BAB VII KEPEMILIKAN TANAH DI MINANGKABAU.. A. KEPEMILIKAN KEPEMILI KAN ATAS TANAH.. 1. Hak adat.. Hak yang paling asasi pada manusia adalah hak atas jiwa, raga dan harta yang dimiliki.. Hak kepemilikan atas harta yang utama ialah hak atas tanah. Sering terjadi peperangan antar Negara karena pemilikan atas tanah perbatasan.. Perang Israel dan Palestina telah berpuluh tahun, serta telah menelan jutaan jiwa dan harta benda karena perebutan kepemilikan atas tanah.. UUD 45 pasal 33 ayat 3 negara Republik Indonesia (RI) menyatakan tanah air dan udara dan sumber daya alam yang terkandung didalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara digunakan sebesar-besar manfaat untuk kemakmuran rakyat.. Untuk melaksanakan kekuasaan negara itu, negara negara membentuk lembaga, badan, dinas atau jawatan.. j awatan.. Kata dikuasai oleh negara itu berarti a. Negaralah yang menetapkan kepemilikan atas tanah b. Negaralah yang menetapkan rencana tata ruang (RTR) atas muka tanah.. Tata ruang itu dapat berupa daerah industri, daerah pemukiman, daerah penghijauan dll.. c. Negaralah yang menetapkan penggunaan dan perlindungan atas tumbuh-tumbuhan dan binatang dalam areal di atas tanah.. d. Negaralah yang menetapkan untuk perlindungan kepentingan umum seperti seperti Daerah Milik Jalan (DMJ), Daerah Milik Sungai (DMS), Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), dll.. e. Negaralah yang menetapkan kelompok-kelompok bangunan pada daerah pemukiman (advise (advise planning ).. ).. f. Negaralah yang menerbitkan izin mendirikan bangunan (IMB).... g. Negaralah yang mengawasi penggunaan dan perizinan atas tanah tersebut.. Untuk mengatur, mengurus dan mengawasi kekuasaan Negara itu, negara membentuk membentuk lembaga, badan, dinas atau jawatan.. jawatan.. UUD 45 pasal 18 mengakui adanya adanya hak asal usul (hak tradisional menurut hukum adat), dalam penjelasan dinyatakan hak mempunyai pemerintahan bernagari.. Dalam Pemerintahan bernagari itu ada dua hal yang sangat penting, yaitu Kesulthanan Minangkabau Darul Quorar.. Kepemilikan tanah. .
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“hak pemilikan tanah menurut adat dan hak adat tentang peradilan”.. Negara RI telah menerbitkan Undang-undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), Undang-undang No. 5 tahun 1960.. 1 960.. UUPA membagi hak tradisional tentang tanah adat menjadi hak ulayat ulayat masyarakat (milik bersama) bersama) adat dan hak milik (pribadi satu atau banyak orang) adat.. a dat.. UUPA pasal 3 berbunyi “hak ulayat masayarakat adat (diringkas dengan HUA) atau nama lain pelaksanaannya diperbolehkan”.. UUPA pasal 5 berbunyi negara mengakui adanya “Hak Milik Adat (HMA)”.. Yang dimaksud hak milik adat ialah hak pribadi banyak orang sesuai dengan hukum adat.. Selain dari pengakuan terhadap ulayat masyarakat adat dan hak milik adat itu negara menetapkan kepemilikan tanah terdiri dari Hak Milik (HM), (HM), Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB) dan Hak Guna Usaha (HGU).. (HGU).. Hak ulayat masyarakat adat dan hak milik adat setiap daerah berbeda-beda karena itu secara nasional tidak diatur dan tidak mungkin untuk diatur.. Hak tradisional dan hak adat itu harus diatur dengan Peraturan Daerah (Perda).. Tiap-tiap daerah di Indonesia ini pengaturannya berbeda-beda sesuai dengan Bhineka Tunggal Ika. Kebanyakan Pemerintah Daerah tidak tanggap tentang ini.. Sudah lebih 40 tahun UUPA, Pemerintah Daerah masih belum menerbitkan Peraturan Daerah tentang hak hak ulayat ulayat masyarakat masyarakat adat dan hak milik milik adat.. Hak ulayat masyarakat hukum adat sebagaimana tercantum dalam UUPA pasal 3, mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan ulayat Nagari menurut hukum adat di Minangkabau.. Hak milik adat sebagaimana tercantum dalam UUPA pasal 5, mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan ulayat kaum menurut hukum adat di Minangkabau.. Hak Ulayat Adat (HUA) dan Hak Milik Adat (HMA) lebih tinggi kedudukan hukumnya dari HGB dan HGU, karena HUA dan HMA dikokohkan dengan dengan UUD, sedangkan HGB dan HGU dikokohkan hanya dengan UU saja.. Juga karenanya HGU dan HGB tidak dapat menggugurkan HUA atau HMA.. Hak (milik) ulayat masyarakat adat dan hak milik adat menurut Undang Adat Minangkabau terdiri dari ulayat nagari, ulayat rajo, ulayat kaum, ulayat suku, milik pribadi, milik faraidh dan milik wakaf dengan rumusan seperti di bawah ini.. a. Ulayat nagari ialah ialah tanah, air dan kekayaan alam di dalamnya dalamnya guna kepentingan bersama atau cadangan milik bersama masyarakat Nagari..
