Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
TRAA3O TRAA3O ES&ALONADO ES&ALONADO!!
!1"
ANÁLISIS DE LOS SISTEMAS SEGREGADO DE TRANSORTE! METRO "# TR TRAN$%A AN$%A
DO&ENTE! ' I()* I()* $ILLA $ILLA$I $I&E &EN& N&IO IO G*, G*, Eri Eric+ c+ ESTDIANTES! ' -I. -I.A RIE RIETO TO,, Lui# ui# Rica Ricard rd/ / 201120A ' LEN LEN $AL$E AL$ERD RDE, E, Nilt Nilt/( /( 2011226I ' LA ROSA ROSA ERNAL RNAL,, 3/ 3/# 2011115G
INGENIER%A DE TRANSOR TRA NSORTES TES T$ 661 9 G De:artame(t/ Acadmic/ de $iabilidad ; Ge/m
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
#N$I%E 1*Metr/ ; Tra("=a******************************** ra("=a**************************************************** **************************************** ************************************* ***************** :<)*> 1*1*El Metr/***************************** Metr/************************************************* **************************************** ********************************** **************** :<)*> 1*1*1*De#cri:ci?( 1*1*1*De#cri:ci?( de Metr/****************************************************** Metr/****************************************************** :<)*> 1*1*2*@i#t/ria del Metr/******************************** Metr/********************************************************* ************************* :<)*4 1*1*>*I(rae#tructura 1*1*>*I(rae#tructura del Metr/************************************************ Metr/************************************************ * :<)* 1*2*El Tra("=a*********************************** ra("=a******************************************************* **************************************** *************************** ******* :<)*6 1*2*1*De#cri:ci?( 1*2*1*De#cri:ci?( de Tra("=a*************************************** ra("=a***************************************************** ************** :<)*6 1*2*2*@i#t/ria del Tra("=a******************************************************* ra("=a******************************************************* **** :<)*5 1*2*>*I(rae#tructura 1*2*>*I(rae#tructura del Tra("=a************************************************ ra("=a************************************************ :<)* 2*Metr/ "# Tra("=a*********************************** ra("=a******************************************************* **************************************************** ******************************** :<)*B 2*1*$e(taCa# 2*1*$e(taCa# del Metr/********************************* Metr/***************************************************** *********************************** *************** :<)*B 2*2*$e(taCa# 2*2*$e(taCa# del Tra("=a************************************* ra("=a***************************************************** **************************** ************ :<)*B 2*>*A(
* El &/#t/ de l/# Metr/# e( l/# a=#e# e( De#arr/ll/ >*1*E(#a;/ de A( >*2*&/#t/# de I("er#i?( de l/# Metr/#******************************************** Metr/#******************************************** :<)*1 >*>*Dat/# Ge(erale# S/bre l/# Metr/#************************ **************** ************** ** :<)*16 4*E:erie(cia# Mu(diale# ; Reere(te#**************************** Reere(te#*************************************************** ************************** *** :<)1 4*1*L=(ea 12 del Metr/ de Madrid E#:aFa************************************* E#:aFa************************************* :<)*1 4*1*1*A(tecede(te#**************** 4*1*1*A(tecede(te#************************************ **************************************** ******************************* *********** :<)*1B 4*1*2*Rec/rrid/ 4*1*2*Rec/rrid/ ; e#taci/(e# L=(ea 12 9 Metr/ #ur ******** *** *********** ******** ** :<)*20 4*1*>*Material M?"il de la L=(ea 12 Metr/ de Madrid E#:aFa* :<)*21 4*1*4*E#tudi/# 4*1*4*E#tudi/# S/ci/ 9 Ec/(?mic/# Ec/(?mic/# ; Ambie(tale# del Metr/ #ur :<)*2> 4*1*4*1* &/(tribuci?( de Metr/ Sur a la S/#te(ibilidad S/#te(ibilidad
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G 4*1*4*1*2 &/#te# deri"ad/# de la c/()e#ti?(HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH**:<)24 4*1*4*1*>* Ret/r(/ Ret/r(/ de la i("er#i?( 9be(eci/ #/cial aF/ tra# aF/HHHHH:<)2 4*1*4*1*4* &/#t/'be(eci/ #/cialHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH**:<)26 4*1*4*2* Dema(da************************** Dema(da******************************************************** ****************************** ****** :<)*26 4*1*4*> Oerta************************************ Oerta******************************************************** ********************************** ************** :<)*26 4*1*4*4* Taria#************************************************************* aria#************************************************************* ******* :<)*25 4*2 Tra("=a e( 7ara)/8aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH H*:<)2 4*2*1* re"e @i#t/ria del tra("=a e( 7ara)/8aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:<)2 4*2*2* Actualidad del tra("=aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH**:<)2B 4*2* 4*2*>* >* $e(ta e(taCa Ca## del del Tra(" ra("=a =a de 7ara)/8aHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH**:<)>0 4*2* 4*2*4* 4* I(te I(terr rrel elac aci? i?