LAPORAN KULIAH KERJA INSTITUSI
Disusun Oleh
Kelompok I Semester IV 1. Crisdian Jalasena
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2. Della Refita Sari
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3. Fitrotulaini Zamhariri
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4. Amanda Ona Sawitri
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5. Aldila Vefriana Dewi
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6. Desintia Putri Yoninda
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7. Anisah Surya Vitasari
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8. Mochamad Fadillah Fazri
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KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN RI POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES SURABAYA JURUSAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN PROGRAM STUDI DIII SURABAYA TAHUN 2017
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Pembedahan Pembedahan Ovarium dan Kelenjar Saliva A. Waktu Pelaksanaan
Hari, Tanggal
: Rabu, 15 agustus 2017
Pukul
: 10.00 - selesai
Tempat
: Balai Litbang P2B2 Banjarnegara
B. Tujuan Praktikum
1. Untuk mengetahui cara pembedahan ovarium dan mengidentifikasi termasuk porrus atau nulliporrus 2. Untuk mengetahui cara pembedahan saliva nyamuk Anopheles nyamuk Anopheles sp. sp. C. Dasar Teori
Struktur umur nyamuk dinyatakan dalam perubahan system reproduksi nyamuk betina dengan mengikuti selesainya siklus gonotropik. Untuk mengetahui umur relative suatu vektor (nyamuk) adalah dengan tingkat dilatasi pada saluran telur ( pedikulus) atau pedikulus) atau dengan melihat parousitas ( parity rate) yang rate) yang dapat dilakukan dengan pembedahan ovarium nyamuk. (Depkes, 2002) Pembedahan ovarium untuk mengetahui “ persen parous” dari populasi vektor. Angka ini dikombinasikan dengan kepadatan nyamuk yang ditangkap dengan umpan orang (jumlah nyamuk ditangkap per orang per malam) merupakan parameter
untuk
mengetahui
besar/kecilnya
penularan
yang
berlangsung.
Kepadatan tinggi dengan persen parous parous tinggi menerangkan penularan masih berlangsung. Sedangkan kepadatan tinggi/rendah dengan persen parous parous rendah, menerangkan bahwa penularan telah terhenti. Persen parous parous lebih dari 6% tergolong rendah. (Nurmaini, 2001) Untuk memperkirakan umur populasi nyamuk Anopheles, dilakukan pembedahan kandung telur (ovarium) nyamuk Anopheles betina dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi nyamuk pernah bertelur ( parous ( parous)) dan belum pernah bertelur (nulliparous (nulliparous). ). (Effendi, A, 2002) Misalnya dari 100 ekor nyamuk yang dibedah indung telurnya ternyata 80 ekor telah parous, maka persentase parous populasi nyamuk tersebut adalah 80%. Penentuan umur nyamuk ini sangat penting untuk mengetahui kecuali kaitannya
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Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang perkiraan umur nyamuk secara fisiologis dapat dilihat dari kondisi ovarium nyamuk. Bila terdapat ovarium yang membesar satu berarti nyamuk pernah bertelur satu kali atau sudah pernah mengalami satu siklus gonotropik atau satu dilatasi, bila terdapat dua pembesaran ovarium berarti dua kali siklus gonotropik atau dua dilatasi, dan seterusnya.Satu siklus gonotropik atau satu dilatasi diperkirakan empat hari, sehingga untuk memperkirakan umur fisiologis nyamuk yang tertangkap yaitu dari jumlah dilatasi dikalikan empat hari (Munif, 2007). Untuk mengetahui rata-rata nyamuk di suatu wilayah, dapat dilakukan pembedahan nyamuk-nyamuk yang ditangkap untuk memeriksa keadaan ovarium dibawah mikroskop. Apabila ujung-ujung pipa udara ( Tracheolus) Tracheolus) pada ovarium masih menggulung dan ovarium belum membesar, berarti nyamuk itu belum pernah bertelur (nulli parous). parous). Apabila pipa-pipa udara sudah terurai / terlepas gulungannya serta ovarium pernah membesar maka nyamuk itu sudah pernah bertelur ( parous).(Munif, parous).(Munif, 2007).
