al me&e+a+ka %e'($m+a#a +$a&a ma!aa( *$%e'l"ka a(as %'.&ek (e'se+"(-
9
Te'*a%a( +e+e'a%a (ek$k "("k melak"ka %e$la$a $,es(as$- Tek$k "("k me#e,al"as$ $,es(as$ *$+e*aka me/a*$ *"a me(.*e) &a$("4 1- Me(.*e %e$la$a $,es(as$ ('a*$s$.al 2- Me(.*e al$'a kas &a# *$*$sk.(.ka ;discounted cas# flo&% D7F<
Me(.*e ('a*$s$.al &a# se'$# *$#"aka a*alah ($#ka( %e#em+al$a m.*al &a# *$$,es(as$ka ;accounting rate of return on capital e!ployed RO7E< *a payback period ;
Laba akuntansi Juumlahmodal yang diinvestasikan I!.'mas$ me#ea$ la+a ak"(as$ *$%e'.leh *a'$ la%.'a '"#$la+a .'a#$sas$) se*a#ka $!.'mas$ m.*al *a%a( *$ke(ah"$ *a'$ e'a3a- Te'*a%a( *"a masalah *alam me##"aka me(.*e RO7E $$- e'(ama) %e#h$("#a a#ka ak"(as$ *$*asa'ka %a*a k.se% ak"(as$ ak'"al *a memas"kka $(em$(em +"ka kas) se%e'($ *e%'es$as$ *a 3a*a#a ke'"#$a %$"(a#- Ke*"a) RO7E ha&a me#"k"' %e'$.*e ("##al (a%a mem%e'h$("#ka $la$ 8ak(" "a# ;ti!e valur of !oney
10
Net Present Value
'et Present (alue *a%a( *$'"m"ska se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4
NPV =CFo+
CF 1 CF 2 CF 3 CFn + + + …+ ( 1 + i ) ( 1 + i ) ² ( 1 +i ) ³ (1 + i) ʱ
A(a"4 n
∑( t = 0
CFt 1+ i )
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NPV =( Cashflow x Present value factor ) − Investasi ¿ ( CF x vf )− I
;C pvf < *$se+"( /"#a *ross Present (alue
Net Present Benefit NPB
'et Present Benefit ;Ma!aa( =e's$h Seka'a#< me'"%aka $la$ +e's$h s"a(" %'.&ek se(elah *$k"'a#$ sel"'"h +$a&a %a*a sa(" (ah" (e'(e(" *a'$ ke"("#a a(a" ma!aa( &a# *$(e'$ma %a*a (ah" &a# +e'sa#k"(a *a *$*$sk.(.ka *e#a ($#ka( +"#a &a# +e'lak" 'et present benefit *a%a( *$'"m"ska se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4
NP! = "o −Co+
" −C " 2 " 3 "n−Cn + + + …+ (1 + t ) (1+ t ) ² ( 1+ t ) ³ (1 +t ) ʱ
A(a"4 n
"n−!n ∑ ( 1+i ) = n
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0
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A#!+(&(& Payback Period
Me(.*e payback period *$#"aka "("k me#e(ah" /a#ka 8ak(" %e#em+al$a $,es(as$- Payback period *$'"m"ska se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4
Investasi #wal Payback eriod = $euntungan tahunan Payback period me'"%aka (ek$k aal$s$s $,es(as$ &a# 'ela($,e m"*ah *a se*e'haaSeh$##a +a&ak *$#"aka- Nam" *em$k$a) Payback period me#a*"# kelemaha) &a$("4 1- Me(.*e $$ me#a+a$ka %ee'$maa%ee'$maa $,es(as$ a(a" proceeds &a# *$%e'.leh se(elah payback period (e'3a%a$2- Me(.*e payback period me#a+a$ka $la$ 8ak(" "a# - Me(.*e payback period ($*ak *a%a( *$#"aka "("k %e#am+$la ke%"("sa $,es(as$ &a# +e's$!a( !utually eclusive.
