DISASTER MANAGEMENT
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA SUBMITTED TO MR. SAURABH SUBMITTED BY SADDAM HUSSAIN HUSSAIN 5TH YEAR
ASSIGNMENT ON LAW AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
0
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introd Introduct uction ion 2. Institut Institution ion!! nd "o!ic# "o!ic# Fr$%&o Fr$%&or' r' (. Er!# Er!# )rni )rnin* n* S#st% S#st%$ $ +. Disst%r Disst%r "r%,%nt "r%,%ntion ion - Miti*ti Miti*tion on 5. "r% "r%r r%d %dn% n%ss ss /. Conc Conc!u !usi sion on
1
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introd Introduct uction ion 2. Institut Institution ion!! nd "o!ic# "o!ic# Fr$%&o Fr$%&or' r' (. Er!# Er!# )rni )rnin* n* S#st% S#st%$ $ +. Disst%r Disst%r "r%,%nt "r%,%ntion ion - Miti*ti Miti*tion on 5. "r% "r%r r%d %dn% n%ss ss /. Conc Conc!u !usi sion on
1
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SECTION 0I Introduction India has been traditionall !"lnerable to nat"ral disasters on a##o"nt o$ its its "ni% "ni%"e "e &eo'# &eo'#li li(a (ati ti# # #ond #ondit itio ions ns.. )loo )loods ds** dro" dro"&ht &hts* s* ##l ##lon ones es** earth%"a+ earth%"a+es es and landslides landslides ha!e been re#"rr re#"rrent ent ,heno(ena. ,heno(ena. Abo"t -/ o$ the land(ass is ,rone to earth%"a+es o$ !ario"s intensities0 o!er 1 (illion he#tares is ,rone to 2oods0 abo"t 3/ o$ the total area is ,rone to ##lones and -3/ o$ the area is s"s#e,tible to dro"&ht. In the de#ade 455'6* an a!era&e o$ abo"t 1711,eo,le lost their li!es and abo"t 7 (illion ,eo,le 8ere a9e#ted b disasters e!er ear. The loss loss in ter ter(s o$ ,ri! ,ri!at ate* e* #o(( #o(("n "nit it and and ,"bl ,"bli# i# asse assets ts has has been been astrono(i#al. At the &lobal le!el* there has been #onsiderable #on#ern o!er nat"ral disasters E!en as s"bstantial s#ienti:# and (aterial ,ro&ress is (ade* the loss o2i!es and ,ro,ert d"e to disasters has not de#reased. In $a#t* the h"(an toll and e#ono(i# losses ha!e (o"nted. It 8as in this ba#+& ba#+&rro"nd o"nd that that the the Unit United ed Nati Nation ons s Gene Genera rall As Asse se(b (bl l** in 45 4535 35** de#lared the de#ade 455'6 as the International De#ade $or Nat"ral Disa Disast ster er Red"# ed"#ti tion on 8ith 8ith the the ob;e ob;e#t #ti! i!e e to red"# ed"#e e loss loss o$ li!e li!es s and and
2
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
,ro, ,ro,er ert t and and restr estri# i#tt so#i so#io'e o'e#o #ono no(i (i# # da(a&e da(a&e thr thro"&h o"&h #on# #on#er erte ted d international a#tion* es,e#iall in de!elo,in& #o"ntries. The s",er s ",er ##lone in Orissa in O#tober* 4555 and the Bh"; earth%"a+e in G";arat in Jan"ar* 64 "nders#ored the need to ado,t a ("lti di(e di(ensi nsion onal al
Ende Endea! a!o" o"rr
in!o in!ol! l!in in& &
di!e di!ers rse e
s#ie s# ient nti: i:#* #*
en&i en&ine neer erin in&* &*
:nan#ial and so#ial ,ro#esses0 the need to ado,t ("lti dis#i,linar and ("lti ("lti se#tor se#toral al a,,ro a,,roa#h a#h and in#or, in#or,ora oratio tion n o$ ris+ ris+ red"# red"#tio tion n in the de!elo,(ental ,lans and strate&ies.
O!er the ,ast #o",le o$ ears* the Go!ern(ent o$ India has bro"&ht abo"t a ,aradi&( shi$t in the a,,roa#h to disaster (ana&e(ent. The ne8 a,,roa#h ,ro#eeds $ro( the #on!i#tion that de!elo,(ent #annot be s"stainable "nless disaster (iti&ation is b"ilt into the de!elo,(ent ,ro#ess. Another #orner stone o$ the a,,roa#h is that (iti&ation has to be ("lti'dis#i,linar s,annin& a#ross all se#tors o$ de!elo,(ent. The ne8 ne8 ,oli ,oli# # also also e(an e(anat ate es $ro( $ro( the the beli belie$ e$ that that in!e in!est st(e (ent nts s in (iti&ation are ("#h (ore #ost e9e#ti!e than e<,endit"re on relie$ and rehabilitation. Disaster Disaster (ana&e(ent (ana&e(ent o##",ies o##",ies an i(,ortant i(,ortant ,la#e in this #o"ntr=s #o"ntr=s ,oli# $ra(e8or+ as it is the ,oor and the "nder',ri!ile&ed 8ho are 8orst a9e#ted on a##o"nt o$ #ala(ities>disasters. #ala(ities>disasters. The ste,s bein& ta+en b the Go!ern(ent e(anate $ro( the a,,roa#h o"tlin o"tlined ed abo!e. abo!e. The a,,ro a,,roa#h a#h has been been transl translate ated d into into a Nation National al
3
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Disaster )ra(e8or+ ra(e8or+ ?a road(a,@ road(a,@ #o!erin& #o!erin& instit"tio instit"tional nal (e#hanis( (e#hanis(s* s* disaster ,re!ention strate&* earl 8arnin& sste(* disaster (iti&ation* ,re,ar ,re,arednes edness s and res,onse res,onse and h"(an reso"r#e reso"r#e de!elo,(e de!elo,(ent. nt. The e<,e#ted in,"ts* areas o$ inter!ention and a&en#ies to be in!ol!ed at the National* State and distri#t le!els ha!e been identi:ed and listed in the the road( oad(a, a,.. This This road( oad(a, a, has has been been sh shar ared ed 8ith 8ith all all the the Stat State e Go!er Go!ern(e n(ents nts and Union Union Territ erritor or Ad Ad(i (inis nistra tratio tions. ns. Minist Ministri ries es and De,art(ents o$ Go!ern(ent o$ India* and the State Go!ern(ents>UT Ad(i Ad (ini nist stra rati tion ons s
ha!e ha!e been been ad!is ad!ised ed to de!e de!elo lo, ,
thei theirr res,e es,e#t #ti! i!e e
road(a,s ta+in& the national road(a, as a broad &"ideline. There is* there$ore* there$ore* no8 a #o((on strate& "nder,innin& the a#tion bein& ta+en b all the ,arti#i,atin& or&aniations>sta+eholders.
SECTION0II Institution! nd "o!ic# Fr$%&or' The instit"tional and ,oli# (e#hanis(s $or #arrin& o"t res,onse* relie$
a nd
rehabilitation
ha!e
been
8ell'establ ablish she ed
sin#e
Inde Inde,e ,end nden en#e #e.. Thes These e (e#h (e#hani anis( s(s s ha!e ha!e ,ro! ,ro!ed ed to be rob"s ob"stt and and e9e#ti!e inso$ar as res,onse* relie$ relie$ and rehabilitation rehabilitation are a re #on#erned. At the national le!el* the Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs is the nodal Ministr $or all (atters (atters #on#erni #on#ernin& n& disaster disaster (ana&e(ent (ana&e(ent.. The entral entral Relie$ elie$ o((issioner CR in the Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs is the nodal o#er
4
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
to #oordinate relie$ o,erations $or nat"ral disasters. The R re#ei!es in$or(ation relatin& to $ore#astin&>8arnin& o$ a nat"ral #ala(it $ro( India
Meteorolo&i#al
De,art(ent
CIMD
or
$ro(
entral
Water
o((ission o$ Ministr o$ Water Reso"r#es on a #ontin"in& basis. The Ministries>De,art(ents>Or&aniations #on#erned 8ith the ,ri(ar and se#ondar $"n#tions relatin& to the (ana&e(ent o$ disasters in#l"deF India Meteorolo&i#al De,art(ent* entral Water o((ission* Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs* Ministr o$ De$en#e* Ministr o$ )inan#e* Ministr o$ R"ral De!elo,(ent* Ministr o$ Urban De!elo,(ent* De,art(ent o$ o(("ni#ations* Ministr o$ Health* Ministr o$ Water Reso"r#es* Ministr o$ etrole"(* De,art(ent o$ A&ri#"lt"re oo,eration. Ministr o$ o8er* De,art(ent o$ i!il S",,lies* Ministr o$ Rail8as* Ministr o$ In$or(ation and
Broad#astin&* lannin& o((ission*
abinet Se#retariat* De,art(ent o$ S"r$a#e Trans,ort* Ministr o$ So#ial J"sti#e* De,art(ent o$ Wo(en and hild De!elo,(ent* Ministr o$ En!iron(ent
and
)orest*
De,art(ent
o$
)ood.
Ea#h
Ministr>De,art(ent>Or&aniation no(inates their nodal o#er to the risis Mana&e(ent Gro", #haired b entral Relie$ o((issioner. The nodal
o#er
is-res,onsible
$or
,re,arin&
se#toral
A#tion
lan>E(er&en# S",,ort )"n#tion lan $or (ana&in& disasters.
Ntion!
Crisis
Mn*%$%nt
Co$$itt%%
NCMC3
abinet
Se#retar* 8ho is the hi&hest eDe,art(ents as 8ell as
5
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
or&aniations are the (e(bers o$ the o((ittee the NM &i!es dire#tion to the risis Mana&e(ent Gro", as dee(ed ne#essar. The Se#retar* Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs is res,onsible $or ens"rin& that all de!elo,(ents are bro"&ht to the noti#e o$ the NM ,ro(,tl. The NM #an &i!e dire#tions to an Ministr>De,art(ent>Or&aniation $or s,e#i:# a#tion needed $or (eetin& the #risis sit"ation.