Gambar 1. Ovarium nyamuk nulliparous
Gambar 2. Ovarium nyamuk parous nyamuk parous Nyamuk betina parous parous (kenyang darah) yang telah melengkapi satu atau lebih siklus gonotropik dan memiliki peluang lebih besar terinfeksi parasit daripada nyamuk betina yang baru pertama kali menghisap darah (nulliparous ( nulliparous)) Darah yang dihisap, seberapa pun banyaknya, menimbulkan kematangan telur. Nyamuk
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otak, ovarium, lemak tubuh, dan substansi kelenjar aksesori jantan yang telah dipindahkan ke betina yang dikawini. (Arian, H. 2009). Dalam siklus plasmodium penularan malaria, plasmodium yang terhisap nyamuk dari orang yang terinfeksi malaria akan secara alami menuju ke kelenjar ludah nyamuk agar plasmodium tersebut dapat kembali ke tuuh manusia sebagai inang utamanya, karena plasmodium tidak dapat hidup lama di dalam tubuh nyamuk. Pembedahan saliva pada nyamuk sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah nyamuk tersebut dapat menularkan malaria atau tidak.
D. Alat dan Bahan
Alat : 1. Kapas 2. Paper cup 3. Object glass 4. Jarum seksi 5. Cawan petri 6. Pipet 7. Pinset 8. Mikroskop Bahan : 1. Nyamuk Anopheles Nyamuk Anopheles sp 2. Aquades 3. Chloroform E. Cara Kerja
a. Pembedahan ovarium 1. Membius nyamuk yang ada di paper cup menggunakan chloroform. Setelah itu menuangkan ke cawan petri 2. Mengambil nyamuk di cawan petri yang sudah pingsan menggunakan pinset dan taruh di atas object glass 3. Memberi setetes aquades dengan menggunakan pipet. Lalu meletakkan
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5. Meletakkan jarum yang digunakan untuk membedah diantara sela abdomen kedua dan ketiga dari belakang 6. Menarik jarum secara perlahan-lahan hingga ovarium keluar dari tubuh nyamuk 7. Melakukan pemisahan ovarium agar dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan ovarium dan simpul dilatasinya dapat terlihat jelas, dengan cara 1 jarum ditusukkan ke ovarium sedangkan jarum yang satunya digunakan untuk menggetarkan jarum yang ditusukkan ke ovarium. ovarium. 8. Mengamati ada berapa simpul dilatasi yang terlihat atau tidak ada simpul dilatasinya. b. Pembedahan saliva 1. Membius nyamuk yang ada di paper cup menggunakan chloroform. Setelah itu menuangkan ke cawan petri 2. Mengambil nyamuk di cawan petri yang sudah pingsan menggunakan pinset dan taruh di atas object glass 3. Memberi setetes aquades dengan menggunakan pipet. Lalu meletakkan object glass di bawah lensa mikroskopdisekting 4. Menggunakan 2 jarum seksi. Jarum yang satu ditusukkan pada torak sedangkan jarum yang satunya digunakan untuk membedah 5. Meletakkan jarum yang digunakan untuk membedah diantara kepala dan thoraks nyamuk sedikit ditekan dan menarik jarum agar nyamuk terpisah dari thoraks secara pelan-pelan 6. Setelahkelenjarludahdapatdikeluarkan,
mengamati
saliva
apakahada
plasmodium atau tidakdibawahmikroskop compound F. Hasil
1. Hasil pembedahan ovarium Dari hasil praktikum didapatkan nyamuk Anopheles sp dalam keadaan porrus atau sudah pernah bertelur dan terdapat satu simpul dilatasi. 2. Hasil pembedahan saliva Dari hasil praktikum pembedahan saliva nyamuk Anopheles nyamuk Anopheles sp tidak ditemukan adanya plasmodium.