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c. Ulayat suku ialah ialah tanah milik milik suku, milik pribadi anggota suku bersama-sama, diwarisi menurut garis matrilineal hukum adat Minangkabau.. d. Ulayat kaum ialah tanah milik milik pribdi pribdi bersama bersama anggota kaum yang yang diwarisi menurut adat Minangkabau secara garis matrilineal.. e. Milik piribadi ialah tanah milik seseorang tanpa ada syarikat.. syarikat.. Milik pribadi diwariskan menurut hukum faraidh.. f araidh.. f. Milik faraidh ialah tanah warisan menurut hukum hukum faraidh yang berasal dari milik pribadi yang belum dibagi.. d ibagi.. g. Milik wakaf ialah tanah yang diwakafkan untuk kepentingan agama Islam.. 2. Kewenangan dalam kepemiliikan.. Dalam kata kata ulayat ulayat dan milik pada undang adat terkumpul 3 (tiga) kewenangan yaitu kewenangan pengaturan, kewenangan pengurusan, dan kewenangan pengawasan.. Dalam UUD 45 bertemu kata dikuasai (kekuasaan).. yang maksudnya berbeda dengan kewenangan dalam kepemilikan.. Untuk kekuasaan dalam kepemilikan dipakai istilah kewenangan munurut adat.. Kewenangan dalam kepemilikan meliputi kewenangan pengaturan, kewenangan pengurusan dan kewenangn pengawasan.. Dalam kewenangan pengurusan terdapat kewenangan pengelolan.. Kewenangan pengaturan lebih tinggi dari kewenanan pengawasan peng awasan dan pengurusan.. Pengurusan dan pengawasan harus mengikuti aturan yang dibuat oleh pengatur.. Tugas pengatur meliputi membuat aturan tentang tata cara pengurusan, tata cara pengawasan dan tata cara pengelolaan.. Kewenangan pengawasan meliputi penerimaan dan pemberian laporan (reporting ), ), mengevaluasi, serta meluruskan setiap adanya penyimpangan.. Tugas-tugas itu dijelaskan seperti di bawah ini.. a. Memeriksa ke lapangan (monitoring ) atas kebenaran laporan yang diterima.. b. Evaluasi atas laporan yang ada (evaluating ).. ).. c. Tindakan pelurusan atas penyimpangan yang ada (conducting ).. ).. Kewenangan pengurus meliputi; melakukan tindakan untuk dan atas nama pemilik tentang segala sesuatu terhadap milik sesuai dengan aturan yang
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termasuk dalam kewenangan pengurus merubah status kepemilikan atau menjaminkannya.. Untuk mengubah status dan atau menjaminkan milik banyak orang harus mendapat persetujuan khusus dari Wakil pemilik dengan melalui rapat khusus pemilik atau wakil Pemilik.. Kewenangan pengelola hanyalah mengolah milik pemilik untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal dan sebagian hasil hasil itu adalah hak hak pemilik.. Pada zaman Orde Baru dikembangkan pengertian tanah ulayat (ulayat Nagari atau ulayat kaum) “dikuasai” “ dikuasai” oleh penghulu (niniak mamak) dimamfaatkan untuk anak kamanakan dengan sebesar-besar mamfaat.. Kata dikuasai diambil dari kata dikuasai dalam UUD 45.. Kalau kata dikuasai itu berarti sama dengan UUD 45 itu, maka Penghulu harus juga membentuk lembaga, badan, dinas dan jawatan yang sama seperti yang dibentuk Negara.. Negara.. Kewenangan Kewenangan peghulu tidak tidak sampai sejauh itu itu .. Maka kata dikuasai oleh penghulu untuk tanah ulayat tidak dapat dipakai.. Untuk tanah ulayat dipakai istilah milik.. Atau kata dikuasai disini berarti Penghulu itu dapat melakukan tindakan menurut kehendaknya sendiri.. Inipun bertentangan dengan petitih kekuasaan dalam kaum yang berbunyi, berbunyi, “kamanakan barajo ka mamak, mamak barajo ka pangulu, pangulu barajo ka mupakat, mupakat barajo ka nan bana”.. nan bana ialah al Hakku minallah fatakuna minal muntarin . Kesepakatan kaumlah yang menentukan apa-apa yang akan diperbuat penghulu terhadap ulayat kaum... 3.Ulayat.. Istilah ulayat berasal dari bahasa Arab yang berarti wilayah atau territorial.. Ulayat Nagari berarti territorial