A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
A Comparative Analysis of Social Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore Author/s:
Allayza R. Almodiente John rancis !. Cardeno "aren #. $ela %orre Paola &.&ugenio
A'stract:
According to &d(ard %. )all* perception of the levels of intimacy of space is culturally determined. People from different cultures perceive space and place differently. Singapore is one of the most vi'rant and liva'le cities in the (orld. +t has a high ,uality of life* easy regional access* lo( crime rates* political sta'ility* high standards of infrastructure and healthcare* as (el- as a cosmopolitan lifestyle* maing it a no(n developed country throughout the (orld. Prior to an already (elldeveloped country of Singapore comes the Philippines 0 no(n as an emergent country in today1s time. Philippines produces gro(ing outnum'ered cities that entail improvement 'oth social and economic status for the country. %his country made significant progress in fighting poverty and aiming to end corruption. As 'oth countries are sited in South &ast Asia* it sho(s differences 'oth social and cultural status. %hese differences (ill pertain to the separation off the personal space needed that leads to the housing facilities and necessities allocated to the population of 'oth countries.
" ey(o ey(or ds:
proxemics* personal space* space* culture* Singapore* Philippines* Philippines* ur'an setting* setting* values* space
+ 2%R 3$4C%+3 2
%he impact of studying the use of space has essentially influenced the development of intercultural communica communication tion for introducin introducing g differen differentt aspects aspects in investiga investigating ting ho( people people of differen differentt cultures cultures communicate. $iversity of cultures affects the perception of people on personal space. +n -567* &d(ard %. )all* a crosscultural anthropologist* coined the term proxemics as 8the interrelated o'servations and theories of man1s use of space as a specialized ela'oration of culture*9 or simply the study of human use of space (ithin the context of culture. )all accentuated the effect of the use of space on interpersonal communica communication tion and 'elieved 'elieved that the value in studying studying proxemics proxemics comes from its applica'ility applica'ility in assessin assessing g the people1 people1ss interacti interactions ons (ith others daily* the organiza organization tion of space space in their their hous houses es and 'uildings* and eventually eventual ly the layout l ayout of their t heir to(ns. to(ns . )all* -566; )all1s )all1s (or on proxemics proxemics has divided divided his theory into t(o categorie categories: s: personal personal space and territory territory.. Personal space descri'es the immediate space surrounding a person* (hile territory refers to the area (hich a person may claim and defend against others. As )all denotes that different cultures maintain different standards of personal space* the recognition of cultural differences improves crosscultural understanding* understanding* and helps eliminate discomfort people may feel if the interpersonal distance is intrusive or not. )all* -566; Cultural expectations a'out personal space may vary (idely. %his study sought to ascertain on ho( the cultures of the Philippines and Singapore influenced the (ay their people perceive and value personal space. %his also provides 'acground information a'out the physical and social setting in Singapore and Philippines* and (hich aspects of these settings are liely to affect the housing demand. +t is intended to help connect the (orlds of ur'an planning and spatial design of communities (ith particular attention to social net(ors* household constraints* and the existing 'uilt environment.
-
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
-.-.-.-
Philippines 4r'an Setting
!etro !anila 0 no(n as the main ur'anized area in the country comprises all the developed facilities to (oring and living especially (hen it comes to residency. Almost all types of settlements are found in !etro !anila and these highly affect the cultural living of most ilipinos. +n the 'asis of an average family living in the !etro* their houses are typically constructed of cement and have corrugated tin roof. $epending on the situation of family or people living in a specific area varies the type of settlement they live in. 3ne case is the s,uatter community living in the ur'an area igure -; 0 they are descri'ed as the illegal occupancy of land o(ned 'y other and has 'ecome a preferred solution to those (ith little or no resources at all. +n these congested home (ith one or t(o rooms* these crammed s,uatter communities still don1t have ready access to a safe and steady supply of (ater* toilet facilities and proper disposition of trash.-
igure - S,uatter community in an ur'an area Source: "ristine #rite* e)o(;
%he s,uatter communities found in an ur'an area are also descri'ed as the informal settlers or the illegal occupancy of land and have 'ecome a preferred solution to those (ith little or no resources at all.
