1
1.
2.
The Maastricht Treaty, which laid down the rules for euro membership, says that governments may not have budget ---- of more than 3% of their GDP..
A) have already imposed / to support
B) restrictions
B) have already imposed / to have supported
C) rates
C) is already imposing / supported
D) allocations
D) will already impose / having supported
E) assets
E) already imposed / supporting
The theory is interesting enough, but is it ----? .
B) expressive C) intensive D) coherent E) resistant The amount of fish caught did not ---- the massive increase in vessel tonnage and fishing effort.. A) pull through B) make do with C) keep pace with D) come across E) break out of 4.
In Britain, the authorities ---considerable restrictions on the advertising agencies ---- customers' rights..
A) deficits
A) solvable
3.
5.
The price of crude oil ---- by 40% this year due to the continuing risk of disruption in the Middle East, which ---for one-third of global production.. A) surges / accounted B) had surged / has accounted C) has surged / accounts D) surged / had accounted E) will surge / could have accounted
6.
If humans ---- one of our ancient ancestors, we ---- much more about how people once went about their lives than any study of dusty bones and artifacts would reveal.. A) had reanimated / may have learnt B) have reanimated / learn C) reanimated / were learning D) could reanimate / could learn E) are to reanimate / have learnt
7.
One of the great advances ---- astronomy ---- the past decade has been the discovery of planets outside our solar system. . A) of / over B) through /at C) in / to D) for / by E) with / for
8.
---- little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. . A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as
9.
A chemistry journal plans to publish this hotly disputed article ---- an addendum that questions some of its conclusions.. A) over against B) along with C) from under D) up against E) out of
10. ---- broke the window will have to pay for a new one.. A) Who B) Whoever C) Anyone D) Someone E) The one
11. ---- an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, ---- likely it is to lose control over decisions.. A) Not only / but also B) Neither / nor C) Either / or D) When / then E) The more / the more 12. His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ---- that‘s being a mother, a nurse or a soldier. . A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether 13. Unemployment is the condition of one --- is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work.. A) whom B) when C) who D) where E) whose
The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the Renaissance.In fact, portraits (I) ---- before the Renaissance, of course: (II) ---- thinkof the Pharaohs with their colossal statues, or the busts of the Roman emperors,(III) ---- those figures seemed very (IV) ---- .Renaissance artists, bycontrast, sought to create not just a likeness of their subjects, but also (V)---- of their spirit.
18. V. A) many B) anything C) something D) any E) few
14. I. A) exist B) would exist C) have existed D) would have existed E) had existed 15. II. A) Just B) Already C) Always D) Usually E) Previously 16. III. A) whenever B) when C) but D) while E) so far as 17. IV. A) principal B) prospective C) enthusiastic D) recent E) remote
19. American interest in the African economy has recently intensified ----. A) that many American companies had invested heavily in mining B) even if the Bush administration fully supports the American involvement in Africa C) as a series of articles published in The New York Times last year gave the issue new prominence D) because most American multinationals had recognized that Africa might constitute a threat E) before the United Nations began carrying out a survey country by country 20. When we stop trying to fit people into a common mold, ----.. A) it should be realized that people develop differently B) their natural talents as well as their limitations became apparent C) people who don\'t fit the mold are regarded as stupid D) we\'ll be able to produce brighter, more effective citizens E) this should be recognized by educators and parents alike
21. The issue under debate today is whether, for all its flaws, capitalism is the best economic system man has yet invented.. A) Bir sürü aksaklıklarına rağmen, kapitalizmin, insanoğlunun bugüne kadar ortaya koyduğu en iyi iktisadi sistem olup olmadığı tartışılmaktadır. B) Bugün tartışılan konu, tüm kusurlarına rağmen, kapitalizmin, insanın şimdiye kadar icat ettiği en iyi iktisadi sistem olup olmadığıdır C) Eksiklikleri de olsa, insanlığın bugün ortaya koyduğu en iyi iktisadi sistemin, kapitalizm olup olmadığı hâlâ tartışılmaktadır D) İnsanın şimdiye kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olan kapitalizmin kusurları, bugün tartışma konusudur E) İnsanlığın bugüne kadar yarattığı en iyi iktisadi sistem olmasına rağmen, kapitalizmin aksaklıkları günümüzde tartışılmaktadır
22. On altıncı yüzyılın ilk yarısında Fransa kralı olan I. François, ülkesini Avrupa‘da önde gelen bir güç yapmayı düşlemiş, ancak Avusturya imparatoru V. Charles tarafından engellenmiştir.. A) The French king François I, who had the dream of making his country Europe‘s dominant power in the first half of the sixteenth century, was opposed by the Austrian emperor Charles V. B) François I, the king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, dreamt of making his country a leading power in Europe but was prevented by Charles V, emperor of Austria. C) Charles V, the emperor of Austria, stood up against François I, the king of France, who dreamt of making his country a major European power in the first half of the sixteenth century. D) François I, the king of France, had the dream of turning his country into the chief European power in the first half of the sixteenth century although he was opposed by Charles V, emperor of Austria. E) The king of France in the first half of the sixteenth century, François I, dreamt of making his country one of the major powers in Europe but was dissuaded by the Austrian emperor Charles V.
The book by physicist Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics, is an all out attack on string theory in theoretical physics. String theory aims to unify the laws governing all physical forces by combining quantum mechanics with general relativity.It is not very intuitive as it posits the existence of 10 space time. Smolin points out that, not once in its 30 years of existence, has string theory been validated by a test result. Although they acknowledge this weakness, the theory's advocates claim that it helps to clarify a number of concepts and, most important of all, it holds the promise of a grand unification. Smolin's historical account is both brilliant and lively. The most interesting feature of the book is his sociological analysis of the way in which string theory has taken root in academic circles and the mechanisms that allowed it to gain its present almost total dominance. How can a community of likeminded scientists have secured such a powerful position that it is now able to determine the course of research, to monopolize public funding and to decide careers, to the point of abolishing all alternative approaches? Indeed, his analysis is applicable to many other fields and disciplines.
23. It is clear from the passage that the book by Lee Smolin ----.. A) questions the value of string theory as well as the extensive influence of advocating scientists within the field B) sets out to explain string theory in order to show its superiority over alternative theories in accounting for physical laws C) opens a debate as to how string theory can be validated by a test result D) advocates the string theory as It helps to clarify a number of concepts successfully E) supports the attention string theory has received in the academic circles who decide the course of research, funding and future careers 24. As it is pointed out in the passage, string theory ----. A) suffers from quite a number of weaknesses as its advocates admit B) has practical implications for both theoretical physics and sociology C) is a theory that is capable of finally explaining 10 spacetime D) still needs to be confirmed by test results E) attempts to combine quantum mechanics with theoretical physics
25. According to the passage, what makes Lee Smolin's book interesting to read ---.. A) is related to the theories a community of likeminded physicists can develop B) lies in the examination of how string theory has been adopted and become dominant C) is its power in illustrating how science writers can affect decisions on public funding an careers D) is that like-minded scholars can agree to approve public funding for alternative approaches E) is the historical account it provides for the development of string theory
26. According to the passage, the writer is of the opinion that ----.. A) examining physical issues from a historical and sociological viewpoint is popular among physicists B) Lee Smolin went too far in discrediting string theory, which is very popular among physicists C) the sociological analysis done for string theory is also valid for disciplines other than physics D) it is the academic circles that decide whether string theory should be tested or not E) the way string theory has been endorsed in theoretical physics is unique to this discipline
27. The arts in Italy have enjoyed a long and glorious history, and Italians are very proud of this. ----.Still, efforts are being made throughout the country to put as many art collections on show as possible. The performing arts such as opera and cinema are also underfunded, yet there are spectacular cultural festivals. . A) A tradition of literary Italian was established back in the 13th and 14th centuries by Dante and Petrarch, who wrote in a cultured Florentine dialect B)
In the land of Verdi and Rossini, opera is naturally well supported
C) However, it does cost a lot to look after them D) It was the artists and scholars of 15thcentury Florence who inspired the Renaissance in Europe E)
On the other hand, Rome, Florence and Venice are naturally the main tourist destinations
28. Director: We’re being hit badly by the recession. Consultant: _____ Director: Well, what do you suggest? Consultant: Boost the exports.. A) I know. And something must be done about it quickly. B) Stop worrying! There’s nothing we can do. C) Yes, everyone is saying the same. Let’s reduce the work force. D) They should raise the interest rates at once. E) I only hope there won’t be another general strike. 29. It‘s only now that she understands how unhappy she was during her twenties.. A) Despite the fact that her twenties were not a happy time for her, she now understands how to be happy. B) What makes her regretful is that, in her twenties, she could not be happy at all. C) Having been unhappy during her twenties, she is now a very understanding person. D) She was terribly unhappy during her twenties, but she has only just realized it. E) She now realizes that she must come to terms with the unhappiness she faced in her twenties.
30. (I) Beginning about age 5, the child develops a sense of obligation to follow rules. (II) Indeed, young children change the rules frequently and arbitrarily. (III) He treats them as absolute moral imperatives handed down by some powerful authority. (IV) For him, rules are permanent, sacred and not subject to modification. (V) Obeying them to the letter is more important than any human reason for changing them. . A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
A
2
D
3
C
4
C
5
A
6
D
7
A
8
D
9
B
10
B
11
E
12
E
13
C
14
E
15
A
16
C
17
E
18
C
19
C
20
D
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B
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B
23
A
24
D
25
B
26
C
27
C
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A
29
D
30
B
2
1.
His efforts to ---- the threat of global warming with new forms of energy have been much appreciated. .
6.
A) excuse
2.
B) counter
A) were put / would be
C) pursue
B) has been put / will have been
D) uphold
C) should put / will be
E) deliver
D) is to put / might have been
In some parts of Western Europe, ---- in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage. .
E) would be put / might be 7.
A) completely
3.
If all of Earth's water, oceans, icecaps and glaciers, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water in the atmosphere ---- into a sphere, then the diameter of that water ball ---- about 860 miles..
Monopolies are characterized ---- a lack of economic competition ---- the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods..
B) deceptively
A) by / for
C) notably
B) about / in
D) voluntarily
C)
E) relatively
D) from / on
Home heating, which ---- less than 7 per cent of all energy consumed in the US, has had a commendable efficiency record. .
at / under
E) with / around 8.
A) accounts for
The private sector in the Gulf states employs mostly expatriate workers, ---the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection..
B) comes with A) so that
C) joins in
B) just as
D) picks up
C) while
E) brings out
D) unless 4.
For a long time now, biologists ---- that bits of tissue placed next to each other ---..
E) in case 9.
A) had known / may fuse
5.
---- the causes of alcoholism are various, alcohol use is a major factor..
B) have known / can fuse
A) When
C) knew / had fused
B) Although
D) would have known / have fused
C) Just as
E) know / would have fused
D) If
In order ---- a good sheep-shearing robot I had to understand sheep shearers and the skill of shearing, as well as the technology ---- in building a robot..
E) Whether 10. Children’s appetites begin to diminish around one year, ---- the slowing of growth..
A) having built / to have been involved
A) regardless of
B) building / to be involved
B) in spite of
C) to build / involved D) to be building / involving E) to have built / having been involved
C) in case of D) consistent with E) except for
11. ---- business plans are failing to materialise, while ---- are processing at an astounding pace.. A) Those / each B) Some / others C) All/either D) Each / another E) Any /none 12. Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ---- their native ---- their adopted tongue.. A) rather / than B) either / or C) more / than D) so much / as E) well / as 13. Today virtually all country and suburban week lies and small dailies are produced by offset lithography, a procedure ---photographs can be reproduced inexpensively.. A) why B) that C) which D) whether E) by which
Ever since Lord Curzon, a member of Britain‘s World War I cabinet, (I) ---- that the Allies ―had floated to victory on a sea of oil,major industrialized power shave sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia resulted (II)---the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour. The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the Soviet Union into Afghanistan, and led to Saddam Hussein‘s (III)---- of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of the Union speech, US President Jimmy Carter made clear America‘s own oil-security policy (IV) ---- he described what would become known as the Carter Doctrine: Any attempt by an outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the(V) ---- interests of the United States of America.
14. I. A) declares B) declared C) has declared D) would have declared E) would declare 15. II. A) in B) within C) on D) below E) of 16. III. A) purchase B) exclusion C) invasion D) negotiation E) illusion 17. IV. A) in case B) although C) even if D) when E) so far as
18. V. A) tedious B) irrelevant C) redundant D) vague E) vital
19. Although the colonists enjoyed unusual prosperity at least until 1764, ---.. A) Britain would have attempted to tighten imperial supervision B) the system did, in fact, fit the needs of the new country C) they had, nevertheless, certain economic grievances D) only the commercial laws have irritated the colonists E) monetary legislation came in too late 20. ---- if there are no shared activities.. A) It is almost impossible to create a sense of community B) Cultural diversity has many advocates C) The problem with relativism is that it has led, almost inevitably, to separatism D) Too many people failed to recognize the dangers of diversity E) This sense of common purpose would have been undermined 21. There are still places in the world where one can go to dive and see very little indication of human impact.. A) Hâlâ dünyanın pek çok yerinde dalış yapılabilir ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilir. B) Dünyada hâlâ öyle yerler vardır ki dalış yapmak için buralara gidilebilir ve buralarda insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilir. C) Dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin çok az görülebileceği yerleri dünyada hâlâ bulmak mümkündür. D) Dünyada, insan etkisinin çok az olduğu ve dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek hâlâ pek çok yer bulunmaktadır. E) Dünyada, dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilecek yerler hâlâ mevcuttur.
22. Roma İmparatorluğu‘nun yıkılışından sonra, İmparatorluğun bir parçası olan Avusturya, Slav kökenli çeşitli milletlerce istila edilmiştir.. A) Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had constituted part of the Empire, was settled by different peoples of Slavic origin. B) In the aftermath of the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been one of the regions of the Empire, was overrun by a number of originally Slavic peoples. C) Soon after the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a region of the Empire, was conquered by various nations, mostly of Slavic origin. D) After the fall of the Roman Empire, Austria, which had been a part of the Empire, was invaded by various nations of Slavic origin. E) When the Roman Empire fell, a number of nations of Slavic origin had already invaded Austria, which was part of the Empire.
Outside forces have played a major part in the birth and development of Middle Eastern states as well as in shaping the environment in which these states have operated. Since Napoleon’s intervention in Egypt in the late 18th century, European powers have been an important part of the Middle East’s make-up – its politics, socioeconomic development and external orientation. It was the European powers who took control of significant areas of the region from the 19th century, and they gave rise to the downfall of the Ottoman Empire and shared its spoils in the early 20th century. It was the same set of European powers that formed new states from territories under their control. But in the second half of the 20th century, the nature of outside intervention changed somewhat. As a penetrated regional system, the Middle East, for all its active internal dynamics (nationalism, the Arab-Israeli War, etc.), was by the 1950s subject to the influence of strategically-driven calculations made by the world’s two superpowers: the US and the USSR. The superpowers’ calculations not only directly affected politics of the region, but also the environment where the local forces were taking shape. For over a generation, the Cold War between superpowers was the framework of the Middle East’s regional system, from North Africa in the west to the borders of the Soviet Caucasus and Central Asia
23. During the second half of the 20th century, ----.. A) the Cold War between superpowers forced the Middle Eastern countries to rethink their calculations B) active internal dynamics in the Middle East shaped the region’s prospects C) the two superpowers began to take active involvement in the Middle East D) local forces in the Middle East were against the dominance of two superpowers E) the Middle East was a completely different region from the Soviet Caucasus and Central Asia 24. The author’s attitude towards the developments in the Middle East is ----.. A) supportive B) realistic C) sarcastic D) modest E) satirizing
25. One can understand from the passage that the European powers disintegrated the Ottoman Empire so that they could ---.. A) accelerate the political and economic developments in the Middle East B) continue the conquests of Napoleon in Egypt C) liberate Egypt from the Ottoman domination D) benefit economically and extend their political influence E) respond to the call of local people for independence
26. It can be inferred from the passage that the fate of the Middle Eastern states ---.. A) was decided first by the European powers and then the two superpowers B) depended exclusively on the policies of imperial European powers of the time C) was directly linked to the survival of the Ottoman Empire that controlled the region D) was similar in many ways to the states in North Africa and the Central Asia E) was in the hands of their elected rulers for centuries 27. The age at which puberty starts is something that many children worry about. The onset of puberty varies from child to child and is influenced by a number of factors, including heredity, but it generally begins between the ages of eight and thirteen in a girl, and between ten and fifteen in a boy. One of the factors that influences the onset of puberty is nutrition. ---- Thus, the average age when puberty started went down by well over a year. In today’s developed world, malnutrition is rare and as a result, over the last 50 years or so, there seems to be a continuing trend toward an even lower average age of puberty.. A) There has probably been a reduction of 6 months or so in the average age of puberty in the last few decades. B) Puberty is a time of enormous change, both physical and emotional. C) In some countries, the changes have become less marked according to the reports by the WHO. D) Nutrition improved in the developed world between the late 19th century and the mid-20th century. E) Puberty is considered to be premature if it starts before the age of eight.
28. Jane: Smart-phone use is on a continuous increase in Taiwan. For example, a Taiwanese smart phone manufacturer has reported very high profits. Mary: What does he mean by “high profits”? Jane:---Mary: Now I see what he means.. A) It has been a profitable year for Taiwan. B) More than the Taiwanese people needed to use. C) Almost twice as much profit as they made a year ago. D) I think he is referring to the worldwide use of smart phones. E) He was very happy with the technical quality of the phones produced.
29. The north of Italy is directly responsible for the country‘s place among the world‘s top industrial nations.. A) Italy‘s northern regions are well-known as one of the most industrialized areas in the world. B) It is entirely the northern part of the country that has earned Italy a prominent position among the world‘s industrial nations. C) In Italy, industry is focused in the north, but nevertheless she is still one of the world‘s top industrial nations. D) Italy is one of the world‘s top industrial countries even though all the industrial activities are concentrated in the north. E) Italy is one of the few countries in the industrial world where only one region, the north, is industrialized. 30. (I) In the past century US life-expectancy climbed from forty-seven to seventyseven. (II) Similar rises happened in almost every country. (III) And this process shows no sign of stopping. (IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty years of life. (V) According to the United Nations, by 2050 global life expectancy will have increased by another ten years. . A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
B
2
C
3
A
4
B
5
C
6
A
7
A
8
C
9
B
10
D
11
B
12
B
13
E
14
B
15
A
16
C
17
D
18
E
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C
20
A
21
E
22
D
23
C
24
B
25
D
26
A
27
D
28
C
29
B
30
D
3
1.
2.
3.
Copper is replacing aluminium in the metal interconnections on some chips to improve ----..
6.
If you ---- the movie Jurassic Park then you will know that birds ---- from small meat-eating dinosaurs..
A) creativity
A) have seen / evolved
B) credibility
B) had seen / have evolved
C) sustainability
C) see / will evolve
D) conductivity
D) were seeing / might be evolved
E) respectability
E) saw / would evolve
Many researchers now focus on poverty and poor education as explanations for --- mortality..
7.
Bleeding after oral surgery can usually be stopped ---- keeping steady pressure ---- the surgical site for the first hour..