( ( c/( c/( el bu#HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH*:<)>2 4*2* 4*2* I(te I(terr rrel elac aci? i?( ( c/( c/( la i8iHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:<)>2 4*2*6* El (ue"/ :r/;ect/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:<)>> 4*2* 4*2*5 5* Tari aria# a# ; m/d/ /d/# de :a)/HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH**:<)>4 *A:licaci?( *A:licaci?( e( el erJ************************************** erJ********************************************************** ******************************** ******************** ******** :<)*> ibli/)ra=a********************* ibli/)ra=a***************************************** **************************************** ******************************************************* *********************************** :<)*42
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
1. METRO Y TRANVÍA
1&1& El 'etro 1&1&1& $escripci(n de 'etro El metro o ferrocarril metropolitano, es un sistema de trenes ubicado en una ciudad ciudad y su área metropolitana. Se caracteriza por ser un transporte masivo de pasajeros en las grandes ciudades, uniendo diversas zonas de su término municipal y sus alrededores más próximos, con alta capacidad y frecuencia, y separados de otros sistemas de transporte. Las redes de metro se construyen frecuentemente soterradas !adrid, "uenos #ires, Santiago$, aun%ue a veces se disponen elevadas &'icago, Lima$ e incluso, en zonas normalmente alejadas del centro o de expansión urbana reciente, a nivel de calle !éxico, !edell !ed ell(n$ (n$ pero con pla plataf taform orma a res reserv ervada ada co condi ndició ción n nec necesa esaria ria par para a se serr con consid sidera erado do metro$. Estos sistemas operan sobre distintas l(neas %ue componen una red, deteniéndose en estaciones no muy distanciadas entre s( y ubicadas a intervalos generalmente regulares. El servicio es prestado por varias unidades de vagones eléctricos %ue circulan en una formac for mación ión sob sobre re car carril riles. es. )or )ormal malmen mente te se int integr egran an con otr otros os med medios ios de tra transp nsport orte e p*blicos y, a menudo, son operados por las mismas autoridades de transporte p*blico. +ese a %ue la tendencia expansiva de las redes de metro de las grandes ciudades las 'a llevado a conectar con otros n*cleos de población periféricos del
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
Kue(te#! *metr/#delmu(d/*c/m*ar ig6. !etro más antiguo del mundo. H8'e 8ubeI
1&1&!& *istoria del 'etro El primer metro del mundo fue el subterráneo de Londres denominado !etropolitan 0ail1ay$, inaugurado en -23/ con seis 4ilómetros de longitud. En a5os sucesivos fue extendiéndose, de forma %ue en -226 formaba un anillo de aproximadamente veinte 4ilómetros. # continuación se le a5adieron l(neas radiales, en parte a cielo abierto y en parte en t*nel, para constituir el !etropolitan and 7istrict 0ail1ay. Las locomotoras eran de vapor. +osteriormente se comenzó la excavación de t*neles en forma de tubo y se electrificaron las l(neas, de all( la denominación inglesa 8ube. La siguiente ciudad en tener metro fue )ueva 9or4, cuya l(nea más antigua, %ue estaba totalmente separada del tráfico, la :est End de la "!8, estuvo en uso desde el mismo a5o %ue el Subterráneo de Londres; -23/. En -2<3, "udapest con la inauguración de la l(nea de =>r>smarty 8ér a Széc'enyi ?rd@, de cinco 4ilómetros$ y Alasgo1 con un circuito cerrado de -B 4m$ fueron las siguientes ciudades europeas en disponer de metro. La tecnolog(a se extendió rápidamente a otras ciudades en Europa y luego a los Estados Cnidos, donde un elevado n*mero de sistemas se 'an construido. # partir del siglo DD comenzó la expansión por Latinoamérica, cean(a, Ffrica y #sia, donde el crecimiento 'a sido más grande enKue(te! los *ltimos a5os. !ás de -3B ciudades *t*)/"*u *t*)/"*u tienen sistemas de tránsito rápido, con un total de más de 2BBB 4m de v(as y GBBB estaciones. tras veinticinco ciudades tienen nuevos sistemas en construcción en BB<.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
1&1&)& In+raestr,ct,ra del 'etro La ma mayo yor( r(a a de lo loss tr tren enes es de fe ferr rroc ocar arri rile less me metr trop opol olititan anos os so son n de un unid idad ades es de tr tren en eléc el éctr tric icas as co con n lo long ngititud udes es de do doss a má máss de di diez ez co coc' c'es es.. La el elec ectr tric icid idad ad pa para ra la lass motorizaciones eléctricas es provista por un tercer carril o catenaria. tro sistema de propulsión en algunos trenes es el motor lineal.