Aal$s$s =$a&aMa!aa( ;Cost Benefit Analysis< Me(.**e cost benefit analysis ;7=A< a(a" benefit cost ratio me'"%aka 3a'a me#e,al"as$ s"a(" %'.&ek *e#a mem+a*$#ka $la$ seka'a# ;present value< *a'$ sel"'"h ma!aa( ke"("#a &a# *$%e'.leh *e#a $la$ seka'a# *a'$ sel"'""h +$a&a %'.&ek (e'se+"() +e'*asa'ka 7=A 3'$(e'$a ke%"("sa &a# le+$h +esa' *a'$ +$a&a&a- Ke"("#a *alam aal$s$s +$a&a ma!aa( ha'"s %"la memas"kka ke"("#a s.3$al *a +$a&a s.3$al- '.&ek &a# *$(e'$ma a*alah %'.&ek &a# mem$l$k$ ke"("#a s.3$al &a# *$*$sk.(.ka ;discounted value of social benefits< &a# le+$h +esa' *a'$ $la$ +$a&a s.3$al &a# *$*$sk.(.ka ;discounted value of social cost
" = "o +
" 1 " 2 "n + + …+ (1+ t ) (1 + t )² (1 + t ) ʱ
12
C =Co +
C 1 C 2 Cn + + …+ (1 + t ) (1+ t ) ² (1 +t ) ʱ
=e'*asa'ka me(.*e $$) s"a(" %'.&ek aka *$laksaaka +$la ;M7<1- Me(.*e $$ aka mem+e'$ka has$l &a# k.s$s$(e *e#a me(.*e 'et Present Benefit a%a+$la =71 +e'a'($ %"la =7 le+$h +esa' *a'$ 0 Benefit%cost ratio *a%a( /"#a *$'"m"ska se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4
%ross Present Value =
!enefit / cost ratio Investasi
Kelemaha me(.*e =7 'a($. a*alah ($*ak a*a&a %e*.ma &a# /elas me#ea$ halhal &a# mas"k se+a#a$ %e'h$("#a +$a&a *a ma!aa(- D$ sa(" s$s$ *a%a( *$mas"kka se+a#a$ +$a&a) am" *$ s$s$ la$ *a%a( *$mas"kka se+a#a$ ma!aa() seh$##a kem"#k$a (e'/a*$ ma$%"las$ +esa'- Se3a'a "m"m) kelemaha $$ *$se+a+ka ka'ea a*a&a kes"l$((a *alam %e#h$("#a ma!aa( *a +$a&a- =$a&a *$a##a% se+a#a$ ma!aa( e#a($,e- De#a *em$k$a =7 'a($. *a%a( +e'%el"a# mem+e'$ka has$l &a# kel$'" *alam mee(""ka %'.&ekU("k mem+e'$ka $l"s('as$ me#ea$ k..se% Benefit%cost ratio, se+a#a$ 3.(.h %eme'$(ah mem$l$k$ *"a %'.%.sal %'.&ek mem+"("hka $,es(as$ se+esa' R% 19)000)000) *a mem+e'$ka al$'a kas mas"l R% )200)000) sa(" (ah" *a'$ seka'a#- '.&ek ke*"a mem+"("hka $,es(as$ se+esa' R% 26)000)000) *e#a mem+e'$ka al$'a kas se+esa' R% :)200)000) %e' (ah" selama l$ma (ah"- J$ka ($#ka( ke"("#a &a# *$s&a'a(ka se+esa' 10) maka %e#h$("#a Benefit%cost ratio a*alah se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4 '.&e
I,es(as$
7ash I!l.8
V ;10<
G'.ss 'ese( Val"e
=ee!$(7.s( Ra($.