A) probable
A)
B) intense
B) in / to
C) preventive
C) with / up
D) occasional
D) by / on
E) excess
E) from / of
The Interior Ministry has ordered two of its chief inspectors to ---- an investigation into the death of a journalist whilst in police custody..
8.
for / to
The structures around the eye protect it ---- allowing it to move freely in all directions. . A) since
A) carry out
B) while
B) deal with
C) even though
C) take place
D) because
D) put out
E) whereas
E) make up 9. 4.
The US presidential election of 1800 ---notorious on account of the unforeseen constitutional problems it ----..
---- the Roman legions withdrew in the 5th century A. D. Britain fell easy prey to the invading hordes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Scandinavia and northern Europe..
A) is / has presented B) has been / presented C) would be / presents D) had been / would present E) was / presented
A) Lest B) Unless C) When D) Until E) As long as
5.
NASA is currently preparing a space mission ---- Mars, and it is possible that the planet ---- before the end of the century..
10. Despite the passage of a decade since its opening, the Maritime Museum in Istanbul remains undeservedly littleknown today ---- a lack of publicity. .
A) visit / has been colonized B) visiting / will have been colonized C) to visit / will be colonized D) to be visited / is going to be colonized E) being visited / is being colonized
A) instead of B)
in spite of
C)
contrary to
D)
as to
E) owing to
11. A robot is ---- machine that can make decisions independent of human control.. A) either B) some C) such D) both E) any 12. In the early twentieth century, the motor car was one of the first major consumer products to be ---- mass produced ---mass marketed.. A) such / as B) more / than C) so / as D) as / as E) both / and 13. Elastin and collagen are proteins ---form the spongy material that lies under our skin and gives it bounce and flexibility.. A) in which B) which C) whose D) whichever E) whatever
Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (I) --- the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The probe‘s main (II) ---- in its planned 74 orbits is to gather detailed images of the second largest planet in our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings, (III) ---- span (IV)---- 272, 000 kilometres. So far, the probe (V) ---- some of the best images we have of Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of new data.
14. I. A) under B) in
19. ---- when they believe that teachers care about them personally and educationally.. A) As a group, these students reached high levels of achievement B) The psychological needs of students cannot be over-estimated C) The learning context should have received as much attention as the students D) Students develop a positive attitude towards school E) There has been a remarkable improvement in student performance
C) with D) through E) over 15. II. A) stage B) objection C) assumption D) controversy E) aim 16. III. A) whatever
20. The Victorian father was very much the autocrat in his home, ----.. A) though his wife was supreme in her own domain B) that has been the subject of many films of the age C) even if his children have behaved as they liked elsewhere D) even if there is a queen on the throne E) so daughters in particular know what is permissible and what is not 21. We are proud to be part of a programme that gives these often overlooked but extremely talented athletes longoverdue recognition..
B) where C) who D) which E) whereas 17. IV. A) completely B) almost C) largely D) adversely E) slightly 18. V. A) is capturing B) captures C) has captured D) had captured E) will capture
A) Son derece yetenekli olsalar da bugüne kadar ihmal edilmiş olan bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibar, katılmaktan bizim de kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla sağlanmaktadır B) Bizim de gururla dahil olduğumuz program, bugüne kadar unutulmuş, ancak üstün yeteneklere sahip tüm bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlamaktadır C) Biz hepimiz, çoğu kez önemsenmemiş, ancak üstün yetenekleri olan tüm bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programda yer almaktan son derece kıvançlıyız D) İçinde yer almaktan son derece kıvanç duyduğumuz bu programla, bugüne kadar önemsenmeyen, ancak yetenekleri en üstün olan bu atletlere hak ettikleri itibar sağlanmaktadır E) Biz, çoğu kez önem verilmemiş, ancak son derece yetenekli bu atletlere çoktan hak ettikleri itibarı sağlayan bir programın parçası olmaktan gurur duyuyoruz
22. Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tüm alanlarda muazzam bir genişleme sağlayan, genç bir sosyal bilimdir.. A) Linguistics, which is, in a sense, a young social science, has expanded in every area in recent times. B) Linguistics is a young social science, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a somewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all fields has been remarkable E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, is in fact a young social science.
Although Aeschylus is considered to be the first great innovator of Western drama, it is sometimes difficult to judge the full extent of the innovations he introduced, since no plays by his predecessor, Thespis, have been preserved. What we know about Greek drama before Aeschylus suggests that it had developed gradually out of choral lyrics, occasionally interrupted by short dialogues between the chorus and a single speaker or singer representing an individual character. Aeschylus took the decisive step of introducing a second actor, thus enabling for the first time a dialogue or conflict between two individuals to take place on the stage and in front of an audience. The innovations made possible by Aeschylus’s introduction of a second character are very significant. In addition, an actor could leave the stage and reappear in the guise of another character, thus permitting an increase in the overall number of persons represented. In his later plays, Aeschylus used three actors, allowing him to feature a large number of characters, as in The Libation Bearers, the second play of the Oresteia trilogy.
23. According to the passage, it is difficult to grasp the importance of Aeschylus’s innovations, because ----.. A) he, as his successor, parodied Thespis’s elevated style B) they are believed to have come into being rather quickly C) the plays of his antecedents have not been retained D) his surviving trilogy was singled out in terms of its content E) his plays expressed the confidence and authority of an emerging empire 24. As indicated in the passage, prior to Aeschylus, drama ----.. A) had choral lyrics in which short dialogues between chorus and characters intervened B) primarily focused on the conflicts between different characters C) was dominated by long and continuous choral lyrics D) had been specifically performed for the audience E) was confined to a single character represented by a speaker or a singer
25. It is understood from the passage that ---.. A) Aeschylus’s dramatic poetry is hard to comprehend, as he depicted sophisticated characters B) the audience of the time objected to the idea that a second actor caused chaos on stage C) Aeschylus was inspired by Thespis in his attempts to introduce a second character into his plays D) with Aeschylus’s initiation, a conversation or a clash was realized by the acts of two actors on stage E) most Greek tragedies had at least three actors on stage or in the chorus
26. It is clearly stated in the passage that ---.. A) Aeschylus’s last play, Oresteia, was a trilogy where numerous kinds of legends were expressed B) in order to raise the number of characters on stage, performers in Aeschylus’s plays changed costumes and played other parts C) a heroic image was depicted throughout the plays by the actors representing different characters D) developments in drama brought by Aeschylus had been controversial for a long time E) Aeschylus was a man of the stage who even acted in his own plays in disguise with other actors 27. At the beginning of every term, Harvard students are able to enjoy a one-week 'shopping period'. ----. There is a spirited quality to this stretch, a sense of intellectual possibility as students pop in and out of lecture halls, grabbing syllabi and listening for twenty minutes or so before rushing away to other classes. It's quite an amazing event and the atmosphere is truly stimulating.. A) As soon as the 'shopping period' ends, the fun of learning begins. B) They can sample as many courses as they like and thus prepare the most appropriate schedule. C) It is an exceptionally good setting for an act of political theatre. D) During this period they take notes in lectures for exams. E) It may be hard to get into Harvard, but it is easy to get out without learning much.
28. Assistant :- Good morning. Can I help you? Mr Jones :- ---Assistant :- Well, both of them have their advantages. Mr Jones :- I’m sure they do. I’d better let her choose.. A) A laptop is more expensive than a desktop. B) No, thanks. I’m just looking around. C) Perhaps. I’m looking for a present for my daughter. Could you suggest something suitable for a university student? D) Yes, I want to buy a computer for my daughter but I am not sure whether to buy a laptop or a desktop. E) Later, perhaps. When I’ve decided what I want.
29. Her aquatic undertakings captured the public imagination and brought her unexpected fame.. A) Her investigations into life in the oceans earned her the admiration of the general public. B) Her underwater adventures appealed to the general public and soon she became quite famous. C) As her understanding of the sea-bed grew she attracted considerable attention and even became famous. D) She contributed greatly to our knowledge of aquatic life and deserves her fame. E) People were enthralled by her undersea missions and, surprisingly, she became famous. 30. (I) The social unrest of the Sixties was international. (II) Its roots lay in the political struggles and social transformations of the postwar period. (III) Mass culture made its most powerful impact in the visual world, especially through film. (IV) Of these, the most important were the anticolonial and civil rights movements. (V) Especially, anticolonial movements reflected a growing racial consciousness and also helped to encourage that consciousness.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
Controlled diet studies ---- that saturated fat increases cholesterol levels..
6.
German troop transfers ---- greater if their territorial acquisitions ---- so dramatic..
A) prescribed A) can be / was not
B) confirmed
B) could have been / had not been
C) disturbed
C) may be / will not be
D) regretted
D) is / was not
E) deduced
E) would be / might not be 2.
Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ---- 20 per cent of them to the US..
7.
As regards breast changes, our definition ----“normal” varies ---- age and experience.. A) of / with
A) almost
B)
B) fairly
for / from
C) at / over
C) respectively
D) in / for
D) initially
E) with / by
E) extensively 8. 3.
Britain plays by far the biggest role, ---31 per cent of all foreign investment in the US..
He was advised not to discontinue this medicine ---- this might bring a recurrence of the complaint.. A) so that
A) accounting for
B) despite
B) making up for
C) until
C) setting up
D) as
D) running out of
E) due to
E) coping with 9. 4.
Having read so many contemporary American writers, I ---- to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ---- in England. .
Most of us think that random events tend to be equally spread, ---- the contrary seems to be true: randomness tends to occur in clusters.. A) as if
A) was beginning / will have been written B) had begun / has been written C) have begun / would have been written D) would begin / is being written
B) but C) so D) moreover E) since
E) began / was being written 5.
The miners who ---- exploitation helped --- the principles of modern labour law: “Pay by the hour”.. A) had resisted / to be shaping B) resisted / shape C) will resist / to shape D) have resisted / to be shaped E) resist / shaping
10. Humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep their core body temperatures pretty much constant ---- differences in the temperature in the world around them.. A) as of B) regardless of C) instead of D)
in terms of
E)
because of
11. A structural formula is a chemical formula that shows how the atoms are bonded to ---- in a molecule.. A) another B) others C) the others D) each other E) every other 12. In September, the weather in Ankara is not ----warm ---- it is in İzmir.. A) too / so B) the same / as C) more / as D) so / unlike E) as / as 13. Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, ---- problems are solved using algebraic methods.. A) in that B) in which C) by whom D) which E) whichever
Light exercise helps to keep brains healthy, at least in rats. University of Florida scientists (I) --- active and sedentary rats, then examined samples (II) ---- their brain tissue. The active animals had less of the oxidative damage that had been thought to result from aging and to cause(III) ---- types of mental illness. Mild exercise was enough; the healthier rats had access to a spinning wheel, which they used (IV) ---- every day, although they were not forced to do so. The sedentary rats (V) ---- no source of exercise.
14. I. A) tracking B) tracked C) will be tracking D) will have tracked E) track 15. II. A) of B) to C) for D) through
19. The story of the Trojan War is told in Homer's Iliad ----.. A) whereas the position of Troy was of vital importance for the control of sea traffic between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara B) whereby the war was ended through the trick of the Wooden Horse C) while, according to others, Troy was destroyed by fire D) so that, in the late 3rd millennium B.C., Troy became a prosperous trading centre E) where Achilles is the major hero of the Greeks, and Hector of the Trojans 20. As Haring's short but intensely active career shows, ----.. A) so that fine artists could reach a broader public B) it is still possible for original artists to attract the attention of a wide public C) In addition to what had been achieved so far D) unless these artists wanted to reach a wider public E) if only he hasn\'t committed himself to commercial interests
E) by 16. III. A) applicable B) supplementary C) healthy D) reasonable E) various 17. IV. A) hardly B) occasionally C) completely D) abominably E) enviously 18. V. A) having B) have C) had D) have had E) will have had
21. The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 per cent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary. . A) Pentagon‘a göre, ülke içinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yüzde 25‘i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon, ülke içindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yüzde 25‘ine gereksinim duymadığını belirtmiştir. C) Pentagon‘un hesaplarına göre, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yüzde 25‘ine hiç gereksinim yoktur. D) Pentagon, ülkedeki askeri tesislerin yaklaşık yüzde 25‘inin gereksiz olduğunu hesaplamıştır. E) Ülkedeki askeri tesislerin aşağı yukarı yüzde 25‘ine gereksinim olmadığı konusunda Pentagon kararlıdır.
22. Yaşlıların gençleri sayıca geçeceği bir gelecekten korkan pek çok hükûmet, insanları çocuk sahibi olmaya teşvik etmek için ne gerekiyorsa yapmaktadır.. A) Fearful of a future in which the elderly outnumber the young, many governments are doing whatever they can to encourage people to have children B) Most governments, afraid of a future in which there are more elderly than young people, are taking whatever measures they can in order to persuade people to have more children. C) In order to urge people to have more and more children, a number of governments, which fear that the elderly will outnumber the young in the future, are introducing whatever incentives they can. D) Various governments fear a future in which the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, and are hence doing their best in order to convince people to have children E) Since governments are afraid that, in the future, the number of the elderly will exceed that of the young, they are doing all they can so that people may have more children
Studies reveal that even subtle, artificial or seemingly unimportant exclusion can lead to strong emotional reactions. A strong reaction makes sense when you are rejected or ignored by your family or close friends, because they are important to you. It is more remarkable that intense feelings of rejection can emerge even when people close to us are not involved. We can feel awful even after people we have never met simply look the other way. This reaction serves an important function. It warns us that something is wrong, that there exists a serious threat to our social and psychological well-being. Psychologists argue that belonging, self-esteem, a sense of control over your life and a belief that existence is meaningful constitute four fundamental psychological needs that we must meet to function as social individuals. Exclusion threatens all these needs. Even in a verbal or physical dispute, individuals are still connected. Total exclusion, however, cuts all bonds. Worse than this, the imposed silence forces us to think about the event in detail, generating self-critical thoughts in our search for an explanation.This forced isolation also makes us feel helpless: You can fight back, but no one will respond. Finally, exclusion makes our very existence feel less meaningful because this type of rejection makes us feel isolated and unimportant.
23. The author of the passage thinks the results of studies on exclusion are surprising in that ----.. A) negative feelings of exclusion occur only after rejection by close friends or family members B) people who have been excluded are usually those who consider relationships unimportant C) even people who do not matter to us personally can hurt us by ignoring us or keeping us out D) most people experience no negative feelings after being rejected by social groups E) a person with a wide network of social connections will experience less rejection 24. We can understand from the passage that human beings ----.. A) are social beings who require membership in a group to function properly B) exclude individuals for valid reasons that must be resolved by the individual C) are essentially sensitive beings who exclude others only by accident D) are different from all other living organisms in the extent of their need for social ties E) rarely experience very strong feelings of rejection
25. According to the passage, exclusion ----.. A) can be productive if it generates selfreflection and an improvement in behaviour B) is a very real threat to our psychological welfare C) is the result of lack of control over our behaviour in social situations D) makes us more physically aggressive, leading to further isolation E) is the most effective way for humans to deal with problems in their lives
26. According to the passage, having an argument or physical fight is preferable to exclusion because ----.. A) acting out disagreements is a primary psychological need B) built-up feelings of aggression will only cause greater future violence C) the individual is still part of the group and has ties to others D) human beings often find deep meaning in disagreements and conflicts E) sometimes using force is the only way to achieve certain aims 27. The year 1960 seemed golden and full of promise. Despite nearly constant international tension, everyday life in Europe and North America seemed to be improving. Economies recovered, many standards of living rose, and new forms of culture flourished. The economic horizon looked bright. ----. Western Europeans could no longer be so certain of their prosperity or of their leaders‘ ability to provide the sort of life they took for granted.. A) Legal changes would not have occurred without women‘s movements of the time B) These changes marked a new culture of mass consumption boosted by marketing, advertising, and credit payment C) However, by 1990, most of the familiar landscape had been dramatically transformed D) The civil rights movement in the US had enormous significance for the twentieth century E) The most serious outbreak of student unrest in Europe came in Paris in the spring of 1968
28. Mrs Brown : The post you have applied for involves a lot of travelling. Have you been abroad much? Mr White :---Mrs Brown : Why did you go there? Mr White : The company sent me there to attend a conference.. A) No, I haven’t. This will be the first time. B) Well, I’ve been to central Europe once, to Hungary. C) I have not thought of travelling abroad. D) I did not know that this job requires travelling. E) Travelling is my hobby.
29. The 1980s brought a surge of new interest in expanding the definition of intelligence.. A) Efforts to widen the definition of intelligence are immensely characteristic of the 1980s. B) It was during the 1980s that the definition of intelligence attracted some attention C) During the 1980s the desire to broaden the definition of intelligence re-appeared with compelling force. D) With the 1980s radical new definitions of intelligence suddenly and unexpectedly came into being E) With the 1980s came the compulsive desire to narrow the definitions of intelligence. 30. (I) The eruption of Nevada del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 illustrates how a lack of monitoring and poor evacuation can lead to loss of life. (II) The eruption itself was a small one and didn‘t kill anyone. (III) Disaster came later when molten rock melted the ice cap. (IV) This caused mudflows which wiped out 230, 000 people. (V) Sometimes there are early signs that an eruption is imminent. . A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
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1.
The ---- of wasting in people with AIDS is similar to that seen in people who die from starvation..
6. People generally ---- to go the opera as if they ---- to an official wedding ceremony. .
A) degree A) are dressing up / go
B) solution
B) dressed up / had gone
C) cure
C) will dress up / have gone
D) reversal
D) dress up / were going
E) relief
E) would dress up / could go 2.
It is hoped that these ---- projects will lead to a better understanding of typhoons and improve short-term weather forecasting..
7.
A) defensive
3.
B) excessive
A) from / with
C) comprehensive
B) by / in
D) regrettable
C)
E) forceful
D) in / for
The worst fires firemen have to ---- are those that emit stifling smoke and noxious gases..
E) 8.
A) take over
4.
to / by
through / about
---- he was aware of the dangers of this kind of research, he still continued with the project..
B) put over
A) If
C) fill out
B) Even though
D) cope with
C) So that
E) pull through
D) Whereas
Many parts of rural America ---- to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ---- in the country during the nineteenth century.. A) continued / have arrived
5.
Roger Revelle’s calculations about what happens to the carbon dioxide released --- the burning of fossil fuels were correct ---- showing that much of it would end up in the sea..
E) However 9.
---- everyone appears to dislike a person who is known as a 'gossip, ' it is an exceedingly unusual individual who doesn’t enjoy a bit of gossip..