La mayor(a circulan en v(as férreas de acero ace ro con conven vencio cional nales, es, aun aun%ue %ue alg alguno unoss utililiz ut izan an ne neum umát átic icos os de go goma ma,, co como mo el !etro !et ro de !on !ontre treal. al. Los neu neumát mático icoss de goma posibilitan circular por pendientes empina emp inadas das,, pero gen genera eran n muc muc'o 'o rui ruido, do, tienen mayores costes de mantenimiento y son menos eficientes energéticamente. 8ambi mbién én pie pierde rden n la fri fricci cción ón cua cuando ndo las condic con dicion iones es cli climát mática icass son '*m '*meda edass o 'ela 'e lada das, s, pr prev evin iniien endo do el us uso o po porr la superficie en el !etro de !ontreal.
igK. !etro de !ontreal neumáticos de goma
Kue(te! *#;#cra:erci *#;#cra:ercit; t;*c/m *c/m
El tama5o de la tripulación 'a disminuido a través de la 'istoria con algunos sistemas modernos con plena operación automática del tren #8$ como los sistemas =#L, S#E8, el sistema de #nsaldo"reda o el Sel8rac$ %ue permiten el funcionamiento del tren sin conductor, algunas redes %ue utilizan este sistema son el !etro de &open'ague, el !etro de 0ennes, el 7oc4lands Lig't 0ail1ay de Londres, las l(nea - y l(nea -6 del !etro de +ar(s y las l(neas L<, L-B y L-- del !etro de "arcelona. tros trenes siguen teniendo los conductores, aun cuando su *nico papel es abrir y cerrar las puertas de los trenes en las estaciones, como el 8ren Crbano de San Juan y el !etro de Santiago de &'ile.
En el metro se utiliza el sistema de medición neta net metering en inglés$, como es en el caso de Espa5a, para no derroc'ar electricidad.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
1&!& El Tranvía Tranvía 1&!&1& $escripci(n del Tranvía Tranvía Cn tranv(a del inglés tram1ay, lit. Hv(a de carril car riles es pla planos nosI$, I$, tam tambié bién n lla llamad mado o por su anglicismo tram, es un medio de transporte de pasajeros %ue circula sobre carriles y por la su supe perf rfic icie ie en ár área eass ur urba bana nas, s, en la lass propias calles, sin separación del resto de la v(a ni senda o secto sectorr reservado. En algunos casos la v(a férrea del tranv(a puede transitar por v(as p*blicas exclusivas y 'asta cubrirse de césped, integrándola a*n más al paisaje urbano, por ejemplo, el 8ranv(a de 8e 8enerife nerife o el 8ranv(a de Maragoza.
ig3. 8ranv(a de Maragoza, sin catenaria fabricado por
Kue(te!