Crisis Mn*%$%nt 4rouF The entral Relie$ o((issioner in the Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs is the hair(an o$ the MG* #onsistin& o$ senior o#ers C#alled nodal o#ers $ro( !ario"s #on#erned Ministries. The MG=s $"n#tions are to re!ie8 e!er ear #ontin&en# ,lans $or("lated b !ario"s Ministries>De,art(ents>Or&aniations in their res,e#ti!e
se#tors*
(eas"res
re%"ired
$or
dealin&
8ith
nat"ral
disasters* #oordinate the a#ti!ities o$ the entral Ministries and the State Go!ern(ents in relation to disaster ,re,aredness and relie$ and to obtain in$or(ation $ro( the nodal o#ers on (eas"res relatin& to abo!e. The MG* in the e!ent o$ a nat"ral disaster* (eets $re%"entl to re!ie8 the relie$ o,erations and e
6
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Contro! Roo$ E$%r*%nc# O%rtion Roo$3 An E(er&en# O,erations enter Control Roo( eDe,art(ents>Or&aniations
in
#onne#tion
8ith
relie$*
(aintainin& re#ords #ontainin& all rele!ant in$or(ation relatin& to a#tion ,oints and #onta#t ,oints in entral Ministries et#.* +ee,in& ",' to'date details o$ all #on#erned o#ers at the entral and State le!els.
Contin*%nc# Action "!n3 A National ontin&en# A#tion lan CA $or dealin& 8ith #ontin&en#ies arisin& in the 8a+e o$ nat"ral disasters has been $or("lated b the Go!ern(ent o$ India and it had been ,eriodi#all ",dated. It $a#ilitates the la"n#hin& o$ relie$ o,erations 8itho"t dela. The A identi:es the initiati!es re%"ired to be ta+en b !ario"s
entral
Ministries>De,art(ents
inthe
8a+e
o$
nat"ral
#ala(ities* sets do8n the ,ro#ed"re and deter(ine the $o#al ,oints in the ad(inistrati!e (a#hiner. Ea#h State Go!ern(ent has relie$ (an"als>#odes 8hi#h identi$ that role o$ ea#h o#er in the State $or (ana&in& the nat"ral disasters. These are re!ie8ed and ",dated ,eriodi#all based on the e<,erien#e o$ (ana&in& the disasters and the need o$ the State.
7
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Fundin* $%cnis$s3 The ,oli# and the $"ndin& (e#hanis( $or ,ro!ision o$ relie$ assistan#e to those a9e#ted b nat"ral #ala(ities is #learl laid do8n. These are re!ie8ed b the )inan#e o((ission a,,ointed b the Go!ern(ent o$ India e!er :!e ears. The )inan#e o((ission (a+es re#o((endation re&ardin& the di!ision o$ ta< and non'ta< re!en"es bet8een the entral and the State Go!ern(ents and also re&ardin& ,oli# $or ,ro!ision o$ relie$ assistan#e and their share o$ e<,endit"re thereon.
A C!$it# R%!i%6 Fund CRF has been set ", in ea#h State as ,er the re#o((endations o$ the Ele!enth )inan#e o((ission. The sie o$ the ala(it Relie$ )"nd has been :
C!$it# Contin*%nc# Fund NCCF ' a $"nd #reated at the entral
8
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Go!ern(ent le!el. When s"#h re%"ests are re#ei!ed* the re%"ire(ents reassessed b a tea( $ro( the entral Go!ern(ent and therea$ter the assessed re%"ire(ents are #leared b a Hi&h Le!el o((ittee #haired b the De,"t ri(e Minister. In brie$* the instit"tional arran&e(ents $or res,onse and relie$ are 8ell'established and ha!e ,ro!ed to be rob"st and e9e#ti!e. In the $ederal set ", o$ India* the basi# res,onsibilit $or "nderta+in& res#"e* relie$ and rehabilitation (eas"res in the e!ent o$ a disaster is that o$ the State Go!ern(ent #on#erned. At the State le!el* res,onse* relie$ and rehabilitation are handled b De,art(ents o$ Relie$ Rehabilitation. The State risis Mana&e(ent o((ittee set ", "nder the hair(anshi, o$ hie$ Se#retar 8ho is the hi&hest e
in the
State.
All
the
#on#erned
De,art(ents
and
or&anisations o$ the State and entral Go!ern(ent De,art(ents lo#ated in the State are re,resented in this o((ittee. This o((ittee re!ie8s
the
a#tion
ta+en
$or
res,onse
and
relie$
and
&i!es
&"idelines>dire#tions as ne#essar. A #ontrol roo( is established "nder the Relie$ o((issioner. The #ontrol roo( is in#onstant to"#h 8ith the #li(ate (onitorin&>$ore#astin& a&en#ies and (onitors the a#tion bein& ta+en b !ario"s a&en#ies in ,er$or(in& their res,onsibilities. The distri#t le!el is the +e le!el $or disaster (ana&e(ent and relie$ a#ti!ities. The #olle#tor>D. o((issioner is the #hie$ ad(inistrator in the distri#t. He is the $o#al ,oint in the ,re,aration o$ distri#t ,lans and
9
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
in dire#tin&* s",er!isin& and (onitorin& #ala(ities $or relie$. A Distri#t Le!el oordination and Relie$ o((ittee is #onstit"ted and is headed b the olle#tor as hair(an 8ith ,arti#i,ation o$ all other related &o!ern(ent and non &o!ern(ental a&en#ies and de,art(ents in addition to the ele#ted re,resentati!es. The olle#tor is re%"ired to (aintain #lose liaison 8ith the distri#t and the State Go!ern(ents as 8ell as the nearest "nits o$ Ar(ed )or#es>entral ,oli#e or&aniations and other rele!ant entral Go!ern(ent or&anisations li+e Ministries o$ o(("ni#ations* Water Reso"r#es* Drin+in& Water* and S"r$a#e Trans,ort*
8ho
#o"ld
s",,le(ent
the
e9orts
o$
the
distri#t
ad(inistration in the res#"e and relie$ o,erations. The e9orts o$ the Go!ern(ent and non'&o!ern(ental or&anisations $or res,onse and relie$ and #oordinated b the olle#tor>D. o((issioner. The Distri#t Ma&istrate>olle#tor and oordination o((ittee "nder hi( re!ie8 ,re,aredness (eas"res ,rior to a i(,endin& haard and #oordinate res,onse 8hen the haard stri+es. As all the De,art(ents o$ the State Go!ern(ent and distri#t le!el re,ort to the olle#tor* there is an e9e#ti!e #oordination (e#hanis( ens"rin& holisti# res,onse.
N%& institution! $%cnis$s3 As has been (ade #lear abo!e* the e
(e#hanis(s
had
based
on
,ost'disaster
relie$
and
rehabilitation and the ha!e ,ro!ed to be rob"st and e9e#ti!e (e#hanis(s
in
addressin&
these
re%"ire(ents.
The
#han&ed
,oli#>a,,roa#h* ho8e!er* (andates a ,riorit to $"ll disaster as,e#ts
10
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
o$ (iti&ation* ,re!ention and ,re,aredness and ne8 instit"tional and ,oli# (e#hanis(s are bein& ,"t in ,la#e to address the ,oli# #han&e. It is ,ro,osed to #onstit"te a National E(er&en# Mana&e(ent A"thorit at the National le!el. The Hi&h o8ered o((ittee on Disaster Mana&e(ent 8hi#h 8as set ", in A"&"st* 4555 and s"b(itted its Re,ort in O#tober* 64* had inter alia re#o((ended that a se,arate De,art(ent o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent be set ", in the Go!ern(ent
o$
India.
It
8as*
ho8e!er*
$elt
that
#on!entional
Ministries>De,art(ents ha!e the dra8ba#+ o$ not bein& 2e
has*
there$ore*
been
,ro,osed
as
a
#o(bined
Se#retariat>Dire#torate str"#t"re K a str"#t"re 8hi#h 8ill be an inte&ral ,art o$ the Go!ern(ent and* there$ore* 8ill 8or+ 8ith the $"ll a"thorit o$ the Go!ern(ent 8hile* at the sa(e ti(e* retainin& the 2eS,e#ial Se#retar to the
Go!ern(ent in
the
Ministr
o$ Ho(e A9airs
8ith S,e#ial
Se#retaries>Additional Se#retaries $ro( the Ministries>De,art(ents o$ Health* Water Reso"r#es* En!iron(ent )orests* A&ri#"lt"re* Rail8as* Ato(i#
Ener&*
De$en#e*
he(i#als*
S#ien#e
Te#hnolo&*
Tele#o(("ni#ations* Urban E(,lo(ent and o!ert Alle!iation* r"ral
11
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
De!elo,(ent and India Meteorolo&i#al De,art(ent as Me(bers o$ the A"thorit. The A"thorit 8o"ld (eet as o$ten as re%"ired and re!ie8 the stat"s o$ 8arnin& sste(s* (iti&ation (eas"res and disaster ,re,aredness. When a disaster stri+es* the A"thorit 8ill #oordinate disaster (ana&e(ent a#ti!ities. The A"thorit 8ill be res,onsible $orF' 4. oordinatin&>(andatin&
Go!ern(ent=s
,oli#ies
$or
disaster
red"#tion>(iti&ation. 6. Ens"rin& ade%"ate ,re,aredness at all le!els in order to (eet disasters. 7. oordinatin& res,onse to a disaster 8hen it stri+es. 1. oordination o$ ,ost disaster relie$ and rehabilitation. The National E(er&en# Mana&e(ent A"thorit 8ill ha!e a #ore ,er(anent se#retariat 8ith three di!isions K one $or Disaster re!ention* Miti&ation Rehabilitation* the other $or re,aredness and the third $or H"(an Reso"r#e de!elo,(ent. At the State le!el* as indi#ated in ,ara disaster (ana&e(ent 8as bein& handled b the De,art(ents o$ Relie$ Rehabilitation. As the na(e s"&&ests* the $o#"s 8as al(ost entirel on ,ost'#ala(it relie$. The Go!ern(ent o$ India is 8or+in& 8ith the State Go!ern(ents to #on!ert the De,art(ents o$ Relie$ Rehabilitation into De,art(ents o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent 8ith an enhan#ed area o$ res,onsibilit to in#l"de (iti&ation and ,re,aredness a,art $ro( their ,resent res,onsibilities o$
12
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
relie$ and rehabilitation. The #han&eo!er has alread ha,,ened in ei&ht State Go!ern(ents>Union Territor Ad(inistrations. The #han&e is "nder ,ro#ess in other States. The States ha!e also been as+ed to set ", Disaster Mana&e(ent A"thorities "nder the hie$ Minister 8ith Ministers
o$ rele!ant
De,art(ents ?Water Reso"r#es* A&ri#"lt"re* Drin+in& Water S",,l* En!iron(ent )orests* Urban De!elo,(ent* Ho(e* R"ral De!elo,(ent et#.@ as (e(bers. The ob;e#ti!e o9settin& ", an A"thorit is to ens"re that (iti&ation and ,re,aredness is seen as the ;oint res,onsibilit o$ all the De,art(ents #on#erned and disaster (ana&e(ent #on#erns are (ainstrea(ed
into
their
,ro&ra((ers=.