B) have continued / would have arrived
A) If
C) continue / arrived
B) Unless
D) would have continued / were arriving
C) Although
E) will continue / would arrive
D) Whenever
At present, the number of species estimated ---- extinct as a result of human activity is still far smaller than those ---- during the major mass extinctions of the geological past.. A) to have gone / observed B) going / to observe C) to go / have been observed D) having gone / to be observed E) gone / observing
E) Once
10. In veterinary medicine, federal governments and professional associations keep data on animal euthanasia and, ---- the research results obtained so far, have developed guidelines and procedures.. A) in the hope of B) as of C)
in case of
D)
in accordance with
E) on behalf of
11. Actually, though he and I are both hydrologist, ---- duties and responsibilities are rather different; he is more concerned with flood defense activities, whereas ---- field is strategic planning.. A) their / his B) our / my C) your / our D) his / mine E) my / your 12. Wellington's abandonment of an attempt to make a Tory government was not ---due to threats of civil war ---- to Peel's refusal to join a Tory government.. A) so far/as if B) as/as C) as much / than D) so much / as E) even / more 13. During the wars ---- followed the French Revolution, Belgium was occupied by France and later annexed.. A) whether B) who C) when D) that E) as
People may bruise easily because of fragile capillaries in the skin. Each time these small blood vessels break, a little blood (I) ----, leaving tiny red dots in the skin and bluish-purple bruises. Women seem more prone than men to bruising from a minor injury, especially (II) ---the thighs, buttocks, and upper arms. Older people are especially susceptible to bruising after bumps and falls (III) ---- they have fragile blood vessels and a thinner layer of fat under the skin, which normally serves as a cushion to help protect against injury. For most people, the condition isn’t serious, but bruising easily (IV) --- a sign that something is wrong with the blood clotting elements, most likely the platelets. Blood tests can determine if (V) ----problems exist.
14. I. A) passes by B) comes up C) runs away D) breaks off E) leaks out 15. II. A) on B) with C) throughout D) through E) over 16. III. A) unless B) even so C) because D) whereas E) so that 17. IV. A) has to be B) should be C) would be D) may be E) will be
18. V. A) such B) no C) much D) so E) many
19. If only he'd sought the advice of an expert ----.. A) the whole family had been spared a great deal of worry B) his financial position has already started to improve C) his business affairs wouldn\'t be in such a terrible state now D) the legal charges have obviously been needlessly excessive E) the situation hadn\'t got completely out of control 20. ----, they are rising in the prosperous northern parts.. A) Since more births will be an alternative to accepting millions of immigrants from beyond Europe B) Because the EU\'s lowest fertility rates are all to be found in its southern countries C) Even though the main factors affecting birth rates were apparently cultural and socioeconomic D) While birth rates continue to fall in the poorer and more traditional south of Italy E) Although many young women feel they cannot have both children and a career
21. The European Union is engaged in a variety of programmes all around the world to promote and protect the rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war. . A) Tüm dünyada özellikle savaşan ülkelerdeki çocuklar için çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için Avrupa Birliği birçok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birliği dünyada savaşan ülkelerin çocuklarının haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programları destekliyor. C) Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada, özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerde, çocuk haklarını desteklemek ve korumak için çeşitli programlarla ilgileniyor. D) Avrupa Birliği özellikle savaştan etkilenen ülkelerin çocuklarını desteklemek ve korumak için tüm dünyada çeşitli programlar düzenliyor. E) Özellikle çocukların savaştan etkilendiği ülkelerdeki çocuk haklarını destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birliği tüm dünyada çeşitli programlarla ilgilidir.
22. ABD, Arap petrolünün serbest akışını sağlamak için askerî güç dahil gerekli her vasıtayı kullanmaya kendini resmen bağımlı kılmıştır.. A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil, the USA has officially decided to resort to any means imaginable, including military force. B) The USA is officially committed to the use of any means necessary, including military force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil. C) It is a determined policy of the USA to make sure, through the official use of any means, including military force, that Arab oil flows freely. D) The USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) It is the official policy of the USA to ensure the free flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force.
For decades, nets and sprays have been the only effective methods for controlling the mosquitoes that cause malaria. However, Spanish chemist Pilar Mateo thinks she can do better with her invention of embedding pesticides in microcapsules stirred into house paints at her Valencia company. The insecticides are released from the paint slowly, remaining effective for two to four years, while sprays need to be reapplied at least every six months. “The paint acts like a vaccine for houses,” she says. The amounts of pesticides released from the paint are harmless to people but are devastating to insects, according to the tests made by scientists. The paint has already been approved for use in fifteen countries, including China and England. Mateo is seeking approval in the US and a recommendation from the World Health Organization. She says she has received offers to buy her patent but refuses to sell out. Instead, her new venture, another company in Africa, will produce it commercially at a factory in Ghana and employ a great number of workers. “By taking production outside Spain, we can reduce the cost and make it more accessible,” she says. Her idea is to sell the paint as an affordable alternative to sprays. After years of donating paint to poor people in Latin America, Mateo wants to fund her broader humanitarian efforts. “It’s not just the insects that are the problem”, she says, “It’s the poverty.”
23. According to the passage, Mateo’s invention ----.. A) provides easy application and proves to be more effective than other methods B) has been guided by the World Health Organization and initially applied in the US C) is supported primarily by the funds from China and England D) has resulted from a collaborative work of scientists from different countries E) has attracted much attention especially from developed countries 24. According to the passage, the paint ----.. A) reveals different results in some parts of the world B) needs to be stirred well before application C) has a long-lasting effect when compared to sprays D) releases pesticides every six months E) should be used in houses where people have been vaccinated
25. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.. A) the paint may not be as common as sprays, since they have long been in use for pest control B) Mateo will also contribute to the economy of a less well-off nation with her new project C) greater amounts of pesticides are required in Latin American countries D) the use of the paint will be restricted to fifteen countries around the world E) people in poor countries may not be able to afford to buy the paint because of its high cost
26. It can be understood from the passage that Mateo ----.. A) has made important donations to Latin American countries with the help of the US B) is thought to be the most successful inventor in the field of pest control C) has tried to sell her patent, but could not manage to do so D) is the first to make use of microencapsulation technology E) ultimately plans to fight against poverty through her lucrative enterprises
27. Nineteenth-century liberals had confidence in science. Not only did science deliver technological and material progress, but it also confirmed liberals‘ faith in the power of human reason to uncover and command the laws of nature. ---- Evolutionary theory, psychology and social sciences all introduced visions of humanity that were sharply at odds with conventional liberal wisdom. At the same time, artists and intellectuals mounted their own revolt against nineteenth-century conventions. Morals, manners, institutions, and traditions: all established values and assumptions were under question.. A) Geologists have always challenged the Biblical account of creation. B) These upheavals in the world of ideas unsettled older conceptions of individuality. C) Towards the end of the century, however, scientific developments defied these expectations. D) The scientists of the time held the view that the world had been formed over millions of years. E) The implications of Darwin‘s writings went far beyond the domain of the evolutionary sciences. 28. Jack: I never knew you were an urban explorer. Is that what you were doing at the weekend? Sam:Yes, I've been doing it for about a year now. Jack:---Sam: I just love the thrill of exploring, especially in the abandoned tunnels under the streets.. A) It sounds like a thrilling experience. Is it scary? B) How long have you been exploring such places? C) Is it just something to do at the weekend? D) In your opinion, which is the best city to go urban exploring? E) So you explore old forgotten places in our cities. Why do you do it?
29. Clinton is said to be charismatic because he seems to embody the virtue of caring when he speaks.. A) Because people are very impressed by what Clinton says, they admire him and think that he has a great deal of charisma. B) Because, through his speech, Clinton can move people, they believe that charisma is a distinctive quality of his character. C) Since in addressing people Clinton appears to be genuinely concerned, it is said that he has charisma. D) People are always very concerned when Clinton addresses them, and so they regard him as a very charismatic person. E) When Clinton addresses people, he arouses their feelings so much that they admire him for his charismatic personality. 30. (I) In a small firm the manager may perform the role of cost accountant, salesman, personnel officer, stock controller etc. (II) However, as a firm increases in size it can take advantage of specialization of labour. (III) Each managerial role can be allocated to a specialist in that field. (IV) Many firms spend a lot of money on research and development. (V) Furthermore, bigger firms can buy in-management services and afford large in-house salaries to entice and retain the best management.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
2.
3.
For the information systems to work properly, you need to ---- the technology to suit the situation..
6.
A) convince
A) has read / realized
B) adjust
B) reads / has realized
C) reduce
C) is reading / realizes
D) sustain
D) were reading / had realized
E) explain
E) had read / would have realized
In spite of the widespread effects of Christianity on the Anglo-Saxons, they clung ---- to many of the superstitions and customs from their pagan past..
7.
For decades presidents have been coming ---- plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will run ---- its key source of energy: oil..
A) hardly
A) up with / out of
B) firmly
B) out of / up against
C) rapidly
C) down to / away from
D) fairly
D) up for / through
E) urgently
E) over to / into
Recent findings answer key questions about how tumour cells ---- residence in other parts of the body..
8.
A) cut down
4.
If he ---- the conditions of the insurance policy carefully, he ---- that it did not cover such eventualities..
---- climate change seems likely to threaten the entire world’s health, an ever greater number of political leaders are insisting that something must be done to stop it..
B) pull up
A) Even though
C) slow down
B) Now that
D) wait for
C) Provided that
E) take up
D) As if
With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments ---- more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall ----.. A) became / falls
E) Even if 9.
---- Charles Dickens himself had a very hard childhood, he found it possible to write novels which contain humour and have happy endings..
B) are becoming / would fall C) were becoming / has fallen D) had become / was falling E) have become / fell
A) If B) Before C) When D) Although
5.
When windmills and well pumps ----, one of its first uses on the farm besides ---water for animals was for cooling milk, to extend the storage life before being transported to the town market.. A) had invented / to provide B) have been invented / being provided
E) Unless 10. ---- the eminent Victorian biologist Thomas Huxley, the great sea fisheries were inexhaustible.. A) In accord with B) In view of
C) are invented / provide
C) With regard to
D) were invented / providing
D) According to
E) were being invented / to be provided
E) In the case of
11. As regards the decision to modernise the mines in the region, here is a report which contains ---- relevant information.. A) another B) any C) many D) a E) some 12. Networks without controlled access can --- ensure the security or privacy of stored data, ---- keep network resources from being exploited by 'hackers'.. A) neither / nor B) so / as C) only / but D) rather / than E) also / but 13. Water, indispensable and abundant, provides the environment ---- nearly all the body’s internal activities are conducted.. A)
in which
B) whose C) wherever D) by what E) however
Fifteen million Europeans are infected by the hepatitis B and C viruses, and chronic hepatitis is responsible for two-thirds of all cirrhoses and cancers of the liver. Thanks to experience with HIV, we (I) ----multi-therapy strategies in our fight (II) ---- hepatitis, combining several drugs to reduce the development of any resistance. These strategies now allow us to completely (III) ---- the virus from the patient’s body in 50% of hepatitis C cases. (IV) ---- , multi-therapy treatment can only halt hepatitis B, not cure it. This is why vaccination is (V) ---- important.
14. I. A) have developed B) had developed C) may have developed D) will have developed E) must have developed 15. II. A) to B) against C) about D) towards E) of 16. III. A) eradicate B) cancel C) delay D) clean E) disappear 17. IV. A) Accordingly B) Besides C) As a result D) On the other hand E) As well as
18. V. A) such B) just C) as well D) both E) so
19. Because Latvian ethnic identity was suppressed throughout its history by foreign rulers, ----.. A) the new Latvian republic has set up strict citizenship laws, limiting the citizenship to ethnic Latvians B) the EU had begun negotiations for the admission of Latvia as a member C) the Latvian government would have speeded up the naturalization process of the country\'s minorities D) the easing of its citizenship rules cannot be disputed E) the Latvian government will have refused citizenship to the country\'s 740 000 ethnic Russians 20. After enjoying an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the early and mid 1990s, ----.. A) structural reforms would have done little or nothing to reduce the income inequality in Latin America B) Latin America Is now facing economic stagnation C) the political mood in Latin America had shifted sharply to the left D) everybody admitted that the International Monetary Fund (IMP) had been at fault E) the Latin American countries would have followed the advice of analysts and looked to Korea as a role model
21. It is time to recall that the European Union was founded on the basis of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, including the right to a fair trial.. A) Bir kez daha anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği‘nin temeli, insan haklarına, temel özgürlüklere ve adil yargılanma hakkını da içeren hukukun üstünlüğüne dayalıdır B) Her zaman anımsanmalıdır ki Avrupa Birliği‘nin dayandığı temel, insan hakları, temel özgürlük-ler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve buna bağlı adil yargılanma hakkıdır C) İnsan hakları, temel özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü ve bunun bir parçası olan adil yargılanma hakkının, Avrupa Birliği‘nin temelini oluşturduğu hususu her zaman anımsanmalıdır D) Avrupa Birliği‘nin, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler ve, adil yargılanma hakkı dahil, hukukun üstünlüğü temeli üzerine kurulduğunu anımsamanın zamanıdır E) Avrupa Birliği‘nin temelinde, insan hakları, temel özgürlükler, adil yargılanma hakkı ve hukukun üstünlüğünün olduğunu anımsamanın tam zamanıdır
22. Yıllık olarak üretilen 67 milyon ton dokuma ipliğinin yarısından fazlası petrolden elde edilen sentetiklerdir.. A) Half of the synthetics produced from petroleum within a year make up more than 67 million tons of textile fibres. B) Annually, 67 million tons of textile fibres are produced, almost half of which are synthetics based on petroleum C) About half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres which are produced in a year are synthetics made essentially from petroleum. D) More than half of the 67 million tons of textile fibres produced annually are synthetics made from petroleum. E) Petroleum-based synthetics account for about half of the annual production of textile fibres, which amounts to 67 million tons.
Scientists have urged national leaders for years to tackle climate change, based on the assumption that all nations should take steps in harmony for the success of their prevention efforts. But as anyone who has watched the past 15 years of international climate negotiations can attest, most countries are still reluctant to take meaningful steps to lower their production of greenhouse gases, much less address issues such as how to help developing countries protect themselves from the extreme effects of climate change. Mayors and urban managers are taking over as they have a keener sense about how changing weather patterns will affect their cities’ political and economic futures. Indeed, within months after Hurricane Katrina’s landfall, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group launched in London in October 2005, and the World Mayors Council on Climate Change (WMCCC) got its start in Kyoto that December. As of June 2011, more than 190 mayors and other local authorities, representing some 300 million people from around the world, have also signed a voluntary pact sponsored by the WMCCC to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They are tackling climate change, as their cities are suffering from floods, rising sea levels and heat waves. They are innovating ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, prevent further changes in weather patterns and benefit from transportation systems that protect the environment
23. It is obvious from the passage that scientists have long encouraged national leaders to address the issue of climate change ----.. A) as they believe that prevention efforts require the coordinated actions of entire nations to be effective B) so that developed countries can persistently protect themselves from the extreme effects of climate change C) with an aim to make developing countries take significant steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions D) because most cities are suffering from catastrophes such as floods, rising sea levels and heat waves E) in order that city leaders and urban managers should minimize the costs of the measures taken to prevent climate change
24. It is emphasized in the passage that ----.. A) Hurricane Katrina became the moment of awakening, especially for national leaders, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions B) national leaders have been supporting urban managers to tackle climate change through sponsored projects C) national leaders are better equipped than mayors to plan the control of climate change more successfully D) local leaders have often taken better steps than national leaders to cope with climate change E) scientists should first encourage mayors and urban managers, not presidents, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
25. It can be understood from the passage that shortly after the devastation Hurricane Katrina caused in 2005, ----.. A) climate negotiations started to focus more on the issues of greenhouse gas emissions B) two major alliances of city mayors were formed in order to combat climate-related problems C) national leaders came together to take unprecedented measures against greenhouse gas emissions D) both civic leaders and presidents began to take more effective and coordinated actions E) a voluntary pact was signed to deal with climate change more efficiently 26. One point made in the passage is that there are evidently extreme effects of climate change, ----.. A) thus the World Mayors Council on Climate Change prioritized some steps to prevent rising sea levels in some countries B) so most countries are increasingly helping developing nations tackle the climaterelated problems C) yet the C40 mayors know exactly which countries can help them to deal with catastrophes D) though mayors and urban managers are not making any attempts to collaborate with national leaders E) but most countries seem unwilling to take important measures to lessen their greenhouse gas emissions
27. One of the causes of World War II was the failure to create lasting, binding standards for peace and security in Europe in particular and in the world at large. Diplomats spent the 1920s, trying to restore such standards. Some put their faith in the legal and moral authority of the League of Nations. ---Throughout the decade, a number of leading European statesmen tried to reach a set of agreements that would stabilize the peace and prevent rearmament.. A) Despite the good faith of many statesmen involved, none of these agreements carried any real weight. B) Economic conditions in Europe were another important cause of renewed conflict. C) Others saw disarmament as the most promising means of guaranteeing peace. D) Politicians feared international relations would be undermined by the growing imbalance of power in Europe. E) Moreover, the economic depression of the 1930s contributed in several ways to the coming of the war.
28. John:- Creditors always carry a remote risk of extreme loss. Terry:- How do they protect themselves against it? John:- ---Terry:- I think it’s a good idea.. A) Actually, a number of banks have gone bankrupt. B) I think most loans are not paid back in time. C) The government provides a variety of incentives. D) Most economists can anticipate the amount of future losses. E) They invest in Treasury bonds.
29. Critics have disagreed as to whether Antigone or Creon is the protagonist of Sophocles‘ play Antigone.. A) The question whether the main character in Antigone, which is a play by Sophocles, is Antigone or Creon is a matter of controversy among critics. B) As regards Sophocles‘ play Antigone, critics have pointed out that it is not certain whether Antigone or Creon is a more important character. C) To what extent Antigone or Creon becomes the leading character in Sophocles‘ Antigone has led critics into a futile discussion. D) According to various critical views, in his play Antigone, Sophocles does not make it clear whether Antigone or Creon is the most important character. E) There is much controversy among critics that, in his play Antigone, Sophocles has failed to make Antigone or Creon the leading character. 30. (I) Patriarchy does not simply mean that men rule. (II) Otherwise, through a process of cultural evolution, societies that adopted this particular social system maximized their population. (III) Indeed, it is a particular value system that not only requires men to marry but to marry a woman of proper station. (IV) It competes with many other male visions of good life, and for that reason alone is prone to come in cycles. (V) Yet before it degenerates, it is a cultural regime that serves to keep birth-rates high among the affluent while also maximizing parents‘ investments in their children.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
B
2
B
3
E
4
E
5
D
6
E
7
A
8
B
9
D
10
D
11
E
12
A
13
A
14
A
15
B
16
A
17
D
18
E
19
A
20
B
21
D
22
D
23
A
24
D
25
B
26
E
27
C
28
E
29
A
30
B
7
1.
2.
A strong ---- exists between a country‘s wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens..
5.
There are many inter-related issues ---hunger, which ---- to economics and other factors that cause poverty..
A) coincidence
A) causing / are related
B) correlation
B) caused / were related
C) consideration
C) to cause / have related
D) determination
D) cause / are relating
E) interpretation
E) to have caused / have related
Only a few foods supply ---- amounts of vitamin D, notably those derived from animals..
6.
If I ---- a similar kind of research, I ---- on just two decades.. A) will do / concentrate
A) decisive
B) had done / concentrated
B) significant
C) have done / would have concentrated
C) compulsive
D) were doing / would concentrate
D) previous
E) did / will concentrate
E) alien 7. 3.
Finally, the commissioners settled on a short, simple, constitutional amendment granting Congress the authority to ---guidelines for selecting temporary members in an emergency..
A) in / of
A) hold up
B) on / with
B) bring down
C) over / by
C) call out
D) at / from
D) serve up
E) for / to
E) set up 4.
Most companies would prefer to concentrate ---- domestic rather than foreign markets because of their greater familiarity ---- their own environments..