1&!&!& *istoria del Tranvía
111.tranviasdezaragoza.es
Los primeros servicios servicios ferroviarios ferroviarios de pasaj pasajeros eros en el mundo se iniciaron en -2BG por la yst y ster ermo mout ut' ' 0a 0ailil1 1ay er erro roca carr rrilil y yst ster ermo mout ut'$ '$ en Aa Aale les, s, us usan ando do ca carr rrua uaje jess especialmente dise5ados en una l(nea de tranv(a tirado por caballos construido para el uso del trans transporte porte de merca mercanc(as nc(as.. Los pasajeros %ue pagaba pagaban n tarif tarifa a eran transportados transportados en una l(nea entre ystermout', !umbles y los muelles de S1ansea. Esta tecnolog(a no tardó en llegar al )uevo !undo, ya %ue para -2/ se introduce en )ueva 9or4, y en -2K2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
El tranv(a se popularizó por dos caracter(sticas principales; •
•
La tracción animal caballos o mulas$ pod(a arrastrar más peso gracias a la caracter(stica básica %ue posibilitó el desarrollo del transporte por ferrocarril; el bajo baj o coe coefic ficien iente te de roz rozami amient ento o ent entre re car carril ril y rue rueda da %ue per permit mite e un con consum sumo o energético muc'o menor respecto a los transportes sobre pavimento con ruedas, aun%ue fuera con llanta de goma y, más adelante, sobre neumáticos. La superficie de los carriles era muc'o más lisa %ue la de las calles y carreteras de ento en tonc nces es,, 'a 'aci cien endo do mu muc' c'o o má máss su suav ave e la ma marc rc'a 'a %u %ue e la de lo loss ca carr rrua uaje jess corrientes.
8ras la tracción a sangre, se intentó la tracción por vapor, como la de los ferrocarriles, mediante una pe%ue5a má%uina de vapor, pero las molestias causadas por los 'umos y el vapor,, no 'icie vapor 'icieron ron popula popularr este sistema, sistema, salvo en tranv tranv(as (as %ue circu circulaban laban prácticamente prácticamente por el campo. Louis !é4ars4i propuso con cierto éxito la tracción por aire comprimido y los coc'es motores recargaban aire comprimido en una parada espec(fica. La primera l(nea %ue funcionó de este modo fue en -2G< en )antes y 'asta -<-G otras l(neas utilizaron este sistema.
El primer tranv(a eléctrico fue puesto en servicio por :erner von Siemens en "erl(n en -2G<, lo siguió "udapest en -22G, y la demostración definitiva de la bondad del sistema vino de la mano de ran4 J. Sprague con la electrificación de la red de 8ranv(as de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
1&!&)& In+raestr,ct,ra del tranvía La mayor parte de las veces los tranv(as utilizan un pe perf rfilil de ca carr rrilil es espe peci cial al,, de deno nomi mina nado do Hd Hde e gargan gar gantaI taI o car carril ril tip tipo o H+' H+'oen oenixI ixI.. Est Esto o per permit mite e pavimentar a ambos lados de los carriles y 'asta su nivel superior, para 'acer posible la circulación de los automóviles, sin %ue se pierda un espacio del lado interno destinado a la pesta5a de las ruedas del material rodante. &uando van por una v(a separada del tránsito automóvil, suelen utilizar el mismo tipo de carril %ue los trenes aun%ue de meno me norr se secc cció ión n y pe peso so po porr me metr tro o liline neal al$, $, co con n traviesas y balasto.
ig2. &arril tipo +'oenix
Kue(te! * /r/tra(#:/rte#*c/m
La en ener erg( g(a a el eléc éctr tric ica a la to toma man n de la l(l(ne nea a aé aére rea a de co cont ntac acto to l la a cu cual al pu pued ede e se ser r simplemente un alambre de cobre en suspensión simple H'ilo trolleyI$ o por catenaria$ mediante un trole de pértiga, un pantógrafo o un arco raspante. Existieron sistemas con dos troles como los trolebuses$ debido a %ue las ciudades en las %ue circulaban no permit(an el retorno de la corriente por los carriles &incinnati y La Nabana fueron las redes más grandes$.