This
holisti#
and
("ltidis#i,linar a,,roa#h is the +e to e9e#ti!e (iti&ation. At the distri#t le!el* the Distri#t Ma&istrate 8ho is the #hie$ #oordinator 8ill be the $o#al ,oint $or #oordinatin& all a#ti!ities relatin& to ,re!ention* (iti&ation and ,re,aredness a,art $ro( his e
,ertainin& and
Relie$
to
res,onse
o((ittee
and is
relie$.
bein&
The
Distri#t
re#onstit"ted>re'
desi&nated into Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittees 8ith o#ers $ro( rele!ant de,art(ents bein& added as (e(bers. Be#a"se o$ its enhan#ed (andate o$ (iti&ation and ,re!ention* the distri#t heads and de,art(ents en&a&ed in de!elo,(ent 8ill no8 be added to the o((ittee so that (iti&ation and ,re!ention is (ainstrea(ed into the distri#t ,lan. The e
13
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
res,onse ,lans 8ill #ontin"e. There 8ill* ho8e!er* also be alon& ter( (iti&ation ,lan. Distri#t Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittees ha!e alread been #onstit"ted in se!eral distri#ts and are in the ,ro#ess o$ bein& #onstit"ted in the re(ainin& ("lti'haard ,rone distri#ts. Si(ilarl* 8e are in the ,ro#ess o$ #reatin& Blo#+>Tal"% Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittees in these 4-5 ("lti'haard ,rone distri#ts in 4 States. At the !illa&e le!el* in 4-5 ("lti'haard ,rone distri#ts* 8e #onstit"te
Disaster
Mana&e(ent
o((ittees
and
Disaster
Mana&e(ent Tea(s. Ea#h !illa&e 8ill ha!e a Disaster Mana&e(ent lan. The ,ro#ess o$ dra$tin& the ,lan has alread be&"n. The Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittee 8hi#h dra8s ", the ,lans #onsists o$ ele#ted re,resentati!es at the !illa&e le!el* lo#al a"thorities0 Go!ern(ent $"n#tionaries in#l"din& do#tors>,ara(edi#s o$ ,ri(ar health #entre lo#ated in
the
!illa&e*
,ri(ar
s#hool tea#hers
et#. The ,lan
en#o(,asses ,re!ention* (iti&ation and ,re,aredness (eas"res. The Disaster Mana&e(ent Tea(s at the !illa&e le!el 8ill #onsist o$ (e(bers o$ !ol"ntar or&anisations li+e Nehr" "!a+ endra and other non'&o!ern(ental or&anisations as 8ell as able bodied !ol"nteers $ro( the !illa&e. The tea(s are ,ro!ided basi# trainin& in e!a#"ation* sear#h and res#"e et#. The Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittee 8ill re!ie8 the disaster (ana&e(ent ,lan at least on#e in a ear. It 8o"ld also &enerate a8areness a(on& the ,eo,le in the !illa&e abo"t dos= and don=ts $or s,e#i:# haards de,endin& on the !"lnerabilit o$ the
14
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
!illa&e. A
lar&e n"(ber o$ !illa&e
le!el
Disaster Mana&e(ent
o((ittees and Disaster Mana&e(ent Tea(s ha!e alread been #onstit"ted. The States ha!e been ad!ised to ena#t Disaster Mana&e(ent A#ts. These A#ts ,ro!ide $or ade%"ate ,o8ers $or a"thorities #oordinatin& (iti&ation*
,re,aredness
and
res,onse
as
8ell
as
$or
(iti&ation>,re!ention (eas"res re%"ired to be "nderta+en. T8o States ?G";arat Madha radesh@ ha!e alread ena#ted s"#h a la8. Other States are in the ,ro#ess. The State Go!ern(ents ha!e also been ad!ised to #on!ert their Relie$ odes into Disaster Mana&e(ent odes b in#l"din& as,e#ts o$ ,re!ention* (iti&ation and ,re,aredness. In order to $"rther instit"tionalie the ne8 a,,roa#h* the Go!ern(ent o$ India has de#ided to en"n#iate a National oli# on Disaster Mana&e(ent. Dra$t ,oli# has a##ordin&l been $or("lated and is e<,e#ted to be ,"t in ,la#e shortl. The ,oli# shall in$or( all s,heres o$ entral Go!ern(ent a#ti!it and shall ta+e ,re#eden#e o!er all edisasters.
15
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The ,oli# notes that State Go!ern(ents are ,ri(aril res,onsible $or disaster (ana&e(ent in#l"din& ,re!ention and (iti&ation* 8hile the Go!ern(ent o$ India ,ro!ides assistan#e 8here ne#essar as ,er the nor(s laid do8n $ro( ti(e to ti(e and ,ro,oses that this o!erall $ra(e8or+ (a #ontin"e. Ho8e!er* sin#e res,onse to a disaster re%"ires #oordination o$ reso"r#es a!ailable a#ross all the De,art(ents o$ the Go!ern(ent* the ,oli# (andates that the entral Go!ern(ent 8ill* in #on;"n#tion 8ith the State Go!ern(ents* see+ to ens"re that s"#h #oordination (e#hanis( is laid do8n thro"&h an a,,ro,riate #hain o$ #o((and so that (obiliation o$ reso"r#es is $a#ilitated. The broad $eat"res o$ the dra$t national ,oli# on disaster (ana&e(ent are en"n#iated belo8F' 4. A holisti# and ,ro'a#ti!e a,,roa#h $or ,re!ention* (iti&ation and ,re,aredness 8ill be ado,ted $or disaster (ana&e(ent. 6. Ea#h Ministr>De,art(ent o$ the entral>State Go!ern(ent 8ill set a,art an a,,ro,riate %"ant"( o$ $"nds "nder the lan $or s,e#i:# s#he(es>,ro;e#ts addressin& !"lnerabilit red"#tion and ,re,aredness. 7. Where there is a shel$ o$ ,ro;e#ts* ,ro;e#ts addressin& (iti&ation 8ill be &i!en ,riorit. Miti&ation (eas"res shall be b"ilt into the on'&oin& s#he(es> ,ro&ra((es. 1. Ea#h ,ro;e#t in a haard ,rone area 8ill ha!e (iti&ation as an essential ter( o$ re$eren#e. The ,ro;e#t re,ort 8ill in#l"de a
16
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
state(ent
as
to
ho8
the
,ro;e#t
addresses
!"lnerabilit
red"#tion. . o(("nit in!ol!e(ent and a8areness &eneration* ,arti#"larl those o$the !"lnerable se&(ents o$ ,o,"lation and 8o(en ha!e been e(,hasied as ne#essar $or s"stainable disaster ris+ red"#tion. This is a #riti#al #o(,onent o$ the ,oli# sin#e #o(("nities are the :rst res,onders= to disasters and* there$ore* "nless the are e(,o8ered and (ade #a,able o$ (ana&in& disasters* an a(o"nt o$ e!"lnerabilit red"#tion. . Instit"tional str"#t"res>a,,ro,riate #hain o$ #o((and 8ill be b"ilt ", and a,,ro,riate trainin& i(,arted to disaster (ana&ers at !ario"s le!els to ens"re #oordinated and %"i#+ res,onse at all le!els0 and de!elo,(ent o$ inter'State arran&e(ents $or sharin& o$ reso"r#es d"rin& e(er&en#ies. 3. A #"lt"re o$ ,lannin& and ,re,aredness is to be in#"l#ated at all le!els $or #a,a#it b"ildin& (eas"res. 5. Standard o,eratin& ,ro#ed"res and disaster (ana&e(ent ,lans at state and distri#t le!els as 8ell as b rele!ant #entral
17
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
&o!ern(ent de,art(ents $or handlin& s,e#i:# disasters 8ill be la do8n. 4.
onstr"#tion desi&ns ("st #orres,ond to the re%"ire(ents
as laid do8nin& rele!ant Indian Standards. 44.
All li$eline b"ildin&s in seis(i# ones III* I K hos,itals*
rail8a stations* air,orts>air,ort #ontrol to8ers* :re station b"ildin&s* b"s stands (a;or ad(inistrati!e #enters 8ill need to be e!al"ated and* i$ ne#essar* retro':tted. 46.
The e
de!elo, the( into disaster (ana&e(ent #odes>(an"als $or instit"tionaliin& the ,lannin& ,ro#ess 8ith ,arti#"lar attention to (iti&ation and ,re,aredness. With
the
abo!e
(entioned
instit"tional
(e#hanis( and
,oli#
$ra(e8or+ in ,osition and the a#tions ta+en to i(,le(ent the ,oli# &"idelines* it is e<,e#ted that the tas+ o$ (o!in& to8ards !"lnerabilit red"#tion 8ill be &reatl $a#ilitated.
18
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SECTION III 1. Er!# )rnin* S#st%$ 2. C#c!on% For%cstin* Tro,i#al #lones are intense lo8 ,ress"re sste(s 8hi#h de!elo, O!er8ar( Sea. The are #a,able o$ #a"sin& i((ense da(a&e d"e to stron& 8inds* hea! rains and stor( s"r&es. The $re%"en# o$ the T in the Ba o$ Ben&al is1 to ti(es (ore than in the Arabian Sea. Abo"t 7/ o$ initial dist"rban#es in the north Indian o#ean rea#h T sta&e o$ 8hi#h 1/ be#o(e se!ere. Indian Meteorolo&i#al De,art(ent CIMD is (andated to (onitor and &i!e 8arnin&s re&ardin& Tro,i#al #lone CT. Monitorin& ,ro#ess has been re!ol"tionied b the ad!ent o$ re(ote sensin& te#hni%"es. A T intensit analsis and $ore#ast s#he(e has been 8or+ed o"t "sin& satellite i(a&e inter,retation te#hni%"es 8hi#h $a#ilitate $ore#astin& o$ stor( s"r&es.
