INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA
MAPA DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
Avances Económicos Nº 5 Iquitos, Perú 2009
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INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES DE LA INSTITUTO AMAZONÍA PERUANA
MAPA DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
Avances Económicos Nº 5
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INSTITUTO INSTITUT O DE INVESTIGACIONES DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA DIRECTORIO Lui s E. Campos Baca Her man B. Co Col l azos Sal daña Kenet h Reát egui del Agui l a Hect or G. Val cár cel Toul l i er José A. López Ucar i egue
Pr esi dent e Vi cepr esi dent e Mi embr o Mi embr o Mi embr o
Roger Beuzevi l l e Zumaet a
Ger ent e gener al
COMITÉ EDITORIAL Lui s W. Gut i ér r ez Mor al es Fi lo lomeno En Encar na naci ón ón Ca Caj añ añaupa Jor ge Gasché Swess Fr ed Chu Koo José Ál var ez Al onso Car men R. Gar cía Dávi l a César A. Del gado Vásquez
Pr esi dent e Mi em embr o Mi embr o Mi embr o Mi embr o Mi embr o Mi embr o
Ser erii e: Avances Económ Económii cos Nº Nº 5 Mapa de cost cost os de t rans ransport port e fl f l uvial de product os de la l a Ama Amazonía zonía peruana: peruana: zona Iquit Iquit os os.. Impresión: Servi ervicios cios Generales Generales “ Imag Imagen en Amazo Amazonía” nía” / Wil li am Dennis Dennis Angulo Angulo Tell Tell o Av. Jos Joséé Abel Abelardo ardo Quiñones km 2, Iqui t os Compiladores: Luis Álvarez Álvare z Gómez Gómez Sandra Ríos Torres Corr orrección ección de t ext extos os:: Julii o Césa Jul Césarr Bart ra Lozano Di seño y diagramación: diagramaci ón: Servi ervicios cios Generales Generales “ Imag Imagen en Amazo Amazonía” nía” / Germán B. Vela Tell Tell o Pririmera mera edici ón, 2009, Iquit os - Perú Perú Hecho el Depós Hecho epósitit o Legal Legal en la l a Bibl Bibl iot eca Nacional Nacional del Perú Nº 2009 - 14429 14429 ISBN: 978-9972-667-64-0 ©
Instt it ut Ins utoo de Inves Investt igaciones de la Amazon mazonía ía Peruana (IIAP (IIAP)) Av. José Abelar Abelardo do Qui Quiñones ñones km 2.5, 2. 5, Iqui Iq uitt os
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
CONTENIDO RESUMEN ..................................................................................................7 PRESENTACIÓN ...........................................................................................9 1.
INTRODUCCIÓN .........................................................................................11
2. 2.1 .1.. 2.2 .2.. 2.3 .3..
PLANTEAMIENTO DEL TEMA ..........................................................................13 CONSID IDE ERACIO ION NES GENERALES ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..13 OBJETIV IVO O Y ÁREA DE ESTUDIO.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .1 .133 HIPÓTESIS DE TRABAJO ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....13
3. 3.1. 3.2 .2.. 3.3.
ELEMENTOS DE DEL MARCO CO CONCEPTUAL.............................................................15 ECONOMÍA ESPACIA IALL: TE TEORÍA DE LA LOCALIZ IZA ACIÓ IÓN N .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. 15 GEOGRAFÍA ECONÓMICA ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ....16 TEO TE ORÍA ÍAS S DEL DESARROLLO ECONÓMIC ICO O LOCAL .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .16
4.
PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA .........................................................................17
5. 5.1. 5. 1. 5.1.1 .1.1.. 5.1.2 .1.2.. 5.2. 5.3 .3.. 5.4 .4..
RESULTADOS ............................................................................................19 REPR PRES ESEN ENTA TAC CIÓN ES ESPAC ACIAL IAL DE DE LAS FUN FUNC CION ONES ES DE CO COS STO TOS S DE TRAN TRANS SPO POR RTE FLUVIAL FLUVIAL.. . . . . . . 22 Pro ropu pueest a: cos cost os ig iguuales les-d -dis istan tancia ciass dife diferen rentt es .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .22 Pro ropu pueest a: distan distancia ciass ig igua uales les-c -coost os dife diferen rentt es .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .24 IDE ID ENTIF IFIC ICA ACIÓ IÓN N DE ALGUNOS PROBLEMAS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .26 LECCIO ION NES APRENDID IDA AS ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .2 .266 HOJA DE RUTA A SEGUIR ....... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 26
6.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................... ............................... .............................27
7. 7.1. 7.2 .2.. 7.2.1. 7.2 .2.2 .2..