Nagari.. Ulayat kaum berarti territorial kaum.. Kaum tidak mempunyai territorial tertentu.. Kaum mempunyi tanah dan kekayaan menyebar dalam nagari.. Maka ulayat tidak dapat diartikan territorial.. Wilayah Wilayah dalam bahasa Arab itu dapat juga berarti tanah yang dmiliki.. Ulayat Nagari berarti tanah yang dimiliki nagari, ulayat kaum/suku berarti tanah yang dimiliki oleh kaum/suku dan tanah milik pribadi.. Arti ini lebih cocok dengan kondisi Minangkabau.. Sebelum kedatangan Islam kepemilikan tanah di Minangkabau terdiri atas tanah milik Nagari, tanah milik kaum/suku dan tanah di perbatasan nagari yang dimiliki bersama nagari yang berbatasan.. Semenjak adanya kesepakatan Marapalam antara kaum ulama dengan kaum adat dan
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kepemilikan menurut sarak menjadilah kepemilikan itu ulayat nagari/rajo, ulayat kaum/suku, milik pribadi/faraidh dan harta wakaf..
Ulayat kaum/suku, tanah pribadi faraidh dan wakaf berlaku keatasnya setinggi kayu tertinggi (lk 30 m dari permukaan permu kaan tanah) dan ke bawahnya sedalam pekuburan (lk 2 m di bawah permukaan tanah).. Istilah kaum berasal dari bahasa Arab yang berarti kelompok orang-orang.. Lebih seratus kata “kaum” bertemu dalam al qur‟an.. Kelompok orang yang seketurunan patrilineal di sebut bani.. Untuk kelompok orang seketurunan matrilineal tidak ada istilahnya dalam sarak, karenanya dipakai saja istilah kaum.. Kaum menurut adat Minangkabau ialah kelompok orang-orang yang seketurunan matrilineal dan yang yang dapat dibuktikan dengan sebuah ranji.. Timbulnya istilah suku karena karena perbedaan pendapat tiga orang cerdas Minangkabau, Dt Katumangguangan, Katumangguangan, Dt Parpatiah Nan Sabatang dan Dt Suri Dirajo.. Ketiga orang ini adik kakak satu ibu.. Ajaran (aspirasi) Dt Katumangguangan membentuk suku Koto dan atau Piliang.. Ajaran (aspirasi) Dt Parpatiah Nan Sabatang membentuk suku Bodi dan atau Caniago.. Ajaran (aspirasi) Dt Suri Dirajo membentuk suku Pisang.. Jadi suku adalah kelompok orangorang yang satu aspirasi, bukan kelompok orang yang satu garis keturunan.. Perkembangan selanjutnya orang yang satu garis keturunan mempunyai satu aliran aspirasi.. Kesimpulannya kaum adalah kelompok garis keturunan sedangkan suku adalah kelompok aspirasi.. Harta diturunkan menurut garis keturunan bukan menurut aspirasi.. Dengan alasan ini maka ulayat suku yang ada hanyalah suku yang berasal dari satu kaum.. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda telah membagi tanah ulayat nagari menjadi hutan lindung, hutan suaka alam dan hutan produksi, berdasarkan kesepakatan Solok “Solok Regeling ” yang dibuat berdasarkan kesepakatan rakyat Minangkabau dengan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda di Solok.. Rakyat Minangkabau setuju sebagian tanah ulayatnya dijadikan hutan lindung dan hutan suaka alam.. Kepemilikan tanah tersebut
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menurut hukum adatnya masing-masing.. Bunga kayu dipungut oleh Kapalo Nagari.. Sebagian bungo kayu itu disetorkan kepada Pemeritah Hindia Belanda.. Pemerintah Orde Lama dan Orde Baru telah menjadikan hutan suaka alam, hutan lindung dan sebagian hutan produksi yang ulayat nagari itu menjadi milik Negara.. Hutan milik negara diawasi oleh alat nagara, polisi kehutanan, polisi umum dan angkatan darat.. Bunga kayu dipungut oleh alat negara, nagari tidak mendapat kebagian k ebagian lagi.. Tenyata pula dilapangan kebanyakan alat Negara yang mengawasi hutan itu ikut mengambil kayu tanpa prosedur hukum yang berlaku.. Akibatnya habislah hutan lindung dan hutan suaka alam dan hutan produksi terbatas.. Hutan berubah menjadi tegalan.. Diwaktu akhir-akhir ini pemerintah tanpa setahu masyarakat pemilik tanah memperluas hutan