19
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Data reso"r#es are #r"#ial to earl $ore#astin& o$ ##lones. Satellite based obser!ations are bein& e
a
ran&e
7'1
(.
Do,,ler
radars
,ro!ide
dire#t
20
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(eas"re(ents o$ 8ind :elds in Ts. D"e to ran&e li(itation0 Do,,ler 8ind esti(ates are "s"all 8ithin a ran&e o$ abo"t4 (. IMD has de,loed Do,,ler radars at 7 sites on the east #oast. Another set o$ 7 Do,,ler radars are bein& de,loed in Andhra radesh in near $"t"re. The (eteorolo&i#al satellite has (ade a tre(endo"s i(,a#t on the analsis o$ ##lones. All de!elo,in& #lo"d #l"sters are ro"tinel obser!ed thro"&h satellite #lo"d i(a&er those sho8in& si&ns o$ or&aniation are #losel (onitored $or si&ns o$ intensi:#ation. T $ore#asters e!er8here "se the D!ora+ te#hni%"e to esti(ate stor( lo#ation and intensit. It has been $o"nd to ,ro!ide realisti# esti(ates $or Ts in the Ba o$ Ben&al as 8ell as Arabian Sea. INSAT data has also been "sed to st"d the str"#t"res o$ di9erent Ts in the Ba o$ Ben&al. IMD is also ,rod"#in& lo"d Motion e#tors CMs. er Hi&h Resol"tion Radio(eter CHRR ,aload onboard INSAT K6E 8hi#h ha!e been i(,ro!ed ",on to ,ro!ide 8ater !a,or #hannel data in addition to IS Iron board INSAT 6E. A se,arate ,aload +no8n as har&ed o",le De!i#e CD has also been de,loed onboard this satellite. The &oal o$ an 8arnin& sste( is to (a
21
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
three e%"all i(,ortant ele(ents na(el0 Dete#tion and Warnin&0 o(("ni#ation0 and Res,onse. The t8o sta&e 8arnin& sste( has been in e
dist"rban#e
in
the
$or(
o$ (onsoon
de,ression 8hi#h has a ,otential to threaten the #oast 8ith ##lone $or#e 8inds. The #oastal stret#h li+el to be a9e#ted is identi:ed. This earl 8arnin& b"lletin is iss"ed b the IMD be$ore the #lone'Alert Sta&e. This ,ro!ides eno"&h lead ti(e $or the #risis (ana&ers to "nderta+e ,re,aredness a#tions. A$ter the earl 8arnin& on the re'#lone Wat#h= the olle#tors o$ #oastal and $e8 i((ediate interior distri#ts and the hie$ Se#retar o$ the #on#erned (ariti(e State are 8arned in t8o sta&es* 8hene!er an #oastal belt is e<,e#ted to e<,erien#e ad!erse 8eather Chea! rain>&ales>tidal 8a!e in asso#iation 8ith a ##loni# stor( or a de,ression li+el to intensi$ into a ##loni# stor(. The se#ond sta&e o$ P#lone AlertQ is so"nded 13 ho"rs in ad!an#e o$ the e<,e#ted #o((en#e(ent o$ ad!erse 8eather o!er the #oastal areas.
22
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
)ore#asts o$ #o((en#e(ent o$ stron& 8inds* hea! ,re#i,itation alon& the #oast in asso#iation 8ith arri!al o$ ##lone are iss"ed at the alert sta&e. Land$all ,oint is "s"all not identi:ed at this sta&e. The third sta&e 8arnin& +no8n as P#lone Warnin&Q is iss"ed 61 ho"rs in ad!an#e. Land$all ,oint is $ore#ast in this sta&e o$ ##lone 8arnin&. In addition to the $ore#asts $or hea! rains and stron& 8inds* the stor( s"r&e $ore#ast is also iss"ed. Sin#e the stor( s"r&e is the bi&&est +iller so $ar as the de!astatin& attrib"tes o$ a stor( are #on#erned* in$or(ation in this re&ard is (ost #riti#al $or ta+in& $ollo8 ", a#tion $or e!a#"ation $ro( the lo8 lin& areas li+el to be a9e#ted b the stor(. A$ter the land$all o$ the ##lone the stron& 8inds 8ith &ale $or#e s,eeds #ontin"e o!er #ertain interior distri#ts o$ the (ariti(e States hit b the ##lone. To ta+e #o&nian#e o$ that* a $o"rth sta&e +no8n as ost'land$all S#enario Sta&e= is no8 identi:ed "s"all as a ,art o$ the #lone Warnin& Sta&e= either at the ti(e o$ land$all o$ the dist"rban#e or abo"t t8el!e ho"r in ad!an#e o$ it. It in#l"des 8arnin&s o$ stron& 8inds and hea! rains li+el to be en#o"ntered in the interior distri#ts. )or #o(("ni#ations* the IMD (a+es "se o$ 5 ,oint'to',oint tele' ,rinter lin+s #onne#tin& di9erent :eld o#es. S8it#hin& #o(,"ters ha!e been ,ro!ided at Re&ional enters. These #o(,"ters are lin+ed to the #entral Re&ional Tele#o( H"b o(,"ter at Ne8 Delhi. In addition* -5 #enters ha!e been ,ro!ided 8ith 3 tele< #onne#tions.
23
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Besides* 6 :eld o#es ha!e been ,ro!ided 8ith Radio Telet,e $a#ilit. IMD also "tilies SAT te#hnolo& 8hi#h has been installed at :eld o#es. In addition* there are a n"(ber o9>RT and H) lin+s. #lone 8arnin&s are #o(("ni#ated to risis Mana&ers and other #on#erned or&aniations b hi&h ,riorit tele&ra(s* tele<* tele,hones and oli#e 8ireless. #lone 8arnin& is ,ro!ided b the IMD $ro( the Area #lone Warnin& enters CAWs at al#"tta* hennai and M"(bai and #lone Warnin& enters CWs at isha+ha,atna(* Bh"banes8ar and Ah(edabad. There is also a Satellite based #o(("ni#ation sste( #alled the #lone Warnin& Disse(ination Sste(s CWDS $or trans(ission o$ 8arnin&s. There are 6 s"#h ##lone'8arnin& sets installed in the ##lone ,rone areas o$ east and 8est #oast. The &eneral ,"bli#* the #oastal residents and :sher(en* are also 8arned thro"&h the Go!ern(ent (a#hiner and broad#ast o$ 8arnin&s thro"&h AIR and Tele!ision.
F!ood For%cstin* )loodin& is #a"sed b the inade%"ate #a,a#it 8ithin the ban+s o$ the ri!ers to #ontain the hi&h 2o8 bro"&ht do8n $ro( the ",,er #at#h(ents d"e to hea! rain$all. It is also #a"sed b a##"("lation o$ 8ater res"ltin& $ro( hea! s,ells o$ rain$all o!er areas* 8hi#h ha!e &ot ,oor draina&e #hara#teristi#s. )loodin& is a##ent"ated b erosion and siltin& leadin& to (eanderin& o$ the ri!ers in ,lains and red"#tion in #arrin& #a,a#it o$ the ri!er
24
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
#hannel. It is also a&&ra!ated b earth%"a+es and land slides* leadin& to #han&es in ri!er #o"rse and obstr"#tions to 2o8. Sn#hroniation o$ 2oods in the (ain ri!ers and trib"taries and retardation o$ 2o8 d"e to tidal e9e#ts lead to (a;or 2oods. #lones brin& in their 8a+e #onsiderable loss o$ li$e and ,ro,ert. The 2ood $ore#astin& and 8arnin& sste( is "sed $or alertin& the li+el da(a&e #enters 8ell in ad!an#e o$ the a#t"al arri!al o$ 2oods* to enable the ,eo,le to (o!e and also to re(o!e the (o!eable ,ro,ert to sa$er ,la#es or to raised ,lat$or(s s,e#iall #onstr"#ted $or the ,"r,ose. A be&innin& in s#ienti:# 2ood $ore#astin& 8as (ade in No!e(ber* 453 b entral Water o((ission Cthen +no8n as entral Water o8er o((ission 8hen a )lood )ore#astin& entre 8as set ", at its Head%"arters* at Delhi* $or&i!in& ti(el )ore#asts and Warnin&s o$ the in#o(in& 2oods to the !illa&es lo#ated in the ri!er areas aro"nd the National a,ital* Delhi. The net8or+ has'been e<,andin& and b no8 the )lood )ore#astin& Net8or+ o$ the entral Water o((issionCW #o!ers all the (a;or 2ood ,rone inter'State ri!er basins in the #o"ntr. At ,resent there are 4-- 2ood $ore#astin& stations on !ario"s ri!ers in the #o"ntr 8hi#h in#l"des 471 le!el $ore#astin& and 76 in2o8 $ore#astin& stations. The )lood )ore#astin& Net8or+ #o!ers the 41 States and one Union Territor in addition to NT o$ Delhi.
25
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The )lood )ore#astin& in!ol!es the $ollo8in& $o"r (ain a#ti!itiesF' 4. Obser!ation
and
#olle#tion
o$
hdrolo&i#al
and
hdro
(eteorolo&i#al data0 6. Trans(ission o$ Data to )ore#astin& entres0 7. Analsis o$ data and $or("lation o$ $ore#ast0 and 1. Disse(ination o$ $ore#ast. On an a!era&e* - $ore#asts at !ario"s ,la#es in the #o"ntr are iss"ed d"rin& the (onsoon season e!er ear. The analsis o$ the $ore#asts iss"ed d"rin& the last 6 ears C453 to 66 indi#ates that a##"ra# o$ $ore#asts has #onsistentl in#reased $ro( aro"nd 34/ to 53/. )ore#ast is #onsidered a##"rate i$ $ore#ast 8ater le!el is 8ithin 4 #(. o$ a#t"al 8ater le!el o$ the in2o8 $ore#ast Ci.e. dis#har&e is 8ith in 6/ o$ a#t"al dis#har&e. In (onitorin& the 2oods* se!erit o$ 2oods are ,la#ed in the $ollo8in& $o"r #ate&ories b the #entral Water o((issions.