A more important aspect that influences the architecture is the financial position of the family.
?alues
%he greater ma@ority of the Philippine Population is 'ound together 'y common values and a common religion. ilipino values may 'e attri'uted into many influences. %hese can 'e from its ancestors or influenced from its colonizers. Some values can 'e either positive or negative. 3ne noticea'le form of ilipino value is the Bayanihan system or spirit of inship and camaraderie igure >;. +t is characterized 'y communal (or to(ards one goal exemplified in carrying a Nipa house or pushing a discharged passenger jeepney.> Another visi'le trait found is the hospitality of the ilipinos. %hey are no(n to 'e receptive and generous to the guests visiting their homes. 3ne ilipino cultural psyche is pakikisama or harmony* (hich involves getting along (ith others to maintain a harmonious relationship. ilipinos also tend to uphold close family ties.
- http://'log.compassion.com/livinginthephilippinesur'anlife/ > http://(((.slideshare.net/"ateJR=/filipinovalues>>-6>>>5 >
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
igure > Bayanihan system: People carrying a Nipa house Source: =oogle;
%he Bayanihan system of the ilipinos is characterized 'y communal (or to(ards one goal exemplified in carrying a Nipa house (here community mem'ers volunteer to help a family move to a ne( place.
%he concept of the traditional ilipino home value and culture creates the a'sence of physical 'oundaries* gro(ing up in cro(ded environmentB all of these o'viously influenced the ilipino concept of personal space.7 Prior to the concept of personal space* negative traits can also 'e seen in the typical ilipino community. %oo much ad@acency of houses could create noise and distur'ance to the other homes. %his could also lead to a mannerism of gossiping and create issues to(ard the community. -.-.7
Space
According to (riter Augusto ?illalon* “Filipinos are spaceless… The traditional Filipino concept of space is boundless as well.” +t is the conclusion of a vigorous online exchange among social scientists* architects and heritage aficionados* (hich ?illalon cited in an article that he (rote for %he Asian Journal: %he ilipinoAmerican Community 2e(spaper. ?illalon explains that traditional ilipino homes have no physical 'oundaries (hich separate the rooms. %he interior of the traditional 8 bahay kubo 9 nipa hut; is multipurpose* functioning as 8receiving room* sleeping room* itchen* dining room or chapel* constantly adapting to allo( (hatever activity the room needs to accommodate at any particular moment during the day !ats are laid out on the living room at night for the family and household to sleep in*9 ?illalon further ela'orates. And in homes (here there is a separate sleeping room* there is traditionally one 'edroom for the entire family.7 +n 8%he Pro'lems of Proxemics*9 %erri !orrison and DDE; Su'consciously* ilipinos are not a(are that any space is a shared space. +t1s an ac,uired ha'it that is 'ecoming em'edded in the ilipino psyche* and (ithout each other conscience no(ingly* they encroach into other people1s personal space.
-.> -.>.-
Singapore 4r'an Setting
Singapore is no(n to 'e one of the most liva'le cities in the (orld. +t has a high ,uality of life* easy regional access* lo( crime rates* political sta'ility* high standards of infrastructure and healthcare* as (ell as a cosmopolitan lifestyle.E Singapore is also considered as a green city (ith numerous (elltended pars* and also a great interest in private gardening 0 even if it is @ust a very small plot a pu'lic housing 'loc or even a fe( pots on the 'alcony. %he cost of living in Singapore is generally lo(. #ased on the !arch >D-- survey 7 https://mytruthsetsmefree.(ordpress.com/>D->/->/D5/thefilipinononconceptofspace/ E http://app.singapore.sg/society/dailyliving 7
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
'y the &conomic +ntelligence 4nit* Singapore is raned -D th (orld(ide in terms of cost of living and 7 rd in Asia* 'ehind %oyo and 3saa. %he annual inflation rate in Singapore is also among the lo(est in the (orld* even if it has risen during the past fe( years. E . Singapore has the lo(est purchasing po(er among high income countries lie Japan* 4nited States* and Canada. +n
the
area of housing* Singapore is often cited as a successful example of afforda'le housing production in Asian cities. Pu'lic housing in Singapore managed 'y the )ousing $evelopment #oard )$#;. %oday* more than FD percent of Singaporeans live in )$# flats igure 7;. %he government ensures that prices of )$# flats are ept (ithin the reach of the masses through su'stantial pricing su'sidies. Go(er income families are given housing grants. E %he remaining >D percent of the Singapore population live in private housing* such as apartments* condominiums and landed properties 'ungalo( houses or detached houses* attached houses and to(nhouses;* (hich are considera'ly more expensive than pu'lic housing and cater the higher income households.