lindung, sampai wilayah perkampungan dan perkotaan diplot menjadi hutan lindung.. Menurut hasil tinjauan internasional rusaknya hutan di Indonesia kebanyakan oleh perilaku perilaku oknum oknum aparat aparat pemerintah pemerintah sendiri.. Usul dari badan dunia PBB agar mengembalikan pengawasan hutan dikembalikan kepada rakyat sebagaimana sedia kala sebelum orde lama.. Semenjak tahun 1961 s/d 1967 hutan suaka alam Panti ditempati oleh sekelompok orang-orang yang menamakan organisasinya Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI) atas persetujuan Bupati Pasaman Johan Rivai.. Kayu-kayu hutan suaka alam itu ditebangi, sehingga sebagian besar hutan suaka alam itu berubah menjadi tegalan daerah peladangan.. B. TANAH WAKAF.. Tanah wakaf ialah tanah yang diwakafkan untuk kepentingan (agama) Allah seperti untuk masjid, mushala, perguruan Agama.. Oleh si pemberi wakaf dijelaskan untuk kepentingan apa tanah itu diwakafkan,.. Termasuk tanah wakaf, tanah yang dibeli dengan uang uang wakaf, infak dan sedekah dari orang banyak yang sewaktu miminta uang itu dinyatakan untuk apa keperluannya.. Uang itu dibelikan kepada tanah, tanah itu termasuk tanah wakaf.. Tanah wakaf tak boleh dijual, digadaikan atau dijaminkan atau ditukar.. Tanah wakaf hanya boleh dipergunakan untuk kepentingan seperti untuk apa wakaf wakaf itu disebutkan.. disebutkan.. Tanah itu boleh ditukar ditukar dengan tanah lain guna kepentingan yang sama dan mamfa‟at yang lebih besar.. Tanah wakaf digolongkan kepada milik Nagari.. Tanah wakaf diurus oleh
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Jika terjadi sengketa, sebelum ke Pengadilan Pengadilan nagari Peradilan/Penyelesai Peradilan/Penyelesai Sengketa Nagari..
diselesaikan oleh
C. TANAH PRIBADI.. PRIB ADI.. 1. Tanah pribadi menurut adat Minangkabau.. Tanah milik pribadi menurut adat Miangkabau berbeda dengan tanah hak milik (HM) menurut UUPA.. Tanah hak milik menurut adat Minangkabau tidak dapat lebur kadalam harta keluaga suami isteri walaupun didapat dalam bersuami b ersuami atau beristeri.. Pengaturan, pengurusan, pengawasan dan pengelolaan tanah hak milik dilakukan oleh pribadi yang memilikinya.. Jika pemilik tanah pribadi meninggal maka tanah itu diwariskan menurut hukum faraid, hukum menurut sariat Islam.. Bagi si penerima warisan, warisan, tanah tanah itu menjadi milik milik pribadinya.. Hak atas tanah menurut hukum syara‟ dibuktikan dengan surat asal tanah seperti surat jual beli, ibah, warisan menurut faraidh faraidh yang yang dikuatkan dengan saksi saksi saksi, saksi, tidak memerlukan ranji dan kebulatan kaum.. 2. Bukti kepemilikan tanah pribadi.. Bukti kepemilikan tanah pribadai dapat dilakukan hanya dengan pernyataan pemiliknya.. Cukup dilakukan dikantor Pemerintahan Nagari dengan surat surat yang lengkap.. Contoh; SURAT PERNYATAAN PEMILIKAN TANAH PRIBADI Kami yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini : 1. Nama Umur
: :
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Sebelah Selatan dengan tanah
: …………………….
Sebelah Barat dengan tanah
: …………………….
Sebelah Timur dengan tanah
: …………………….
Bahwa tanah tsb tidak dalam sengketa, tidak digadaikan, tidak dijadikan jaminan hutang dan tidak pula pula dikenakan sesuatu sesuatu sitaan. Bahwa tanah ini berasal dari : Pembelian dari ……………..(surat terlampi r) Waris, menurut hukum agama Islam dari bapak saya yang bernama:……… meninggal tahun…………….. Pemberian (Hibah) dari……………… (surat terlampir).. Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan lurus dan benar untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya.
…………., ……… 20... ..
Mengetahui kepala kaum
(………………………..)
Kami yang menyatakan,
(…………………………..)
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Kepala Jorong ………………..
(……………………….)