k A =
R% 19)000)000) R% 26)000)000)
R% )200)000) (ah" 1 R% :)200)000) (ah" 15
0)0 ):1
R% 1:)652)00) R% 2:)25)200)
1)0 1)16
=e'*asa'ka Benefit%cost ratio) maka %'.&ek = le+$h la&ak *$(e'$ma *a'$%a*a %'.&ek A ka'ea %'.&ek = mem$l$k$ 'a($. ma!aa(+$a&a &a# le+$h +esa' *a'$ %'.&ek AKe%"("sa me#ea$ ak($,$(as $,es(as$ *alam private sector *$(ekaka *e#a $la$ a%akah %em$l$k %e'"sahaa aka me/a*$ le+$h +a$k *e#a melak"ka $,es(as$ (e'se+"(Seme(a'a $(") ke%"("sa $,es(as$ *elam .'#a$sas$ sek(.' %"+l$k le+$h *$!.k"ska %a*a %e$la$a a%akah mas&a'aka( se3a'a kesel"'"ha aka me/a*$ +a$k *e#a a*a&a $,es(as$ 13
(e'se+"(- Aal$s$s +$a&ama!aa( *$kem+a#ka se+a#a$ ala( "("k mem+a#" k'$(e'$ak'$(e'$a (e'ha*a% %e$la$a $,es(as$ sek(.' %"+l$k) (e'mas"k *$ s$$ ma!aa( s.3$al +e's$h &a# *$%e'.leh *a'$ $,es(as$U("k mee("ka ma!aa( s.3$al +e's$h $$ ($*ak ha&a *$%e'h$("#ka ma!aa( &a# tangible mela$ka /"#a (e'mas"k ma!aa( &a# intangible) se%e'($4 +e+as *a'$ %.l"s$) h$*"% *e#a l$#k"#a &a# ama) %e#hema(a 8ak(") *a la$ se+a#a$&a- Dem$k$a hal&a ke($ka %e'ha($a *$a'ahka %a*a %e#"k"'a +$a&a) +e+e'a%a $(em &a# +e's$!a( intangible se%e'($ ke'"saka l$#k"#a ha'"s *$%e'h$("#kaMe"'"( D$. ;166< *alam =l"*ell *a M"'*.3k ;1:<) aal$s$s +$a&ama!aa( %a*a *asa'&a ha'"s *a%a( me#"k"' ma!aa( s.s$al +e's$h ;net social benefit <- Ma!aa( s.s$al +e's$h se3a'a #a'$s +esa' *a%a( *$&a(aka se+a#a$ +e'$k"(4 Sosial beneft/private beneft +
Sosial cost/private beneft +
Net Social eneft
D$. mee'a#ka +ah8a (e'*a%a( ($#a la#kah *alam melak"ka aal$s$s +$a&a ma!aa() &a$("4 1- Me"("ska +$a&a *a ma!aa( a%a sa/a &a# aka *$mas"kka Hal $$ *$maks"*ka "("k me#h$*a'$ kem"#k$a (e'/a*$&a double counting ) &a$(" sa(" ma!aa( a(a" +$a&a &a# me&e+a+ka ma!aa( a(a" +$a&a &a# la$ *$mas"kka se3a'a +e'samasama- M$sal&a) /$ka *e#a (ek$k %e3e#aha ke+aka'a (e'(e(" *a%a( me&e+a+ka %e#"'a#a s(a! &a# *$+"("hka (e(a%$ *$as %ema*am ke+aka'a mem"("ska "("k me##"aka %e#hema(a 8ak(" (e'se+"( "("k %ela($ha s(a! (am+aha) maka *alam aal$s$s +$a&ama!aa( ($*ak *a%a( me#h$("# ke*"ake*"a&a se+a#a$ ma!aa(- Dem$k$a /"#a) +e+e'a%a *am%ak ;e!ek< &a# 'ela($,e ($*ak s$#$!$ka ($*ak %e'l" *$mas"kka *alam aal$s$s +$a&ama!aa(- Se+a#a$ 3.(.h (ek$k %ema*am ke+aka'a (e'(e(" m"#k$ mem$l$k$ %e#a'"h +e'"%a %e#"'a#a %.l"s$ l$#k"#a (e'ka$( *e#a ke/a*$a ke+aka'a# '"mah) am" hal $$ ($*ak s$#$!$ka *$mas"kka *alam aal$s$s14