is
igure 7 )$# flats Source: S='logs.com;
Gie many other rapidly ur'anizing and glo'alizing cities* Singapore has its ur'an poor and s,uatters. According to official figures* a'out E per cent of Singapore1s resident population of 7.E million is living at or close to the poverty line in -55F compared to -6 per cent in +ndonesia and 5 per cent in ?ietnam; (hile less than - percent is living in s,uatter settlements and on the streets. #ut in the -56Ds* Singapore (as no different from many of the other cities: it has one of the largest and (orst slum settlements in the (orld. H +n the present* there is still no definite poverty rate. According to %he Straits %imes* the 8Singapore government is not considering having an official poverty line* as it (ould not fully reflect the severity and complexity of issues faced 'y the poor* and may also lead to those a'ove the line missing out on assistance.96
-.>.>
?alues
Singapore is a cosmopolitan society (here people live harmoniously and interactions among different races are commonly seen. %he pattern of Singapore stems from the inherent cultural diversity of the island. %he immigrants of the past have given the place a mixture of !alay* Chinese* +ndian and &uropean influences* all of (hich have intermingled.I igure E; #ehind the faade of a modern city* these ethnic races are still evident. %he areas for the different races still remain although the 'ul of Singaporeans do thin of themselves as Singaporeans* regardless of race or culture.6 %he lac of a common uni,ue culture to 'ind its citizens together had 'een pointed out* resulting in an argument that a Singaporean identity had not yet developed. %here is a need to identify common ey values in the hope that all communities* (hich mae up the multiracial Singapore* (ould gradually develop more distinctively Singaporean characteristics over time. F
H http://siteresources.(orld'an.org/+2%4R#A2$&?&G3P!&2%/Resources/7767FI->6576E655D56/6F5>67D ->6576EIHF7D5/yuen.pdf 6 http://thehearttruths.com/>D-7/-D/>H/>6ofsingaporeanslive'elo(povertylineinsingapore/ I http://(((.singaporeexpats.com/a'outsingapore/cultureandlanguage.htm F http://lyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/(pcontent/uploads/sites/>/>D-7/DE/StephanieAtrulySingaporeanidentityCreation versus&volutionD-->-D.pdf
E
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
igure E Proportion of $ifferent Races in Singapore Source: 'eautifulcivilization.'logspot.com;
%he pattern of Singapore stems from the inherent cultural diversity of the island* maing it a multiracial country. %he proportion of different races in Singapore can 'e seen in the pie chart.
%he concept of the “(hared )alues#” (hich consist of five statements that the government hoped (ould 'ind the citizens together as a nation* (as thus introduced. +n -5FF* the irst $eputy Prime !inister* !r. =oh Cho %ong* proposed the notion of the 8 (hared )alues9 that incorporated ey common values that all racial groups and faiths in Singapore could pledge to and live 'y* attempting to preserve the various groups of Asian identities in a period of glo'alization. %hese ive Shared ?alues are “Nation before *ommunity and (ociety abo!e (elf#” “Family as the Basic +nit of (ociety#” “*ommunity (upport and ,espect for the "ndi!idual#” “*onsensus# not *onflict#” and “,acial and ,eliious -armony.” 3utside of these values* each community can practice its o(n values as long as they are not in conflict (ith others. Cooperation among the citizens is suggested as a (ay of nurturing a more distinct identity of Singapore. Secularism radicalism* cynical li'eralism and commercialization* (hich are pillars of glo'alization* have indeed displaces the organic Singapore family through redefining their family values only to induce the Singaporean to 'e cynical a'out family* marriage* children and old aged parents and placing more importance on him/herself selfishly than on the collective unit here'y the Singaporean today values marginal 'enefit more than family 'enefit. )ence* family relations have 'een replaced (ith money relations.5 %oday as a result of all of this (e can o'serve Singaporeans 'eing relatively more averse than ever 'efore to marry* give 'irth* live together (ith a spouse till death do them apart* to 'e filial to their spouse* live together or loo after their parents etc. A generation or t(o ago these trends (ill have 'een unthina'le given the ind of values then. -.>.7
Space
Another aspect of gro(ing up in cro(ded environments is the un(illingness to 'e alone in pu'lic. !orrison and Cona(ay >DDE; People in Asia tend to naturally 'lend in (ith other people. +n Singapore* it1s nothing personal: the idea of Kpersonal space1 is simply something different. -D rom a local perspective* there is nothing special a'out the distance you should eep from the person you are speaing to* or the amount of eye contact. +t1s actually no(n that the nation is densely paced in Singapore* and so locals don1t feel they need to mae the pretense that there (ill 'e enough space for everyone.