Undang Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) UUno 5 th 1960 menyebutkan adanya tanah hak milik (hak pribadi).. Tanah pribadi dapat diregistrasi di kantor Wali Nagari dan Wali Nagari dapat menerbitkan menerbitkan surat keterangan kepemilikan nya.. Surat keterangan pemilikan tanah pribadi diproses sebagai berikut:. Yang bersangkutan mengajukan kekantor Wali Nagari surat permohonan agar tanah pribadi nya didaftar dan diterbitkan surat keterangan kepemilikannya dengan melampir surat pernyataan pemilikan tanah.. Kantor Wali Nagari mengumumkan ketengah masyarakat tentang pendaftaran itu.. Setelah dua bulan lama pengumuman itu tidak ada sanggahan Wali Nagari dapat menerbitkan surat keterangan pemilikan tanah tersebut.. . .. 3.Pemindahan hak atas tanah milik pribadi (hak milik).. Pada zaman sekarang pengalihan tanah pribadi cukup melalui pejabat akta tanah dan kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN).. Penyelesaian sengketa tanah pribadi dilakukan Peradilan/Penyelesai sengketa Nagari (PPSN).. Jika PPSN tidak mampu menyelesaikannya dapat diselesaikan oleh Peradilan Negara.. Untuk penyelesaian sengketa Tanah pribadi dapat diajukan secara
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Penggugat dilarang mengambil barang sengketa sebelum sengketa selesai dan barang engketa diserahkan diserahkan oleh penyelesai penyelesai sengketa.. sengketa.. Pengambilan paksa sebelum sengketa selesai dianggap sebagai perampasan.. Undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA) undang Undang no 5 tahun 1960 megakuai adanya adanya pemilikan pemilikan tanah pribadi.. Sebagai bukti bukti pemilikan pemilikan tanh tanh pribadi Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN dapat menerbitkan Sertifikat Hak milik (HM) nya.. UU no 1 tahun 1974 (Undang undang perkawinan (pada pasal - - -) menyatakan “tanah yang dibeli oleh suami atau isteri dalam masa perkawinan menjadi hak bersama suami isteri itu.. Walaupun tanah itu dibuat atas nama nama pribadinya, pribadinya, Untuk menjual tanah tersebut tersebut harus ditanda tangani berdua suami isteri itu.. Notaris ataupun BPN berkeberatan mengalih namakan tanah tersebut jika tidak ditanda tangani berdua sisuami dan isteri.. Sangat berbeda dengan jika sisuami atau isteri membeli mobil walaupun dengan harga yang lebih tinggi.. Si isteri atau sisuami dapat menjual mobil atas namanya dengan tidak ditanda tangani berdua si isteri dan suami.. Undang undang perkawinan.. Undang undang perkawinan tidak melindungihak pribadi seseorang.. Undang adat merujuk kepada hokum Islam, hak pribadi tidak lebur kepada hak bersama suami isteri.. jadi kesimpulannya Undang undang perkawinan bertentangan dengan hokum Islam dan bertentangan dengan Undang adat Minangkabau.. D. TANAH FARAIDH Jika seseorang meninggal, tanah pribadi dibagi menurut hukum faraidh.. Jika belum sempat membaginya, tanah tersebut adalah tanah milik bersama bersama yang mewarisinya.. mewarisinya.. Tanah tersebut tersebut disebut tanah faraidh.. Kapan saja dibagi pembagiannya pembagiannya tetap menurut hukum faraidh.. faraidh.. Kemungkinan tanah tersebut dikuasai oleh seseorang atau beberapa
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Didaerah Rao, Gunung Malintang, Silaping, dan Paraman banyak diketemiuan tanah Faraidh ini.. Mereka pemiliknya tetap mengatakan mereka adalah orang Minangkabau, marah kalau dikatakan bukan orang Minangkabau.. Didaerah itu berlaku kepemilikan menurut sistem Matrilinial dan sistem Patrilinial atau system parental.. E. ULAYAT NAGARI, NAGARI, 1. Beberapa ketentuan tentang ulayat nagari.. Alam yang diperlukan untuk kepentingan orang banyak disebut Ulayat Nagari.. Kepentingan orang banyak itu dapat berupa sumber air, genangan air, saluran air untuk pengairan, dan pembuangan air..terutama untuk pembuangan banjir yang dapat merusak.. Juga termasuk ulayat Nagari muka dan diatas muka tanah yang belum digarap secara investasi dan kekayaan alam yang ada diadalam tanah.. ta nah.. Ulayat Nagari meliputi a. Muka tanah. Muka tanah berikut apa yang ada diatasnya, yang bukan ulayat suku /kaum, milik pribadi /faraidh dan atau wakaf.. Muka tanah yang pernah di taruko (digarap dengan investasi) oleh anak Nagari diturunkan derjatnya menjadi milik panaruko, menjadi ulayat kaum atau pribadi sesuai dengan cara panarukoannya.. Usaha peladangan atau peladangan berpindah tidak dapat menurunkan derjat ulayat nagari.. Apa yang ada 2 m dibawah muka bumi, termasuk Guo dan isinya adalah ulayat Nagari.. Muka tanah ulayat nagari dapat berbentuk suaka alam, hutan lindung, hutan produksi, belukar atau gurun.. Tanah ini merupakan cadangan yang setiap saat dapat berproduksi.. Tanah ini dapat diturunkan derjatnya menjadi Ulayat suku /kaum, milik pribadi
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b.