ANEXOS ....... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... .............. ............... .........2 .299 FORMATO DE RECOPIL ILA ACIÓ IÓN N DE IN INF FORMACIÓ IÓN N .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 BASES DE DATOS ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...3 ...300 Rela elación ción de de produ productos ctos de dessem emba barca rcado doss en los principa principales les pu puert ertos os de Iquit Iquitos os .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 30 Regis istro tross ........................... ............................... ............................... ........3 ........311
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
RESUMEN Los costos de transporte en la ciencia económica están relacionados con la localización física de la industria, pues las distancias a los puntos de demanda tienen efectos a considerar sobre el tipo de bien producido, la tecnología a utilizar, los eslabonamientos y articulaciones productivas, y los agentes que intervienen. El marco metodológico para determinar los costos de transporte para los productos cultivados y extraídos de los bosques bosques amaz amazónicos ónicos y que tienen t ienen como dest dest ino la l a ciudad de Iquit os os,, se inició ini ció con la recopil r ecopilación ación de la información relativa al tipo de producto, procedencia, distancias, costo del flete y tipo de embarcación, mediante un formato previamente elaborado. Luego se procedió a identificar las áreas de muestreo, identificándose ocho puertos que sirven para el desembarque de estos productos, donde se aplicó el formato de registro de información a productores, acopiadores, transportistas y patrones de embarcaciones. Si bien el ámbito de trabajo fueron los puertos de Iquitos, sin embargo, la información recopilada está referida a las diferentes cuencas de la Amazonía peruana. El procesamiento de esta inf ormación se reali zó mediante mediant e el programa est est adís adístt ico SP SPSSversión 13, que sirvi ó para realizar real izar un anál anál isis de regresión regresión lineal l ineal para det erminar l a relación entre ent re l as variables cos costt o del f let e y distancias. distancias. Para ello ell o se se procedió a estimar las distancias expresadas en tiempo (días u horas) en kilómetros, igualmente se homogenizó homog enizó la l a unidad de t rans ransport port e y los cost cost os os,, los que fueron fuer on expresados expresados en nuevossoles/ t oneladas oneladas.. Como resultado de la recopilación de información se obtuvieron 407 registros que corresponden a 60 productos (clasificados en diez grupos), procedentes de 61 localidades ubicadas en diez cuencas de la Amazo mazonía nía peruana. Con Con el anális análi sis de regresión regresión se det det ermi no las ecuaciones de la relaci r elación ón cost cost o del f let e y distancias dist ancias para siet e cuencas. cuencas. Est as ecuaciones det determi erminadas nadas por cuencas, cuencas, se ut il izaron para par a las propuest propuest as de represen r epresentt ación espacial espacial de los costos de transporte en la Amazonía peruana, considerando las siguientes alternativas: costos iguales–dist distancias ancias diferent dif erent es y distancias dist ancias igual igual es es––cos costt os diferent dif erent es es.. Si bi en las propuestas de repres repr esent entación ación espacial espacial de l os cos costt os del f let e posibi posibi li t aron acercarnos a nuest nuest ros propósitos, sin embargo, los datos presentan problemas referidos a la representatividad de los costos del f l et ete, e, repr repres esent entación ación espacial espacial y dis di scordancia con los cos costt os real reales es de los flet fl etes es.. Como lecciones aprendi aprendi das de este ejercicio metodológico, podemos considerar la necesidad de realizar una mejor selección de la inf ormación y el uso de las herr herramient amient as es estt adís adístt icas; así así como l a hoj hoj a de rut a, el análisis a nivel de cuencas t ipo de embarcación, l a homoge homogenización nización de los cos costt os y tipo t ipo de product os os..
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
PRESENTACIÓN ....