Of all the arts it ---- to classical music that Germany ---- the greatest contribution..
8.
---- a new anti-viral drug is developed, scientists first test it on the hepatitis C virus.. A) Even if
A) had been / made
B) Before
B) is / has made
C) Since
C) has been / had made
D) Because
D) was / will have made
E) Whenever
E) might be / would have made
9.
He realized that the world could run out of key resources, ---- he was a harsh critic of the wastefulness of modern industrial society. .
13. The part of an animal ---- gases are exchanged with the environment is called the respiratory surface.. A) how
A) so that B) whether C) so long as D) and so E) but 10. Compared with industrialized economies, most developing countries are poor in the essential factors of production ---capital and skilled labour.. A) more than B) either C) so that D) the most E) such as 11. At the equator, plants grow faster and bigger than ---- else on Earth.. A) somewhere B) anywhere C) where D) wherever E) everywhere 12. With a nuclear weapon, the objective is to release the energy ---- rapidly ---possible and produce a nuclear explosion.. A) as / as B) both / and C) either / or D) so / that E) not only / but also
B) which C) whatever D) what E) where
Not so long ago, doctors in the West were forbidden (I) ---- remove kidney stones, since that was reserved for surgeons. However, the latest technology makes the distinction (II) ---- . Today, kidney stones can be dealt with by using a dose of shock waves to break them up ‒ with no cutting required. These waves are a particular sort of sound wave. More gentle sound waves, such as ultrasound, (III) ---- in medicine to peer inside the body and produce images of internal organs. Now, (IV) ---- light rays focused by alens can create extreme heat, so too can new ultrasound rays, generated from a specially-designed instrument, burn away tumours. Shock wave therapy, as it is known, is just one of a range of non-invasive techniques that reduce the need to slice people open in order to treat them. Such techniques promise to blur still further the (V) ---- sharp distinction between physician and surgeon.
14. I. A) about B) from C) by D) through E) to 15. II. A) inconsistent B) irrelevant C) incoherent D) particular E) contradictory 16. III. A) will long be employed B) would long be employed C) had long been employed D) have long been employed E) would long have been employed 17. IV. A) just as B) even if C) as though D) although E) whereas
18. V. A) ambiguously B) hastily C) formerly D) infinitely E) rarely 19. ----, they will know how to cope even in such a desperate situation.. A) If the firemen had been trained to meet any eventuality B) Since they are experienced Red Cross workers C) Though relief supplies came too late D) As soon as the medical supplies came through E) Even before anyone capable of supervising the work appeared 20. Since worrying never puts anything right, ----?. A) what is the point of worrying B) were they really convinced of the feasibility of the plan C) hadn\'t the time come to reach a final decision D) has the money still not been accounted for E) why are his worries so irrational
21. During World War II many Britons believed that Churchill was clearly the man to lead the country to final victory, but few expected him to go on after the war.. A) II. Dünya Savaşı‘nda ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak kişilerden birinin Churchill olduğuna inanan birçok İngiliz, onun savaştan sonra da liderliğini sürdüreceğini düşünüyordu. B) İngilizlerin çoğu, Churchill‘in, II. Dünya Savaşı‘nda ülkeyi nihaî zafere ulaştıracak kişi olduğuna inanmışsa da birkaçı onun savaştan sonra görevini sürdüreceğini sanıyordu. C) II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında pek çok İngiliz, Churchill‘in kesinlikle ülkeyi nihaî zafere götürecek kişi olduğuna inanıyor, ancak çok azı onun savaştan sonra devam etmesini umuyordu. D) II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca çoğu İngiliz, ülkeyi kesin zafere ulaştıracak tek kişi olan Churchill‘in, savaş sonrasında da görevini sürdüreceğini umuyordu. E) Churchill‘in II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkeyi mutlak zafere ulaştıracak adam olduğuna kesinlikle inanan pek çok İngilize karşın sadece birkaç İngiliz onun savaş sonrasında da devam etmesini bekliyordu. 22. Bildiğimiz gibi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri anayasasına göre, Kongre sınırsız bir yasama yetkisine sahip değildir.. A) As far as we know, the Constitution of the United States of America does not grant to Congress unlimited powers for legislation. B) As we know, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress does not have unlimited power of legislation. C) We know that, according to the Constitution of the United States of America, Congress cannot exercise unlimited power for legislation. D) As is well known to us all, Congress is denied by the Constitution of the United States of America the right to use unlimited power for legislation. E) As we all know, Congress‘s unlimited power of legislation has been curtailed by the Constitution of the United States of America
Environmental health has biologic, chemical, physical and sociological components, including the immediate and future conditions in which people live. In colonial America, little attention was paid to community hygiene and sanitation, and there was almost a complete lack of community organisation for better health services. During this time, epidemics of cholera, smallpox and dysentery continually occurred. Although such epidemics were attributed to environmental health hazards such as overcrowding, inadequate housing and impure water, little was done to improve these conditions. Early attempts to ensure environmental health included a law in 1610 that prohibited the throwing out of water from dirty clothes into the street, and required people to do the necessities of nature outside the town. Those who violated the law were often subjected to strict penalties. Such measures were more concerned with the aesthetics of the environment than with related health consequences, and environmental practices were frequently directed at keeping the environment attractive.
23. According to the passage, the term environmental health ----.. A) describes the emergence of epidemics B) has been around for a very long time C) refers to basic health standards D) still means little to American people E) includes many different factors 24. The main purpose of the passage is to ---.. A) give the reader an understanding of the importance of health care
25. It is clearly stated in the passage that in the past, ----.. A) dirty water was the biggest threat to health B) epidemics like cholera were not very deadly C) people were not acting collectively to provide improved health care D) serious steps were taken to prevent epidemics E) preventive health care was directed at both men and women 26. It can be understood from the passage that with the introduction of the law in 1610, people ----.. A) could be severely punished for contaminating the environment B) began to consult to the opinions of other people regarding sanitation C) found it hard to keep the environment appealing D) were obliged to wash their clothes in public places E) realized that hygiene included biologic, chemical and physical components 27. Musical notes are assigned different pitches, and are put together to form melodies. These may contain phrases, which can be thought of as musical sentences. Often, each phrase contains as many notes as can be sung comfortably in a single breath. ---- The flavour of melodies and harmonies often results from the types of scales – or collections of notes – that are used..
B) present a historical overview of the development of environmental health
A) The simultaneous sounding of a number of different notes creates harmony.
C) provide background information regarding American health practices
B) The basic materials of music are pitch and rhythm.
D) show the lack of understanding of environmental health in the past
C) Rhythm, at its most basic, is the beat of a piece of music and the metre
E) define what is meant by the term environmental health
D) Harmony can be regarded as the resolution of tension. E) As a general rule, the longer the string or column of air, the lower the pitch.
28. Joan :- My credit card bill arrived this morning. My debt is far greater than I had expected. Benjamin :- ---Joan :- No, but I always pay at least the required minimum. Benjamin :- Then that’s probably why it is so high. You pay interest on the remainder of your debt.. A) Had you repaid the whole of your debt? B) Didn’t you look at the details? C) Had the bank called you about your debt? D) Did you spend less last month? E) Were you expecting a higher bill? 29. Get your brother to fix the roof; he‘s quite the best person to do it.. A) Try to persuade your brother to fix the roof: he‘s good at such things. B) As he‘s good at things like that, why don‘t you get your brother to fix the roof? C) Your brother would mend the roof better than any one else; tell him to do it. D) Why don‘t you get your brother to fix the roof? I‘m sure he would. E) Since your brother is good at roof-fixing, ask him to do it. 30. (I) Academics are smart and fast, and, in non-scientific fields such as law and history, they can be very fluent. (II) They are able to supply plausible commentary at short notice on pretty much any subject that engages the interest of the public. (III) The greater that interest, the greater the outpouring of instant commentary. (IV) But when academics speak unprepared, especially about matters outside their area of expertise, the quality tends to go down. (V) Furthermore, topics such as foreign affairs, terrorism, security, the intricacies of politics and the like have been studied extensively.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
B
2
B
3
E
4
B
5
A
6
D
7
B
8
E
9
D
10
E
11
B
12
A
13
E
14
E
15
B
16
D
17
A
18
C
19
B
20
A
21
C
22
B
23
E
24
D
25
C
26
A
27
A
28
A
29
C
30
E
8
1.
The Sun’s gravitational pull on the moon is more than twice that ---- by the Earth. .
6.
If the prevalence of obesity ---- to rise at the present rate, some experts predict that by the year 2030, every adult in the US ---- overweight..
A) attempted A) continues / will be
B) undertaken
B) has continued / is
C) magnified
C) continued / could have been
D) replaced
D) is continuing / must be
E) exerted
E) had continued / would have been 2.
In the largely closed economies of the Gulf, private as well as public funds have ---- turned to real estate and equity markets, fuelling a dangerous speculative boom..
7.
An Indian drug company has offered to supply an anti-AIDS drug ---- sufferers in developing countries ---- less than onetwentieth of the standard cost in the West..
A) unlikely A) in / to
B) nominally
B) at / over
C) rapidly
C) with / for
D) still
D) to / at
E) tightly
E) on / with 3.
There were plenty of people willing to --- the experiment as the subject, “controlling emotions”, attracted them..
8.
A) fill out
4.
---- the inequality of income prevails in the economy and fails to have a uniform distribution, any poverty reduction strategy will prove to be futile. .
B) take part in
A) If
C) watch out for
B) Though
D) make do with
C) Whereas
E) open up
D) Unless
Investigations by modern doctors ---that Catherine the Great of Russia ---from syphilis.. A) have suggested / has suffered
E) In that 9.
The numbers of older persons with diabetes are expected to grow ---- the elderly population increases in number..
B) suggest / suffered
A) as
C) had suggested / was suffering
B) though
D) may have suggested / would have suffered
C) thus
E) suggested / suffers
D) now that E) even if
5.
Thomas Mathews in order ---- his point of view highly ---- the literary terminology and evidences from history and philosophy as well..
10. In Scandinavia, wild life in many rivers has been destroyed ---- the devastating power of acid rain..
A) to support / used
A) in spite of
B) supporting / use
B) because of
C) supported / is using
C) as opposed to
D) support / was used
D) in terms of
E) having supported / had used
E) as regards
11. Basel handles more foreign trade than --- town in Switzerland on account of its position on the Rhine River.. A) some other B) any other C) the other D) other E) one another 12. Engineering structures must conform ---to their type ---- to the laws of physics. . A) not only / but also B) as / as C) more / but D) both / as E) either / and 13. The Great Pyramid of Khufu, ---- is near Cairo, is one of the most famous monuments in the world.. A) who B) where C) which D) whom E) what
Investigating the relation between cell phones and cancer remains terribly difficult and (I) ---- . Brain cancer studies are particularly hard to conduct (II) ---- the tumours are rare and can take decades to develop.Most studies have addressed either malignant tumours such as glioma, or benign tumours such as meningioma or acoustic neuroma. The majority of the studies have found no link between cell phones and these types of cancer, but (III)---- have. Researchers of a university hospital in Sweden found increased risk(IV) ---- glioma and acoustic neuroma after ten or more years of regular cell phone use. They (V) ---- that current radiation limits for cell phones are unsafe.
14. I. A) inconclusive B) explicit C) obvious D) influential E) available 15. II. A) that B) unless C) although D) because E) while 16. III. A) none B) a few C) most D) much E) more 17. IV. A) against B) from C) for D) to E) about
18. V. A) concluded B) would have concluded C) would conclude D) should have concluded E) had concluded
19. France’s biggest problem is mass unemployment, ----.. A) since students are protesting against a new, more flexible job contract B) if employers transform permanent jobs into less secure ones C) which had been outside the control of the government for at least two decades D)
as long as the government continues to support the heavily-protected high-level workers
E) which has continued for more than two decades 20. In Britain last year, there were about 5.5 million residents born outside the country, ----.. A) whatever one means by Britishness, citizenship and integration B) since the government denies migrants free English lessons C) of whom only about 60 per cent were citizens D)
although many migrants work in situations that only require their native language
E) while British customs and institutions help people to integrate 21. Scientists tell us that 90 per cent of all matter in the universe consists of hydrogen.. A) Bilim adamlarının bize söylediğine göre, hidrojen içeren maddeler evrendeki tüm maddelerin yüzde 90’ını oluşturmaktadır. B) Bilim adamları bize, evrendeki tüm maddelerin yüzde 90’ının hidrojen içerdiğini söylemektedir. C) Hidrojenin evrendeki tüm maddelerin yüzde 90’ını oluşturduğu, bize bilim adamlarınca söylenen bir gerçektir. D) Bilim adamlarının bize söylediği gibi, hidrojen, evrendeki maddelerin yüzde 90’ında bulunmaktadır. E) Bilim adamları, hidrojenin, evrendeki tüm maddelerin yüzde 90’ını oluşturduğunu söylüyor.
22. Kadınların bilimsel araştırmalardaki durumuna ilişkin olarak denilebilir ki temel sorun, kadınları bilime çekmek değil, ancak yetiştirildikten sonra onları bilim içinde tutabilmektir.. A) On the part women play in scientific studies, it is to be emphasized that the initial problem is not if women find science attractive but if they can be involved in it after their training. B) One may argue about the position of women in scientific studies that the major problem is not how to attract women into science, but how to employ them as soon as they complete their training. C) With reference to the role of women in science, it must be stated that the primary problem is not whether women can take part in scientific research but whether they can be relied on after they have been trained. D) As for the role of women in scientific research, one can maintain that the ultimate problem is nowhether science is attractive to women but whether, following their training, they can contribute to it. E) As regards the status of women in scientific research, it may be said that the fundamental problem is not attracting them to science but retaining them in science after they have been trained.
Although most cities seem to form by accident, for thousands of years some of them have been designed. Whether for defence, beauty, or practicality, urban designers have imposed their ideas of what a city should be about. But ideas are subject to changing needs and fashions. Centuries ago, a moat or a castellated wall would have been essential. Now, greenery is in vogue. While existing cities look for ways of becoming more environmentally friendly, a number of new ones are planned that intend to be totally green. One of the seis Masdar. Masdar’s advertising states that 'one day, all cities will be built like this.' This is not the case. For one thing, Masdar is experimental and a work in progress. What emerges will not necessarily translate well elsewhere. Each green city is unique, and getting it to work depends on its location and economy.
23. One point emphasized in this passage by the writer is that ----.. A) cities that look attractive are not always well designed B) each green city must be individually designed C) a primary consideration throughout the ages has been to design cities that can withstand attack D) an established city cannot easily or economically, be modernized E) all our cities must be turned into green cities 24. According to the passage, cities, until recently ----.. A) have usually come into being quite naturally and of their own accord B) have only undergone carefully-designed change when large parts have been destroyed C) have boasted beautiful buildings, but poor infrastructure D) grew very slowly, if at all E) were built to house workers, and their comfort was scarcely taken into consideration
25. It is pointed out in the passage that fashion ----.. A) and necessity have fought for the control of urban development B) has often had a role to play in urban development C) may have encouraged the building of beautiful cities, but not of practical ones D) will soon dictate that all cities will be built in the style of Masdar E) is always changing so the style of Masdar will inevitably give way to other styles
26. It is clear from the passage that the city of Masdar ----.. A) follows a design suitable to all locations B) will be the prototype of all green cities C) will be constructed strictly in accordance with the design D) has been designed and is being built to be a green city E) will not turn out to be totally environmentally friendly 27. A Belgian doctor, who gave a man a new life after he was wrongly believed to be in a coma for 23 years, has begun to reexamine dozens of other cases. He reports that he has discovered some degree of consciousness in other patients but will not say how many. ---'It is unbelievably difficult to tell the difference, ' he says.. A) Not wanting to believe the Belgian doctors, the coma patient’s mother had taken him on five separate trips to the US for neurological testing. B) In the case of the coma patient, the man was put through a PET scan, which revealed his fully conscious mental state. C) Long before his intervention in the case three years ago, his patient had been declared by other doctors to be in a vegetative state following a car crash. D) He sees around 50 cases a year, most of which focus on identifying the fine distinction between a vegetative state and minimal consciousness. E) Since what he describes as his “rebirth” three years ago, the coma patient has been able to visit his father’s grave to witness the planting of a tree.
28. Jane : Can you do me a favour, please? Tony : Of course. Jane : Can you pick up my 12-year-old sister from the airport tomorrow, at 2 p.m.? Tony : ----. A) Wasn’t she rather young to be travelling on her own? B) I haven’t seen her for a long time, so I didn’t recognize her. C) Certainly. I’II be pleased to do so. D) She’s a very grown-up 12-year-old. E) You should have told her I’d be meeting her; then she wouldn’t have worried.
29. The pictures of the 18th-century painter, Hogarth, seem modern because of their wit and satire.. A) Hogarth gives an authentic picture of 18thcentury life which appeals to modern times. B) It is the detail and worldliness of the drawings of Hogarth that give them a modern touch, though they date from the 18th century. C) Though the scenes and the costumes in the drawings are very 18th century, there is still something modern about Hogarth‘s drawing. D) The appeal of Hogarth lies in the dramatic depiction of everyday life in the 18th century. E) There is a contemporary feel for the pictures of 18th-century painter, Hogarth, owing to their humour and satirical content. 30. (I) Caviar has held a place at the top of Russian menus under czarist, communist, and post-Soviet regimes alike. (II) Until the Russian economic crisis of 1998, even people with modest incomes could afford half a pound or so a month. (III) Caviar has always been treasured in Russia, where people believe that it provides relief from grief and despair. (IV) In Eastern Europe, caviar fetches as much as $700 a pound. (V) It is also prized for medical reasons since it contains lipids, vitamins, and albumen.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
In England, the general public’s ---- of medical advice from the government stems from the fact that, in the past, such information has often proved vastly inaccurate..
5.
Sweden is to be the first country ----up diplomatic relations with the online community in the hope ---- its profile around the world.. A) to open / of increasing
A) approval B) inadequacy C) mistrust D) distraction E) preference 2.
At present, interest rates are comparatively ---- ; let‘s hope they remain that way. . A) frequent B) uneasy C) consecutive D) comprehensive E) steady
3.
The report emphasizes that, due to serious acidification in the coastal waters, many marine organisms have ---.. A) died out B)
taken off
C)
used up
D) run down E) ended up 4.
The United States ---- expensive hightech solutions to the problem of landmine clearance, but simpler methods ---more preferable.. A) should pursue / were B) pursues / had been C) pursued / will have been D) would pursue / would have been E) has pursued / may be
B) opening / to increase C) opened / to be increasing D) to be opened / for increasing E) having opened / increase
6.
The healthy individual possesses means of arresting minor haemorrhages; if this ---- so, trivial cuts ---- to a fatal loss of blood.. A) was not / have led B) were not / would lead C) is not / led D) will not be / would have led E) would not be / had led
7.
Much can be learned from a study ---two Medicare bills that are currently working their way ---- Congress.. A) in / at B) for / into C) to / over D) of / through E) from / for
8.
---- a violent storm is over, it leaves a cooler ocean behind, lowering the likelihood that more storms will flare up, at least not immediately.. A) Once B) Even so C) Even if D) Since E) While
9.