Existen otros sistemas de tracción de los tranv(as; a caballo, a vapor, a aire comprimido, a
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
2. METRO vs TRANVÍA
!&1& Ventajas del 'etro El !etro tiene muc'as ventajas por%ue generalmente es un sistema eficiente, rápido, cómodo, seguro, moderno y entre otras encontramos; • • •
•
•
• •
•
!ayor efectividad operativa y de demanda de pasajeros. Aarantiza rapidez y puntualidad en los trayectos. !ejoramiento de la calidad del aire, descontaminación de la ciudad$. Es un medio de transporte no contaminante; Se estima %ue el transporte p*blico despide KB veces menos & por persona y 4ilómetro %ue el transporte privado. 0educe los niveles de tráfico; El usuario de transporte p*blico ocupa -BB veces menos espacio %ue el de transporte privado. &omo ejemplo, un tranv(a tiene la capacidad aproximada de tres autobuses, %ue son a su vez el e%uivalente a -BB ve'(culos privados en circulación. !ás seguro; El transporte p*blico es 'asta veinte veces más seguro %ue el privado. El !etro favorecerá la interconexión interconexión entre distintos modos modos de transporte. #portará vanguardia y dise5o a la ciudad; 8ras 8ras las obras muc'as de las principales #venidas podrán %uedar completamente reurbanizadas. reurbanizadas. avorecerá la actividad comercial y revalorizará el sector inmobiliario.
!&!& Ventajas del Tranvía
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
espacio p*blico urbano. En muc'a espacio muc'ass ocasi ocasiones ones comparte carril con el bus y otros ve'(culos. La construcción de su infraestructura es muc'o más económica %ue la del metro, lo %ue 'ace %ue sea más viable. La accesibilidad es más sencilla por%ue no 'ay escaleras u otras barreras para acceder a los andenes, y además 'ay tranv(as de Hpiso bajoI, lo %ue permite a'orrar tiempo en las paradas, aumentando la velocidad comercial. #l permitir una accesi acc esibil bilidad idad prá prácti cticam cament ente e tot total, al, res result ulta a muy atr atract activo ivo par para a per person sonas as con movilidad reducida, embarazadas o mayores mejorando su independencia. 0educción del n*mero de accidentes al eliminar ve'(culos privados de la carretera con una mayor sensación de seguridad en los centros urbanos. Suponiéndole de igual capacidad de transporte respecto a un troleb*s articulado, y a pesar del mayor coste inicial de la infraestructura, se compensa con un menor consumo energético, debido a algo in'erente a todo sistema ferroviario; el bajo rozamiento entre la rueda y el carril. !arc'a más suave y cómoda, comparada con la de los autobuses o trolebuses, debida a la lisura de los ra(les respecto a las calzadas. !ejora el atractivo económico de los centros urbanos y de las zonas conectadas con tranv(a. Ompacto visual bajo y en muc'as ocasiones con posibilidad de eliminar la catenaria véanse tranv(as de "urdeos, Sevilla y Marazoga$ en zonas de especial valor ar%uitectónico. &apacidad de transporte mayor %ue su e%uivalente en autob*s. Es ideal para zonas con unas demandas de viajeros superiores %ue el autob*s de 'asta unos /B.BBBP6B.BBB viajeros al d(a, y %ue no justifican la implantación de un sistema de trenes de &ercan(as.
!&)& nálisis %o2parativo
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G modular de su implantación. Los modernos tranv(as disponen de un amplio rango de capacidad de transporte entre -KBB y BBBB pasajeros por sentido 'ora. En la tabla -, se presenta una comparativa de las caracter(sticas técnicas de diversos sistemas de transporte urbano. Es necesario puntualizar %ue modificando el n*mero de vagones y la frecuencia de circulación se podr(a alcanzar un valor de capacidad máxima de transporte de pasajeros por sentido 'ora.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G En Europa, la reintroducción del tranv(a en los *ltimos K a5os 'a alcanzado niveles sorprendentes. 7e todos los pa(ses europeos, rancia 'a liderado la implantación de estos sistemas de transporte. Es importante indicar %ue la introducción del tranv(a en numerosas ciudades europeas se 'a visto acompa5ado por una reordenación urbana de la ciudad, combinando el tranv(a con una ganancia de espacio para personas, peatones y ciclis cic listas tas.. Las l(l(nea neass de tra tranv( nv(a a deb deber( er(an an ser ree reestr struct ucturad uradas as com como o inm inmens ensas as v(a v(ass y corredores para peatones y ciclistas, evitando la circulación de ve'(culos privados. )o se explica la necesidad de soterramiento de un sistema de transporte p*blico a causa de facilitar la circulación del coc'e privado, sólo en casos justificados el tranv(a o metro ligero deberá circular en tramos soterrados. #simismo, el metro convencional presenta una problemática de accesibilidad a personas mayores y de evacuación en caso de incendio o accidente en el interior de las estaciones subterráneas. #un%ue es algo más subjetivo, el usuario disfruta más del viaje con una vista de la ciudad %ue atravesando los conductos subterráneos. +or otro lado, es importante valorar la peligrosidad de acceso a las estaciones subterráneas por la noc'e y el incremento del costo de inversión debido a los sistemas de seguridad y vigilancia.