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G. Pembahasan
1. Pembahasan pembedahan ovarium Pembedahan ovarium nyamuk pada praktikum ini didapatkan hasil bahwa nyamuk tersebut pernah bertelur (Parous), ini dibuktikan dengan ujung tracheolinya yang sudahterurai. Serta ditemukan adanya satu simpul dilatasi yang artinya nyamuk tersebut pernah bertelur satu kali. 2. Pembahasan pembedahan saliva Pembedahan kelenjar ludah pada praktikum ini didapatkan hasil bahwa dalam
nyamuk Anopheles
sp sp tersebut
ditemukanadanya
parasit,
ini
menunjukkan bahwa nyamuk tersebut dapat dikonfirmasi sebagai vektor. Karena salah satu syarat arthropoda bertindak sebagai vektor adalah dengan adanya parasit di dalam tubuh arthtropoda tersebut. Sehingga jika dianalisis nyamuk tersebut sudah dapat menularkan penyakit kepada hostnya. Selain itu pembedahan kelenjar ludah bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah nyamuk tersebut terinfeksi plasmodium atau tidak, dari hasil yang didapatkan nyamuk Anopheles sp yang sp yang dibedah tidak ditemukan plasmodium itu berarti nyamuk ini hanya sebagai vektor malaria namun tidak dapat menularkannya dikarenakan tidak adanya plasmodium padakelenjarludahnyamuktersebut. H. Dokumentasi
Pengambilannyamukmenggunakan aspirator
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Depkes. 2002. Petunjuk
Teknis
Penyelidikan
Epidemiologi,
Penanggulangan Penanggulangan
Seperlunya dan Penyemprotan Massal dalam Pemberantasan Penyakit DBD . Jakarta : Ditjen P2PL. Dewi Marbawati dan Zumrotus Sholichah. 2009. Koleksi Reverensi Nyamuk Di Desa Jepangrejo Kabupaten Blora. Staff Blora. Staff Loka Litbang Banjarnegara P2B2 : BALABA Vol. 5, No.01, Juni 2009 : 6-10 Mg, Juni. 2011.Pembedahan Nyamuk .http://dokumen.tips/documents/pembedahannyamuk.html Diakses pada tanggal 20 Agustus 2017 Pukul 09.30 Balai Litbang. 2011. Lab Entomologi http://www.litbang.depkes.go.id/lab_entomologi Diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2017 Pukul 10.30
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Pembedahan Pembedahan Tikus A. Waktu Pelaksanaan
Hari, Tanggal
: Rabu, 15 agustus 2017
Pukul
: 10.00 - selesai
Tempat
: Balai Litbang P2B2 Banjarnegara
B. Tujuan Praktikum
1. Mengetahui teknik pemeriksaan endoparasit pada hewan pengerat (rodent) 2. Mengetahui teknik pembedahan pada hewan pengerat (rodent) 3. Mengetahui teknik pembedahan pada organ dalam hewan pengerat (rodent C. Dasar Teori
Tikus termasuk dalam binatang pengerat (Ordo Rodentia, rodere : mengerat). Ciri paling utama semua Rodentia adalah kemampuannya mengerat benda-benda dengan sepasang gigi seri yang besar, tidak memiliki gigi taring (canina) dan gigi geraham depan (premolar), sehingga diantara gigi seri dan geraham belakang (molar) terdapat celah yang disebut diastema, Celah ini berfungsi untuk membuang kotoran yang ikut terbawa bersama denganpakannya masuk kedalam mulut. Tikus dapat menjadi inang dari vektor beberapa penyakit. Tikus juga dapat merugikan manusia karena menghabiskan dan merusak makanan,tanaman, barang barang dan lain-lain. Kehidupan tikus disebut juga commensal yaitu makan dan tinggal di dekat kehidupan manusia. Sebelum dilakukan pembedahan, tikus terlebih dahulu disisir untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pinjal atau tidak. Ketika telah selesai dilakukan pembedahan,
limfa
tikus
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6. Gunting Bahan : 1. Etamin 2. Atropine 3. Masker 4. Handscoon E. Cara Kerja
1. Memegang bagian tengkuk dengan 2 jari 2. Membekap kaki tikus 3. Menyuntik bagian paha dengan atropine 4. Menyuntik bagian paha dengan etamin 0,1 ml/100 gr berat badan 5. Mengambil darah bagian jantung 6. Memasukkan dalam tabung, tempelkan jarum di tabungnya 7. Menyisirtikus berlawanan dengan rambut 8. Mengukur panjang total, panjang ekor ( dari dar i anus sampai ujung ekor), panjang kaki dan panjang telinga 9. Menimbang berat totalnya 10. Bagian dada sampai perut dibasahi untuk melihat kelenjar susu 11. Melakukan pembedahan 12. Mengambilbagianlimfadanginjaluntukpemeriksaanlaboratorium F. Hasil
Panjang total
: 35 cm = 350 mm
Panjang ekor
: 15 cm
Panjang kaki
: 3,6 cm = 36 mm
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Padapraktikum
kali
initidakditemukanadanyapinjalpadatikusdanjugasampeldarah,
organ
limfadanginjalhanyadilakukanpengambilantidakdilakukanpraktikumpemeriksaan limfadanginjalhanyadilakukanpengamb ilantidakdilakukanpraktikumpemeriksaan di laboratorium.