---- Americans are generally marrying less, they still marry, divorce and especially remarry at rates higher than in most other countries.. A) As B) When C) Since D) Just as E) Even though
10. ---- other areas of policy analysis, foreign policy analysis also starts with a number of central questions about the nature of what is to be studied.. A) In place of B) By means of C) As opposed to D) Instead of E) As in
11. Chip-making is very competitive, so --- opportunity to cut costs and improve yields is highly prized.. A) all B) certain C) some D) any E) such 12. Research suggests that older children are ---- likely to develop allergies ---their younger siblings.. A) more / than B) most / from C) less / as D) least / than E) so / as 13. An earthquake is a movement of the earths surface ---- follows a setting free of energy at the surface of the earth.. A) where B) when C) whose D) whom E) which
Computers are now part of our everyday lives and there seems to be nothing out of the ordinary about them. However, the computers of the (I) ---- are a different proposition. They are already beginning to sound (II)---- science fiction. Super computers, many (III) ---- more powerful than today’s fastest machines, could be contained in a tiny drop of liquid. (IV)---would not be built of silicon, (V) ---- DNA, the stuff of life itself.
14. I. A) future B) current C) present
19. The public may be interested in whom ministers have lunch with, ----.. A) regardless of the fact that civil servants are always at the heart of public decisionmaking. B) even though the contribution of civil servants to policy-making was decreasing in recent years. C) and what are the benefits of greater openness for a democratic political system? D) but is it in the public interest for the dayto-day activities of ministers to be fully disclosed? E) even if most senior civil servants get paid more than academics.
D) recent E) next
20. It is generally felt that members of the white working class in Britain express racist sentiments ----..
15. II. A) according to B) along with C) like D) close by E) up to 16. III. A) conditions B) ways C) times
A) or there may be disagreements and tensions between different groups of people B) since they are the people most directly affected by Asian immigration C) if the class hierarchy is internalized by each member of society D) unless they want to be respected on their own terms E) whether or not they have control over their own lives 21. Even when we are not moving, our muscles are in a state of partial contraction known as “muscle tone”..
D) degrees E) tests 17. IV. A) Theirs B) These C) Any of them D) The latter E) Which 18. V. A) but of B) rather than C) instead of D) though E) except
A) Hareket etmediğimizde bile, kaslarımız “kas tonüsü” olarak bilinen kısmî bir kasılma durumunda olur. B) Hareket etmesek bile, bazı kaslarımız kısmen kasılır ve bu duruma “kas tonüsü” denir. C) “Kas tonüsü” olarak bilinen kısmî kasılma durumu, kaslarımız hareket etmediği zaman oluşur. D) “Kas tonüsü”, hareket etmediğimiz halde kaslarımızda oluşan kısmî kasılma durumuna verilen addır. E) Eğer hareket etmezsek, kaslarımız “kas tonüsü” olarak bilinen kısmî kasılma durumunu sürdürür.
22. Uyku hapları, özellikle birkaç haftadan daha uzun süre veya yüksek dozlarda düzenli olarak kullanıldığında, bazı insanlarda bağımlılığa neden olabilir.. A) When people take sleeping pills regularly at particularly high doses for much longer than one or two weeks, they become very dependent on these medicines. B) If sleeping pills are used regularly at high doses for a few weeks or longer, some people in particular can develop an addiction to them. C) Sleeping pills, especially when used regularly for longer than a few weeks or at high doses, can cause dependency in some people D) So long as sleeping pills are taken at very high doses for several weeks or longer, they can cause dependency in a number of people. E) Some people can be particularly addicted to sleeping pills when used at high doses or for much longer than several weeks.
The people of Hong Kong have been experiencing an identity crisis ever since the British returned the colony to China in 1997 and it became a Special Administrative Region with special privileges (for 50 years). Although they are proud of their Chinese ethnicity, culturally they have always felt overwhelmingly Western and therefore much different from their cousins on the mainland. Now they have anew worry: a growing threat to Hong Kong’s economic success. The Chinese government recently announced its plan to turn the city of Shanghai into a global financial and shipping centre by 2020, a move that is seen as weakening Hong Kong’s traditional and profitable position as international gateway to mainland China. Even worse, China’s friendlier relationship with former enemy Taiwan is already reducing transit commerce through Hong Kong. After an economic contraction of almost 8% earlier this year, Hong Kong is feeling real pain, and the jobless rate could approach record levels. So the normally hands-off local government has sprung into action: it has announced two rounds of tax cuts and various handouts to the poor and to businesses. In addition, the city’s long-term planners have recommended that Hong Kong’s government focus on developing six fields – including education, environmental-related industries, and medical technology – in which Hong Kong already has an edge.
23. According to the passage, the Hong Kong government ----.. A) has been investing heavily in medicaltechnology companies B) views the government of Taiwan as its enemy C) supports the plan to make Shanghai a global financial and shipping centre D) is planning to bring about a rise in the jobless rate in the city E) usually does not interfere in the local economy 24. We can infer from the passage that for many years ----.. A) Hong Kong has made a lot of money from others’ trading with China B) Hong Kong has been suffering from severe economic contraction C) the Chinese government has pressured the people of Hong Kong to give up their Western ways D) China and Taiwan have enjoyed friendly relations E) the Hong Kong government has given out money to the poor people of the city
25. The passage points out that Hong Kongers’ identity crisis ----.. A) arises from their having lived under British colonialism in the past B) is related to their communications with their families on the mainland C) is closely linked with their city’s economic downturn D) has been made worse with the emergence of Shanghai as a future competitor E) did not exist before 1997
26. We learn from the passage that Hong Kong’s long-term planners ----.. A) hope to give the city a natural advantage in education, environmental-related industries, and medical technology B) identified six economic areas deserving of government support C) advised the government to carry out two rounds of tax cuts D) are concerned about how to meet the challenge represented by Taiwan E) are planning to boost the city’s economy by 2020 in order to be equal to Shanghai 27. Columbus’ arrival in the New World in 1492 was a disaster for the natives. ---With no resistance to new germs, tribes rapidly were exposed to unfamiliar illnesses after their first brief contact with Europeans. In many cases, the number of the natives was vastly reduced without anyone even firing a shot. Where the tribes developed a closer relationship with the new arrivals, they were frequently tricked, tormented, and massacred by their visitors.. A) Known as Indians, they were good at mixing herbs to make natural medicines. B) They were most adversely affected by the Europeans. C) The Indian tribes became prominent in the story of North America as the Europeans spread westwards. D) They had natural immunity against most of the diseases. E) The colonists, consisting mainly of soldiers and traders, established an easy relationship with Indian tribes.
28. Sally : What did you learn in school today? Bob: Apparently, when the universe was only a few minutes old, the only element was hydrogen. Sally :---Bob: Well, they were formed later.. A) How can scientists know that? B) Do you know why? C) Where did it come from? D) Really? What about the other elements? E) That\'s amazing! What do you think?
29. Actually, I try to keep out of her way because, whenever I do run into her, she pesters me for a loan.. A) Whatever you do, don‘t ever give her a loan or you‘ll find yourself forced to lend her Money every time she asks for it. B) Even so, it‘s best to keep out of her way, if you can, as she takes every available opportunity to get money out of you. C) As a matter of fact, I avoid her as much as possible since, if we ever do happen to meet, she‘s sure to work on me to lend her money. D) Even so, I prefer not to risk a meeting with her as I know she will do her best to make me lend her the money. E) I‘d rather not put myself in a position to be forced to lend her money again. 30. (I) When searching for land mines, it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from the tin cans, spent cartridges, and other metallic debris that litter a war zone. (II) Fewer than one per cent of all signals from de-miners‘ metal detectors actually indicate land mines. (III) Indeed, civilians have frequently been victims of land mines. (IV) Moreover, the technology used in the field has barely advanced since World War II. (V) Therefore, the clearing process is laborious and inefficient, as well as dangerous.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
2.
3.
Normal dietary iron intake cannot usually ---- for iron loss from chronic bleeding..
6.
If microchips ---- back in the late 1950s, computer technology ---- as advanced as it is today..
A) compensate
A) weren’t developed / isn’t
B) account
B) hadn’t been developed / wouldn’t be
C) request
C) wouldn’t have been developed / weren’t
D) ensure
D) wouldn’t be developed / wouldn’t be
E) exchange
E) weren’t being developed / won’t be
The Allied bombing campaign against Germany in World War II exacted terrible damage on the country‘s factories, transportation network, population, and ---- very limited fuel-production capacity..
7.
In February 1996, ---- a meeting in Bermuda, international partners in the Human Genome Project agreed to formalize the conditions of data access, including release of the sequence into public data bases ---- 24 hours..
A) already
A)
B) solely
B) from / in
C) immediately
C)
D) inadequately
D) during / to
E) rightly
E)
A mystery virus has ---- more than 90 per cent of some bird species in India.. A)
8.
found out
at / within
in / by
on / through
---- demand grows for graduate business degrees, schools are offering their students more options regarding the length and content of their programmes. .
B) broken through A) If
C) turned up
B) As
D) wiped out
C) Unless
E) put off
D) Once 4.
Many observers predict that as China ---to open itself, state control ----..
B) continues / will ease
---- doctors advise their patients to eat well and exercise for their health, they should be telling them to sleep well..
C) continued / could have eased
A) Even
D)
B) Because
A) has continued / had eased
5.
E) Whenever
will continue / has eased
9.
E) had continued / may have eased
C) Just as
Several villages in the Arabian Peninsula are believed ---- out by a volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean Sea in 1500 BC.
D) Although
A) to wipe B) being wiped C) having wiped D) to have wiped E) to have been wiped
E) As if 10. Many severe hormone resistance syndromes are ---- inherited defects in membrane receptors.. A) in terms of B) in case of C) due to D) in view of E) in place of
11. In business, every trend contains the seeds of ---- counter trend.. A) itself B) its own C) any one D) any E) one's own 12. Private investments play ---- important a part in the country’s long-running economic expansion ---- no government dares to increase taxation on personal savings.. A) too / that B) such / as C) much / so D) so / that E) as / as 13. The film Casablanca, the story ---- is set in Morocco during World War II, stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman.. A) whose B) of which C) by whom D) whichever E) what
The more technologically enhanced we become, the more we are going to (I) ---- from people in the developing world who have never (II)---made a phone call. As scientists we must think of imaginative ways (III)---- the developing world can leap forward from the 19th century into the 21st century. (IV) ---- the gap never will be bridged and we (V) ---- ourselves in a world that really is unsustainable.
14. I. A) exceed B) distinguish C) distract D) diverge E) proceed
19. ----, who really established and developed the thriller style in films.. A) The cartoon is another popular type of film, especially among children B) Strong film industries began to emerge in other countries C) Contemporary issues such as violence and poverty will attract the attention of many film directors D) Star Wars is perhaps his best film E) It was the film director Alfred Hitchcock 20. Although the pace of progress in Latin America and the Caribbean over the past two decades has been impressive, ----.. A)
15. II. A) even B) but C) still D) just E) enough 16. III.
there remain tremendous development needs in the region, resulting from poverty and inequality
B) the EU works with Latin American and Caribbean nations to advance these goals C) since 2000, the European Investment Bank has financed €1.3 billion in projects in the region D) Europe and Latin America share historic and cultural ties stretching back over 500 years E)
the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office has funded disaster relief operations in the region
A) whether B) in which C) as if D) surely E) since 17. IV. A) Similarly B) Whatever C) Accordingly D) Therefore E) Otherwise 18. V. A) would find B) have found C) are going to find D) were finding E) had to find
21. It has been estimated that the number of tourists visiting China will grow by the end of this decade to about 50 million.. A) On yıl sonra, Çin’i ziyaret eden turist sayısında meydana gelecek artışın 50 milyonun üstünde olacağı hesaplanmaktadır. B) Önümüzdeki on yılın içinde, Çin’i ziyaret eden turist sayısındaki artışın aşağı yukarı 50 milyon olacağı tahmin ediliyor. C) Tahmin edileceği gibi, bu on yılın sonunda, Çin’i ziyaret eden turist sayısı artarak yaklaşık 50 milyonu bulacaktır. D) Çin’i ziyaret eden turist sayısındaki artışın 50 milyona ulaşmasının yaklaşık on yılı bulacağı tahmin ediliyor. E) Çin’i ziyaret eden turist sayısının bu on yılın sonuna kadar yaklaşık 50 milyona yükseleceği tahmin edilmektedir.
22. Bazı siyaset bilimciler, üyeleri arasında derin duygusal ilişkilerin var olduğu ailenin, ufak çapta siyasal bir sistem gibi olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir.. A) Some political scientists have argued that the family, in which deep emotional relationships exist between members, is like a political system in miniature. B) In the opinion of various political scientists, the family, which consists of members with deep emotional relationships, can be compared to a minor political system. C) As a few political scientists have argued, the family reminds one of a political system in miniature, in which members have deep emotional ties. D) As pointed out by a number of political scientists, the family, whose members are emotionally bound together, resembles a minor political system. E) Some of the political scientists present have suggested that the family, in which members maintain strong emotional ties with each other, is similar to a small political system.
Although an extension of the worldwide ban on ivory exports to discourage the illegal killing of African elephants has been greeted enthusiastically in many places, the rhinoceroses (rhinos) of southern and eastern Africa are still paying with their lives for their horns, which remain prized by the Chinese for their medicinal and aphrodisiac qualities, and by the Yemenis for making dagger handles. According to a group, called Traffic, that monitors the wildlife trade throughout the world, this illegal business is on the rise. Last month, the group called for stronger international cooperation along smuggling routes and for more secure management of legal horn stocks.For its part, Zimbabwe, where there are a lot of illegal killings, has taken a very radical decision: it says it will start dehorning its rhinos. Today only five species of rhino survive in Africa and Asia. In the past, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, they were slaughtered on a large scale by white hunters. By the 1960s, fewer than 70, 000 black rhinos were left in Africa, and, over the next two decades, illegal hunter swiped out 96% of them. But since 1995, thanks to vigorous conservation efforts, the number of black rhinos has gone up again, to around 3, 700. The number of white rhinos has nearly doubled over the same period, to over 14, 500.
23. As one learns from the passage, black rhinos in Africa ----.. A) are preferred by the Yemenis over white rhinos for making dagger handles B) are so much in demand for medical uses that the government of Zimbabwe is devoting more resources to conserving them C) were hunted almost to extinction in the past by Chinese doctors D) were almost completely exterminated during the 1970s and 1980s as a result of illegal hunting E) and white rhinos in Asia are the only surviving species of rhinoceros in the world 24. As is pointed out in the passage, there is ---.. A) absolute indifference in the world towards Zimbabwe’s decision to dehorn its rhinos B) a full international consensus on the ending of the wildlife trade in Zimbabwe C) widespread illegal killing of wild animals in Zimbabwe D) now wide support for a new policy of limited legal killing of African elephants E) today an ongoing fall in the number of African rhinos, especially in Zimbabwe
25. It is clear from the passage that the international prohibition of ivory exports ----.. A) has been strongly opposed by the government of Zimbabwe B) has been totally ignored by the governments of China and Yemen C) has been in force throughout Africa since the early 1960s D) has completely prevented the illegal hunting of elephants in Africa and Asia E) will be continued, and this has been widely welcomed
26. According to the passage, in view of the growth of the illegal wildlife trade, the group Traffic ----.. A) is concentrating on shutting down the Chinese and Yemeni wildlife markets B) has put a great deal of pressure on African countries, especially Zimbabwe, to begin dehorning their rhino populations C) has increased its involvement in the campaign to save African elephants from extinction D) is urging the international community to step up its efforts to stop the smuggling E) aims to have governments legalize what is now the illegal business of wildlife trade 27. ---- However, most of the African art known today is relatively recent; from the 19th century or later. Very little earlier, African art has survived, primarily because it was made largely of perishable materials such as wood, cloth, and plant fibres, and because it typically met with intensive use in ceremonies and in daily life. Scholars of African art base suppositions about earlier art mainly on the art of the last two centuries. But they can only guess at the earlier traditions from which the recent art developed.. A) Today, African art does not constitute a single tradition. B) Many surviving examples of African art date from the 14th to the 17th century. C) Each African culture produces its own distinctive art and architecture. D) African cultures design many utilitarian objects with decorative schemes in mind. E) The earliest known African sculptures are sculpted clay heads and human figures.
28. Lucy : Is it true that China is slightly larger in area than the US? Kate : That‘s what I‘ve read in a booklet on China. Lucy : ---Kate : A varied topography indeed! Besides, the Yangtze River is the thirdlongest river in the world.. A) The principal mountain ranges are the Tien Shan, the Kunlun chain, and the Trans- Himalaya. B) Moreover, from the map one can see that the greater part of the country is mountainous, and the Gobi Desert lies in the North. C) I understand it has three great river systems : the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Pearl River. D) The earliest recorded human settlements have been discovered in the Huang Ho basin. E) As you know, in the southwest is Tibet, which China annexed in 1950.
29. By all accounts, the operation was a success, but the period of recuperation looks like being a long one.. A) So long as the operation is carried out successfully, the period of recuperation that follows will be short. B) Even if the operation is successful, it will be a long time before he gets back to normal. C) Since the operation was only a partial success, we mustn‘t expect a speedy recovery. D) The operation was a huge success, so he is expected to be back to normal almost at once. E) The operation apparently went off well, but quite some time may be required for him to recover fully.
30. (I) El Salvador is a country tectonically so volatile that its capital city has been destroyed ten times in the past four hundred years. (II) In Latin America, El Salvador is not the first country to switch to the dollar, nor is it likely to be the last. (III) At least twelve major earthquakes shook El Salvador during the twentieth century. (IV) And in this century, disaster did not wait long to strike. (V) In early 2001, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale levelled much of the country, killing almost a thousand people.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
In the 1990s the Belgian government was involved in numerous scandals that contaminated it with a reputation for incompetence and ----..
6.
If he ---- with this rare congenital disorder at this early age, treatment ---less successful.. A) hasn't been diagnosed / had been
A) participation
B) weren't diagnosed / was
B) despair
C) wouldn't be diagnosed / will be
C) corruption
D) hadn't been diagnosed / would have been
D) dislike
E) isn't diagnosed / has been
E) certainty 7. 2.
Satellite television transmission now makes it ---- for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries.. A) worldwide
3.
A priori knowledge ---- Western philosophy is knowledge that is independent ---- all particular experiences, as opposed to a posteriori knowledge, which derives from experience alone..
B) substantial
A) at / for
C) aware
B) in / of
D) commonplace
C) through / by
E) liable
D) beside / towards
There has been increasing pressure in the US to ---- the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy..
E) with / from 8.
---- she gave up smoking, she has enjoyed the best of health.. A) Although
A) make up for
B) If
B) point out to
C) Since
C) keep up with
D) For
D) cut down on
E) When
E) take up with 9. 4.
5.
The EU ---- that the establishment of the International Criminal Court ---- a milestone achievement in global human rights protection..
In the Renaissance period, there was a wide range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ---- some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek..