1. Lo& 7ood st*%3 It is that 2ood sit"ation 8hen the 8ater le!el o$ the ri!er is 2o8in& bet8een 8arnin& le!el and dan&er le!el o$ the $ore#astin& stations.
2. M%diu$ 7ood st*%3 The ri!er is #alled in (edi"( 2oods 8hen its 8ater le!el is at or abo!e the dan&er le!el o$ the $ore#astin& station b"t belo8 . o$ its hi&hest 2ood le!el CH)L.
(. Hi* 7ood st*%3
26
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
When the 8ater le!el o$ the ri!er is belo8 the H)L b"t 8ithin .(. o$ theH)L o$ the $ore#astin& stations.
+. Unr%c%d%nt%d 7ood st*%3 The ri!er is #alled in "n,re#edented 2oods 8hen it attains 8ater le!el e%"al to or abo!e its ,re!io"s H)L at an $ore#astin& station.7.6- A #o(,"teried (onitorin& sste( has been de!elo,ed "nder 8hi#h dail 8ater le!els as obser!ed at 3 hrs. And $ore#asts iss"ed b :eld "nits are trans(itted to W head%"arters in Ne8 Delhi. Based on the #o(,ilation o$ all s"#h data re#ei!ed $ro( :eld di!isions* dail 8ater le!el and 2ood $ore#ast b"lletins in t8o ,arts $or sta&e and $or in2o8 $ore#astin& stations res,e#ti!el. S,e#ial ello8 B"lletins are iss"ed 8hene!er the ri!er sta&e at the $ore#astin& site attains a le!el 8ithin . ( o$ its ,re!io"s H)L. Red B"lletins hi&hli&htin& se#"rit o$ the ,roble( are also iss"ed 8hene!er the 8ater le!el at the $ore#astin& stations e%"als or e<#eeds ,re!io"s H)L.
SECTION I8 Disst%r "r%,%ntion nd Miti*tion The o+oha(a (essa&e e(anatin& $ro( the international de#ade $or nat"ral disaster red"#tion in Ma* 4551 "nderlined the need $or an e(,hati# shi$t in the strate& $or disaster (iti&ation. It 8as inter alia
27
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
stressed that disaster ,re!ention* (iti&ation* ,re,aredness and relie$ are
$o"r
ele(ents
i(,le(entation ele(ents
alon&
o$
8hi#h the
8ith
#ontrib"te
to
and
s"stainable
de!elo,(ent
en!iron(ental
,rote#tion
&ain*
$ro(
,oli#ies. and
the
These
s"stainable
de!elo,(ent* are #losel inter related. There$ore* nations sho"ld in#or,orate the( in their de!elo,(ent ,lans and ens"re e#ient $ollo8 ", (eas"res at the #o(("nit* s"b're&ional* re&ional* national and international le!els. The o+oha(a Strate& also e(,hasied that disaster ,re!ention* (iti&ation and ,re,aredness are better than disaster res,onse in a#hie!in& the &oals and ob;e#ti!es o$ !"lnerabilit red"#tion. Disaster res,onse alone is not s"#ient as it ields onl te(,orar res"lts at a !er hi&h #ost. re!ention and (iti&ation #ontrib"te to lastin& i(,ro!e(ent in sa$et and are essential to inte&rated disaster (ana&e(ent. The Go!ern(ent o$ India has ado,ted (iti&ation and ,re!ention as essential
#o(,onents o$
their
de!elo,(ent
strate&.
The
,lan
e(,hasies the $a#t that de!elo,(ent #annot be s"stainable 8itho"t (iti&ation bein& b"ilt into de!elo,(ental ,ro#ess. Ea#h State is s",,osed to ,re,are a ,lan s#he(e $or disaster (iti&ation in a##ordan#e 8ith the a,,roa#h o"tlined in the ,lan. In brie$* (iti&ation is bein& instit"tionalied into de!elo,(ental ,lannin&. As indi#ated in the earlier #ha,ter* the )inan#e o((ission (a+es re#o((endations 8ith re&ard to de!ol"tion o$ $"nds bet8een the
28
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
entral Go!ern(ent and State Go!ern(ents as also o"tlas $or relie$ and rehabilitation. The earlier )inan#e o((issions 8ere (andated to loo+ at relie$ and rehabilitation.
The
Ter(s
o$
Re$eren#e
o$
the
T8el$th
)inan#e
o((ission ha!e been #han&ed and the )inan#e o((ission has been (andated to loo+ at the re%"ire(ents $or (iti&ation and ,re!ention a,art $ro( its e(iti&ation as a ter( o$ re$eren#e and the ,ro;e#t do#"(ent has to re2e#t as to ho8 the ,ro;e#t addresses that ter( o$ re$eren#e. Meas"res $or 2ood (iti&ation 8ere ta+en $ro( 45 on8ards. As a&ainst the total o$ 1 (illion he#tares ,rone to 2oods* area o$ abo"t 4
(illion
he#tares
e(ban+(ents.
A
has
n"(ber
been o$
,rote#ted
da(s
and
b
#onstr"#tion
barra&es
ha!e
o$
been
#onstr"#ted. The State Go!ern(ents ha!e been assisted to ta+e ", (iti&ation ,ro&ra((es li+e #onstr"#tion o$ raised ,lat$or(s et#. )loods #ontin"e to be a (ena#e ho8e!er (ainl be#a"se o$ the h"&e
29
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
%"ant"( o$ silt bein& #arried b the ri!ers e(anatin& $ro( the Hi(alaas. This silt has raised the bed le!el in (an ri!ers to abo!e the le!el o$ the #o"ntrside. E(ban+(ents ha!e also &i!es rise to ,roble(s o$ draina&e 8ith hea! rain$all leadin& to 8ater lo&&in& in areas o"tside the e(ban+(ent. D"e to errati# beha!io"r o$ (onsoons* both lo8 and (edi"( rain $all re&ions* 8hi#h #onstit"te abo"t -3/ o$ the total area* are !"lnerable to ,eriodi#al dro"&hts. O"r e<,erien#e has been that al(ost e!er third ear is a dro"&ht ear. Ho8e!er* in so(e o$ the States* there (a be s"##essi!e dro"&ht ears enhan#in& the !"lnerabilit o$ the ,o,"lation in these areas. Lo#al #o(("nities ha!e de!ised indi&eno"s sa$et (e#hanis(s and dro"&ht oriented $ar(in& (ethods in (an ,arts o$ the #o"ntr. )ro( the e<,erien#e o$ (ana&in& the ,ast dro"&hts ,arti#"larl the se!ere dro"&ht o$ 453* a n"(ber o$ ,ro&ra((es ha!e been la"n#hed b the Go!ern(ent to (iti&ate the i(,a#t o$ dro"&ht in the
lon&
r"n.
These ,ro&ra((es in#l"de
Dro"&ht rone
Area
ro&ra((e CDA* Desert De!elo,(ent ro&ra((e CDD* National Watershed
De!elo,(ent
ro;e#t
$orRain$ed
Areas
CNWDRA*
Watershed De!elo,(ent ro&ra((e $or Shi$tin& "lti!ation CWDS* Inte&rated Water De!elo,(ent ro;e#t CIWD* Inte&rated A9orestation and E#o'de!elo,(ent ro;e#t S#he(e CIAES. A #o(,rehensi!e ,ro&ra((e has been ta+en ", $or earth%"a+e (iti&ation. Altho"&h* the BIS has laid do8n the standards $or
30
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
#onstr"#tion in the seis(i# ones* these 8ere not bein& $ollo8ed. The b"ildin& #onstr"#tion in "rban and s"b"rban areas is re&"lated b the To8n and o"ntr lannin& A#ts and B"ildin& Re&"lations. In (an #ases* the B"ildin& re&"lations do not in#or,orate the BIS #odes. E!en 8here the do* the la#+ o$ +no8led&e re&ardin& seis(i#all sa$e #onstr"#tion a(on& the ar#hite#ts and en&ineers as 8ell as la#+ o$ a8areness re&ardin& their !"lnerabilit a(on& the ,o,"lation led to (ost o$ the #onstr"#tion in the "rban>s"b'"rban areas bein& 8itho"t re$eren#e to BIS standards. In the r"ral areas* the b"l+ o$ the ho"sin& is non'en&ineered #onstr"#tion. The (ode o$ #onstr"#tion in the r"ral areas has also #han&ed $ro( ("d and that#h to bri#+ and #on#rete #onstr"#tion thereb in#reasin& the !"lnerabilit. The in#reasin& ,o,"lation has led to settle(ents in !"lnerable areas #lose to the ri!er bed areas 8hi#h are ,rone to li%"e$a#tion. The Go!ern(ent has (o!ed to address these iss"es. A National ore Gro", $or Earth%"a+e Miti&ation has been #onstit"ted #onsistin& o$ e<,erts in earth%"a+e en&ineerin& and ad(inistrators. The ore Gro", has been assi&ned 8ith the res,onsibilit o$ dra8in& ", a strate& and ,lan o$ a#tion $or (iti&atin& the i(,a#t o$ earth%"a+es0 ,ro!idin& ad!i#e and &"idan#e to the States on !ario"s as,e#ts
o$
earth%"a+e
(iti&ation
de!elo,in&>or&aniin&
the
,re,aration o$ handboo+s>,a(,hlets>t,e desi&ns $or earth%"a+e resistant #onstr"#tion0 8or+in& o"t sste(s $or assistin& the States in
31
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
the seis(i#all !"lnerable ones to ado,t>inte&rate a,,ro,riate B"rea" o$ Indian Standards #odes in their b"ildin& bela8s0 e!ol!in& sste(s $or trainin& o$ ("ni#i,al en&ineers as also ,ra#ti#in& ar#hite#ts and en&ineers in the ,ri!ate se#tor in the salient $eat"res o$ B"rea" o$ Indian Standards #odes and the a(ended bela8s0 e!ol!in& a sste( o$ #erti:#ation o$ ar#hite#ts>en&ineers $orestin& their +no8led&e o$ earth%"a+e resistant #onstr"#tion0 e!ol!in& sste(s $or trainin& o$ (asons and #arr o"t intensi!e a8areness &eneration #a(,ai&ns. A o((ittee o$ e<,erts has been #onstit"ted to re!ie8 the b"ildin& bela8s. The State Go!ern(ents ha!e been ad!ised to ens"re ri&oro"s en$or#e(ent o$ e
en&ineerin&
is
not
a,art
o$
#o"rse
#"rri#"l"(
in
en&ineerin& #olle&es at "nder&rad"ate le!el at ,resent* it is ,ro,osed to sele#t 7 to 1 leadin& en&ineerin& #olle&es in ea#h State and train the $a#"lt (e(bers o$ the #i!il en&ineerin& de,art(ents in earth%"a+e en&ineerin& at the Indian Instit"tes o$ Te#hnolo& and $e8 other a,e< le!el instit"tes 8hi#h ha!e the re%"isite #a,abilities. These $a#"lt (e(bers 8ill ta+e ", trainin& o$ ("ni#i,al en&ineers as 8ell as the trainin& o$ en&ineers>ar#hite#ts in the ,ri!ate se#tor in R and (asonr #onstr"#tion. The :rst ,hase o$ this ,ro&ra((e $or i(,artin& trainin& to 4 en&ineers 8ill be #o(,leted 8ithin a ,eriod o$ three
32
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
ears. The trained $a#"lt (e(bers o$ the leadin& en&ineerin& #olle&es 8ill also assist the State Go!ern(ents in the detailed e!al"ation o$ li$eline b"ildin&s and their retro:ttin&* 8here!er ne#essar. It has been de#ided to in#l"de earth%"a+e en&ineerin& ed"#ation in the en&ineerin& #olle&es at "nder&rad"ate le!el. The #o"rse #"rri#"l"( $or this ,"r,ose has alread been :nalied b a &ro", o$ e<,erts ta+en $ro( IITs and 8ill be introd"#ed in the en&ineerin& #olle&es 8ithin an ear. A sste( o$ s,e#ial a"dit o$ b"ildin&s is bein& ,"t in ,la#e 8ith a !ie8 to ens"rin& that the ne8 #onstr"#tions #on$or( to the latest b"ildin& bela8s* 8hi#h ha!e been re!ie8ed and re!ised re#entl b B"rea" o$ Indian Standards. While
these
(iti&ation
(eas"res
8ill
ta+e
#are
o$
the
ne8
#onstr"#tions* the ,roble( o$ "nsa$e e
33
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
An earth%"a+e (iti&ation ,ro;e#t has been :nalied $or red"#in& the !"lnerabilit
to
earth%"a+es.
