Care of Clients in Cellular Aberrations, Acute Biologic Crisis (ABC), Emergency and Disaster Nursing (NCM106) Emergency and Di saster III
Management of Natural Hazards Natural Hazards Can be Classified into: 1. Hydrological Phenomena 2. Meteorological Phenomena 3. Climatological Phenomena 4. Geophysical Phenomena
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Topics Discussed Here Are: Management of Natural Hazards 1. Cyclones 2. Tornadoes 3. Thunderstorms 4. Floods 5. Landslides 6. Heat Waves 7. Earthquakes 8. Tsunamis 9. Volcan Volcanic ic Eru tions tions
CYCLONES
A cyclone is an i ntense low pressure system which is characterized by strong spiral winds towards the center, called the “Eye” In a counter-clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere Hazards due to tropical cyclones are strong wi nds with heavy rainfall that can cause widespread flooding/floods, storm surges, landslides and mudflows
Classifications: • Tropical Depression – Depression – Maximum winds from 35 kph to 63 kph • Tropical Storm – Maximum winds from 64 kph to 118 kph • Typhoons – Maximum winds exceeding 118 kph TYPHOONS Large, powerful and violent tropical cyclone It is a low pressure area rotating counterclockwise and containing rising warm air that forms over warm water in the Western Pacific Ocean Other names: o Hurricane (Atlantic Ocean) o Cyclone (Indian Ocean) o Wily-wily (Australia) Typhoons can inflict terrible damage due to thunderstorms, violent winds, torrential rain, floods, landslides, large and very big waves associated waves associated with storm surges
PREPAREDNESS and MITIGATION (What to do Before~) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Establish and maintain coordination with Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC) Ensure that the building and houses can withstand heavy rain and strong winds Single level houses built at ground level may be anchored by guy wires to strengthen the stability of the structure Learn about typhoon and other weather disturbances, their signs and warnings, effects and dangers and how to protect the children, records and property Participate actively in the disaster response drill or simulation Observe strictly Department policies on the suspension of classes or invoke school-based decisions in coordination with Local Government Units
Modified Public Storm Signal Warning in the Philippines a. b. c. d.
PSWS I: I: Winds of 30 – 60 kph may be expected in at least 36 hours or intermittent rains may be expected within 36 hours PSWS II: II: Winds of greater than 60 kph – 100 kph may be expected in at least 24 hours PSWS III: III: Winds greater than 100 kph – 185 kph may be expected in at least 18 hours PSWS IV: IV: Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours
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DepEd Order No. 28, Series of 2005 – Classes in all public and private elementary and secondary schools are automatically suspended or cancelled without having to wait for announcement under the following circumstances PAGASA PSWS Guidelines: PSWS I Classes at the preschool level shall be automatically suspended in all public and private schools PSWS II Classes at the preschool, elementary and secondary levels shall be automatically suspended in all public and private schools PSWS III Classes in all levels are automatically suspended •
CHed Memorandum Order No. 34, Series of 2010 – Issued last October 22, 2010, clarified the guidelines for suspension of classes in Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) due to weather disturbances PAGASA PSWS Guidelines PSWS III Classes at the collegiate level, including graduate school are automatically suspended in HEIs Heads of HEIs have the discretion to cancel classes even if signal number 3 is not yet declared, especially if there are ot her factors, such as flooding and road damage HEI heads or their duly authorized representatives shall make the announcement for the suspension of classes not later than 5 o’clock in the morning of the day when it shall take effect, using all means of communication Even without the suspension of classes, students who are unable to report to class or participate in scheduled activities such as exams, due to inclement weather, shall be given considerations and be allowed to make up for the missed class or activities •
Response (What to do During~) • •
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Monitor through radio or other reliable sources the latest official report of PAGASA on the typhoon Gather family members in the most stable, strong and safe building when it is no longer safe for them to go home Advise individuals to stay indoors and away from windows Coordinate with the proper o fficials on possible immediate evacuation measures especially if the current location is in a low-lying area Ensure that the crows will remain calm by keeping them informed of the latest developments
Recovery (What to do After~) •
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Attend to victims immediately. For minor cuts and wounds apply first aid. Seek necessary medical assistance at disaster station or hospital Check rooms or facility for damages and losses. Report these immediately to the authorized officials Coordinate with the Barangay Officials and LGUs for assistance Prepare the necessary documents to effect replacement of damaged buildings a nd other properties and or repair of the same
TORNADO
Described as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground Tornadoes develop from severe thunderstorms in warm, unstable air along and ahead of cold fronts Occurrence of tornadoes in Asian countries is seldom. These destructive forces are found most frequently in the United States There were reported occurrences of “buhawi”, local term for tornado in the Philippines, one occurred in San Miguel, Bulacan and damaged at least 30 houses in 2008 Recently this June 2011, a small tornado ravaged parts of Quezon City which caused damage to property in the areas of Kamuning, Tomas Morato and New Manila
SHAPES and SIZES of Tornadoes a.