A) believed / may have represented
A) so long as
B)
B) before
had believed / has represented
C) has believed / represented
C) whether
D) believes / represents
D) in case
E) would have believed / had represented
E) but
---- into Latin, the works of Aristotle survived in Europe only in this form after ---- there for many centuries.. A) Translated / having been lost B) To be translated / losing C) Translating / to lose D) Being translated / having lost E) To have translated / lost
10. In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) consists of a brain and a spinal cord, which are linked to the body's muscles and organs ---- the peripheral nervous system.. A) with regard to B) instead of C) in case of D) by means of E) according to
11. Some people can easily recover from their disappointments, whereas ---- are depressed by even minor setbacks.. A) others B) the other C) another D) other E) any 12. Great works of art seem to be ---inexhaustible and unpredictable ---- real human beings.. A) both / and B) as / as C) as well as / than D) more / from E) so / or 13. Emily Dickinson, ---- is a famous New England poet of the nineteenth century, published only seven poems in her life time.. A) whose B) whom C) which D) about whom E) who
The design and construction of foundations are largely controlled by the contours or falls of the site and the type of subsoil. Site falls (I) ---- 1 in 20 usually require special methods of foundation construction. Gravel or chalk are good sub-soils (II) ---- they do not hold moisture, and(III) ---heavy loads. They are, (IV) ---- ,economical and do not vary in bulk with the vagaries of the weather and temperature. Most rocks are eminently (V)---- but usually expensive to work.
19. As the Hubble Space Telescope continues its mission, ----.. A) Edwin Hubble encouraged this idea in connection with his own research B) Eta Carinae is one of the most massive stars known in the Milky Way, and is thought to be on the verge of becoming a gigantic supernova C) millions of people have already learned a great deal about the solar system
14. I. A) replacing B) completing C) exceeding D) reducing E) surviving
D) we tend to think of science in terms of great minds coming up with great ideas E) it sends home new revelations about the life and death of stars and the nature of our expanding universe 20. Although geologists tended to dismiss the attempt of the physicist Kelvin to estimate the age of Earth as being too simplistic, ----. .
15. II. A) just B) or C) unless D) since E) besides 16. III. A) can support B) have supported C) would support D) supported E) could support 17. IV. A) on the other hand B) moreover C) in contrast D) occasionally E) regrettably 18. V. A) incapable B) comparable C) suitable D) disruptive E) conditional
A) the theory of continental drift might have been accepted decades earlier B) early nineteenth-century geologists largely accepted that Earth was of unlimited age C) many people believe that his calculation failed through his ignorance of radioactivity D) Kelvin began writing on this subject when he was 16 E) the model he used has in fact proved very useful in geology 21. New Zealand was the first country in the world to give women in 1893 the right to vote.. A) 1893‘te dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı verilen ülke Yeni Zelanda‘dır. B) Dünyada kadınlara 1893‘te ilk seçme hakkını veren ülke Yeni Zelanda olmuştur. C) Yeni Zelanda, dünyada, kadınlara 1893‘te seçme hakkı veren ilk ülkeydi. D) Dünyada kadınlara ilk seçme hakkı, 1893‘te Yeni Zelanda‘da verilmiştir. E) Kadınlara 1893‘te seçme hakkı verilen dünyadaki ilk ülke, Yeni Zelanda idi.
22. Göğüs kanseri hakkındaki korkunun bir kısmı, bu hastalığın tehlikelerine ilişkin yanlış bilgiye ve yanlış anlamaya dayanmaktadır.. A) There is so much misinformation as well as misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer that it has led to a great deal of fear about this disease. B) There is so much misinformation as well as misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer that it has led to a great deal of fear about this disease. C) The risks of breast cancer are such that misinformation and misunderstanding about this disease have been the cause of much fear. D) Some of the fear about breast cancer is based on misinformation and misunderstanding concerning the risks of this disease E) Breast cancer involves various risks, but some of the fear about this disease mainly derives from misinformation and misunderstanding concerning it.
Many governments these days feel that the path to happiness for society as a whole lies through spending on the welfare of its youngest members:their health, education, and general well-being. A recent report from a leading international organization, the OECD, examined these efforts among its 30 member countries in order to learn if the aim was being achieved. Specifically, the researchers investigated 21 variables that were then grouped into six main categories. The results surprisingly showed that while some kinds of spending on children do work, many should be improved or scrapped. Also, total government spending per child was seen to vary considerably, as did outcomes, but the correlation between these was not strong. Moreover, the differences in spending levels among countries were not directly linked to their relative levels of prosperity.For example, rich Sweden is, as expected, kind to its children, but poorish Hungary turns out to be generous, too. Up-and-coming South Korea might be expected to be a bit reluctant to part with so much money, but the stinginess of Switzerland is totally unexpected. Children’s lobbies always want more refunds, but the OECD report suggests that more money does not reliably yield better results. America has one of the highest levels of spending per child, and among the worst outcomes. In contrast, Australia spends less, with better outcomes.
23. The passage points out that an OECD member country’s level of prosperity in relation to other members’ ----.. A) will determine if its child-welfare programmes should be improved or scrapped B) is associated with the constant efforts of children’s lobbies to obtain more funds C) generally convinces it to be more generous in providing for its children D) depends on its geographic location E) was shown to have almost no connection to its amount of spending on child welfare 24. The passage makes it clear that typical expectations about a country’s spending on child welfare ----.. A) often match the reality found by the researchers B) can easily turn out to be wrong C) are essentially the same for most of the OECD D) cannot be separated from its record in the six main categories E) do not take into consideration all the 21 variables studied by the researchers
25. According to the passage, the OECD carried out its investigation of child welfare in its members ----.. A) to see if their stated goals were being reached B) because many governments believe that spending on child welfare leads to societal happiness C) in order to learn where government funds directed at child welfare were being wasted D) to prove that more spending on child welfare guarantees positive results E) despite the fact that a key correlation was weak
26. The passage mentions the case of Australia in order to demonstrate ----.. A) a contrast with other members of the OECD B) the resistance of some OECD members to the pressures coming from children’s lobbies C) the similarities between it and America in terms of their child-welfare policies D) the wisdom of the Swiss government’s decisions affecting child welfare in Switzerland E) how spending relatively less on child welfare doesn’t necessarily produce harmful results 27. Sensing the emotional states of others is an important part of social interaction. If you do not do this well, you may end up unintentionally annoying or offending those in your social circle. ---- You can strengthen friendships by recognizing when a person is sad and looking for appropriate comfort, for example. To succeed in business, you also need to accurately detect the emotions of other people when proposing a new idea or deciding when to ask for promotion.. A) You cannot help but communicate your mood to colleagues and neighbours through subtle cues. B) Some people find it virtually impossible to detect other people’s feelings and have difficulty relating to others. C) In the past, scientists focused largely on a region of the brain responsible for detecting emotional hints. D) Researchers have found that cues such as posture and tone of voice are critical to nonverbal communication. E) Detecting emotional hints is critical to success in many domains such as friendships and business.
28. Ralph : I‘ve learned that there are many details to learn about the maintenance of home aquariums. Dick : ---Ralph : At first glance, it‘s true. But do you know that even the decorative materials used in aquariums should be placed properly? Otherwise, for example, they may obstruct the filter pipes. Dick : Really? I hadn‘t thought of that before.. A) Yes. For example, fish don‘t disrupt the cleanliness of the home with messy fur or feathers. B) Right; routine maintenance only requires a few minutes of your attention daily, supplemented by an hour or so once a week. C) Oh, are there? I‘ve always thought that looking after an aquarium is very easy. D) Anyone knows that keeping an aquarium is expensive. E) In fact, I am as interested as you are in aquariums.
29. Everyone seems to be on edge these days, but with the elections so near that is hardly surprising. . A) The approaching elections seem to have caused a higher than average amount of friction between people. B) As elections are drawing near, we can expect such displays of bad-temper. C) The approach of the elections is no excuse for such displays of bad-temper. D) Nowadays tempers everywhere are frayed, which, I suppose, is only natural, with election day so close. E) With elections so close it‘s essential that everyone makes an effort to stay calm.
30. (I) Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within Earth‘s interior that continuously affect its surface. (II) The energy from these forces is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. (III) Although the Richter Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 range. (IV) When this energy is released suddenly by rupturing movements along faults in the crust of Earth, an earthquake results. (V) The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is called the focus of the earthquake, while the point on Earth‘s surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre of the earthquake.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ---their success or failure? . A) pursue
5.
The recovery and identification of plant remains from archaeological contexts are merely the first steps in a wideranging series of research issues that ---up paleoethnobotany, also ---- as archaeobotany..
B) recognize C) recreate D) determine E) reinstate
A) made / knowing B) will make / is known C) make / known D) has made / having known
2.
By the start of the 1990s, popular music had become ---- globalized, with seventy per cent of all production resting in the hands of just five companies.. A) possibly B) rarely C) negligently D) significantly E) respectively
3.
The trouble with golf as a hobby is that it ---- too much of one’s time.. A) turns over B)
looks for
C) gives up D) puts out E) 4.
takes up
Cabbage ---- as early as 2000 B.C., and the commercial varieties now ---Brussels sprouts, common cabbage, sprouting broccoli, and kohlrabi.. A) might have been cultivated / have included B) had been cultivated / included C) would be cultivated / used to include D) would have been cultivated / can include E) was cultivated / include
E) had made / is to be known
6.
If she ---- energy-spending activities into her daily routine when she was younger, she ---- a weight control programme today.. A)
could incorporate / doesn’t have to attend
B)
incorporated / didn’t have to attend
C) would incorporate / wouldn’t have had to attend D) had incorporated / wouldn’t have to attend E)
7.
was able to incorporate / hadn’t had to attend
Foreign policy is composed of the goals sought, values set, decisions made and actions taken ---- states and the national governments acting ---- their behalf.. A) by / on B) about / for C) at / from D) over / between E) in / among
8.
The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjær grew up in the Jutland farming area and ---- was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country.. A) on the contrary B) even so C) so D) still E) nevertheless
9.
Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems ---- air embolism and decompression sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.. A) as regards B) as far as C) also D) such as E) just as
10. ---- mechanical impact, certain impurities would make such explosives unstable if they were stored in warm conditions.. A) Involving B) Including C) In case D) Contrary to E) Even without
11. The body is composed of many different types of cells, ---- with its own structure and function.. A) each B) the one C) all D) many E) both 12. Some people reckon that, in the workplace, being popular is ---Important ---- being effective. A) more / while B) so / that C) too / for D) even / enough E) as / as 13. The anaemia of folate deficiency, ---DNA synthesis slows and the body’s cells lose their ability to divide, is characterized by large, immature blood cells.. A) in which B) for whom C) how D) in that E) why
Nuclear energy is now making a serious come back. The design(I) ---- of the new nuclear reactors have taken a huge step forward. (II) ---being safer and less (III) ---- to terrorism than current nuclear plants, the new reactor (IV) ---double duty; it has to generate electricity and produce hydrogen which is the probable automobile fuel (V) ---- the future.
14. I. A) delays
19. Twenty years have passed since the accident at Chernobyl ----.. A) when many of the studies have been showing an elevated rate of mutations among the animals in the area B) so that scientists studying the effects find themselves in unpopular positions C) wherever policy makers want concrete conclusions and results, not probability estimates on the dangers of radiation exposure
C) facilities
D) because many public servants do not share the scientists’ enthusiasm for the scientific process
D) requirements
E)
B) complexities
E) replacements 15. II. A) Even so B) On the other hand
20. One of the most important aspects of our planet’s evolution is the formation of the atmosphere, ----.. A)
C) As regards D) In contrast E) Besides 16. III. A) vulnerable B) impulsive C) conducive D) compulsive
but the extent to which people and the environment have been harmed is still being hotly debated
if continents and oceans, encircled by an oxygen-rich atmosphere, support familiar life forms
B) although such constant change has characterized Earth since its beginning some 4.5 billion years ago C) whether understanding the carbon dioxide content of the early atmosphere is crucial for understanding climatic control D) because it is this assemblage of gases that allowed life to come out of the oceans and to be sustained E) as continental shift has been altering the face of Earth for nearly a billion years
E) disruptive 17. IV. A) had to do B) must have done
21. If a person has a family history of a certain disease, it is a powerful indicator of his/her tendency to contract that disease..
C) must be done
A) Bir hastalığın aile içindeki öyküsü, kişinin bu hastalığa yakalanma eğilimini ortaya koyan en güçlü belirtidir.
D) must do
B)
E) would have to do 18. V. A) at B) to C) with D) over E) of
Bir ailedeki bireylerin hastalık öyküleri, o ailedeki bireylerin hastalığa yakalanma eğilimini ortaya koyar.
C) Kişinin belirli bir hastalığa yakalanma eğilimi, en doğru biçimde, ailesinin hastalık öyküsünden belirlenebilir. D) Kişinin belirli bir hastalığa yakalanma eğiliminin en güçlü belirtisi, o hastalığın aile öyküsüdür. E) Kişinin belirli bir hastalıkla ilgili aile öyküsü varsa bu, onun o hastalığa yakalanma eğiliminin güçlü bir göstergesidir.
22. Siyasî bir dahi, ancak bir ekonomi amatörü olan Başkan Bill Clinton‘ın en kayda değer başarısı, Beyaz Saray‘da bulunduğu sekiz yıl boyunca, Amerika‘nın ekonomik temeline gerçekten yeni bir güç katılmasıdır.. A) During the eight years President Bill Clinton was in the White House, the American economic base was remarkably strengthened by the truly new power which, as an economic amateur, but a political genius, he put into it. B) During his eight years in the White House, President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, achieved great success by adding a great deal of new power to the heart of the American economy. C) As a political genius, but an economic amateur, President Bill Clinton‘s most controversial success was in fact the new power which he injected into the core of the American economy during his eight years in the White House. D) During the eight years he spent in the White House, President Bill Clinton, a political genius, though an economic amateur, put real new power into America‘s economic base. E) The most remarkable achievement of President Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an economic amateur, was that, during the eight years he was in the White House, truly new power was added to America‘s economic base.
He is young, dark, and handsome, with a beautiful light tenor voice, and he swept the Latin Grammy Awards in 2008. But should Juan Esteban Aristizabal, better known as Juanes, perform his songs at an upcoming 'peace concert' in the Cuban capital, Havana? The debate over this Colombian rock star, who is based in the US city of Miami, has been raging on that city’s Spanish-language radio and television shows. Older Cuban-Americans, who left Cuba in the immediate aftermath of the 1959 revolution there, vehemently oppose the concert.They argue that it is just the latest attempt by the Cuban regime to manipulate public opinion.Traditionally, these older exiles have held all the political power in Miami. But younger ones are pushing back, especially when it comes to the arts.Beyond the overall CubanAmerican community, the Juanes concert is seen as a potential great turning point in US-Cuban relations. A successful outcome could smooth the way for a further softening in American policy towards Cuba. Artists other than Juanes have attempted this kind of bridge-building with Cuba before; for example, left-leaning musicians like Bonnie Raitt and The Police appeared there in 1999, but they had an overtly political agenda.However, Juanes himself, who is widely admired for his humanitarian work in his native Colombia, denies having any thought of politics. 'My only message is one of peace, of humanitarianism, and of tolerance, 'he said recently.
23. The passage states that the relationship between the US and Cuban governments ----.. A) depends on the approval of the older Cuban- American exiles B) has been affected by the debate over Juanes taking place in Miami’s Spanishlanguage media C) will change now that younger CubanAmericans are disagreeing with the older generation D) may become friendlier if the Juanes concert in Havana goes well E) was greatly improved by the appearance in Havana of Bonnie Raitt and The Police
24. We learn from the passage that older Cuban-Americans oppose Juanes’s concert because ----.. A) they believe the Cuban government is using him for propaganda purposes B) Miami’s Spanish-language radio and television programs have been severely criticizing it C) they are disturbed by the younger CubanAmericans’ artistic choices D) they left Cuba soon after the 1959 revolution E) they never want to see a further softening in American policy towards Cuba 25. In the passage, it is clear that Juanes ---.. A) wishes he were Cuban instead of Colombian B) claims to have no political purpose with his planned concert C) has a tense, hostile relationship with the Cuban- American community in Miami D) is more concerned with his own career than with helping people in need E) was invited to perform in Havana because of the Latin Grammy Awards he had won earlier
26. We can infer from the passage that the overall Cuban-American community ----.. A) loves pro-Cuban musical artists like Bonnie Raitt and The Police B) believes that Juanes is lying about his reasons for performing in Havana C) is much more emotional about US-Cuban relations than the wider American public is D) does not speak or understand English very well E) has almost no interest in the arts
27. In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native Egyptians.. A) There can be little doubt that the massive investment of labour and wealth required to build the great pyramids put grave strains on Egyptian society. B) The pyramids were in fact raised by tens of thousands of peasant workers, who most probably participated willingly in the building projects. C) Governmental control over the lives of individual Egyptians was very strict, and the number of administrative officials employed by the state was quite high. D) Potters, weavers, masons, bricklayers, brewers, merchants, and schoolteachers also enjoyed a higher standard of living. E) Gender divisions may have been less clearly defined among the peasantry than they were among the elites. 28. Chris : Did you know that several years ago Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album of Italian pop songs? Robert : No, I didn‘t. I wonder what other tenors thought of this. Chris : ---Robert : In which case, I suppose opera fans are also accepting the situation.. A) Well, at first they were not in favour of it, but now they are doing the same thing themselves! B) It was at least 20 years ago that his record company asked him to make this album. C) As far as I know, it was the song ―Caruso‖ that made him do it. D) He asked three well-known singers to join him, but for some reason they said no. E) I don‘t know. Presumably, they were annoyed.
29. If the film focuses on terrorism, it is not likely to attract large audiences. . A) Films that focus on terrorism are not as popular as they used to be. B) If terrorism is central to the film, it probably won‘t achieve much popularity. C) As the film touches on terrorism we can‘t expect it to be popular. D) Unless there is at least a background of terrorism to the film, it won‘t be a hit. E) If you want the film to be a box-office success, choose any subject but terrorism 30.
(I) We have moved backwards in the last 50 or so years. (II) An international collaboration similar to the one that gave birth to Concorde is unthinkable under present day conditions. (IIII) It's not that the technology isn't available or even that a prestigious aircraft wouldn't be financially viable. (IV) The story of Concorde's long and challenging journey to full commercial flight certification is one of the most notable developments in aviation history. (V) It's more that the will and daring that made Concorde possible aren't part of the scene today, in the way they were in the 1960s.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
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1.
The genetic fingerprinting technique, which was developed in the UK and is now used as a ---- of legal identification, determines the pattern of certain parts of the genetic material DNA that is unique to each individual..
5.
Over the past two decades, the Corsicans ---- their idyllic island, which was wrested by France from the Genoese in 1768, ---- into terrorism, corruption and economic decline.. A) have seen / sink
A) benefit B) structure C) sufficiency D) combination E) means 2.
China and India serve as models for Africa because their experiences hold lessons for developing countries on how to manage ---- economic and political transformation.. A) deceitful B) persuasive C) accessible D) irregular E) gradual
3.
The movement of electrons within electromagnetic waves ---- some of the wave’s energy, affecting the properties of the wave and how it travels.. A) tells off B) puts in C) finds out D) uses up E) goes around
4.
Cosmologists are addressing some of the fundamental questions that people ---- to resolve over the centuries through philosophical thinking, but they ---- this based on systematic observation and quantitative methodology.. A) would attempt / have done B) attempt / will do C) may attempt / did D) attempted / should do E) have attempted / are doing
B) had seen / sank C) saw / to sink D) would have seen / had sunk E) would see / had been sinking
6.