H. Dokumentasi
Penyuntikan atropine
Pengambilandarah
Penyuntikanetamin
Pembedahandanpengambilan limfadanginjal
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DaftarPustaka
Fitrianto Barkah. 2012. Laporan Magang Pemeriksaan Endoparasit Pada Tikus Di Balai Litbang P2B2 Banjarnegara.
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Bioassay I. Waktu Pelaksanaan
Hari, Tanggal
:rabu, 15 agustus 2017
Pukul
: 10.00 - selesai
Tempat
:balailitbang P2B2 banjarnegara
J. Tujuan
1. Mahasiswamengetahuiefektifitasdaripestisida yang digunakansebagaiupayapengendalian digunakansebagaiupayapengend alian vector 2. Mahasiswamampumenerapkan bioassay secaratepatdanbenardalampraktiklapangan
C. Bioassay
Macam Bioassay yang Biasa Digunakan Program pada Pemberantasan Vektor (Nyamuk)Bioassay kontak. Prinsip : Memaparkan nyamuk yang kondisi fisik sama (seragam) pada tempat tertentu dalam jangka waktu tertentu (minimum 30 menit), lalu menghitung kematiannya setelah observasi (holding) 24 jam.
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-
Gelas plastik
-
Handuk
-
Kapas
-
Sling higrometer
-
Kasa
-
Termometer
-
Karet gelang
-
Aspirator
-
Larutan gula
-
Kardus
bengkok -
Senter
berpelepah pisang c. Langkah Kerja -
Menyiapkan nyamuk uji diharapkan nyamuk vektor dan berasal darihasil peliharaan/penangkapan sekitar lokasi dapat blood feed semua(standar program) atau unfeed semua (standar WHO)
-
Menuju ke lokasi, perkenalan, menyampaikan maksud dan tujuan kepada petugas baik di DKK, Puskesmas (yang sebelumnya telah dihubungi) maupun perangkat desa/tokoh masyarakat
-
Mendatangi
rumah
yang
telah
disemprot
(menggunakan
penduduk/tenaga yang menangani penyemprotan sebagai penunjuk jalan). Biasanya untuk rumah yang disemprot ditempelkan stiker yang menunjukkan rumah tersebut telah disemprot pada tanggal tertentu, dengan insektisida tertentu dan terdapat nama kepala tim
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Setelah 1 jam nyamuk diambil dan dipindahkan ke gelas plastik untuk disimpan di kotak nyamuk, diberi air gula dan diholding selama 24 jam
-
Selama penyimpanan dijaga kelembabannya dengan diberi handuk basah, dicatat suhu dan kelembabannya
-
Setelah 24 jam catat jumlah kematian dan isikan pada form
-
Insektisida dikatakan efektif apabila jumlah kematian setelah holding 24 jam >70 %
-
Apabila jumlah kematian pada kontrol antara 5 % - 20 % persen kematian dikoreksi dengan formula Abbott’s : % % % 100 %
× 100
2) Pelaksanaan Bioassay kelambu :
a. Persiapan -
Menentukan lokasi yang akan dilakukan uji Bioassay
-
Menghubungi
pejabat/masyarakat
di
tempat-tempat
yang
akandilakukan bioassay -
Mempersiapkan bahan dan peralatan yang diperlukan untuk ujiBioassay
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c. Langkah Kerja -
Menyiapkan nyamuk uji diharapkan nyamuk vektor dan berasal dari hasil peliharaan/penangkapan sekitar lokasi yang akan dilakukan uji dapat mengikuti pedoman P2M dan PLP Depkes RI yaitu nyamuk blood feed (kenyang darah) semua atau mengikuti standar WHO nyamuk unfeed (tidak kenyang darah) semua.