2- Me#"k"' *a me#e,al"as$ +$a&a *a ma!aa(Ma!aa( *a +$a&a &a# +e'8"/"* ;tangible< le+$h m"*ah "("k *$h$("#) aka (e(a%$ &a# +e's$!a( ($*ak +e'8"/"* ;intangible< 'ela($,e s"l$( "("k *$h$("#- Mas$h *e#a me##"aka 3.(.h *$as %ema*am ke+aka'a *$ a(as) cost of ti!e &a# *$ha+$ska .leh %e("#as %ema*am ke+aka'a *a %e&e*$aa ala'm ke+aka'a me'"%aka +e("k +$a&a &a# s$!a(&a tangible- Nam" *em$k$a) /$ka (ek$k %ema*am *$$la$ m$sal&a *e#a /"mlah .'a# &a# (e'selama(ka *a'$ ke+aka'a) +a#a$maakah k$(a me$la$ intangible benefit (e'se+"( se3a'a k"a($(a$! =$asa&a "("k me#"k"'&a *$#"aka ha'#a +a&a#a ; s#ado& price< m$sal&a +$a&a as$.al "("k me'a8a( se/"mlah .'a# &a# me/a*$ k.'+a ke+aka'a *a keh$la#a %e*a%a(a *a ha'(a +e*a ka'ea %e'$s($8a (e'se+"(- +i!ing *a al$'a +$a&a *a ma!aa(Taha% ke($#a (e'ka$( *e#a masalah 8ak(" %eekaa +$a&a a(a" ma!aa( &a# (e'/a*$- =$asa&a $la$ &a# (e'($##$ *$mas"kka *alam +$a&a *a ma!aa( &a# (e'/a*$ le+$h a8al- U("k me&es"a$ka $la$ +$a&a *a ma!aa( &a# +e'+e*a ka'ea 8ak(") maka *$#"aka ($#ka( *$sk.(. ;discount rate<-
Aal$s$s E!ek($!$(as =$a&a ;Cost-Effectiveness Analysis< Aals$s e!ek($,$(as +$a&a *$lak"ka ka'ea (e'**a%a( kes"l$(a *alam me#h$("# +$a&a *a ma!aa( s.s$al se3a'a k"a($(a($!- Aals$s cost-effectiveness mel$%"($ %e$la$a (e'ha*a% +$a&a *a ma!aa( &a# *a%a( *$k"a($!$kas$) +a$k *$ masa seka'a# ma"%" *$ masa &a# aka *a($# a(as s"a(" %'.&ek *e#a %e#a'"h a(a" *am%ak &a# ($*ak *a%a( *$k"a($!$kas$ka) am" ($*ak *$$la$- De#a ka(a la$) aal$sa cost-effectiveness mem"sa(ka %a*a %e#"k"'a s"a(" &a# *a%a( *$"k"'La#kahla#kah *alam melak"ka aal$s$s e!ek($,$(as +$a&a a*alah se+#a$ +e'$k"(4 1- Mee("ka /"mlah *a 8ak(" a(as sem"a +$a&a m.*al- Hal (e'se+"( mel$%"($ %"la %ee("a +$a&a +a#"a) %e'la(a) *a (aah- Hal $$ %e($# ka'ea s"m+e' *a&a &a# *$%e'l"ka .leh se+"ah %'.&ek ha'"s *$$la$ %a*a opportunity cost %e"h&a- De#a *em$k$a) /$ka .'#a$sas$ me##"aka (aah&a se*$'$ &a# maa se+"ah +a#"a aka *$*$'$ka *$ a(as&a) maka +$a&a &a# *$%aka$ ha'"s *$$la$ +e'*asa'ka ha'#a %asa' %a*a saa( $(" ;current !arket value< 15