!&"& %oncl,si(n del análisis
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Tabla ! Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
3. EL COSTO DE LOS METROS EN LOS PAÍSES EN DESARROLLO: 3.1. ENSAYO DE ANÁLISIS Y DE COMPARACIÓN DE LOS METROS DE CARACAS, HONG KONG, MÉICO, SANTIAGO Y SAO PA!LO # pesar de las ventajas %ue ofrece el metro metro pesado, la cr(tica fundamental de este este sistema de ferrocarril se basa en los elevados costos financieros de construcción en la zona urbana y en la molestia causada al tráfico urbano en la etapa de construcción. La finalidad de esta esta inve invest stig igac ació ión n es la de real realiz izar ar una una prime primera ra tent tentat ativ iva a de cuan cuantitififica caci ción ón y comparación de los costos de inversión y de operación de los metros de cinco ciudades de pa(ses en desarrollo. #demás, se re*nen ciertos elementos %ue caracterizan a los servicios ofrecidos por dic'os metros. En las grandes ciudades del tercer mundo, los problemas deT congestión de la circulación y movilización de s" #$%# '#&()#) *+s )- 2. v(#/-0s0 v(#/-0s0#s-4 #s-4%()5 %()5,, personas son verdaderamente agudos. En ciertos casos, la respuestas a estos conflictos 'a sido la realización de grandes inversiones en soluciones de tipo metro pesadoU con la esperanza de solución a corto, medio y largo plazo a los problemas mencionados. El metro pesado es un sistema de ferrocarril urbano en sitio propio integral. Sus ventajas princi principal pales es son; son; s" #$%# v-$&()#) &+-0&(#$ *)- 2 # 6 K+ $, s" 0-7"$#0()#), $# 8(#9($()#) )- s" 8"4&(4#+(-4%, $# $#07# v()# )- )"0#&(4 )- s" +#%-0(# 0)#4%- ;
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
+ara los fines de la investigación investigación,, se 'an escogido cinco de los metros metros de esas grandes grandes aglomeraciones, es decir, los metros de &aracas, !éxico, Santiago, Sao +aulo y Nong Vong. 8odos 8odos los pa(ses donde operan estos metros tienen como factor com*n la posesión de recursos económicos a un nivel por encima del promedio de los +E7. 8odas estas ciudades ciudades son conocidas conocidas por sus grandes poblaciones poblaciones y su elevado ritmo de crecimient crecimiento o poblacional, gracias a las fuertes tasas de natalidad y a los flujos de inmigraciones rurales o de otros pa(ses. En la 8abla / se ofrecen algunos indicadores generales relacionados con el metro.