Air. Air adalah keperluan orang banyak.. Mulai dari sumber air, daerah yang dilalui air berbentuk anak sungai, saluran irigasi sampai ke penyingkiran air dibatas nagari, padanya terkait keperluan orang banyak.. Tanah dan semua wilayah untuk keperluan itu adalah ulayat Nagari.. Ulayat kaum dan milik lainnya digudurkan dengan ganti rugi atau tidak.. Dimusim hujan air membanjir akan merusak sawah pemukiman penduduk, atau daerah pertanian /peternakan.. Untuk itu perlu dibuat saluran penyingkiran atau genangan air yang baik.. Daerah saluran penyingkiran dan genangan air itu termasuk ulayat Nagari.. Pemamfaatan air untuk kepentingan umum (kepentingan bersama) seperti irigasi, bandar pembuangan air air hujan dan lain lain lain lain yang baru dibuat, status tanahnya berubah menjadi ulayat nagari dengan melakukan ganti rugi atau tidak.. Hasil lain dalam air seperti ikan adalah milik bersama dapat diambil oleh siapa saja sebagai pemilik (anak nagari) dan sangat dilarang melakukan pengrusakan atau pembunuhan masal terhadap yang hidup didalamnya dengan meracun atau penembakan dengan dinamit /potas, dll.. dll..
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Hanya dapat diturunkan derjatnya kepada pemiliknya atas kespakatan tungku tigo sajarangan.. Gadai menurut undang adat ada dua cara yaitu a. Gadai dengan manyando (menyandera), seperti menggadai ke pajak gadai atau ke bank.. SEtelah habis limit waktu sando boleh disita dan dijual oleh si pemagang.. b. Gadai dengan status tukar pakai atau pinjam meminjamkan.. meminjamkan.. Pihak pertama meminjam uang kepada pihak kedua dan pihak kedua meminjam tanah/sawah kepada pihak pertama.. Selama pihak pertama memakai uang pihak kedua, selama itu pula pihak kedua memakai tanah/sawah pihak kedua.. Pihak kedua tidak boleh merubah status atau mengalihkan atau meminjamkan hak pihak pertama kepada pihak lain.. Ulayat nagari adalah bagian dari kekayaan nagari, lihat Perda SB no 9 th 2000 atau intruksi Gubernur no 25 th 1985.. Kalau kita merujuk kepada UU no 32 th 2004 ps 208, “uang dan barang yang dapat dinilai dengan uang disebut keuangan”, maka ulayat nagari dan hasilnya tergolong keuangan nagari harus dibukukan dalam buku keuangan nagari oleh Walinagari menurut standar akuntansi keuangan (SAK).. Pengaturan,
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Nagari.. Perda SB no 9 tahun 2000 pasal 31 telah menyebutkan yang demikian.. Penyerahan Penyerahan kekayaan yang ada di Desa dan di KAN termasuk ulayat Nagari kepada Pemerintah Nagari dipertegas oleh Gubernur dengan surat no 140/302/Pem.Nag/Kel.2003 tanggal 25.03.2003.. 25.03.2003.. 2. Pengaturan, pengurusan, pengawasan dan pengelolaan ulayat nagari.. Anak Nagari pemilik ulayat berjumlah ribuan orang.. or ang.. Untuk merapatkan pemilik membuat aturan, melakukan pengurusan terhadap ulayat itu sangat sulit mengumpulkan mengumpulkan seluruh pemilik pemilik mencapai quorum..Karena itu pemilik melimpahkan kekuasannya kepada tiga badan yang dipisah murni.. Pengatur, pengurus dan pengawas dipilih dan diangkat oleh pemilik/masyarakat, pemilik/masyarakat, untuk periode yang yang tidak lebih dari 7 tahun, (tidak dapat dipilih untuk seumur hidup) dan tidak membedakan gender.. Untuk itu system Pemerintahan Nagari di Minangkabau telah menetapkan:. a. Pengaturan ulayat Nagari ditetapkan ditetapkan oleh pengatur yang terdiri dari Kerapatan Nagari (legislative Nagari) bersama Kapalo Nagari.. Kewenangan pengaturan meliputi menetapkan aturan tentang pengawasan, aturan tentang pengurusan dan aturan tentang pengelolaan..