The
,ro&ra((e
in#l"des
detailed
e!al"ation and retro:ttin& o$ li$eline b"ildin&s s"#h as hos,itals* s#hools* 8ater and ,o8er s",,l "nits* tele#o(("ni#ation b"ildin&s* air,orts>air,ort #ontrol to8ers* rail8a stations* b"s stands and i(,ortant ad(inistrati!e b"ildin&s. The ,ro&ra((e also in#l"des trainin& o$ (ore than one h"ndred tho"sand (asons $or earth%"a+e resistant #onstr"#tions. Besides* assistan#e 8ill be ,ro!ided "nder this ,ro;e#t to the State Go!ern(ents to ,"t in ,la#e a,,ro,riate te#hnole&al re&i(e. An a##elerated "rban earth%"a+e !"lnerabilit red"#tion ,ro&ra((e has been ta+en ", in 73 #ities in seis(i# ones III* I 8ith ,o,"lation o$ hal$ a (illion and abo!e. Sensitiation 8or+sho, $or en&ineers>ar#hite#ts*
&o!ern(ent
$"n#tionaries
and
!ol"ntar
or&aniations ha!e alread been held in 7- o$ the73 #ities. Disaster (iti&ation and ,re,aredness ,lans are "nder ,re,aration in these #ities. A8areness &eneration #a(,ai&n has alread been "nderta+en. The orientation #o"rses $or en&ineers and ar#hite#ts ha!e been or&anied to i(,art +no8led&e abo"t seis(i#all sa$e #onstr"#tion and i(,le(entation o$ BIS nor(s. This ,ro&ra((e 8ill be $"rther e
34
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
De!elo,(ent "nder the Indira A8as o;na CIA and Sa(,ooran Gra(een Ro;&ar o;na CSGR. Abo"t 6 tho"sand s(all b"t #o(,a#t "nits are #onstr"#ted e!er ear* besides #o(("nit assets s"#h as #o(("nit
#enters* Re#reation #entres*
an&an8adi #entres et#.
Te#hnolo& s",,ort is ,ro!ided b abo"t t8o h"ndred r"ral ho"sin& #entres s,read o!er the entire #o"ntr.
The Ministr o$ R"ral
De!elo,(ent are no8 "nder the ,ro#ess o$ re!isin& their &"idelines $or #onstr"#tion o$ s"#h d8ellin& "nits b in#or,oratin& a,,ro,riate earth%"a+e>##lone resistant $eat"res. Trainin& to the $"n#tionaries in the r"ral ho"sin& #entres 8ill be or&anied thro"&h the Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs. This initiati!e is e<,e#ted to &o a lon& 8a $or the #onstr"#tion and ,o,"lariation o$ seis(i#all sa$e #onstr"#tion at !illa&e>blo#+ le!el. A National ore Gro", on #lone Monitorin& Miti&ation has been #onstit"ted. E<,erts $ro( Indian Meteorolo&i#al De,art(ent* National entre
$or
Medi"(
Ran&e
Weather
)ore#astin&*
entral
Water
o((ission* National Re(ote Sensin& A&en# and Indian S,a#e Resear#h Or&anisation ha!e been (ade the Me(bers o$ the ore Gro",*
besides
ad(inistrators
$ro(
the
rele!ant
Ministries>De,art(ents and State Go!ern(ents !"lnerable to ##lones. The Gro", has been assi&ned 8ith the res,onsibilit o$ loo+in& 8arnin& ,roto#ols $or ##lones0 #oordination (e#hanis( bet8een di9erent entral and State Ministries>De,art(ents>Or&anisations0 (e#hanis(
35
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
$or disse(ination o$ 8arnin& to the lo#al ,eo,le and0 ##lone (iti&ation (eas"res re%"ired to be ta+en $or the #oastal States. The Gro", 8ill also s"&&est short'ter( and lon&'ter( (eas"res on te#hnolo& ", &radation. A ##lone (iti&ation ,ro;e#t has been $or("lated. The ,ro;e#t inter alia in#l"des #o(,onents on stren&thenin& o$ (onitorin&>8arnin& sste(s* #oastal shelter belt ,lantation* (an&ro!e ,lantation* and #onstr"#tion o$ ##lone shelters* stor( s"r&e (odelin& and 8ater en!elo,e st"dies. The $o#"s 8ill be on re&eneration o$ #oastal shelter belt ,lantation and (an&ro!e ,lantation 8here these ha!e de&enerated. The lo#ation o$ the ##lone shelters 8ill be de#ided in s"#h a (anner that no ,erson in the !"lnerable one is re%"ired to 8al+ (ore than t8o +ilo(eters to rea#h a ##lone shelter. The ##lone shelters 8ill be ("lti ,"r,ose "nits to be r"n as s#hools or #o(("nit #entres in nor(al ti(es and 8ill ha!e #a,a#it to ho"se 7 to ,ersons 8ith ade%"ate n"(ber o$ toilets* #o(("nit +it#hen and other $a#ilities. Areas 8ill be identi:ed $or ,ro!idin& shelter to li!esto#+. In the en&ineerin& desi&ns $or #onstr"#tion* s,e#ial attention 8ill be ,aid to the atta#h(ent o$ roo$ to the d8ellin& "nits so as to (a+e s"#h "nits
##lone
,roo$*
besides
in#or,oratin&
earth%"a+e
resistant
$eat"res. The ,ro;e#t 8ill beta+e ", shortl and is e<,e#ted to be #o(,leted o!er a ,eriod o$ :!e ears.
36
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
A Disaster Ris+ Mana&e(ent ro&ra((e has been ta+en ", 8ith the assistan#e $ro( UND* USAID and E"ro,ean Union in 4-5 (ost haard ,rone distri#ts in 4 States in#l"din& all the 3 North Eastern State. The i(,le(entation o$ the ,ro;e#t #o((en#ed $ro( O#tober* 66 and is e<,e#ted to be #on#l"ded b De#e(ber* 6. The ,ro&ra((e #o(,onents in#l"de a8areness &eneration and ,"bli# ed"#ation* ,re,aredness* ,lannin& and #a,a#it b"ildin&* de!elo,in& a,,ro,riate ,oli#ies* instit"tional* ad(inistrati!e* le&al and te#hno'le&al re&i(e at State* Distri#t* Blo#+* !illa&e* "rban lo#al bod and 8ard le!els $or !"lnerabilit red"#tion. Under
this ,ro&ra((e
Disaster Mana&e(ent
lans
ha!e been
,re,ared $or abo"t 7 !illa&es* 6 Gra( an#haat* - blo#+s and 4 distri#ts. Ele#ted re,resentati!es o$ o!er 3 an#haati Ra; Instit"tions ha!e alread been trained* besides i(,artin& trainin& to Me(bers
o$
$"n#tionaries
!ol"ntar ha!e
been
or&anisations. trained
in
O!er disaster
6Go!ern(ent (iti&ation
and
,re,aredness at di9erent le!els. Abo"t - en&ineers and 66 ar#hite#ts ha!e been trained "nder this ,ro&ra((e in !"lnerabilit assess(ent o$ li$eline b"ildin&s. Trainin& is bein& i(,arted to (aster trainers "nder the ,ro&ra((e. More than -(aster trainers and 4 tea#hers ha!e alread been trained in di9erent distri#ts in disaster (iti&ation. Disaster Mana&e(ent o((ittees #onsistin& o$ ele#ted re,resentati!es* #i!il so#iet (e(bers* i!il De$en#e !ol"nteers and
37
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Go!ern(ent $"n#tionaries ha!e been #onstit"ted at all le!els in#l"din& !illa&e>"rban lo#al bod>8ard le!els. Disaster Mana&e(ent Tea(s ha!e been #onstit"ted in !illa&es and are bein& i(,arted trainin& in basi# $"n#tions o$ :rst aid* res#"e* e!a#"ation and related iss"es. The thr"st o$ the ,ro&ra((e is to b"ild ", #a,abilities o$ the #o(("nit sin#e the #o(("nit is in!ariabl the :rst res,onder. D"rin& the last4 (onths* it has been e<,erien#ed that the #a,a#it b"ildin& o$ the #o(("nit has been !er hel,$"l e!en in nor(al sit"ations 8hen isolated instan#es o$ dro8nin&* b"rns et#. ta+e ,la#e. With the #reation o$ a8areness &eneration on disaster (iti&ation* the #o(("nit 8ill be able to $"n#tion as a 8ell'+nit "nit in#ase o$ an e(er&en#. Mo#+ drills are #arried o"t $ro( ti(e to ti(e "nder the #lose s",er!ision o$ Disaster
Mana&e(ent
o((ittees.