Weak Tornadoes 69% of all tornadoes b.
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Less than 5% of tornado deaths Lifetime 1-10+ minutes Winds less than 110 mph Strong Tornadoes
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29% of all tornadoes Nearly 30% of all tornado deaths May last up to 20 minutes Winds 110 – 205 mph Violent Tornadoes
Only 2% of all tornadoes 70% of all tornado deaths Lifetime can exceed 1 hour Winds greater than 205 mph
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~) • • • • • •
Develop a preparedness plan for the whole communit y Have frequent drills Inspect pre-designated areas to ensure the best protection Secure megaphone as an alternative alarm system Listen to radio and television for information Store flashlights and back-up batteries to receive warnings
Response (What to do During~) •
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Move to a pre-designated area or an interior room on the lowest floor and get under a sturdy piece of furniture Stay away from windows Lie flat in a depression if caught outside
Recovery (What to do After~) • • •
Attend to survivors immediately Check the community for damages and l osses Coordinate with proper authorities for assistance
THUNDERSTORMS
A weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado The turbulent air current within the cloud causes a continual breaking up and reuniting of the rain drops, which may form hail and builds up strong electrical charges that result in lightning Thunderstorms occur most frequently in the equatorial zone (some localities have as many as 200 a year) and seldom in the polar regions
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~) •
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Recommend trimming and removal of dead or rotting trees that could fall and may cause damage or injury Secure outdoor objects that could be blown away and cause damage o Secure doors and windows both from the inside and outside o Estimate the distance of the thunderclouds by computing the difference in time (second) between seeing the flash of li ghtning and hearing the claps of t hunder (1 second = 1000 ft) o Advise students to stay indoors for 30 minutes after hearing the last clap of the thunder o Ensure proper drainage for rain water on the whole school site
Response (What to do During~) •
Instruct crows to do the lightning safety position stay away from structures, trees, to wers, fences, telephone lines or power lines if out in the open o Lightning safety experts have invented a “lightning safety position” that is very important to know if you are caught in a thunderstorm and you can’t find shelter
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Advise crowd to watch out for falling debris and flash floods Advise crows to stay calm t hroughout the occurrence of thunderstorm Postpone all outdoor activities Advise crows to avoid plumbing and bathroom fixtures that are good conductors of electricit y Unplug or turn off all appliances and other electrical items Turn off the air conditioner and television and stay off the phone until the storm is over Choose and move to a “safe place”
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Recovery (What to do After~) Observe safety measures on way home Continue listening to local radio or television stations for updated information and instructions Stay away from storm-damaged areas Watch out for fallen power lines, stay away from them and report them immediately Referred as inundation of land areas which are not normally covered by water
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The Lightning Position
Used for waiting out storms in stationary situations when it is impractical to move to a safer location 1. Put your feet together to significantly reduce the effects of ground current which causes about half of lightning fatalities 2. Crouch to slightly reduce the effects of s ide flash and upward leaders which together cause ~40% of lightning fatalities Don’t touch long conductors to avoid contact voltage which 3. causes ~20% of lightning fatalities
FLOOD •
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Usually caused by a temporary rise or the water overflowing of a river, stream, or other water course, inundating adjacent lands or flood plains Ecologists also attribute flooding in some regions to the results of human activities like unregulated cutting of trees and urbanization of large areas
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~)
Find out the frequency of occurrence of floods in the locality Know the flood warning system in the community. If none exists, recommend to the appropriate authority for the creation of one Watch out for rapidly rising water and prepare the residents for evacuation Switch off the electricity and lock the rooms after the residents have gone out If it has been raining for several hours, or steadily raining for several days, be alert to the possibility of a flood Use a radio or a portable, battery-powered radio (or television) for updated information Have a handy survival kit, it should contain: o Battery-operated transistor radio o Flashlight o Emergency Cooking Equipment o Candles and Matches o First Aid Kit
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Response (What to do During~) •