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
1. INTRODUCCIÓN El pr es esent entee est est udio est est a enmarcado enmarcado en proveer de inf i nformación ormación sist sist emat ematizada izada sobre sobre los l os cos costt os de transpo t ransport rt e de productos cultivados y extraídos de los bosques de la Amazonía peruana, que permita construir la repr es esent entación ación espacial espacial de estos datos dat os socioeconómicos socioeconómicos.. El t ema de los cos costt os de transpo t ransport rt e en el pensamient pensamient o económico, económico, es estt á relacionado rel acionado a la economía economía espacial espacial que involucra temas como intercambios comerciales, uso y desarrollo de infraestructura relacionada al transporte y a los servicios que permitirán un flujo adecuado de mercancías (Paviamiralles y Bernardi, 2004). La importancia del estudio de los costos de transporte, se manifiesta cuando estos costos que se añaden al precio pr ecio en el punt o de origen, hacen que el product o que se se ha colocado en el mercado mer cado de des destt ino tenga un precio bastante alto, reduciendo las posibilidades de comercio (Escobal y Ponce, 2001), relacionándose la formación de los precios con los costos de transacción que dependen del acceso de los product ores al mercado, que a su vez depende de las vías e inf raes raestt ruct ura de transpo t ransport rt e. Como lo señalan los párrafos precedentes, es de primera importancia el estudio del costo de transporte fluvial, aún para espacios con relativa mediterraneidad como la Amazonía peruana, por ello, el objetivo específi es pecífico co del pres pr esente ente es estt udio es det det erminar los cos cost os de t rans ransport port e fluvial f luvial para productos cult cult ivados y ext raídos de los bos bosques ques,, que tienen t ienen como punto punt o de dest dest ino la l a ciudad de Iquit os os.. La estructura del presente estudio comprende el planteamiento del tema, los elementos del marco conceptual, concept ual, la propuesta metodológica met odológica y la presentación presentaci ón de los result ados ados.. Su propósit o práct ico es informar inf ormar a los tomadores t omadores de decisiones, decisiones, a los usuari usuarios os de los l os recur recurssos nat natural urales es de la reg r egión ión y a los l os us usuarios uarios de la información i nformación ref erida al área de est est udio, sobre los cos cost os de t rans ransport port e fluvial f luvial en las l as dist distint int as cuencasde l os productos product os provenient es de los bosques bosques de la Amazon Amazonía ía peruana. per uana. Como toda const const rucci rucción ón de conocimi conocimient entoo humano, humano, el presente est est udio es sus uscept ceptibl ibl e de ser ser perf per f eccionado. Si bien la responsabilidad de este estudio corresponde a los autores, dejamos constancia que en su desarr rol l o se desa se recibi reci bióó el apoyo del ingenier i ngenier o Per Percy cy Mart Mart ínez del PO POA–IIAP en la elabor ación de los mapas y especialmente de productores, acopiadores, transportistas y patrones de embarcaciones; así como de los encargadoss de la carga en l as mot encargado motonave onavess fluvial fl uviales es..
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL TEMA 2.1. CONSIDERA CONSIDERACIONES CIONES GENERALES G ENERALES..
El presente estudio se ubica en el campo de la producción de conocimientos asociado con propósitos y fines prácticos; y se enmarca en los intentos metodológicos de representar espacial es pacialment mentee datos dat os socioeconómicos ocioeconómicos.. El propósit o práctico del estudio de los costos de transporte fluvial para los principales productos de la Amazonía peruana, deriva de la necesidad de incorporarlos en las diversas propuestas de procesamiento (industrialización) de los cultivos y productos extraídos del bosque que realizan las agencias estatales, cooperantes internacionales e instituciones privadas, en la medida que estos influyen en los costos de transacción de los product os elabor elaborados ados con insumos proveni provenient entes es del bosque amazónico; asimismo, este estudio podría coadyuvar a definir políticas públicas para superar las limitaciones de acceso al mercado que tiene el productor rural ama amazón zónico. ico. El tema de los costos de transporte tiene en la determinación de las Zonas de Isocostos de Trans ransport port e, componente component e de la Zonif Zonif icaci icación ón Agrícola de El Salvador (OEA–DDR, 1974), uno de sus antecedentes.