The
Disaster
Mana&e(ent
o((ittees and Disaster Mana&e(ent Tea(s ha!e been established b noti:#ations iss"ed b the State Go!ern(ents 8hi#h 8ill ens"re that the entire sste( is instit"tionalied and does not disinte&rate a$ter the #on#l"sion o$ the ,ro&ra((e. The +e ,oints bein& stressed "nder this ,ro&ra((e are the need to ens"re s"stainabilit o$ the ,ro&ra((e* de!elo,(ent o$ trainin& (od"les0 (an"als and #odes* ",' s#alin& ,artnershi,s in e<#ellen#e* $o#"sed attention to a8areness &eneration #a(,ai&ns0 instit"tionaliation o$ disaster (ana&e(ent #o((ittees and disaster (ana&e(ent tea(s* disaster (ana&e(ent ,lans and (o#+'drills and establish(ent o$ te#hno'le&al re&i(es.
38
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
H"(an
Reso"r#e
De!elo,(ent
at
all
le!els
is
#riti#al
to
instit"tionaliation o$ disaster (iti&ation strate&. The National entre $or Disaster Mana&e(ent at the national le!el has been ",&raded and desi&nated as the National Instit"te o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent. It is bein& de!elo,ed as a Re&ional entre o$ E<#ellen#e in Asia. The National Instit"te o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent 8ill de!elo, trainin& (od"les at di9erent le!els* "nderta+e trainin& o$ trainers and or&anie trainin& ,ro&ra((es $or ,lanners* ad(inistrators and #o((and $"n#tionaries. Besides* the other $"n#tions assi&ned to the National Instit"te o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent in#l"de de!elo,(ent o$ e
39
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
has alread been instit"tionalied and is bein& $"rther stren&thened so as to (a+e it a $o#al ,oint in ea#h State $or de!elo,(ent o$ h"(an reso"r#es in disaster (iti&ation and ,re,aredness. Assistan#e to the State le!el trainin& instit"tes 8ill be ,ro!ided b the National Instit"te o$ Disaster Mana&e(ent in the de!elo,(ent o$ trainin&>#a,s"les trainin& (od"les $or di9erent $"n#tionaries at di9erent le!els. Lar&e's#ale a8areness &eneration brin&in& o"t s,e#i:# dos and don=ts is #r"#ial to disaster (iti&ation. A Steerin& o((ittee on (ass'(edia #a(,ai&n has been #onstit"ted $or this ,"r,ose. The o((ittee is in the ,ro#ess o$ de!elo,in& a ,ro:le $or ta+in& ", (ass (edia #a(,ai&n thro"&h a"dio* !ideo and ,rint (edia=s 8ell as ,"bli#it thro"&h ,a(,hlets* ,osters* b"s ba#+ ,anels at all le!els. The ,osters 8o"ld be ,ro(inentl dis,laed at b"ildin&s li+e ri(ar Health entres* o(("nit entres* s#hools and s"#h other ,la#es 8here !illa&ers nor(all #on&re&ate $or #o(("nit a#ti!it. The or,orate se#tor is also bein& asso#iated 8ith the disse(ination o$ #a(,ai&n. Disaster (ana&e(ent as a s"b;e#t in So#ial S#ien#es has been introd"#ed in the s#hool #"rri#"l"( $or lass III $ro( the #"rrent a#ade(i# ear. The entral Board o$ Se#ondar Ed"#ation 8hi#h has introd"#ed the #"rri#"l"( r"ns a !er lar&e n"(ber o$ s#hools thro"&ho"t the #o"ntr and the #o"rse #"rri#"l"( is in!ariabl $ollo8ed b the State Boards o$ Se#ondar Ed"#ation. Se!eral State Go!ern(ents ha!e alread introd"#ed the sa(e #"rri#"l"( in lass III
40
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
$ro( the #"rrent a#ade(i# ear. Sllab"s $or lass I and has been :nalied and 8ill be introd"#ed in the #o"rse #"rri#"l"( $ro( A,ril* 61 and A,ril* 6 res,e#ti!el.1.61 In order to assist the State Go!ern(ents in #a,a#it b"ildin& and a8areness &eneration a#ti!ities and to learn $ro( ,ast e<,erien#es in#l"din& sharin& o$ best ,ra#ti#es* the Ministr o$ Ho(e A9airs has #o(,iled>,re,ared a set o$ reso"r#e (aterials
de!elo,ed
b
!ario"s
or&anisations>instit"tions
to
be
re,li#ated and disse(inated b State Go!ern(ents based on their !"lnerabilities a$ter translatin& it into the lo#al lan&"a&es. The !ol"(ino"s (aterial 8hi#h r"ns in abo"t 4,a&es has been di!ided into 1 broad se#tions in !ol"(es. These se#tions #o!er ,lannin& to #o,e 8ith disasters0 ed"#ation and trainin&0 #onstr"#tion tool+it0 and in$or(ation* ed"#ation and #o(("ni#ation tool+it in#l"din& ("lti' (edia
reso"r#es
on disaster (iti&ation and
,re,aredness.
The
lannin& se#tion #ontains (aterial $or analin& a #o(("nit=s ris+* de!elo,(ent o$ re,aredness. Miti&ation and disaster (ana&e(ent ,lans* #oordinatin& a!ailable reso"r#es and i(,le(entin& (eas"res $or ris+ red"#tion. The (odel be'la8s* DM oli#* A#t and (odel health se#tor ,lan ha!e also been in#l"ded. Ed"#ation and Trainin& in#l"des (aterial $or #a,a#it b"ildin& and ",&radation o$ s+ills o$ ,oli# (a+ers* ad(inistrators* trainers* en&ineers et#. in ,lannin& $or and (iti&atin& a&ainst nat"ral disasters. Basi# and detailed trainin& (od"les in disaster ,re,aredness ha!e been in#or,orated alon& 8ith
41
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
trainin& (ethodolo&ies $or trainers* $or #o(("nit ,re,aredness and (an"als $or trainin& at distri#t* blo#+* ,an#haat and !illa&e le!els. )or #reatin& a disaster'resistant b"ildin& en!iron(ent* the onstr"#tion Tool+it addresses the iss"e o$ seis(i# resistant #onstr"#tion and retro:ttin& o$ eUT Ad(inistrations 8ith the re%"est to ha!e the rele!ant (aterial* based on the !"lnerabilit o$ ea#h distri#t* #"lled o"t* translated into lo#al lan&"a&es and disse(inate it 8idel do8n to the !illa&e le!el. The !ario"s ,re!ention and (iti&ation (eas"res o"tlined abo!e are ai(ed at b"ildin& ", the #a,abilities o$ the #o(("nities* !ol"ntar or&anisations and Go!ern(ent $"n#tionaries at all le!els. arti#"lar stress
is
bein&
laid
on
ens"rin&
that
these
(eas"res
are
instit"tionalied #onsiderin& the !ast ,o,"lation and the &eo&ra,hi#al area o$ the #o"ntr. This is a (a;or tas+ bein& "nderta+en b the Go!ern(ent to ,"t in ,la#e (iti&ation (eas"res $or !"lnerabilit
42
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
red"#tion. This is ;"st a be&innin&. The "lti(ate &oal is to (a+e ,re!ention and (iti&ation a ,art o$ nor(al da'to'da li$e. The abo!e (entioned initiati!es 8ill be ,"t in ,la#e and in$or(ation disse(inated o!er a ,eriod o$ :!e to ei&ht ears. We ha!e a :r( #on!i#tion that 8ith these (eas"res in ,la#e* 8e #o"ld sa 8ith #on:den#e that disasters li+e Orissa ##lone and Bh"; earth%"a+e 8ill not be allo8ed to re#"r in this #o"ntr0 at least not at the #ost* 8hi#h the #o"ntr has ,aid in these t8o disasters in ter(s o$ h"(an li!es* li!esto#+* loss o$ ,ro,ert and (eans o$ li!elihood.