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Listen continuously to a radio, or a portable battery-powered radio (or t elevision) for updated emergency information Remind crowd not to attempt to cross flowing streams unless they are assured that the water is below knee level Avoid areas prone to flash flooding and be cautious of water-covered roads, bridges, creeks and stream banks Watch out for snakes and other water-living creatures in flooded areas Advise residents to eat only well cooked food and drink only clean or preferably boiled water and throw away all food that has come into contact with flood water
Recovery (What to do After~) •
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Report broken utility lines (Electricity, Water, Gas, etc.) immediately to appropriate agencies / authorities Ensure that electrical appliances are checked by a competent electrician before switching them on Avoid affected areas. Stay away from residences that are sti ll flooded Continue to listen to a radio or local television stations and return home only when authorities indicate it is safe to do so
LANDSLIDES
A massive outward and downward movement of slope-forming materials The term “landslide” is restricted to movements of rocks and soil masses These masses may range in size up to entire mountainsides A landslide is initiated when a section of a hill slope or sloping section of a sea bed is rendered too weak to support its own weight (e.g. Prolonged rainfall) Landslides can also develop as a result of: o Denudation of mountainsides which removes the trees of ground cover that holds the soil o Alteration of the surface of the ground like grading for roads or building constructions
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~) • • • • • • •
Find out from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) on status of possible landslides Maintain a list of contact numbers during emergencies Plant grasses to cover slopes or build riprap to prevent soil erosion Reinforce the foundation and walls of buil dings and other structures when needed Conduct regular drills on evacuation procedures Promote public awareness and involvement on landslide mitigation Recommend to proper authorities to enforce land use regulations geared at mitigating landslide or mudflow hazards
Response (What to do During~) • •
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Evacuate the community immediately if warned of an impending landslide or mudflow Advise residents to stay away from t he path of landslide debris or seek refuge behind a sturdy tree or boulder Get out of buildings as soon as possible when rumbling sounds are heard from upstream or the trembling of the ground is felt Run across a slope, not downwards
Recovery (What to do After~) •
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Recommend to proper authorities to examine thoroughly the damaged structures and utilities before reoccupying facilities Stay away from the landslide area. There may be danger of additional landslides
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Check with caution injured and trapped persons within the landslide area. Direct rescuers to their locations Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information Seek the advice of a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk
EXTREME CLIMATE VARIABILITY
Climate Change is the direct impact of global warming Climate change will ca use more severe extreme weather events and the world would experience more killing due to: o Heat Waves o Intense Downpours o Droughts o Floods And more killings from: o Excessive Snow o Massive Tornadoes o Strong Storms o Rising Sea Levels
El Niño / El Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) o A quasiperiodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean roughly e very five years o It is characterized by variations in t he temperature of the surface of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean El Niño = Unusual WARMING with High Surface Air Pressure El Niña = Unusual COLDNESS with Low Surface Air Pressure
HEAT WAVES
A prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region In extreme heat and high humidity, evaporation is slowed and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~)
Develop a Community Preparedness Plan on e xtreme heat Know what heat hazard may occur where you are and learn how to plan for extreme heat Plan changes in your daily activities to avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of the day Advice community to consult a physician when affected by extreme heat Promote training on first aid Discuss the dangers of extreme heat wave with the community Provide community with a newsletter containing emergency information on extreme heat
Response (What to do During~)
Plan changes in your activities. Instead, perform strenuous work in the morning between 4:00 A.M. and 7:00 A.M. Many heat emergencies are experienced by people exercising or working during t he hottest part of the day Stay indoors as much as possible Avoid extreme temperature changes like a cool shower immediately after coming in from hot temperatures which can result to hypothermia Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing that will cover as much skin as possible Protect face and head by wearing wide-brimmed hat Drink plenty of water even if you do not feel thirsty, to prevent dehydration Avoid drinks with alcohol or caffeine which can also cause dehydration Take frequent breaks if you must work o utdoors Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat Eat frequent small meals for easy digestion
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Use salt tablets or table salt because it retains fluids Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles
Recovery (What to do After~)
Bring victims immediately to the clinic or health centers Teach victims to slowly resume activities. Avoid performing heavy workload and those requiring large amount of energy
