A PROJECT REPORT ON
AUTOMATIC STREET CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
Under the guidance of
[1]
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate
3
Abstract
4
Declaration
5
Acknowledgement
6
Objective
7
Introduction
8
Component used- Part A
10
Component used-Part B
11
555 integrated circuit
12
IC-555 Astable operation
15
Schematic for constant HV power supply
16
Condenser Microphone
19
Capacitor
21
Piezo buzzer
22
Relay
23
Telemetry circuit explanation
25
Working of telephone cradle switch
26
Dual tone multiple frequency encoder
30
Working of system
32
C program embedded code
37
Applications
40
Bibliography
41
[2]
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate
3
Abstract
4
Declaration
5
Acknowledgement
6
Objective
7
Introduction
8
Component used- Part A
10
Component used-Part B
11
555 integrated circuit
12
IC-555 Astable operation
15
Schematic for constant HV power supply
16
Condenser Microphone
19
Capacitor
21
Piezo buzzer
22
Relay
23
Telemetry circuit explanation
25
Working of telephone cradle switch
26
Dual tone multiple frequency encoder
30
Working of system
32
C program embedded code
37
Applications
40
Bibliography
41
[2]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled ―AUTOMATIC ― AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER ‖ that is submitted by MOHIT AWASTHI in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree B.Tech in Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS of______________, is a record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my own supervision. The matter embodies in thesis is original and has not been submitted submitted for the award of any other other degree.
Date:
Project guide:
[3]
DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for the award of the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of the higher leaning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Signature:
Name:
Roll No.:
Date:
[4]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I am deeply indebted to my mentor Ast. Prof. SATYJEET DAS who inspiration has been unfailingly available to me at all stages of my training. This has fueled my enthusiasm even further and encouraged me to boldly step into what was a totally dark and unexplored expanse before me. I would like to thank Prof. Y.K SAH for his efforts, who was always ready with a positive comment, whether it was an off-hand comment to encourage me or constructive piece of criticism. In course of present work it has been my privilege to receive help and assistance of my friends. I take great pleasure in acknowledge my debt to them. I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible.
Signature: Name: Roll no. Date:
[5]
CHAPTER :- 1 Project Overview
Introduction Of Project 1.1
Project Overview
The aim of this project is to reduce the power consumption as well as maintenance by providing the Photo sensor that switches the light on and off automatically. The main feature of the Photo sensor is it’s a light dependent resistor. A small hardware model, which is as real as real world application, is built in this project. As the light falls off these sensors switch on the street light and vice-versa. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software
which
is
stored
in
ROM.
Microcontroller
AT89C52
continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass rough the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller
[6]
CHAPTER :- 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 2.1 Basic Block Diagram
Enter Enter Sensor
Exit Sensor
Power Supply
Signal Conditioning
Signal Conditioning
Exit
A T 8 9 S 5 2
Relay Driver
Light
Fig. 2.1 Basic Block Diagram
[7]
[8]
2.2 Block Diagram Description The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks. 1. Power Supply 2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit 3. AT 89C52 micro-controller 4. Relay driver circuit
1. Power Supply:-
Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply.
2. Enter and Exit Circuits:-
This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register
[9]
(LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons.
3. 89S52 Microcontroller:-
It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using
Atmel’s
high-density
nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51
TM
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile
memory
programmer.
By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost
effective
solution
so
many
embedded
control
applications.
[10]
CHAPTER :- 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Transmission Circuit:-
Fig. 3.1 Transmitter circuit
[11]
Receiver Circuit:-
Fig. 3.2 Receiver circuit
[12]
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
There are two main parts of the circuits.
1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs) 2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors)
1. Transmission Circuit:
Fig. 3.3 Transmitter circuit
[13]
This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a 'one-shot'. In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to 'high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output 'low' and turning on pin 7's discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i.e., t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz.
[14]
2.Receiver Circuit:
Fig. 3.4 Receiver circuit
[15]
4.1 Procedure Followed While Designing:
In the beginning I designed the circuit in PREOTEUS software. Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout.
Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software using hex file.
Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results were obtained.
[16]
4.2 List of Components:
Microcontroller – AT89S52
IC – 7805
Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor)
Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA
Preset – 4.7K
Disc capacitor – 104,33pF
Reset button switch
Rectifier diode – IN4148
Transistor – BC 547, CL 100
7-Segment Display
[17]
4.3
Description of Components
4.3.1 Microcontroller AT89C52:
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8 bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector twolevel interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
[18]
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. FEATURES:-
8 KB Reprogrammable flash.
32 Programmable I/O lines.
16 bit Timer/Counter — 3.
8 Interrupt sources.
Power range: 4V – 5.5V
Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles
Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three level program memory lock
Power off flag
Full duplex UART serial channel
Low power idle and power down modes [19]
Interrupt recovery from power down modes
256 KB internal RAM
Dual data pointer
[20]
4.3.3 555 ( TIMER IC):
Fig. 4.5 Timer IC(555) Description:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.
Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
Timing from microseconds through hours
Operates in both astable and monostable modes [21]
Adjustable duty cycle
Output can source or sink 200 mA
Output and supply TTL compatible
Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
Normally on and normally off output Available in 8-pin MSOP package
Applications:
Precision timing
Pulse generation
Sequential timing
Time delay generation
Pulse width modulation
Pulse position modulation
Linear ramp generator
4.3.4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display) Description:
The LTS 542 is a 0.52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED
[22]
chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red face and red segment.
Fig. 4.6 7 Segment
Features:
Common Anode
0.52 Inch Digit Height
Continuous Uniform Segments
Low power Requirement
Excellent Characters Appearance
High Brightness & High Contrast
Wide Viewing Angle
[23]
LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)
Fig. 4.7 Voltage Regulator
Description:
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
[24]
Features:
Output Current up to 1A
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
Thermal Overload Protection
Short Circuit Protection
Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
4.3.5 RELAY CIRCUIT:
Fig. 4.8 Relay
A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller. So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is
[25]
the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on.
[26]
CHAPTER :- 5 SOFTWARE DESIGN
FLOW CHART:
Start Infrared Signal
Turn On
Interrupted
Turn On
Counter
Interrupted
Counter
Counter set
Relay Tur
Turn Of
[27]
If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the relay, if it is first time interrupted.
If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count.
When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0 and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn off.
[28]
Program
#include sbit SENS1=P3^0; sbit SENS2=P3^1; sbit OUT=P2^0; void delay(unsigned int value) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<=value;i++) for(j=0;j<=1275;j++); } void main() { int a=0; SENS1=SENS2=1; OUT=0; P1=0; while(1) { if(SENS1==0) {
[29]
a=a+1; OUT=1; if(a==0x0A ||a==0x1A ||a==0x2A ||a==0x3A ||a==0x4A ||a==0x5A ||a==0x6A) { a=a+6; } P1=a; while(SENS1==0) { delay(10); } } if(SENS2==0) { OUT=0; } } }
[30]
CHAPTER :- 6 TESTING AND RESULTS
Testing And Results
We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the data books and other materials related to its.
I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem.
I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.
We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem.
[31]
We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.
We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.
As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged..with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.
[32]
CHAPTER :- 8 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Application o
For counting purposes
o
For automatic Soom light control
Advantages o
Low cost
o
Easy to use
o
Implement in single door
Disadvantages o
It is used only when one single vehicle cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously.
[33]