-
Menempelkan kerucut pada kelambu, terdapat minimal tiga kelambu yang diuji, pada tiap kelambu terdapat tiga sisi yang ditempel kerucut. Kerucut ditempelkan bolak-balik dengan posisi kelambu ditengahnya, dapat menggunakan hechmachine untuk menempelkannya.
-
Masukkan ke dalam masing-masing kerucut 20-25 ekor nyamuk uji
-
Amati kematiannya dalam 3 menit setelah nyamuk dimasukkan
-
Untuk kontrol tempelkan kerucut pada potongan kelambu yang tidak berinsektisida
-
Setelah 3 menit nyamuk diambil dan dipindahkan ke gelas plastik untuk disimpan di kotak nyamuk, diberi air gula dan diholding selama 24 jam
-
Selama penyimpanan dijaga kelembabannya dengan diberi handuk basah, dicatat suhu dan kelembabannya
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jangka waktu tertentu (biasanya 1 jam)pada waktu penyemprotan sedang berlangsung atau beberapa waktusetelah penyemprotan/foging. Kemudian nyamuk diholding selama 24 jamdan dihitung persentase kematiannya. a. Persiapan : -
Menentukan lokasi yang akan dilakukan uji Bioassay
-
Menghubungi pejabat/masyarakat di tempat-tempat yang akandilakukan bioassay
-
Mempersiapkan bahan dan peralatan yang diperlukan untuk ujiBioassay
-
Menentukan petugas yang akan melakukan uji Bioassay
b. Alat dan Bahan - Nyamuk
uji
yaitu
jenis
Aedes
aegypti
yang
diambil
dari
hasil
biakanlaboratorium sebanyak 200 ekor -
Kerangka kubus terbuat dari besi berukuran 12 x 12 x 12 cm 3sebanyak12 buah
-
Kasa plastik yang telah didesain sesuai bentuk jaring-jaring kubussebanyak 12 buah
-
Karet gelang
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-
Memasukkan nyamuk uji ke dalam kerangka ber-kasa tersebut, masingmasing kerangka diisi 20 ekor nyamuk (standar program), dengan pembagian sebagai berikut : ada tiga lokasi pengujian, di setiap lokasi pengujian diletakkan tiga kerangka dimana dua buah diletakkan di dalam rumah dan satu buah di luar rumah, tiga buah kerangka untuk kontrol. Kerangka
kontrol
diletakkan
di
lokasi
yang
tidak
dilakukan
pengasapan/fogging -
Mengikat ujung kasa dengan karet gelang, lalu menggantungnya dengan benang kasur.
-
Menggantung kerangka-kerangka yang telah berisi nyamuk tersebut di tiga lokasi yang telah ditentukan dalam wilayah fogging, sebelum fogging
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3.
Kertas putih biasa.
4.
8 buah tabung percobaan dengan tanda merah (exposure tube) terbuat dari plastik.
5.
10 buah tabung penyimpanan nyamuk, dengan tanda hijau (holding tube)untuk menyimpan nyamuk sebelum dan sesudah pengujian. Masingmasingtabung disertai dengan “slide” plastik yang dapat digeser -geserpada -geserpada waktu memindahkan nyamuk.
6.
20 cincin yang terbuat dari tembaga (copper), & 20 cincin terbuat dariperak (silver).
7.
Aspirator, untuk menangkap dan memindahkan nyamuk.
8.
Sling hygrometer dan thermometer maksimum / minimum.
9.
Pengukur waktu (timer).