43
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SECTION 8 "r%r%dn%ss Miti&ation
and
,re,aredness
(eas"res
&o
hand
in
hand
$or
!"lnerabilit red"#tion and ra,id ,ro$essional res,onse to disasters. The
Bh";
earth%"a+e
in
Jan"ar*
64
bro"&ht
o"t
se!eral
inade%"a#ies in the sste(. The sear#h and res#"e tea(s had not been trained ,ro$essionall0 s,e#ialied do& s%"ad to loo+ $or li!e bodies "nder the debris 8ere not a!ailable0 and there 8as no #entralied reso"r#e in!entor $or e(er&en# res,onse. Altho"&h ar( ,laed a ,i!otal role in sear#h and res#"e and also set ", their hos,ital a$ter the #olla,se o$ Go!ern(ent hos,ital at Bh";* the need $or $"ll e%"i,,ed (obile hos,itals 8ith trained ,ersonnel 8as $elt a#"tel. Des,ite these #onstraints* the res,onse 8as $airl 8ell or&anied. Ho8e!er* had these #onstraints been ta+en #are o$ be$orehand* the res,onse 8o"ld ha!e been e!en (ore ,ro$essional and ra,id 8hi#h (a ha!e red"#ed the loss o$ li!es. S,e#ialist sear#h and res#"e tea(s $ro( other #o"ntries did rea#h Bh";. Ho8e!er* ,re#io"s ti(e 8as lost and e!en 8ith these s,e#ialist tea(s it 8as not ,ossible to #o!er all se!erel a9e#ted areas as %"i#+l as the Go!ern(ent 8o"ld ha!e desired. It 8as* there$ore* de#ided that 8e sho"ld re(o!e these inade%"a#ies and be in a sta&e o$ ,re,aredness at all ti(es. The entral Go!ern(ent are no8 in the ,ro#ess o$ trainin& and e%"i,,in&5- s,e#ialist sear#h and res#"e tea(s* 8ith ea#h tea(
44
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
#onsistin& o$ 1 ,ersonnel in#l"din& do#tors* ,ara(edi#s* str"#t"ral en&ineers et#. Ten tea(s ha!e alread been trained. These tea(s 8ill be lo#ated at !ario"s #entres aro"nd the #o"ntr $or s,e#ialied res,onse. These tea(s 8ill ha!e the latest e%"i,(ent as also do&s= %"ads $or lo#atin& s"r!i!ors in the debris. A,art $ro( s,e#ialist sear#h res#"e "nits* it has been de#ided that ,ersonnel o$ entral oli#e Or&anisations sho"ld also be i(,arted trainin& in sear#h and res#"e so that the #an be re%"isitioned to the site o$ in#ident 8itho"t loss o$ ti(e. endin& arri!al o$ the s,e#ialist tea(s* the battalions lo#ated near the site o$ in#ident 8o"ld be de,loed i((ediatel. )or this ,"r,ose* a #"rri#"l"( has been dra8n ", and inte&rated into the trainin& #"rri#"l"( o$ M)s. The States ha!e also been ad!ised to set ", their o8n s,e#ialist tea(s= $or res,ondin& to disasters. Assistan#e 8ill be ,ro!ided to the State Go!ern(ents $or trainin& their trainers at the national instit"tes alread desi&nated $or this ,"r,ose. The State Go!ern(ents= sear#h and res#"e tea(s to be #onstit"ted $ro( the State oli#e 8ill be e%"i,,ed to (eet the re%"ire(ent. )or this ,"r,ose* the State Go!ern(ents ha!e been a"thorised to "tilie 4/ o$ the ann"al allo#ation (ade "nder the ontin&en# Relie$ )"nd $or ,"r#hase o$ e%"i,(ents. )o"rteen Re&ional Res,onse entres are bein& set ", in di9erent ,arts o$ the #o"ntr. These #entres 8ill ha!e res,onse tea(s and e%"i,(ent
45
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
and reso"r#es $or bein& able to res,onse to an haard>#ala(it in the nei&hborin& States. A Steerin& o((ittee has been #onstit"ted in the Ministr to o!ersee the #reation o$ #a,abilities $or e(er&en# res,onse. A 6 bedded (obile hos,ital* $"ll trained and e%"i,,ed is bein& set ", b the Ministr o$ Health and atta#hed to a leadin& Go!ern(ent hos,ital in Delhi. Three additional (obile hos,itals 8ith all (edi#al and e(er&en# e%"i,(ents are ,ro,osed to be lo#ated in di9erent ,arts o$ the #o"ntr. These (obile hos,itals 8ill also be atta#hed to the leadin& Go!ern(ent hos,itals in the #o"ntr. This 8ill enable the (obile hos,itals to e,ara(edi#s ta+en $ro( the hos,itals 8ith 8hi#h the (obile hos,itals are atta#hed to the site o$ disaster. It is ,ro,osed to ,"r#hase dedi#ated air#ra$t and heli#o,ters 8ith a !ie8 to red"#in& the res,onse ti(e. The iss"e is ,endin& $or #onsideration and a,,ro!al o$ E(,o8ered Gro", o$ Ministers on Disaster Mana&e(ent. On#e the airli$t $a#ilities are de!elo,ed $or e<#l"si!e "se $or disaster (ana&e(ent* it 8ill be ,ossible to ,ro!ide airli$t $a#ilities to s,e#ialist sear#h and res#"e tea(s* (obile hos,itals and e%"i,(ents. In order to ,ro$essionalise the res,onse* it is ,ro,osed to introd"#e the In#ident o((and Sste( in the #o"ntr. This sste( ,ro!ides $or
46
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
s,e#ialist in#ident #o((and tea(s 8ith an In#ident o((ander and o#ers trained indi9erent as,e#ts o$ in#ident (ana&e(ent K lo&isti#s* o,erations* ,lannin&* sa$et* (edia (ana&e(ent et#. The in#ident o((and Sste( has been :nalied +ee,in& in !ie8 the sste(s and ,ro#ed"res ,re!alent in o"r #o"ntr b do!etailin& it in the e
at
the
to"#h
o$
the
b"tton*
lo#ation
o$
s,e#i:#
e%"i,(ents>s,e#ialist reso"r#es as 8ell as the ontrollin& a"thorit $or that reso"r#e so that it #an be (obilied $or res,onse in the shortest ,ossible ti(e. The data base 8ill be a!ailable si("ltaneo"sl at the distri#t* state and national le!els. The States are bein& ,ers"aded to set ", #ontrol roo(s>e(er&en# o,erations #entres at the state and distri#t le!el. Assistan#e $or
47
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
#onstr"#tion and ,"r#hase o$ e%"i,(ents $or #ontrol roo(s is bein& ,ro!ided. The #ontrol roo(s* 8hi#h 8ill $"n#tion ro"nd the #lo#+* 8ill be #o(,osite #ontrol roo(s to loo+ a$ter la8 and order iss"es as 8ell as disaster (ana&e(ent. E%"i,(ents are also bein& ,ro!ided $or these #ontrol roo(s "nder the disaster ris+ (ana&e(ent ,ro&ra((e. o(("ni#ation is a (a;or bottlene#+ in #ase o$ an (a;or disaster ,arti#"larl 8hen the traditional net8or+ sste( alread in $or#e bra+es do8n. In order to stren&then #o(("ni#ations* it has been de#ided that ,oli#e net8or+ COLNET 8ill also be "sed $or disaster (ana&e(ent. )or this ,"r,ose OLNET #o(("ni#ation $a#ilit 8ill be e
48
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
is bein& ",&raded and the &a,s are ,ro,osed to be brid&ed. A ,ro;e#t $or this ,"r,ose is bein& dra8n ", 8ith a !ie8 to instit"tionaliin& the arran&e(ents. The data base 8ill ,ro!ide ("lti laered (a,s on distri#t 8ise basis. Three (a,s ta+en in #on;"n#tion 8ith the satellite i(a&es a!ailable $or
a ,arti#"lar area 8ill enable the distri#t
ad(inistration as 8ell as State Go!ern(ents to #arr o"t haard onation and !"lnerabilit assess(ent* as 8ell as #oordinate res,onse a$ter a disaster. In order to $"rther stren&then the #a,a#it $or res,onse* the :re ser!i#es are ,ro,osed to be de!elo,ed into ("lti haard res,onse "nits as is the nor(al ,ra#ti#e in se!eral other #o"ntries. It is ,ro,osed to ,ro!ide res#"e tenders in addition to :re tenders to ea#h :re "nit and :ll ", all &a,s ", to s"b'di!isional le!el. Ha(at !ans 8ill be ,ro!ided to State #a,itals and (etro,olitan #ities.
This 8ill ne#essitate
re#r"it(ent o$ additional :re (en and dri!ers and intensi!e trainin& re%"ired to be ,ro!ided to enable the( to $"n#tion as e#ient o$ all ,"r,ose res,onse "nits. A ,ro;e#t $or de!elo,(ent o$ :re ser!i#e into all haard res,onse "nits has also been :nalied and s"b(itted $or obtainin& ne#essar :nan#ial a,,ro!al. India has a lar&e net8or+ o$ i!il De$en#e and Ho(e G"ards !ol"nteers. The e
49
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
i!il De$en#e or&aniation to enable the( to dis#har&e a +e res,onsibilit in all the $a#ets o$ disaster (ana&e(ent in#l"din& ,re,aredness. A ,ro,osal in this re&ard has been :nalied and is "nder #onsideration o$ the Go!ern(ent. Standard O,eratin& ro#ed"res are bein& laid do8n to ens"re all the ste,s re%"ired to be ta+en $or disaster (ana&e(ent are ,"t in ,la#e. The Standard O,eratin& ro#ed"re 8ill also in en#o(,ass res,onse* besides ,re,aredness. With the de!elo,(ent o$ disaster (ana&e(ent #o((ittees and disaster (ana&e(ent tea(s at all le!els in#l"din& !illa&e>"rban lo#al bod>8ard le!el* the sta&e 8ill be set $or #o(,rehensi!e ,re,aredness (eas"res to be ta+en 8ith a#ti!e ,arti#i,ation o$ the #o(("nit and non'&o!ern(ental or&aniations. With the (iti&ation and ,re,aredness (eas"res o"tlined in this and earlier se#tion in ,osition* it is e<,e#ted that nat"ral haards #o"ld be handled (ore e#ientl so as to ens"re that these haards did not &et #on!erted into disasters.
50
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SECTION 8I Conc!usion Disaster Mana&e(ent has to be a ("lti'dis#i,linar and ,ro'a#ti!e a,,roa#h. Besides !ario"s (eas"res $or ,"ttin& in ,la#e instit"tional and
,oli#
$ra(e8or+*
disaster
,re!ention*
(iti&ation
and
,re,aredness en"n#iated in this ,a,er and initiati!es bein& ta+en b the entral and State Go!ern(ents* the #o(("nit* #i!il so#iet or&anisations and (edia also ha!e a +e role to ,la in a#hie!in& o"r &oal o$ (o!in& toðer* to8ards a sa$er India. The (essa&e bein& ,"t a#ross is that* in order to (o!e to8ards sa$er and s"stainable national de!elo,(ent* de!elo,(ent ,ro;e#ts sho"ld be sensiti!e to8ards disaster (iti&ation. O"r (ission is !"lnerabilit red"#tion to all t,es o$ haards* be it nat"ral or (an(ade. This is not an eas tas+ to a#hie!e* +ee,in& in !ie8 the !ast ,o,"lation* and the ("lti,le nat"ral haards to 8hi#h
51