2.2. OBJETIVO Y ÁREA DE ESTUDIO.
Su obj et etivo ivo es repr repres esent entar ar espacialment espacialment e los cos cost os de trans t ransport port e fl uvial de una can canas astt a representat representat iva de productos cultivados y extraídos de los bosques de la l a Amazonía Amazonía peruana. per uana. El área de estudio comprende el nor-este de la Amazon mazonía ía peruana (selva (selva baj a), y abarca las cuencas de los ríos Napo, Nanay, Itaya, Tigre, Amazonas, Marañón y Ucayali, con un núcleo art iculador y dest dest ino de la producción en la ciudad ciudad de Iquit Iquit os os,, capit al del depart depart ame ament ntoo de Lo Loret ret o.
2.3. HIPÓTESIS DE TRABAJO T RABAJO
Las hipót es Las esis is de trabaj t rabaj o consider consider adas en el estudio est udio estt án ref eri das a: es - Los Los cos costt os de tran tr anssporte f luvial de los produ productos ctos cultivados y extraídos de la Amazonía peruana están relacionados principalmente con distancia, tipo y tamaño de embarcación, volúmenes de productos transportados, unidad de medida medida del f let e y la est est aciona acionalili dad (vaciante (vaciante y crecient creciente). e). - Los Los cos costt os promedio de tr ans ansport port e fl uvial por cuenca están influenciados por la heterogénea
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
3. ELEMENTOS DEL MARCO CONCEPTUAL El tema del costo de transporte en la literatura económica está relacionado con la localización f ís ísica ica de la indus i ndustt riria, a, pues la dis di st anc ancia ia a los cent centros ros urbanos importantes (destino de la producción) tienen efectos innegables sobre el tipo de bien producido, la tecnología utilizada, los eslabonamientos que ello induce, los agentes que intervienen y sus articulaciones productivas (Sirven, 2000). Consideraciones sobre la localiza locali zación ción fís f ísica ica de la produc pr oducción ción indust indust ririal, al, es de crucial importancia y tiene enormes consecuencias sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo para regiones ligadas al aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales ubicados a lo largo de su territorio, sin embargo, la apertura de mercados, el progreso técnico y las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación, se comportan como fuerzas compensadoras de las deseconomías derivadas de la localización industt ririal. indus al. Por otro ot ro lado, el cos costt o de t rans ransport port e est est á íntimamente relacionado a las vías de transporte, que se sustenta en la infraestructura que dispone una región.
3.1. ECONOMÍA ESP ESPACIAL: ACIAL: TEORÍA DE LA LOCALIZA LOCALIZACIÓN. CIÓN.
elaborado y la localización de los insumos o recursos, que se utilizan en la elaboración del producto (Tello, 2006). Por otro lado, la distancia influye en la formación de preferencias de los consumidores y, por tanto, en las decisiones de los empresarios; pudiendo identificarse la existencia de dos tipos de industrias: las orientadas a las materi mat erias as pri mas y las ori orient entadas adas a la demanda f inal (Coq, 2001). Desarrollos posteriores de este modelo, toman en cuenta las decisiones simultáneas de las empresas sobre precio, producción, producci ón, canast canast a de insumos insumos y locali l ocalización. zación. Von Thünen, adiciona los costos de transporte a la fertilidad de la tierra en la determinación de la renta de tierra formulada por David Ricardo. Este autor muestra que los productos que se cultivan cerca de las ciudades, son aquellos con menores costos de transporte, alta productividad y altas rent as de la tierr ti erra; a; conforme se se alej alej a del del centr o de la ciudad, la renta y la productividad de la tierra disminuyen, se incrementan los costos de t rans ransport port e, contri cont ribuye buyendo ndo con con ell ell o a la explicación de la distribución de las actividades a lo largo del espacio geográfico. Las teorías económicas de localización, la geografía económica y la economía
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
Christaller, definió una actividad comercial (lugar central) centr al) como aquella aquella ubicada espacialmente, espacialmente, que brinda servicios a un área circular (área complementaria) que puede cumplir una función única o múltiple. Las teorías de localización expuestas, tienen como elemento central el costo de t rans ransport port e en el cost cost o fi nal (Os (Osorio et ál., 200 2006). 6). El análisis locacional en su pretensión universalista de explicar la evolución de las estructuras espaciales, basa su estructura conceptual en el modelo de mercado competitivo, que tiene sus orígenes en la teoría económica neoclásica, donde la variable distancia se suma a la combinación de factores (o insumos) y de escala de producción, en un proceso competitivo donde las fuerzas del mercado (oferta y demanda) asignan recursos a lo largo de un espacio geográfico, entre empresas y sect ectores ores de la economía. economía. La premis premi sa es que el l ibr e mercado, opera de tal manera que genera un producto ópt imo guiándos guiándosee por crit cr it eri erios os ge generales nerales como la maximización de los bene beneff ici icios os,, la ut il idad o el bienestar público, o por objetivos geográficos como la minimización de los viajes o de distancias recorridas (Smith, 2005). La variable clave es la distancia, o en forma más precisa, los costos del dinero, tiempo e inconveniencia de la distancia (Ramírez et ál., op. op. cit. ). La localización industrial está vinculada a la