5 http://(((.theonlinecitizen.com/>DD6/->/glo'alizationanditsimpactonsingaporefamilyvalues/ -D http://(((.hotcoursesa'road.com/studyinsingapore/destinationguides/commonculturalmisconceptionsa'out singapore/
H
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
igure H Chart of crime rate in Singapore Source: todayonline.com;
%he chart sho(s the crime rate of Singapore for the last 7D years 'y the Singapore Police orce.
-.7
Comparison
As 'oth countries are sited in South &ast Asia* the differences in social and cultural status (ill pertain to the separation off the personal space needed that leads to the housing facilities and necessities allocated to the population of 'oth countries. %he %a'le - 'elo( enumerates these differences and the possi'le manifestation of social and economic influences that (hich affect the perception of people on space. %a'le - $ifference 'et(een Philippines L Singapore Philippines O !alay* Spanish* Japanese L Cro(ded environments O
!ostly horizontal )igh crime rates )igher unemployment Common culture )igh gro(th rate Go( ,uality of life
O O O O O O
Singapore !alay* Chinese* +ndian L &uropean +nfluences Cro(ded environments !ostly vertical housing Go( crime rates Go(er unemployment rate -.5M; 2o distinct culture 0 multicultural country )igh gro(th rate )igh ,uality of life
American +nfluences housing rate 6M;--
-.7.- Cost of Giving Comparison Singapore maintains a standard income of around NF*E--.E-S ₱>IH*EID.II; in their daily living along side (ith ₱5F*DDD.DD that of !anila* assuming living in 'oth cities. %his calculation uses our Consumer Prices +ncluding Rent +ndex.
-- http://(((.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemploymentrate 6
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
+ndices differences Philippines Consumer Prices in Philippines are HH.FHM lo(er than in Singapore Consumer Prices +ncluding Rent in Philippines are I-.FHM lo(er than in Singapore Rent Prices in Philippines are 5D.H7M lo(er than in Singapore Restaurant Prices in Philippines are H5.F7M lo(er than in Singapore =roceries Prices in Philippines are EH.EEM lo(er than in Singapore Gocal Purchasing Po(er in Philippines is HH.7>M lo(er than in Singapore Singapore Consumer Prices in Singapore are -DE.-FM higher than in !anila Consumer Prices +ncluding Rent in Singapore are -F-.D5M higher than in !anila Rent Prices in Singapore are 7I6.F5M higher than in !anila Restaurant Prices in Singapore are --5.-DM higher than in !anila =roceries Prices in Singapore are FD.5DM higher than in !anila Gocal Purchasing Po(er in Singapore is 5>.E-M higher than in !anila
Cost of Giving comparison in Philippine Currency Manila
Singapore
$ifference
Restaurants !eal* +nexpensive Restaurant !eal for >* !idrange Restaurant* %hreecourse !c!eal at !c$onalds or &,uivalent Com'o !eal; $omestic #eer D.H liter draught; +mported #eer D.77 liter 'ottle; Cappuccino regular; Coe/Pepsi D.77 liter 'ottle;
-HD.DD ₱ I6D.DD ₱ -7D.DD ₱ ED.DD ₱ 5D.DD ₱ -->.>E ₱ >H.HH ₱ -I.6> ₱