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Pengelolaan ulayat Nagari ditetapkan oleh aturan aturan yang ditetapkan oleh Keputusan Kerapatan Nagari bersama Kapalo Nagari.. Pengelolaan itu dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara diantaranya ialah: a. Dikelola oleh pribadi anak Nagari tanpa memerlukan izin dan tanpa membayar kepada Nagari.. b. Dikelola oleh pribadi anak Nagari dengan satu perizinan dan diwajibkan membayar bunga (retribusi) kepada nagari.. c. Dikelola oleh kelompok atau badan usaha anak Nagari dengan suatu perizinan dan membayar bunga (retribusi)... d. Di swakelola oleh Pemerintah Nagari.. e. Dikelola oleh Badan Usaha Nagari (BUN).. f. Dikelola oleh badan usaha swasta pihak ketiga dengan perjanjian kerja.sama bagi hasil (joint operation).. Sungai, talago, danau atau laut yang didalamnya ada ikan atau jenis lain.. Ikan atau jenis lain itu tidak dipelihara, bibitnya datang sendiri, hasilnya boleh diambil anak nagari untuk dirinya sendiri.. Cara pengambilannya diatur oleh Pemerintahan Nagari.. Dilarang dengan menenbak, meracun.. Semua pelarangan dibunyikan dalam Peraturan Nagari (adat salingka Nagari).. Orang yang melanggarnya dihukum
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hutan kayu dan bukan kayu untuk setiap nagari disamakan diseluruh Minagkabau.. Sebagian hasil bunga kayu itu disetorkan ke Pemerintah Hindia Belanda.. Cara Cara pengambilannya pengambilannya diatur oleh oleh Pemerintahan Pemerintahan Nagari Nagari dengan Peraturan Nagari (adat salingka Nagari), si pengambil harus membayar bunga bunga kayu dan tidak boleh merusak merusak kayu lainnya lainnya diwaktu diwaktu penebangan.. Menurut adat badan usaha milik beberapa orang (Matschap) disebut syarikat.. Bentuk syarikat ada tiga yaitu syarakat sari tanago, syarikat basari kati dan syarikat basari kato.. kato.. Yang dikatakan syarikat sari tanago ialah syarikat kumpulan orang orang tanpa menilai modal, yang inti usahanya ialah tenaganya.. Sekarang bentuk asaha ini disebut kooperasi.. Yang disebut syarikat basari kati, dimana kati (presentage) modal lah yang menjadi sari (inti hukum) dalam badan usaha ini.. Adat merumuskannya dengan kalimat “bapokok samo balabo, bajariah samo buliah”.. Artinya ditetapkan bagian keuntungan untuk pemodal dan bagian keuntungan untuk pengurus.. Keuntungan pemodal dibagi pula menurut kati (presentage) nodalnya masing masing.. Hak suaranya pun menurut kati (presentage) modalnya.. Jika syarikat ini milik banyak orang, permodalan diberi batas (had) sampai dimana pertanggung jawabaan
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bersama penduduk nagari seperti guru MDA, guru TK, guru TKA dan TPSA dan lain lain.. 3. Ulayat nagari dizaman Pemerintahan Belanda.. Walaupun ada tanah yang dia minta secara berbaik baik atau secara paksa tapi Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dan Jepang itu tidak menggaggu system kepemilikan tanah menurut adat Minangkabau.. Pernah Pemerintah HB itu mengeluarkan aturan tentang tanah suaka alam, hutan lindung, hutan produksi terbatas dan hutan pruduksi.. Dalam suaka alam tumbuhan dan binatang yang ada diatasnya tak boleh diganggu.. Dalam hutan lindung kayu diatasnya tak boleh ditebang.. Dalam hutan produksi terbatas, kayu diatasnya boleh ditebang pilih, dipilih besarnya dan dipilih
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diperbolehkan mengambil hasilnya, mengambilnya dilakukan dengan cara yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan Nagari, misalnya dengan gergaji tangan, tapi rakyat harus membayar bunga kayunya ke Pemerintah Nagari.. Hutan produksi terbatas tidak dapat dijadikan daerah peladangan.. Menebang kayu di hutan produksi terbatas harus mendapat izin dari pemerintah, kayu yang habis ditebang di tanam kembali (Reboisasi).. Hutan produksi pun diawasi oleh pemerintah Nagari beserta penghulu kaum dan penghulu penghulu suku.. Tegalan dapat dijadikan daerah pertanian.. Pada puncak puncak bukit tegalan ditanam beringin dan beberapa jenis kayu yang berguna seperti andaleh, surian, sungkai, mahoni.. Dimusim berbuah masak, buahnya bertebaran kesekeliling, beberapa jenis kayu buahnya diterbangkan angin kedalam Nagari.. Bibitnya akan menyebar.. Bibit yang
