Physics Project Report on Polarisation of Light Class 12 CBSE.
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Project Report
Project Report Submitted On Light Dependence Resistance
Class – XII
Submitted To:
Ms. Monica Dept. of Physics
Submitted By:
Drishtant
Class – XII
Certificate his is to certify that Drishtant Raghav! student of Class XII! Brahmanand Public Sr. Sec. SCH! has completed the project titled Light Dependence Resistance durin" the academic year #$%&'#$%( to)ards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical e*aluation of C+S, #$%(! and submitted satisfactory report! as compiled in the follo)in" pa"es! under my super*ision.
"s. "onica Department of Physics
-cno)led"ements "There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."
I )ould lie to e/press my sincere "ratitude to my physics mentor "s. "onica "aam for her *ital support! "uidance and encoura"ement! )ithout )hich this project )ould not ha*e come forth. I )ould also lie to e/press my "ratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at +rahmanand Public Sr. Sec. School for their support durin" the main" of this pr oject.
#Drishtant$
I0ROD1CIO0
In the society! some times street li"hts "lo) in day time due to any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to absence of li"ht in the ni"hts. In frontier and hilly areas! people face many problems due to dama"ed street li"hts.
2or sol*e abo*e these problems! )e create a de*ice in )hich the li"hts "lo) in ni"ht and in day time! they off automatically and don3t "lo). Due to use of it! )e can sol*e abo*e problems and can also sa*e electricity and men3s po)er.
PRI0CIP4,
his project is based on 4i"ht Dependent Resistance 54.D.R$.6.4DR is a resistance! in )hich opposin" po)er of current depends on the presence of 7uantity of li"ht present!
i.e.
the
resistance
of
4DR
increases
or
decreases! accordin" to 7uantity of li"ht )hich falls on it. If 4DR places in darness! the resistance of 4DR increases and )hen li"ht falls on it! the resistance of 4DR decreases and act as a conductor. -ny 4DR in the presence of li"ht and darness chan"es its resistance is depends on the different types of 4DR.
-D8-0-9,S
•
Collections of parts of the circuit are easily a*ailable.
•
-ccuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other circuits.
•
+y usin" laser! it can be used for security purposes.
•
It can be used to stop the )asta"e of electricity.
•
he cost of circuit is lo).
•
his circuit sa*es the men3s po)er.
1S,S
•
•
•
It can be used in stre et li"ht s. It can be used in mine s area s. It can be used in
hilly area s. •
•
•
•
+y usin" laser! it can be used for safet y purpo ses.
It can be used in front ier area s. It can be used in hous es. It
can be used in jail li"ht s.
+RI,2 DISCRIPIO0 O2 COM PO0,0S
1.
TR%&S'STR: ( :hen a thin slice of p'type is
sand)iched bet)een t)o blocs of n'type! then n'p'n transistor is formed. It consists of emitter! base! and collector. In the project! common emitter n'p'n transistor 5+C'%;< = S4'%$$6 is used. 2.
D'D): ( :hen a p'type and n'type semiconductors
are joined a diode is formed. It conducts )hen for)ard biased and does not conduct )hen re*erse biased. In the project! I0';$$
R)!%*: ( It helps to connect and disconnect. In the
project! )e use relay of ( ohms.
4.
C%RB& R)S'STR: ( - carbon resistor has
"enerally four rin"s or bands -! +! C and D of different colours correspondin" to the *alue of resistance. In project! )e use carbon resistance of ##$ ilo'ohms! %.& ilo'ohms and >#$ ohms. 5.
!DR: ( 4DR means li"ht dependent resistance
)hich is used to complete the circuit. 6.
TR%&S+R")R: ( ransformer is used to con*ert
lo) alternatin" *olta"e to hi"h alternatin" *olta"e by decreasin" the current and *ice'*ersa. :e use a transformer of ('$'(8 for the circuit. 7.
C%P%C'TR: ( Capacitor is used to bloc DC. In the
circuit! )e use the capacitor of ##$mfd and %$$$mfd. 8.
B,!B: ( -n electric bulb is connected to the circuit
)hen 4DR comes in the darness.
:OR?I09
4et (8. DC is flo)ed in the circuit. :hen li"ht falls on 4DR then the resistance of 4DR )ill decrease and appro/imate e7ual to @ero. (8 DC come from ##$ ilo'ohms resistance and passes throu"h 4DR. -t this time! it becomes earth! so that no *olta"e flo)s throu"h the base of transistor %. Due to absence of positi*e *olta"e at base! emitter hasn3t ne"ati*e *olta"e in the comparison of its base! so that transistor % don3t conduct and no current flo)s throu"h it. +ut resistance of %.& ilo'ohms is connected )ith (8 DC line! so that from (8 DC appro/imate ;8 DC passes throu"h >#$ ohms and reach at the base of transistor #. 2or conduction! emitter has some ne"ati*e *olta"e in the comparison of its base. +ut at this time! ;8 DC reach at base of transistor #! so that emitter has hi"hly ne"ati*e *olta"e in comparison of its base! so that transistor # hi"hly conducts. he collector of transistor # is connected )ith relay coil! so that ma"netic induction around relay coil )ill disconnect )ith rest point and connect )ith acti*e point. So! -ccordin" to the circuit! the bulb )ill "lo).
0o)! )hen li"ht don3t fall on 4DR so that the resistance of 4DR increases. 0o) 4DR has not @ero resistance due to darness! so that (8 DC line and ##$ ilo'ohms resistance! some positi*e *olta"e reach at the base of transistor %.he collector of transistor % has positi*e *olta"e because (8 DC pass throu"h %.& ilo'ohms resistance and reach at collector of transistor %. In this )ay transistor % conduct and current start to flo) in transistor %. ransistor % and resistance of %.& ilo'ohms are connected in series so that the current also flo)s throu"h %.& ilo'ohms resistance. 0o)! the abo*e terminal of %.& ilo'ohms resistance has (8 DC! it means the lo)er terminal of %.& ilo'ohms resistance has lo)er *olta"e i.e. A or A.& 8. 2rom A8 appro/imate %.& 8 or % 8. DC reaches at base of transistor #. he collector of transistor # has positi*e *olta"e by relay coil. +ut at this time! emitter has some ne"ati*e *olta"e in the comparison of its base.
So that the 7uantity of current )hich flo)s throu"h transistor # and relay coil )ill *ery lo). Due to this! ma"netic induction around relay coil )ill not more effecti*e and pole point )ill disconnect )ith acti*e point and connect )ith rest point. -ccordin" to the circuit! the bulb )ill "lo).