EARTHQUAKE (Volcanic / Tectonic) •
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An event involving shaking of the ground caused by sudden slippage of rock masses below or at the surface of the earth It is a wave like movement of the earth’s surface Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes Magnitude = Measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Determined from o measures on seismographs Intensity = Measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. o Determined from effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment Mercalli Intensity Scale = Is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of a n earthquake Intensity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Lower 5 Upper 6 Lower 6 Upper 7
Imperceptible to people Some people in the building feel it Many people in the building feel it. Some people awaken if the quake strikes at night Felt by most people in the building. Some people are frightened Many people are frightened. Some people try to escape from danger. Most people awaken, if the quake strikes at night Most people try to escape from danger. Some peope find it difficult to move Many people are very frightened and find it difficult to move Difficult to keep standing Impossible to keep standing and to move without crawling Thrown around by the shaking
The Richter Scale Measures energy waves emitted by earthquake Measure 0 – 1.9 2 – 2.9 3 – 3.9 4 – 4.9 5 – 5.9 6 – 6.9 7 – 7.9 8 – 8.9 9 and Over
Can be detected only by seismograph Hanging objects may swing Comparable to the vibrations of a passing truck May break windows, cause small or unstable objects to fall Furniture moves chunks of plaster may fall from walls Damage to well-built structures, severe damage to poorly build ones Buildings displaced from foundations; cracks in the earth; underground pipes broken Bridges destroyed, few structures left standing Near-total destruction, waves moving through the earth visible with naked eye
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~) •
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Recommend to appropriate authorities the evaluatio n of structural soundness of buildings and important infrastructures Make sure that building design complies with the National Building Code Standard Check for the presence of other potential sources of hazard due to secondary effect of earthquakes like: o Steep hill slopes o Hanging heavy objects o Dams o Storage tanks o Falling debris o Fire Strap heavy furniture / cabinets inside the rooms to the wall
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Store breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials in the lowermost shelves and secure firmly Check classrooms for hanging or unstable objects t hat may fall during the earthquake Familiarize pupils/workers/employees as well with the easiest exit or evacuation route to take Develop an Earthquake Evacuation Plan and hang/post this in the corridor of each building Teach the students/personnel on how to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and emergency exits These should also be accessible, conveniently located and prominently marked in familiar places Advise students/personnel not to use the elevator during and after an earthquake Identify strong parts of the buildi ng like door jambs, near ele vator shafts, sturdy tables where you can take refuge during an earthquake Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival kit: o
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Water at least 1 liter per person (Up to 1 gallon per person) First Aid Kit with critical basic medication First Aid Manual / Survival Manual Canned food and can opener Nutritional Food Bars Blankets AM/FM Radio and two-way radios, battery operated Spare batteries, rechargeable batteries Flashlight with batteries / emergency shake flashlights Emergency Lightstick Watch or clock Toilet paper and other hygiene items (Soap, shampoo)
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Newspapers Candles and matches Whistles or small bells, emergency alarms Sharp utility knives Rope or nylon cords Plastic tape, duct tape Pen and paper Work gloves Tools (Crobar, swiss army knife, wrench, pliers, bolt cutters, hack saw, etc.) Dust masks Cellphone and solar cellphone and battery charger Emergency contact numbers
Response (What to do During~)
Direct students/personnel to stay inside a structurally sound building Advise pupils/students to protect their body from falling debris by bracing themselves in a doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table Drop, Cover and Hold! The “Drop, Cover and Hold” protocol when performed correctly with an awareness of your surroundings, remains the most effective way to protect yourself when an earthquake occurs o DROP to the ground (B efore the earthquake drops you!) o Take COVER by getting under a sturdy desk or table, and o HOLD ON to it until the shaking stops When inside a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop. Do not attempt to cross bridges or overpasses which may have been damaged Direct students/personnel to move to an open area when they are outside a building or any structure Stay away from power lines, posts, walls and other structures that may fall or collapse Move away from steep escarpments which may be affected by landslides particularly if the y are on a mountain
Recovery (What to do After~)