If the birth rate in India ---- controlled, the population ---- in the next 25 or 30 years, increasing from about 900 million to about 1, 800 million.. A) is not / will double B) will not be/doubles C) has not been / would double D) would not be / could have doubled E) was not / would have doubled
7.
Economists take pride ---- the sophisticated statistical techniques ---which they rely to analyze phenomena such as growth rates, inflation, unemployment, trade and fiscal practices.. A) at / for B) about / from C) over / by D) out of / through E) in / on
8.
---- the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences.. A) As long as B) Now that C) Only if D) After E) Although
9.
Little Caesar, often called the grandfather of the gangster movie, was produced at the beginning of the sound era, and ---- it shows its age in some areas, it is still an effective thriller.. A) even B) because C) while D) so E) besides
10. Lycopene is an important part of the body’s cell protection system which neutralizes free radicals and ---decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease.. A) on the contrary B) on the way C) as well D) yet E) in this way
11. The hard truth is that money alone, ---form it takes, is unlikely to solve Germany's demographic problems.. A) which
13. Highlights of the Great Wisconsin Cheese Festival include cheesecake contests and cheese-carving, ---- sculptors transform 18 kg blocks of cheddar cheese into objects of beauty..
B) what
A) from that
C) however
B) how
D) whatever
C) what
E) whoever
D) in which
12. The micro air vehicles they are working on are ---- small that it will be almost impossible to detect them with radar.. A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more
E) whatever
Towards the end of the 19th century the typewriter was already becoming popular, and new models rapidly followed (I) ---- . In particular, designers (II) ---- ways of making them smaller and lighter. Aluminum came to their aid. Up to that time aluminum had been (III) ----expensive for use in anything except luxury items. But, following the discovery in 1886 of an electrolytic refining method the (IV) --- had increased and the price had accordingly (V) ----.
19.
Surely that’s the boy ----.
.
A) that his sister won the painting competition B) who sang so beautifully at the concert last night C) unless he sent us the heavy box D) whether his bicycle has been repaired E) which everyone is talking about
14. I. A) one another B) each one C) the next D) another E) the other one 15. II. A) are seeking B) would seek C) have sought D) sought E) would be seeking 16. III. A) such B) too C) more D) as E) so 17. IV. A) supply B) excess C) cost D) amount E) process 18. V. A) risen B) fallen C) exchanged D) ceased E) delayed
20. I asked my little three-year-old niece ---.. A) whether her mother has gone out B) who she was going to invite to her party C) that she liked going to the zoo D) why she has made her little brother cry E) what her mother is making for dinner 21. The Niagara Falls are one of the great natural wonders of the world although they are not as high as the Keieteur Falls in British Guyana.. A) Dünyadaki büyük doğa oluşumlarından biri olan Niagara Çağlayanı, İngiliz Guyanası’ndaki Kaieteur Çağlayanı kadar yüksek sayılmaz. B) İngiliz Guyanası’ndaki Kaieteur Çağlayanı kadar yüksek olmayan Niagara Çağlayanı, dünyanın en muhteşem doğa oluşumudur. C) Niagara Çağlayanı, her ne kadar dünyanın büyük doğa harikalarından biri olsa da İngiliz Guyanası’ndaki Kaieteur Çağlayanı gibi çok yüksek değildir. D) Dünyanın büyük doğa harikalarından olan Niagara Çağlayanı ve İngiliz Guyanası’ndaki Kaieteur Çağlayanı, çok yüksek değildirler. E) Niagara Çağlayanı, İngiliz Guyanası’ndaki Kaieteur Çaüğlayanı kadar yüksek olmasa da, dünyanın büyük doğa harikalarından biridir.
22. İklim değişikliği ile ilgili çoğu bilim adamı, kentlerin, çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve bulut oluşumuna neden olan dikey hava akımları yarattığı görüşündedir.. A) Most scientists concerned with climate change are of the opinion that cities are hotter than their surroundings and create updrafts of air causing cloud formation. B) A number of scientists dealing with climate change maintain that, as cities are much hotter than the surrounding environment, updrafts of air occur over them and lead to cloud formation. C) As many scientists studying climate change have suggested, since cities are relatively warmer than their surroundings, there are updrafts of air over them which bring about cloud formation. D) Many scientists who are experts in climate change are convinced that cloud formation results from updrafts of air over cities, which are usually hotter than their surroundings. E) A lot of scientists who are specialists in climate change have argued that, because cities are far hotter than their surroundings, this causes updrafts of air which lead to cloud formation.
For the past 300 years, musicians and scientists have puzzled over the unparalleled quality of classical Cremonese violins made by the Italian master Antonio Stradivari. These classical violins have become the benchmark against which the sound of all other violins is compared. There are many theories as to the 'secret' of Stradivarius violins. What was obviously first explored was the exact size of the violins and ratio of the parts to each other. Although instrument makers have disassembled their violins, calibrated every dimension of the pieces to within the hundredth of an inch, and replicated the measurements perfectly in new instruments, they have failed to duplicate the Stradivarius magic. It is also wellknown that the density of the material through which a sound propagates influences significantly the vibration efficiency of the material, therefore the tonal qualities of the instrument. It is also a widely held belief that Stradivari’s well-guarded varnish formula was not just a protective coating of the instrument, but actually the most important secret to his violins.
23. It is stressed in the passage that ----.. A) the real secret to Stradivarius violins has later been revealed to be the varnish formula B) what actually makes Stradivarius violins unique is still a mystery C) the high quality of Stradivarius violins has only been successfully copied after 300 years D) the basic reason for the Stradivarius quality was the density of the material used E) if contemporary instrument makers were able to duplicate the exact ratio of the Stradivarius violin, they would produce its equal in the quality of sound 24. We understand from the passage that ---.. A) Antonio Stradivari was distinguished as a skilful violin player B) Antonio Stradivari failed to achieve the quality of classical Cremonese violins C) the exact size of Stradivarius violins was reproduced only after 300 years D) it has been a professional challenge to understand the nature of Stradivarius violins E) some violin makers have claimed to have discovered the “secret” of Stradivarius violins
25. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the quality of Stradivarius violins ---.. A) has been measured according to the standards specified almost 300 years ago B) has only been equalled in very recent times C) is a criterion by which the quality of sound of all violins is measured D) is by no means a standard one E) is rarely appreciated except by those who play a violin
26. According to the passage, there is a close relationship between ----.. A) the density of the material of a violin and the tonal quality B) the protective coating of a violin and the vibration efficiency C) the exact size of the violin and the instrument maker D) the value of a Stradivarius violin and the material it is made of E) Cremonese violins and all other violins 27. The Renaissance, as both a period and a concept, continues to generate lively debate about its origins and influence on European culture and thought. ----. Any new evaluation of the historical significance of the Renaissance requires attention to these kinds of primary evidence.. A) As the Renaissance slowly spread across Western Europe, each nation made its own distinctive contribution to the era B) Recent research has emphasized the need to look again at original texts, documents, and artefacts C) A glance at the history of the preceding centuries shows that after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, there was no possibility of any intellectual revival D) The great achievements of the Renaissance were the discovery of the world and the discovery of man E) The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the centre of life’s stage and infused thought and art with humanistic values
28. James : How‘s your philosophy course going? Peter : It‘s hard to say. It certainly requires a lot of effort. James : ---Peter : No. Quite the opposite. In the main, it consists of learning to look at the old and familiar facts in a new and fresh way.. A) Which of the great philosophers are you going to study? B) But are you enjoying it? C) Well, I hope you‘re finding it interesting! D) I might take the course next year. E) Why? Are there a lot of facts to learn?
29. People have usually assumed that this mountain village was abandoned because easier living conditions were available elsewhere.. A) The prospect of better living conditions in another place must have tempted the inhabitants to desert this mountain village. B) Apparently, people abandoned this mountain village, tempted by the prospect of a better way of life elsewhere. C) It must have been hard to make a livelihood in this mountain village, so people opted out and went in search of an easier way of life. D) The mountain village was presumably abandoned when people realized that easier conditions were on offer elsewhere E) It has generally been presumed that people deserted this mountain village because there was the prospect of a pleasanter way of life in another place. 30. (I) Between 1800 and the middle of the twentieth century, the worldwide population roughly tripled, rising from 1 to 3 billion. (II) Like past scientific investigations directed at humankind, genetics has raised fundamental questions about ethics and humanity. (III) Between 1960 and 2000, however, the population doubled again, to 6 billion or more. (IV) Obviously, improvements in basic standards of health have contributed to this dramatic increase. (V) Yet such growth has strained the capacity of social services, public-health facilities, and urban infrastructures.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
E
2
E
3
D
4
E
5
A
6
A
7
E
8
E
9
C
10
E
11
D
12
D
13
D
14
A
15
D
16
B
17
A
18
B
19
B
20
B
21
E
22
A
23
B
24
D
25
C
26
A
27
B
28
E
29
E
30
B
14
1.
Until the sixteenth century, when the first international postal agreement was ----, there was no postal system as we know it today..
5.
In recent years, psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists ---- that the distinct parts of our brain allow us ----, collaborate and communicate with each other..
A) assigned B) maintained C) enacted D) seized E) conducted
A) revealed / to be interacting B) have revealed / to interact C) had revealed / to have interacted D) were revealing / interacting E) reveal/ having interacted
2.
In the opinion of most scientists, engineering does not ---- offer universally acceptable solutions. . A) randomly B) previously C) necessarily D) excessively E) extremely
3.
In recent years, carbon dioxide (CO2), a naturally occurring greenhouse gas, has been ---- as a result of activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.. A) setting out B) building up C) going out D) coming in E) reaching up
4.
In an article published in 1990, scientists of the National Institute of Medical Research ---- more than 300 biological theories that ---- to account for senescence – the progressive and general deterioration that accompanies aging in humans.. A) were reviewing / attempted B) have reviewed / should attempt C) reviewed / had attempted D) would review / have attempted E) may have reviewed / attempt
6.
If Atatürk ---- his country to victory in the War of Independence (1919-1923), Turkey ---- only as an inland state in central Anatolia.. A) would not have led / had survived B) did not lead / survived C) had not led / would have survived D) has not led / would survive E) would not lead / will have survived
7.
Scientists have studied the health status of native people in the South Pacific ---decades, and have noted the explosion of diet-related disease ---- the area.. A) for / in B) throughout / over C) through / about D) by / off E) of / at
8.
---- photographers require short exposures to capture fast moving objects, chemists need short laser pulses to study rapid reactions.. A) In contrast B) In spite of C) In case D) Since E) Just as
9.
---- fiction gives something more than pleasure, it hardly justifies itself as a subject of study.. A) Because B) Unless C) When D) If E) After
10. Silicon-on-insulator technology, which has helped improve chip performance considerably, has become cheaper and easier to adopt, ---- a technology called Smart Cut .. A) apart from B) as regards C) according to D) thanks to E) with respect to
11. The nucleus is surrounded by a number of moving electrons, ---- of which has a negative charge equal to the positive charge on a proton..
13. Lead was used for centuries to make the pipes ---- water flowed from reservoirs to houses and public buildings such as baths. .
A) both
A) through which
B) much
B) with which
C) less
C) on which
D) more
D) at which
E) each
E) of which
12. When modern coastal fish-farming began 30 years ago, no one was doing things right, ---- for the environment ---- the industry’s long-term sustainability.. A) whether / or B) such / as C) so / that D) either / or E) as / as
In the past a significant amount of the acid in rainfall was neutralized by alkaline materials, notably the calcium-rich minerals in wind blown dusts. But recently there has been a slow (I) ---in levels of alkaline materials in the air; this is partly because there are fewer unpaved roads which were an important (II) ---- of dust in the past. Recently, ammonia emissions(III) ---- on the increase in many parts of the world. One might presume that this is a good thing because ammonia is alkaline. Unfortunately, however, it (IV) ---- with SO2 to produce ammonium sulphate, which is converted (V) ----nitric acid in soil.
14. I. A) replacement B) discrepancy C) prevention D) decline E) relief 15. II. A) delivery B) improvement C) source D) action E) expression 16. III. A) would be B) have been C) would have been D) had been E) are being 17. IV. A) impairs B) accumulates C) relates D) exchanges E) reacts
18. V. A) through B) from C) of D) to E) out of
19. If we had run to catch the bus, ----.. A) the others have warned us about the heavy traffic B) we could get to the library before it closed C) I dropped my glasses on the pavement D) we may have attended the lecture E) it wouldnt have been necessary to take a taxi 20. The manager promised to promote her ---.. A) if she has proved far more efficient than any of the other employees B) that she has really deserved it C) as she had been working for the company for so many years D) unless there was a good reason for doing so E) until the company’s annual budget is approved 21. Another method, used to prevent large avalanches, is to dislodge snow masses on mountain sides before they can grow big and become dangerous.. A) Dağ yamaçlarındaki kar yığınlarının dağıtılması büyük çığları engellemenin bir başka yoludur, ama bu yöntemin tehlike büyümeden uygulanması gerekir. B) Büyük çığlara engel olmak için kullanılan bir başka yöntem, dağ yamaçlarındaki kar yığınlarını, büyüyüp tehlikeli olmadan yerlerinden oynatmaktır. C) Dağlardaki kar yığınları, büyüyüp tehlikeli hale gelmeden yerlerinden hareket ettirilirse, bu yöntem büyük çığları engelleyebilir. D) Büyük çığlara engel olmada kullanılan bir başka yöntem, dağ yamaçlarında bulunan kar yığınları tehlikeli olmaya başladıklarında bunlara müdahale etmektir. E) Dağların sırtlarında oluşan kar yığınları büyümeden ve tehlikeli olmadan önce dağıtılırsa, bu yöntem, büyük çığların meydana gelmesini engeller.
22. Çoğu oyunda, bize sunulan dünya ne denli gerçek dışı olursa olsun, bizden onu geçici olarak gerçek dünya gibi görmemiz beklenir.. A) In a variety of plays, the world presented to us may be unreal, but it is expected that, at least temporarily, we take it for the real world. B) In most plays, however unreal may be the world presented to us, we are expected to regard it temporarily as the real world. C) The world presented to us in most plays may be unreal, even though we are expected to consider it for some time to be the real world. D) In a number of plays, we are presented with an unreal world, which is to be understood by us, at least for a certain period, as the real world. E) We are expected temporarily to take for real the unreal world which we see presented in most plays.
When Time magazine declared its 2006 person of the year to be 'You', the magazine was pointing to an undeniable reality: anyone with an Internet connection can be a reporter, political commentator, cultural critic, or media producer. Around the same time, the media scholar H. Jenkins and his colleagues published a paper appreciating the 'participatory cultures' of creation and sharing, mentorship, and civic engagement that were emerging online, especially among young people.Although Time did not explicitly frame participation in the new media as a youth phenomenon, most of the fifteen 'citizens of digital democracy' who were featured in its December 13 article were under the age of thirty-five. Jenkins and his colleagues strongly suggest that young people are especially well-poised to take full advantage of Web 2.0. On the other hand, ever since digital technologies were made available, scholars, educators, policymakers, and parents have been debating their implications for young people’s literacy, attention spans, social tolerance, and tendency for aggression. Considerable strides are now being made in scholarship in many of these areas.
23. It is understood from the passage that ---.. A) media scholars criticize the young for their online activities B) 2006 was announced to be the year of the youth C) Internet use among the elderly population is limited D) many young people are using the digital media in impressive ways E) Time magazine incorporates digital media into its journalism 24. The expression 'digital democracy' used in the passage means ----.. A) taking full advantage of all the web technologies B) widespread use of Internet technology in our age C) the selection of fifteen young people by Time magazine D) equal rights given to teenagers to express their opinions online E) online media engagement opportunities made available for everyone
25. According to the passage, the scholars who carried out an investigation into new media participation think that the present phenomenon ----.. A) is a waste of time as there is no particular merit at all B) is the result of people’s competent use of digital technologies C) should be regarded with suspicion D) calls for parental guidance when young people are concerned E) has created an aggressive young generation
26. It is explained in the passage that ----.. A) there is rapid progress in the fields investigating various effects of digital technologies on young people B) digital media participation does irreparable harm to young people C) parents are particularly concerned about their children’s social tolerance and attention spans D) Time magazine offers valid solutions to the problems experienced by youth E) the digital practices of today’s young people as reporters, political commentators, cultural critics, or media producers exceed in quality those of earlier periods 27. Power has a bad name. In a society that cherishes equality and individuality, the notion that some people wield power over others is sometimes looked at with disfavour. Yet many of our societal institutions would operate badly or not at all if there were not at least some execution and distribution of power. Not only large organizations but also small institutions would certainly break down if clear lines of authority did not exist. --- For instance, power can be used for individual benefit, an inflated sense of self-worth or the devaluation of others.. A) On the other hand, if abused, power can corrupt the power holder. B) The economic power of a country can easily be undermined. C) Moreover, most institutions are not governed properly. D) Similarly, politicians could not govern without the power given to them by constitutions and legal systems. E) Even so, a number of institutions need to be upgraded.
28. Clare : What‘s the matter with you? You‘re not your usual self! Kate : I know I‘m not. This report I‘m doing is getting me down. Clare : ---Kate : No; thank goodness. But the deadline is near.. A) So that‘s the trouble. Is there still much left to be done? B) The trouble with you is that you‘re a perfectionist. C) When are you expected to hand it in? D) Would you like me to go over it for you? E) But it was nearly finished last week, wasn‘t it?
29. Leonardo da Vinci forged close friendships with a wide variety of people, from humble apprentices to the king of France.. A) Leonardo da Vinci had some close friends, who mainly included apprentices and also the king of France B) Among the few people Leonardo da Vinci regarded as his friends were some poor apprentices as well as the king of France. C) Leonardo da Vinci was very fond of his friends, who in fact consisted of the French king and some poor apprentices. D) Leonardo da Vinci had a wide range of close friends, including poor apprentices and also the king of France. E) The king of France and a number of apprentices were the only people who made friends with Leonardo da Vinci. 30. (I) America's hopes of nurturing pluralism in the Arab world could bear some fruit in the Gulf. (II)Quietly, if hesitantly, Gulf rulers have been introducing some reforms, (III) Saudi Arabia's relations with Qatar are close to breaking point following America's decision to move its troops and military control centre there. (IV) Bahrain now has a functioning parliament, though only half the electorate bothers to vote. (V) In Qatar a new constitution has been approved by referendum thus paving the way for a 45-seat legislature.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
C
2
C
3
B
4
C
5
B
6
C
7
A
8
E
9
B
10
D
11
E
12
D
13
A
14
D
15
C
16
B
17
E
18
D
19
E
20
C
21
B
22
B
23
D
24
E
25
B
26
A
27
A
28
A
29
D
30
C
15
1.
The greatest ---- to the spread of nuclear technology and nuclear power reactors to developing countries is that it will increase the risks of nuclear weapons proliferation..
B) contribution
C) causing / is resulted
C) solution
D) caused / results
D) condition
E) was caused / resulted
Despite its small population and ---remoteness, Australia occupies a powerful position in global science in general and life science in particular..
B) sizeable C) relative D) extensive E) recurrent The term “geography” ---- the English language in the 16th century from Latin and ultimately Greek, at the time when European navigators were beginning to explore Africa and the New World.. A) broke into B) turned out C) carried away D) went on E) 4.