3.2. GEOGRAFÍA ECONÓMICA.
La Nueva Geografía Económica de la cual Krugman es pionero desde 1995, explica que la concentración de poblaciones de la producción industrial y de mercados, descansa en la dotación inicial de factores de las áreas geográficas y del comportamiento de los agentes y de la tecnología. En este contexto, la concentración de la industria está dada por la interacción de las economías de escala es cala de la industri indust ri a manuf manufact acturer ureraa y los cos costt os de transporte. Estos argumentos son utilizados por Krugman para explicar la diferencia de desarrollo económico entre países y entre regiones dentro de un país (Tello, óp. cit.); lo que explica también las relaciones centro – periferia (donde el centro es industrial y la periferia agrícola) no sólo entre los países país es sino t ambién ent re l as regiones dent dentro ro de un missmo país (Ochoa, mi (Ochoa, 2005). El modelo de concentración geográfica de la producción industrial se basa en tres condiciones: existencia exist encia de economías de escala escala en la l a producción manufacturera, bajos costos del transporte y gran población urbana (industrial), lo que sustenta el proceso del círculo virtuoso de la localización industrial. La incidencia de costo de transporte es fundamental en este análisis, pues si los costos de transporte son mayores a los de trasladar la industt ririaa a otro indus otr o lugar lugar, el proce pr ocesso del círculo círcul o vicioso vicioso se convierte en círculo pernicioso; donde las
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
4. PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA Para encarar el regist registro ro de dat os sobre l os cos costt os de transporte fluvial de los productos cultivos y ext raí raídos dos del bosque de l a Amazonía Amazonía peruana per uana –Zona Iquitos, se procedió a elaborar un formato que permita la recopilación de información sobre tipo de producto, luga lugarr de procedencia procedencia de los product productos os (comunidad y cuenca), dist distancias ancias medidas en días u horas,, f let e (S/ horas (S/ . ) y ti po de emba embarcación rcación (grande, (grande, mediana y pequeña), tal como se detalla en el anexo ane xo 6.1. Formato de r eco ecopil pilación ación de información. inf ormación. Se identificaron ocho puertos de la ciudad de Iquitos como zonas de muestreo, pues constituyen los principales puntos de desembarque de los product os provenient es de las dif erent es cuenca cuencass o ríos, siendo estos est os puert os l os siguient es es::
Transportistas o personas encargadas de la recepción y entrega de la carga transportada en las embarcaciones, que acoderan en los dif erent erentes es puert os de la ciudad de Iquit os os..
?
Pat atrr ones de las l as embar embarcaciones caciones de menor calado. cal ado.
?
La inf ormación acopiada acopiada se ref iere a l as dif erent erentes es cuencas de la Amazonía peruana, que tienen a la ciudad de Iquitos como el destino de la producciónext racción de los l os bos bosques ques.. La información recopilada fue procesada, lo que permitió construir una base de datos utilizando el procesador pr ocesador est e stadíst adístii co SP SPSSver verssi ón 13. Para determinar la relación entre variables costo
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
5. RESULTADOS De los resultados de la recopilación de la información, se tienen 407 registros que corresponden a sesenta productos cultivados o extraídos de los bosques (para facilitar el procesamiento, estos productos fueron clasificados en diez grupos), procedentes de 61 localidades ubicadas en diez cuencas o ríos de la Amazonía peruana per uana (véase anexo anexo 6.2. 6. 2. Bas ases es de dat os os). ). Con el análisis de regresión realizado con las variables va riables co cosst o de t rans ransporte porte f luvial (S/ (S/ ./ t ) y distancia (km), mediante el proces procesado adorr estadíst estadíst ico
SPSS versión 13, se determinaron las ecuaciones para siet siet e cuencas cuencas// ríos ríos,, pues la i nformación colectada colect ada de t res cuenca cuencass/ ríos fueron descart descartada adass por no tener la consistencia requerida para el análisis (cuadro 1). Est as ecuaciones mues muestt ran que exist existee una relaci r elación ón directa entre flete fluvial y distancia del lugar de procedencia a Iquitos, para los productos registrados regist rados;; las que se se pres pr esent entan an en los gráf gráf icos del 1 al 7.