2- Mem+"a( es($mas$ +$a&a &a# aka (e'/a*$ ;running cost < selama "m"' &a# *$ha'a%ka *a'$ s"a(" %'.&ek - Mem+"a( es($mas$ ."(%"( (e'"k"( selama "m"' &a# *$ha'a%ka *a'$ s"a(" %'.&ek 6- Mem+"a( es($mas$ %e#a'"h +$a&a *a %e*a%a(a a(as ak($,$(as &a# *$lak"ka 5- Me*$sk.(.ka +$a&a *a ma!aa( &a# *a%a( *$"k"' "("k mem"#k$ka melak"ka %e'+a*$#a- '.se*"' &a# +$asa *$%aka$ a*alah me#h$("# $la$ seka'a# ;present value< (e(a%$ %'.&ek%'.&ek &a# *$m$l$k$ "m"' &a# +e'+e*aa m"#k$ le+$h (e%a( *$+a*$#ka *e#a me##"aka +$a&a (ah"a ek"$,ale ;equivalent annual cost <9- Me/elaska se3a'a 'eal$s($s me#ea$ kem"#k$a a*a&a +$a&a+$a&a *a ma!aa( &a# ($*ak *a%a( *$k"a($!$kas$ &a# aka m"3"l *a'$ %'.&ek &a# aka *$/alaka-
Dalam %'ak($k&a) (e'*a%a( +e+e'a%a kes"l$(a *alam melak"ka aal$s$s e!ek($,$(as +$a&a- Kes"l$(a (e'se+"( (e'/a*$ %a*a 8ak(" mem+"a( es($mas$ a(a" %e'k$'aa me#ea$ 8ak(" *a +esa'&a /"mlah +$a&a *a ma!aa( *$ masa *a($#- Kes"l$(a /"#a *$alam$ %a*a saa( %em$l$ha ($#ka( *$sk.(. ;discount rate< &a# (e%a( a(a" %e&es"$a "("k ($"#ka( '$s$k. *a ke($*ak%as($a) se+a#a$ #am+a'a *alam seks$ %e*ah"l"a %a*a aal$sa cost-benefit - Nam" *em$k$a) meka$sme %e*$sk.(.a %a*a *asa'&a ($*ak +e'+e*a *a'$ &a# +$asa *$(e'a%ka %a*a se3(.' s8as(a-
16
BAB III PENUTUP
KESIMULAN Dalam melak"ka !"#s$ %ela&aa mas&a'aka() %eme'$(ah *$ha*a%ka %a*a masalah %e#am+$la ke%"("sa $,es(as$ %"+l$k- Ke%"("sa $,es(as$ %"+l$k *$%e'l"ka "("k me*"k"# %elaksaaa %'.#'am) ke#$a(a *a !"#s$ &a# me/a*$ %'$.'$(as ke+$/akae#el"a'a "("k $,es(as$ %"+l$k ha'"s me*a%a( %e'ha($a &a# le+$h +esa' *$+a*$#ka *e#a %e#el"a'a '"($) ka'ea %e#el"a'a '"($ le+$h +e'*am%ak /a#ka %e*ek) se*a#ka %e#el"a'a $,es(as$ mem%"&a$ e!ek /a#ka %a/a#- Kesalaha *alam melak"ka $,es(as$ %e#am+$la ke%"("sa $,es(as$ ($*ak sa/a aka +e'*am%ak %a*a a##a'a (ah" +e'/ala) am" /"#a aka mem+e+a$ a##a'a (ah"(ah" +e'$k"(&aI,es(as$ %"+l$k mem%"&a$ ka$(a &a# e'a( *e#a %e#a##a'a m.*al $,es(as$e#a##a'a m.*al $,es(as$ me'"%aka %'.ses "("k me#aal$s$s %'.&ek%'.&ek *a mem"("ska a%aka %'.&ek (e'se+"( *a%a( *$ak.m.*as$ .leh a##a'a m.*al $,es(as$- U("k mem+e'$ks meka$sme *alam me#a("' %'.&ek $,es(as$ %"+l$k se3a'a le+$h e!$s$e *a e!ek($!) 17
maka %e'l" *$lak"ka aal$s$s $,es(as$ se3a'a me*alam- Aal$s$s $,es(as$ +e'h"+"#a e'a( *e#a %e#a##a'a !"#s$.al) al.kas$ s"m+e' *a&a) *a %'ak(ek maa/eme ke"a#a *$ sek(.' %"+l$k- Sela$ $(") %'.#'am $,es(as$ %"+l$k me'"%aka +e("k *a'$ dual budgeting ) &a$(" %em$saha a##a'a m.*al $,es(as$ *a'$ a##a'a '"($-
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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