Advise students/personnel to take the fastest and safest way out if caught i n an old weak classroom building When evacuating, advise the students/personnel to: o Get out calmly and in an orderly manner o Use the stairs not the elevators o Check themselves for cuts and for injuries o Identify missing or separated individuals Call the authorities to clean up chemical spills, toxic and flammable materials since this is hazardous to untrained people Check for fire and if any, have it controlled Check the water and electrical lines for defects Do not enter partially damaged school buildings, as strong aftershocks may cause them to collapse
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Do not drive into damaged areas. Rescue and relief operations need the roads for mobility If there is a need to evacuate, apply the buddy-buddy system and follo w orders from the immediate supervisor
TSUNAMI • •
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Referred to as giant sea waves generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the seabed Tsunamis can only occur when the earthquake i s strong enough (M7.0+) to displace the seabed, creating pressures in the water above it The large waves of a tsunami are preceded by initial lowering of the water level even beyond the lowest tidal levels and sometimes being falsely called “tidal waves” Tsunamis generated in distant locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground For locally-generated tsunamis, where you might feel the ground shake, you may onl y have a few minutes to move to higher ground
Preparedness and Mitigation (What to do Before~)
Conduct community advocacy on tsunami a wareness, preparedness and mitigation Regular tsunami drills should be conducted, especially in residences near coastlines Turn on your radio and other communication devices to know if there is a tsunami warning if an earthquake occurs Assign a focal person to monit or and observe the water recession after an earthquake If you are near the coastline and you hear there is a tsunami warning, you should follow the advice of local government personnel on possible evacuation Be aware of the tsunami facts. This knowledge could save your life! Share this knowledge with your friends. It could save their lives!
Response (What to do During~) •
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CAUTION: Move away from the beach immediately, it there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline Move inland to predetermined higher ground immediately and stay there Stay away from the beach. Never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami coming The upper floors of concrete buildings can provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly in land to higher ground
Recovery (What to do After~)
Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until official say it is safe to return Stay away from debris in the water; it may pose a safety hazard to boats and people Save yourself = NOT YOUR POSSESSIONS
VOLCANIC ERUPTION •
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A process wherein volcanic materials such as molten or hot fragmented rocks or gaseous materials are ejected from a volcano Hazards from volcanoes may be of different nature. T hese hazards includes:
Preparedness$ and Mitigation (What to do Before~)
Close windows and doors to reduce entry of ash if heavy ash-fall is expected to hit the community Develop evacuation plans and conduct evacuation drills Avoid low places or areas vulnerable to avalanches, rock falls, lava flows an mudflows Prepare for evacuation if warning for imminent volcanic eruptions or mudflows is raised Develop an evacuation plan. Everyone should k now where to go in response to warnings If you live in a volcano risk area, recommend a publication in your local newspaper about e mergency information on volcanoes Learn about your community warning systems and emergency plans Places prone to volcanic eruptions should have pairs of goggles, basic kits and evacuation supply kits
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Response (What to do During~) • • •
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Stay alert and awake Follow the instructions that go with the warning. If there is a directive to evacuate, do so immediately Advise the residents to protect their heads and get away from the area right away if caught in a small rock fall Give priority for evacuation outside t he area of ash shower to residents wit h breathing problems It is advised to cover the nose, preferably with a wet piece of cloth, during evacuation Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving a vehicle can stir-up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage moving parts and stall vehicles Avoid driving in heavy ash falls unless absolutely required. If unavoidable, the vehicle should be driven at a speed of 60 kph or slower Scrape off ashes to prevent heavy loading of the houses or building roofs. When doing so, the following precautionary measures should be observed: o Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants o Wear goggles and eye glasses instead of contact l enses
Recovery (What to do After~)
Clear the canals and pathways of ash a nd other debris Hose down the accumulated ash and plant leaves on roofs Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide area. Direct rescuers to their locations Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow Report broken utility lines and suspected damaged buildings to appropriate authorities If you have a respiratory ailment, avoid contact with ash. Stay indoors until local health officials advise it is safe to go outside.
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