7>I.HD ₱ -*67I.EF ₱ >>5.>H ₱ >6>.DD ₱ 7>I.HD ₱ -IF.6I ₱ H>.H- ₱ 7I.FE ₱
--F.77 M --H.E6 M I6.7E M HHE.55 M >67.F5 M H5.-F M -DH.E5 M --E.ID M
Markets !il regular;* - liter; Goaf of resh ; Gocal Cheese -g; Chicen #reasts #oneless* Sinless;* -g; Apples -g; 3ranges -g; %omato -g; Potato -g; Gettuce - head;
IE.I- ₱ E5.6D ₱ E-.DE ₱ ID.7H ₱ >I6.-I ₱ -6H.HI ₱ --F.E7 ₱ --H.-D ₱ HI.H7 ₱ 6I.IE ₱ 6-.FE ₱ 7F.5F ₱ >HD.DD ₱ 7I.-> ₱ FF.55 ₱ HI.DD ₱
-D5.HI ₱ I-.FE ₱ -ED.F> ₱ 57.IH ₱ 6H6.F6 ₱ 7>>.7> ₱ -7-.HE ₱ --7.EF ₱ 5I.5> ₱ H5.F5 ₱ I-.66 ₱ HI.6> ₱ -*-E6.>E ₱ >D5.5D ₱ -5H.D- ₱ E>>.EI ₱
E6.6H M EE.FE M >E7.-6 M 77.>H M -7I.FH M 5E.6I M --.DF M -.E- M ID.>D M --.6D M -H.FF M EI.FD M 7HF.HD M E6H.EI M --5.-E M 6E-.-F M
Transportation 3ne(ay %icet Gocal %ransport; !onthly Pass Regular Price; %axi Start 2ormal %ariff; %axi -m 2ormal %ariff; %axi -hour
->.DD ₱ HDD.DD ₱ ED.DD ₱ ->.5> ₱ ->D.DD ₱
HE.DE ₱ 7*6D>.E6 ₱ ---.7H ₱ >E.H6 ₱ 6>>.>E ₱
7HD.7- M 6>D.E5 M -IF.7I M 5D.-- M E-F.HE M
I
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
=asoline - liter; ?ols(agen =olf -.E 5D "< %rendline 3r &,uivalent 2e( Car; Utilities (Monthly) #asic &lectricity* )eating* Apartment - min. of Prepaid !o'ile %ariff Gocal 2o $iscounts or Plans; +nternet 6 !'ps* 4nlimited $ata* Ca'le/A$SG;
E6.EE ₱
I-.-7 ₱
H7.-H M
FFD*DDD.DD ₱ E*HFE*5H7.-5 ₱
E>-.D> M
E*I55.66 ₱
6*665.EE ₱
7F.56 M
I.-F ₱
H.55 ₱
-6.H6 M
>*6IH.>I ₱
-*>D7.HH ₱
HH.D- M
Sports And Leisure itness Clu'* !onthly ee for - Adult %ennis Court Rent - )our on
>*E57.IH ₱ 76E.>5 ₱ >DD.DD ₱
E*6DE.>> ₱ H-F.HE ₱ 757.DD ₱
FE.67 M E>.7E M 56.HD M
Clothing And Shoes - Pair of Jeans Gevis HD- 3r Similar; - Summer $ress in a Chain Store Qara* )L!* ...; - Pair of 2ie Shoes - Pair of !en Geather Shoes
>*-FD.F6 ₱ -*F7I.HD ₱ E*5-E.>5 ₱ 7*DE>.H7 ₱
7*E7-.HF ₱ >*DE7.HF ₱ 7*565.>6 ₱ E*IE6.>H ₱
HI.7H M --.>> M -5.>7 M H6.DD M
Rent Per Month Apartment - 'edroom; in City Centre Apartment - 'edroom; 3utside of Centre Apartment 7 'edrooms; in City Centre Apartment 7 'edrooms; 3utside of Centre
-5*565.E7 ₱ 5*6>E.7- ₱ HI*-E>.F6 ₱ >E*-E>.F6 ₱
--5*F7E.7D ₱ I6*D5E.F- ₱ >->*5HD.FD ₱ ->-*D7-.7I ₱
HDD.D5 M 65D.6H M >I>.66 M ED-.7- M
Buy Apartment Price Price per S,uare !eter to #uy Apartment in City Centre Price per S,uare !eter to #uy Apartment 3utside of Centre
IH*D>D.55 ₱ >F*7IH.>- ₱
FDF*EDD.I7 ₱ E77*-EF.DE ₱
5II.HI M -*E>6.HD M
Salaries And inancing Average !onthly $isposa'le Salary After %ax; !ortgage +nterest Rate in Percentages M;* early
>E*I>F.IE ₱ I.5E
-77*IEE.DE ₱ >.77
EED.FE M ID.ID M
February# February# /012 /012 /14 516 18 months 18 months
ast update *ontributors3 7ata from past3 *urrency3 %-%
>
C32CG4S+32
Cultural outloos a'out personal space may vary (idely. %hese cultural differences 'et(een the Philippines and Singapore influenced the (ay their residents perceive personal space. +n Singapore* people value their personal space* as important as their families or groups and as an individual* even though the residents are used to cro(ded environments.