Tabla )
8odas las cifras de costos con las cuales se 'a trabajado a lo largo del estudio provienen
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
3.2. LOS COSTOS DE INVERSIÓN EN LOS METROS Se enti entien ende de por por inve invers rsió ión n los los mont montos os de capi capita tall de una una empr empres esa a dest destin inad ados os a la ad%uisición de medios de producción y de e%uipo. En el caso particular de los metros, las inversiones cubren los gastos por concepto de ad%uisición de terrenos, por e%uipamiento de v(as férreas a realizar, por la compra de e%uipos eléctricos necesarios para la tracción de trenes, por compra de material rodante, por las construcción de t*neles, edificios, estacionamientos, etc. El costo osto de con constru struccción ción de siste istema ma metr metro o es sumam umamen ente te elev eleva ado y var( ar(a consid considera erable blemen mente te seg*n seg*n las condic condicion iones es de instal instalaci ación ón de la v(a reserv reservada ada.. Seg*n Seg*n estimaciones del "anco !undial, un metro aéreo puede costar alrededor de /B y 6K millones millones de dólares dólares el 4ilómetro 4ilómetro y entre y K millones la estación. El metro subterráneo, subterráneo, por su parte, costar(a entre 3K y -BB millones de dólares el 4ilómetro y entre 2 y B millones la estación. El material rodante está estimado en un millón de dólares el ve'(culo "anco !undial, -<2G$. En el 8abla 8abla 6 se muestra el costo de inversión de las l(neas %ue están en operación en los metros estudiados.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
Tabla 6
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
Tabla /
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
"&-E3PE4IEN%I5 "&-E3PE4IEN%I 5 'UN$IE5 7 4E8E4EN%I5 "&1& ínea 1! del 'etro de 'adrid 9Espa:a; La l(nea - del !etro de !adrid es una circular %ue discurre por los grandes municipios del sur y suroeste del ár área ea me metr trop opol oliita tana na de !ad adri rid d #lcorcón, #lcorcón, uenlabrada uenlabrada,, Aetafe,, Leganés Aetafe Leganés y y !óstoles !óstoles$$ y %ue enlaza con el resto de la red a través de la l(nea -B y -B y de distintas l(neas de &ercan(as 0enfe, 0enfe, llegando a alcanzar unos / millones de pasajeros al mes. Es la prin princi cipa pall l(ne l(nea a de !et !etro ro Sur , junto a las dos paradas de la l(n l(nea ea -B %ue %ue se encuentran en #lcorcón en #lcorcón y a la parada La ortuna de ortuna de la L(nea --. --. &onsta de 2 estaciones
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
"&1&1&ntecedentes abri rill )- !), ju Su in inau augu gurac ració ión n se pr prod oduj ujo o el 11 de ab junt nto o al tr tram amo o es esta taci cion ones es de &uatro =ientos a =ientos a +uerta del Sur de de la l(nea -B. -B. La construcción de la l(nea supuso el inicio de una red de transportes no concéntrica alrededor del !adrid representado con la circular 3, 3, a la cual todas las demás l(neas casi sin excepción atraviesan y trasbordan dos veces$ como se llevaba realizando las *ltimas décadas. P0 '0(+-0# v-? s- "4@#4 '0 8-00($ $s &(4& +s (+'0%#4%-s +"4(&('(s )-$ S"0 )- $# %o2,nidad de 'adrid s(4 $# 4-&-s()#) )- '#s#0 '0 'adrid '(%#$
7urante el verano de B-6 !etro de !adrid llevó !adrid llevó a cabo varias actuaciones dentro de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
"&1&!& 4ecorrido < Estaciones 9ínea 1! = 'etro s,r; |
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G La se seri rie e 2B 2BBB BB es un tip ipo o de tren tren de de gálibo an anc' c'o o de dell me metr tro o de !a !adr drid id construido por y y #lst'om #lst'om durante durante los a5os BBB BBBPPBB/ BB/ y y por entre BB2 BB2 y y B-B-- %ue %ue prest presta a servicio en las l(neas 3, 2, --- y y - -.. #demás, de manera ocasional circulan también en las l(neas < y -B
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G
"&1&" E5TU$I?5 5?%I?-E%?N?'I%?5 7 'AIENT $E 'ET4?5U4 9INE 1! $E 'ET4?; "&1&"&1& %ontrib,ci(n de 'etro 5,r a la 5ostenibilidad
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G i(creme(t/ del tiem:/ de de#:la8amie(t/ de#:la8amie(t/ &/#te :/r i(creme(t/ 2> mill/(e#UQaF/ &/#te :/r i(creme(t/ e( el e l c/(#um/ de Aut/m/ci?( Aut/m/ci?( e( "e+=cul/# :ri"ad/# !50 mill/(e# UQaF/
!
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Trabajo Escalonado Ingeniería de Transportes TV 661 - G 4*1*4*1*>* RETORNO DE LA IN$ERSIN IN$ERSIN 9ENEKI&IO 9ENEKI&IO SO&IAL AO TRAS TRAS AO
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.