Cuadro 1: Ecuaciones por cuencas.
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
420 370 ) t ( / S o t s o C
y = 1,305x - 386,5
320 270 220 170 120 70 20 0
100
200
300
400
500
Distancia (km)
Gráfico 2: Función de costos de transporte fluvial cuenca Tigre.
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
600 500 ) t ( / S o t s o C
y = 1,219x + 83,101
400 300 200 100 0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Distancia (km)
Gráfico 5: Función de costos de transporte fluvial cuenca Momón.
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
5.1. REPRESENTACIÓN ESPACIAL DE LAS FUNCIONES DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE TRANSPOR TE FLUVIAL. 5.1.1. Propuesta: costos iguales-distancias diferentes.
Teni eniendo endo como base base las ecuaciones de la l a funci f unción ón de costo de transporte fluvial determinadas por cuencas, se pretende estimar la distancia a
S/ .20 .2000/ t pa para ra el el primero y S/ S/ .10 .100/ 0/ t y S/ S/ .15 .150/ 0/ t pa para ra el segundo. Los mayores valores positivos de estas distancias dist ancias corr corres esponden ponden a la cuenca del río Marañón y los menores valores a la cuenca del río Momón, mostrando gran disparidad en los datos obtenidos, como por ej emplo, a un cos costt o de fl et etee de S/ S/ . 10 1000 en el río r ío Momón Momón sólo sólo se se podrá transpo t ransport rt ar una tonelada t onelada a una distancia distanci a de 13,86 km y en el río Marañón Marañón por el mismo flete podrá transportarse hasta 895,52 km.
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
5.1.2. Propuesta: distancias iguales-costos diferentes.
Esta alternativa de representación espacial de las funciones de costos de flete fluvial, se basa en determinar los costos de transporte fluvial para cada cuenca, a partir de una serie de distancias iguales comprendi comprendida da entre ent re 50 y 500 km. Los punt puntos os de las cuencas que correspondan a estas distancias se unirán entre sí, determinando con ello áreas
Como un intento de explicar parcialmente esta heterogeneidad de los datos registrados, podemos mencionar que las embarcaciones grandes (más de 350 t de capacidad capacidad de bodega), bodega), que cubren las l as rut as de transporte por los ríos Amazonas, Marañón y Ucay cayali ali es esencialmente, encialmente, con duración duración por viaj e de 2 a 5 días, tienen como carga principal productos manufacturados (alimentos, materiales de construcción, bebidas, alimentos balanceados, maquinaria y equipos, etc.) y para el caso del
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MAPA MAP A DE COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE FLUVIAL DE PRODUCTOS DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA: ZONA IQUITOS
Los productos regionales que se transportan de las diferentes cuencas a la ciudad de Iquitos, tienen como característ caract erística ica que son son en pequeño volumen y que pertenecen a diferentes productores o acopiadores, que los convierte en precios acept ace ptantes antes de los cos costt os del f let e est est ipul ipulado ado por por el transportista. Cuantos estos productores u acopiadores requieren transportar volúmenes mayores (por ej emplo después después de la zafra zafr a de arr arr oz), alquilan embarcaciones con capacidad de bodega
En la l a propuesta “ dist distancias ancias iguales– iguales–cos costt os dif erent erentes es”” , los valores valores posit posit ivos de los cos cost os por cuencas según distancia, no refleja los costos reales, acercándose a ellos los valores que corres corr esponden ponden a la cuenca del r ío Marañón, Marañón, l o que le rest rest a utili uti li dad práct práctica ica a la propues propuestt a.
?
5.3. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS.
La representación espacial de variables socioeconómicas, requiere de una mejor
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6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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