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UUD 45 menyatakan Presiden dingkat dan diperhentikan oleh MPR.. Nyatanya sebaliknya, DPR tidak dipilih oleh rakyat ditunjuk oleh presiden.. Sukarno memerintah sendirian didukung kuat oleh partai yang selama revolusi, melawan Belanda memberontak kepada Pemerintah RI.. Menusuk Pemerintah RI dari belakang.. Karena keadaan yang demikian banyak daerah yang berontak, termasuk Sumatra Barat.. Daerah diamankan dengan kekerasan militer.. Tahun 1961 seluruh daerah telah diamankan.. Militer sangat berkuasa didaerah.. Mulai tahun itu itu hak asal usul (hak tradisional atau hak adat) daerah dikebiri dan di marjinalkan.. Sebagai contoh tahun 1964 Bupati Pasaman Johan Rivai menempatkan ratusan Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI), kedalam suaka alam rimbo Panti.. Hampir sepertiga hutan suaka alam itu,
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berpendapat sudah seharusnya pengurusan dan pengawasan atas suaka alam dan hutan lindung dikembalikan kepada masyarakat dan Pemerintah Nagari.. F. TANAH ULAYAT ULAYAT RAJO.. Dengan rumusan asal usul Nagari, taratak menjadi dusun, dusun menjadi koto, koto bagabuang jadi Nagari.. Taratak ialah peladangan yang belum ditempati oleh pemukim perempuan.. Maka Taratak suatu anak Nagari adalah territorial dari Nagari itu.. Menentukan batas Nagari ialah tarataknya.. Anak Nagari membawa hasil pertanian kerumah dan selanjutnya kepasar.. Mendaki lebih sulit dari menurun, maka biasanya
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Tanah ulayat perbatasan beberapa nagari yang batasnya tak dapat ditarik batas yang jelas , diatur dan diurus bersama oleh nagari yang berbatasan.. b erbatasan.. Tanah yang diperuntukkan bagi raja yang merupakan tanah negara Minangkabau.. Bagian tanah kaum yang sebagiannya diperuntukkan bagi raja selaku angota kaum.. G. TANAH ULAYAT KAUM..
1.
Kepemilikan.. Ulayat kaum ialah tanah milik kaum milik bersama seluruh anggota kaum.. Yang dimaksud dimaksud dengan kaum ialah ialah sekelompok sekelompok orang orang orang yang
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2. Pengaturan, pengurusan, pengawasan dan pengelolaan ulayat kaum Kepemilikan tanah tidak terlepas dari sandi kepemimpinan kaum, kamanakan barajo kamamak mamak barajo kapangulu, pangulu barajo kamufakat, mufakat barajo ka bana, nan bana ialah al haqqu min rabbika,
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mengikut dengan gelar andiko, karena ini gelar andiko suatu kaum sering dipinjamkan kepada kepada anak pusako /anak pisang, kepada orang sesuku yang berada dalam nagari itu, bukan kepada orang yang berada diluar Nagari itu.. Selain itu ada lagi, yang disebut gelar sang sako.. Gelar Sangsako adalah gelar lambang yang tidak mengikat kaum dapat
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kepala kaum bersama kepala waris dan dipindahkan pemakaiannya pemakaiannya kepada pihak lain,. Ulayat kaum yang yang dipakai oleh seorang seorang lakilaki disebut disebut abuan, pemakai dapat membawa abuannya kerumah isterinya.. Abuan berupa sawah yang dibawa kerumah isteri, separo hasil sawah diambil oleh siempunya abuan dan separonya diberikan untuk isteri.. Jika seseorang
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kegunaannya lumbuang itu dibedakan kepada tiga yaitu lumbuang sibayau bayau, lumbuang sitinjau laut, lumbuang si dagang lapa dan kapuak - -- .. Lumbuang dipergunakan tunggaknyo anam isiya dipergunakan untuk dimakan sehari dan keperlua anak kamanakan.. Lumbuang sitinjau laut tunggaknyo ampek isinya dipergunakan untuk keperluan bersama kaum..
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kepemilikan hanya ditanda tangani oleh orang yang satu paruit (bukan yang satu kaum)... Permohonan tersebut diproses.. Maka keluarlah sertifikat Hak Milik (HM).. . Beberapa waktu sesudah itu paruit lain dari kaum yang sama mengajukan pula tanah ulayatnya disertifikatkan.. Dengan proses yang
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