10. Kotak penyimpanan tabung percobaan , yang nyamuk untuk disimpanselama 24 jam.
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-
Selanjutnya ke dalam tabung uji dimasukkan 20 - 25 ekor nyamukAnopheles vektor atau tersangka vektor dengan kondisi yang samapenuh darah (kenyang)
-
Lama kontak dengan insektisida tersebut 1 jam
-
Untuk kontrol digunakan 1 atau 2 tabung uji berwarna bintik hijau,dimasukkan kertas yang tidak mengandung insektisida (Risella oilpaper). Ke dalam tabung kontrol kemudian di masukkan 20 – 25 ekornyamuk Anopheles pada setiap tabung. Selama uji (pemaparan) dicatat temperatur dan kelembaban nisbinya, masing-masing dengantemperatur max/min dan sling hygrometer.
-
nyamuk kontrol dikontakkan dengan Risella oil paper 1 jam.Setelah nyamuk uji dan nyamuk kontrol dikontakkan selama 1 jam,maka nyamuk tersebut dipindahkan ke dalam kertas karton (cangkirkertas) dan dibiarkan disimpan
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- Dalam pengujian ini apabila kematian nyamuk dari kelompok pembanding (kontrol) 5 – 20 %, maka untuk faktor koreksi harus digunakan rumus ABBOT’S sebagai berikut : ABBOT’S =
% − % − %
× 100 100 %
- Bila kematian nyamuk pembanding (kontrol) lebih besar dari 20 % makapengujian tersebut dinyatakan gagal, hasilnya tidak dapat dipakai dan harusdiulang kembali. - Perhitungan persentase kematian dimasukkan dalam formulir - Kriteria :
99 – 99 – 100 100 % Kematian 80 – 80 – 98 98 % Kematian
: Susceptible : Diperlukan verifikasi / Toleran
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Pembahasan
Bionomik Vektor Nyamukmerupakanvektorbeberapapenyakitbaikpadahewanmau Nyamukmerupakanvektorbeberapapenyak itbaikpadahewanmau
pun
manusia.
Banyakpenyakitpadahewandanmanusiadalampenularannyamutlakmemerlukanperannya muksebagaivektordariagenpenyakitnya, Sebagianpesiesnyamukdari
genus
sepertifilariasisdan Anopheles
malaria.
danCulex
yang
bersifatzoofilikberperandalampenularanpenyakitpadabinatangdanmanusia, tetapiadajugaspesiesnyamukantropofilik yang hanyamenularkanpenyakitpadamanusia. Salah satupenyakit yang mempunyaivektornyamukadalahDemamBerdarah Dengue Adapun ciri-ciri dari jentik nyamuk dan nyamuk dewasa diantaranya :
A edes aegypt gypti Ciri-ciri jentik Ae
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2.
Bentuk sayap simetris.
3.
Berkembang biak di tempat kotor atau di rawa-rawa.
4.
Penularan penyakit dengan cara membesarkan tubuhnya.
5.
Menyebabkan penyakit filariasis
6.
Warna tubuhnya coklat kehitaman
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Dari hasil praktikum yang telah dilakukan pada tanggal 15 Agustus 2017 , didapatkan hasil identifikasi naymuk anopheles dan aedes aegypti : 1. Klasifikasi Nyamuk Ano A nop phele heless
Phylum : Arthropoda : Arthropoda Classis : Hexapoda : Hexapoda / Insecta
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Di Indonesia nyamuk ini terdapat hampir di seluruh kepulauan, kecuali Maluku dan Irian. Biasanya terdapat dijumpai di dataran rendah tetapi lebih banyak di daerah kaki gunung pada ketinggian 400 – 400 – 1000 1000 meter dengan persawahan bertingkat. Nyamuk ini merupakan vektor pada daerah – daerah daerah tertentu di Indonesia, terutama di Tapanuli, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan Bali.
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g. Anop Anophele heless balab labacensis nsis Spesies ini terdapat di Purwakarta, Jawa Barat, Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Selatan. Jentik ditemukan pada genangan air bekas tapak binatang, pada kubangan bekas roda dan pada pada parit yang aliran airnya terhenti. 2.
Klasifikasi Nyamuk Aedes
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