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
+n the Philippines* people are contented on sharing common house spaces (ith their families or friends since t(o of the ilipino cultural psyche are the close familial ties and pakikisama or harmony. +n most
R&&R& 2C&S #rite* "ristine. e)o(. $efinition of an +nformal Settlement. Retrieved January 7D* >D-H from http://(((.eho(.com/facts6II6I5-definitioninformalsettlement.html &stioo* &d(in. $ecem'er >D-D. 84r'an Gife in the Philippines.9 #log on Child Poverty. Retrieved from http://'log.compassion.com/livinginthephilippinesur'anlife/ )all* &d(ard %. -566. %he )idden $imension. 5
A Comparative Analysis of Social and Cultural Proxemics: Regarding Philippines and Singapore
!agpoc* "ate S. !ay >D-7. 8ilipino ?alues.9 Slideshare. Retrieved from http://(((.slideshare.net/"ateJR=/filipinovalues>>-6>>>5 !orrison* %erri* and Cona(ay* DDE. %he Pro'lems of Proxemics. 2eu'ronner* Stephanie. >D-D. 8A %ruly Singaporean +dentity: Creation vs. &volution9 Retrieved from http://lyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/(pcontent/uploads/sites/>/>D-7/DE/StephanieAtrulySingaporean identityCreationversus&volutionD-->-D.pdf 2gerng* Roy. 3cto'er >D-7. 8>6M of Singaporean s Give #elo( Poverty Gine in Singapore.9 %he )eart %ruths. Retrieved from http://thehearttruths.com/>D-7/-D/>H/>6ofsingaporeanslive'elo( povertylineinsingapore/ 2iguidula* 2adine !arie ?. $ecem'er >D->. 8%he ilipino 2onConcept of Space.9 Aligning D->/->/D5/thefilipinononconceptof space/ 2um'eo. n.d; Retrieved e'ruary H* >D-H from http://(((.num'eo.com/costof living/comparecities.@sp country-TPhilippinesLcity-T!anilaLcountry>TSingaporeLcity>TSingapore Singapore.sg: our official source of information on Singapore. S ociety: $aily Giving. n.d.; Retrieved January >5* >D-H from http://app.singapore.sg/society/dailyliving Singapore &xpats. A'out Singapore: Culture and Ganguage. n.d.; Retrieved January >5* >D-H from http://(((.singaporeexpats.com/a'outsingapore/cultureandlanguage.htm %rading &conomics. n.d.; Retrieved January >5* >D-H from http://(((.tradingeconomics.com/ ?illalon* Augusto. %he Asian Journal: %he ilipinoAmerican Community 2e(spaper. Retrieved from http://((([email protected]/component/content/article/I>>filipino.htmlstartTuen* #elinda. >DDH. 8S,uatters 2o !ore: Singapore Social )ousing.9 Retrieved from http://siteresources.(orld'an.org/+2%4R#A2$&?&G3P!&2%/Resources/7767FI ->6576E655D56/6F5>67D->6576EIHF7D5/yuen.pdf
-D