A) is caused / will result B) to be caused / was resulted
A) ultimate
3.
Down syndrome ---- by an additional chromosome, usually ---- in mental impairment and other conditions..
A) obligation
E) objection 2.
5.
came into
At the end of 1998, Estonia ---- the strict citizenship requirements that ---- the country‘s Russian minority from gaining citizenship.. A) relaxes / kept B) had relaxed / have kept C) has relaxed / were keeping D) relaxed / had kept E) will relax / are keeping
6.
If Julie ---- herself like that while we were away, she ---- from anorexia nervosa today.. A) hasn't starved / wouldn't suffer B) didn't starve / isn't suffering C) hadn't starved / wouldn't be suffering D) wouldn't starve / won't be suffering E) wasn't starving / isn't suffering
7.
People who travel ---- airlines all have stories ---- how bad the experience is when things go wrong.. A) with / for B) in / of C) on / about D) at / over E) through / to
8.
---- African nations got their independence, the first thing they did was to change place names in their countries.. A) Just as B) If C) Although D) Until E) When
9.
---- our bodies are exposed to cold, their first rule of survival is to maintain the brain and internal organs at a temperature of 37°C.. A) Since B) Although C) When D) Just as E)
Until
10. There is no reason why man, ---- the other animals, should have a monopoly on laughter ---- a social tool. . A) in addition to / so B) compared with / such C) in opposition to / thus D) as opposed to / as E) on account of / just
11. The nurse claimed that it wasn't --- responsibility but the doctor's.. A) hers B) herself C) theirs D) her E) himself 12. Apparently, the firemen are ---- asking for higher wages, they are ---demanding a reduction in their working hours.. A) not only / also B) both / and C) also / but D) even / still E) neither / nor 13. The social sciences are a range of disciplines within the arts and humanities ---- principal concerns are the study of various aspects of society.. A) what B) whose C) that D) how E) when
Bozono, chief engineer of the Phoenix Bridge Company, was confident that he could build a bridge to span the Kinzua gorge; and he did (I)--- , in just 94 days. When it (II) ---- in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct was the tallest bridge in the world. For more than 100 years, it carried trains across the Kinzua gorge, but in 2003 its service came to an (III) ---- end when it took a direct hit (IV)---- a tornado and 23 of its 41 spans (V) ---- in spectacular fashion in just 30 seconds.
14. I. A) as well B) so C) too D) only E) both
19. ---- why she was looking so upset.. A) There is nothing to be ashamed of B) I really didn’t know C) We are all extremely worried D) There wasn’t an explanation E) Nobody had understood 20. Its a good idea to walk everywhere ----.. A) however far it must have seemed B) even though you were so tired C) whenever they went to the museum D) if you want to learn your way around the town E) since their house was on the outskirts of the town
15. II. A) had been finished
21. He also became known as a poet and as perhaps the only physicist to write a novel. .
B) has been finished C) was finished D) was to be finished E) finished 16. III. A) insufficient B) occasional C) eager D) abrupt E) insecure 17. IV. A) from B) at C) with D) over E) for 18. V. A) violated B) reduced C) reversed D) repaired E) collapsed
A) O, ayrıca, bir ozan ve belki de roman yazarı tek fizikçi olarak tanındı. B) Öte yadan, o, hem bir ozan hem de roman yazan ilk fizikçi olarak tanınıyordu. C) Nitekim, ozan olarak bilinen o kişi, roman yazan tek fizikçi olarak da ün yaptı. D) O, önce ozan olarak tanındı ve daha sonra roman da yazan bir fizikçi oldu E) O, sadece roman yazan bir fizikçi olarak değil aynı zamanda ozan olarak da tanınmıştır.
22. Eğer Rusya ve Amerika‘nın yoğun nükleer silahlarını ortadan kaldırmak için daha fazla bir şey yapılmazsa, Kuzey Kutup bölgesi yeniden bir nükleer cephe haline gelebilir.. A) Unless further steps are taken to dismantle their extensive nuclear arms, the Arctic may become a nuclear front again for Russia and the US B) If nothing further is done to dismantle the extensive Russian and US nuclear arms, the Arctic could once again become a nuclear front C) In order for the Arctic to become a nuclear front again, something must be done to reduce the vast amount of nuclear weapons of Russia and the US. D) Whether or not the Arctic is to become a nuclear front again, Russia and the US must reduce their nuclear arms. E) Should Russian and US plans for turning the Arctic once more into a nuclear front be put into effect, both countries will have to reduce the amount of nuclear power.
The last decade has seen not able changes in disability policy in Europe. Changed assumptions about the concept of disability have been reflected in the adoption of new national and pan-European legislation. As a consequence, the policy which has sought to separate and segregate people with disabilities in 'special schools', labour markets, residential accommodation and transport has, to some degree, and in some countries, been reconsidered. Attempts have been made to develop an integrated approach, opening up jobs, services and housing to all people irrespective of their ability or disability. A key element of this new approach has been the recognition that segregation and exclusion is not a necessary consequence of a physical or intellectual impairment, but the result of conscious policy choices based on false assumptions about the abilities of the people with disabilities. The new approach recognizes the role which discrimination plays in disadvantaging people with disabilities and, conversely, how legislation seeks to combat elements of disability discrimination and create sequality of opportunity for people with disabilities.
23. We understand from the passage that the new approach to disability ----.. A) maintains the segregational policies common everywhere in Europe B) opposes the segregation of the disabled from society C) equates physical or intellectual impairment with inferiority D) has not sought a legal basis for its activities E) aims to provide a the rapeutic environment for the disabled by placing them in special institutions 24. According to the passage, people with disabilities ----.. A) have failed to appreciate the special care services made available to them B) have always been provided with opportunities to make a good living C) have long been prevented from enjoying the same rights as the other members of society D) would never manage to lead a comfortable life E) have for centuries been regarded, throughout Europe, as a burden to society
25. As the passage indicates, it is now clear that ----.. A) there is a wide gap between the public and legal views on disability B) the disabled everywhere in Europe have been granted extra rights and privileges C) the disability groups are demanding even more rights D) the understanding of disability in Europe has undergone considerable change E) Europeans have recently adopted a rather prejudiced attitude towards the rights of people with disabilities
26. The passage emphasizes that ----.. A) potential capabilities of the disabled people had long been underestimated or ignored B) future steps require consciouslydeveloped policies for the rehabilitation of the disabled C) people with disabilities deserve somewhat more attention than those without D) the new disability policy in Europe will be useless E) a change in attitude towards the disabled is the result of the new employment policies in Europe 27. When it comes to teenage births, the US is backsliding. ---- Between 2005 and 2007, however, it crept up 5%. While the rate is still well below its early-1960s bubble, experts are getting worried about the trend line.. A) In the state of Texas, for example, the government requires only that public schools emphasize sexual abstinence. B) In 1960, before the advent of oral contraceptives, the rate in America was more than double what it is today. C) Between 1991 and 2005, the teenage birth rate declined by 34%, according to the National Centre of Health Statistics. D) The state of Texas now has the thirdhighest rate of teenage births, after Mississippi and New Mexico. E) In terms of repeat pregnancies of teenage girls, the city of Dallas has the highest rate in the entire country: 28%.
28. Liz : I am puzzled about why declining birth rates in the West have been accompanied by growing populations of older adults. Susan : You are right. Actually, it is a very complicated issue, and there is a wide range of reasons for it. Liz : ---Susan : I don‘t know where to start. I think one obvious reason is improved standards of health care.. A) Thank you so much. I‘ll take your advice and do some research on the subject. B) Exactly. You can perhaps outline some of them for me. C) I believe a new type of demographic crisis different from this confronts Western governments. D) One can definitely see that globalization has a serious impact on the world‘s population. E) Especially Asia‘s population as a whole has increased nearly four times over since 1900.
29. In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battle ground in the rivalry between Britain and Russia for control of Central Asia.. A) During the 19th century, the invasion of Afghanistan by Britain and Russia led to serious hostilities in Central Asia. B) It was in the 19th century that there emerged hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan, since Central Asia was important for them. C) In the 19th century, both Britain and Russia got into a fierce conflict with each other in Afghanistan in order to dominate Central Asia. D) Throughout the 19th century, the hostilities between Britain and Russia in Afghanistan were essentially for the possession of Central Asia. E) In the 19th century, Central Asia was so important for Britain and Russia that they first tried to conquer Afghanistan.
30. (I) There are many different ways of responding to or experiencing artworks. (II) We call these art responses. (III) Being amused by a play is an art response, and, if the play is a farce, all things being equal, an appropriate response. (IV) A large part of what is called aesthetic experience concerns noticing, detecting and discriminating. (V) Similarly, if one is reading a social protest novel, then being angered by the oppression depicted is an art response.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
E
2
C
3
E
4
D
5
D
6
C
7
C
8
E
9
C
10
D
11
D
12
A
13
B
14
B
15
C
16
D
17
A
18
E
19
B
20
D
21
A
22
B
23
B
24
C
25
D
26
A
27
C
28
B
29
C
30
D
16
1.
In 1968, Bermuda, which used to be a British colony, was ---- a new constitution and autonomy except for foreign relations, defence and internal security..
B) exploited
C) spent / to be including
C) appropriated
D) will spend / having included
D) granted
E) can spend / to have included
The amount of alcoholic drinks a person can consume safely is ---- individual, depending on genetics, health condition, sex, body composition, age, and family history..
B) worthily C) offensively D) highly E) loudly A wise vegetarian does not solely ---- the products made of textured vegetable protein, but learns to use a variety of whole foods instead.. A) set out B) take along C) draw up D) rely on E) make for 4.
A) have been spending / to include B) spend / including
A) violently
3.
Insurance companies ---- countless hours collecting data on the general population, ---- relative life expectancy..
A) leased
E) abolished 2.
5.
Smoking ---- in almost all segments of the American population, so that, in various polls, 60 to 65% of Americans ---non-smokers today.. A) declines / may have been B)
has declined / are
C) had declined / would be D) could have declined / will be E) declined / were
6.
If women of childbearing age ---- just 0, 4 milligram of folic acid per day before becoming pregnant, the incidence of spina bifida ---- by 50 to 75 per cent.. A) have taken / might be reduced B) take / will have been reduced C) had taken / had been reduced D) took / could be reduced E) will take / is reduced
7.
Philosophers have debated the relation --- thought and emotions ---- at least two millennia. . A) from / over B) over / in C) between / for D) in / by E) through / to
8.
In child development, play and exploration are similar ---- they are both intrinsically motivated behaviours and not directed by external goals.. A) on the other hand B) whereas C) otherwise D) after E) since
9.
---- the immune system is intricate, its basic strategy is simple: to recognize the enemy, mobilize forces and attack.. A) Although B) If C) Because D) In case E) When
10. Italy declared its neutrality upon the outbreak of World War I ---- that Germany had embarked upon an offensive war.. A) as soon as B) owing to C) in view of D) on the grounds E) such as
11. The remedies they use in the East are very different from those we use in the West; ---- rely more on the natural properties of herbs and plants while ---are more chemically orientated.. A) to them / to us B) they / us C) their / we D) theirs / ours E) themselves / ourselves 12. New York is ---- important in the SpiderMan film ---- any actor is.. A) an / than B) so / as C) as / as D) more / which E) the / that 13. It is almost impossible to find two people ---- opinions on this matter are the same.. A) which B) who C) that D) whose E) what
Natural disturbances, including hurricanes and earthquakes, have affected coral reefs for millions of years. They are typically acute but have short-lived (I) ---- . Reef areas (II) ---human influences often recover within a few years (III) ---- water and substratum quality remain high. Indeed, acute natural disturbances can actually help (IV)---- diversity on coral reefs by knocking back dominant species and allowing (V) ---- competitive species to re-establish themselves.
14. II. A) down to
19. Some comets have such long orbits ----.. A) while some asteroids may be burnt-up comets B) in case they come from a region outside the Solar System C) since they are often visible from the Earth D) that they pass near the Earth only once every million years E) just as their dust tails stretch up to 10 million kilometres across the sky 20. Water softeners are particularly useful, ---..
B) up to C) up against
A) if you live in a hard-water area
D) out of
B) that they remove chemicals and improve the taste
E) away from
C) why London water is so hard
15. I. A) products B) conditions C) concerns D) effects E) explanations 16. III. A) so that B) unless C) though D) if E) whether 17. IV. A) to have maintained B) maintaining C) having maintained D) to be maintained E) to maintain 18. V. A) much B) little C) as D) less E) least
D) since the water contained a greater concentration of calcium E) though electrical appliances require soft water 21. In her short stories that are set in the Southern states at about the turn of the century, Katherine Anne Porter describes a way of life that is gone.. A) Katherine Anne Porter, Güney eyaletleri ile ilgili kısa öykülerinde, yüzyılın başlarında geçen bir yaşamdan söz eder. B) Katherine Anne Porter, yüzyılın başlarında Güney eyaletlerinde geçen kısa öykülerinde, kaybolmuş bir yaşam biçimini anlatır. C) Katherine Anne Porter, Güney eyaletleri ile ilgili kısa öykülerinde, yüzyılın başlarına dayanan bir yaşam biçimini tasvir eder. D) Katherine Anne Porter’ın kısa öykülerinde tasvir edilen yaşam, yüzyılın başlarında Güney eyaletlerinde geçer E) Yüzyılın başlarında Güney eyaletlerinde geçen yaşam biçimi, Katherine Anne Porter’ın kısa öykülerinde anlatılmaktadır.
22. Zimbabve‘den, insanların açlıktan ölmeye başladıklarına ilişkin yürek parçalayıcı haberler sızmaktadır.. A) Heart-rending news has been filtering out from Zimbabwe that the people are starting to die of starvation B) One gets heart-rending news out of Zimbabwe that the people there are dying of starvation. C) The news out of Zimbabwe that people are about to die of starvation is heartrending. D) The heart-rending news that has been leaked out of Zimbabwe is that people have been dying of starvation E) The news that the people in Zimbabwe have been dying of starvation is extremely heartrending.
By the end of the twentieth century, East Asia had become a centre of industrial and manufacturing production. Especially China began to establish commercial ties with the West in the 1970s and became the world’s leading heavy industrial producer by the year 2000. Its state-owned companies acquired contracts from Western firms to produce products cheaply and in bulk, for sale back to home markets in the United States and Europe. Moreover, the Chinese government established semi capitalist commercial zones around major port cities like Shanghai. These commercial zones were intended to encourage massive foreign investment on terms that left China a favourable balance of trade for its huge volume of cheap exports. Yet, in practice, they enjoyed only mixed success. Problems in farming and a looming energy crisis hampered prosperity and economic growth, but Hong Kong only managed to maintain its traditional economic and cultural ties with the rest of the world. However, in recent years, China has overcome most of these problems and radically upgraded its economic performance.
23. The passage is mainly concerned with ---.. A) the extent and complexity of problems in Chinese agriculture B) the variety and volume of Western investments in China in the 1970s C) Hong Kong’s economic prosperity and its impact on social life in the city D) China’s economic development and performance since the last century E) the improvement of China’s balance of trade since the 1970s 24. It is claimed in the passage that China’s commercial zones ----.. A) absolutely provided China with a huge volume of foreign investment B) were not as successful as had been originally intended C) were solely located around Shanghai and Hong Kong D) have been the most efficient ones throughout East Asia E) were originally intended for state-owned companies
25. It is pointed out in the passage that Western firms ----.. A) made contracts with Chinese companies because of favourable production conditions in China B) made huge investments in commercial zones, but they failed to make any profit C) established closer commercial ties with China to benefit from cheap exports D) were mainly concentrated in Hong Kong, since it was a major port city E) cooperated with China in order to upgrade its economic performance
26. It is stated in the passage that Hong Kong ----.. A) was the major exporter of cheap products to the United States and Europe B) contributed enormously to the emergence of China as an economic power in East Asia C) was not affected at all by the decline of prosperity and economic growth in the rest of China D) took immediate measures to prevent the looming energy crisis in the area E) was a major centre of industrial and manufacturing production in China in the 1970s 27. Infertility is a problem that is affecting more couples than ever before, as people wait longer and longer to have children. One in ten couples older than 30 has trouble conceiving. After age 35, the ratio is one in five. ---- Some women reportedly get pregnant even in their 50s. But face it: Spontaneous pregnancy in a woman’s late 40s and 50s is rare.. A) Also, some had many serious miscarriages. B) Reproductive technologies will become more sophisticated C) Of course, age isn’t a problem for everyone. D) The number of women that have abortion is increasing day by day. E) In fact, many women follow a similar pattern.
28. Harriet : I am writing an article about the Cold War period. There is a great deal of material I have to deal with. Ares : I suggest you focus on a specific topic rather than giving a general account. Harriet : ---Ares : So, your article will, I am sure, arouse a great deal of interest in academic and political circles.. A) Right. I will demonstrate how the Cold War has given way to more complex global relations. B) You know the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union. C) Especially the Soviet Union‘s increasingly severe domestic problems led to mounting protests in Russia in 1991. D) Everyone knows that the Iron Curtain had established one of the most rigid borders in European history. E) In my opinion, since the end of the Cold War, adapting to change has been difficult throughout Eastern Europe.
29. Spanish efforts to recover Gibraltar culminated in a referendum in 1967, in which the residents voted overwhelmingly to retain their link with Britain.. A) Although Spain‘s aim had always been to annex Gibraltar, it was made clear in a referendum in 1967 that the people preferred British rule. B) Spain had always tried hard to reclaim Gibraltar from Britain; however, in a referendum held in 1967, the people of Gibraltar decided by a great majority to stay with Britain. C) A referendum in 1967 showed that, despite Spain‘s attempts to annex Gibraltar, in fact the people favoured Britain. D) Spain‘s attempts to reconquer Gibraltar failed in 1967 when the people of Gibraltar held a referendum, and showed their loyalty to Britain. E) In a referendum in 1967, the people of Gibraltar rejected Spain‘s claim of annexation, and voted in favour of Britain.
30. (I) Air photography has been responsible for a large number of archaeological discoveries. (II)The first major archaeological applications of this technique occurred at the start of the last century with photographs of the Roman town of Ostia taken from a balloon. (III)Recently, there has been considerable activity in the air over former Soviet areas showing that these areas were once as densely occupied as some of the best-known parts of Britain and western Europe. (IV) In 1913, Sir Henry Welcome took vertical pictures of his excavations in the Sudan by means of a box kite. (V) World War I gave the technique a great impetus when archaeologists in England discovered the clarity that air photographs could provide in their plan view of prehistoric monuments.. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
D
2
D
3
D
4
B
5
B
6
D
7
C
8
E
9
A
10
D
11
D
12
C
13
D
14
E
15
D
16
D
17
E
18
D
19
D
20
A
21
B
22
A
23
D
24
B
25
A
26
C
27
C
28
A
29
B
30
C
17
1.
2.
Damage to the liver is the main health --- for long-term heavy drinkers..
6.
If the discovery ----, it ---- speculation that the Galaxy is teeming with life..
A) consideration
A) had been confirmed / would fuel
B) conclusion
B) will be confirmed / will have fuelled
C) attentiveness
C) is confirmed / will fuel
D) examination
D) has been confirmed / has fuelled
E) regulation
E) was confirmed / would have fuelled
In Existentialism, it is argued that people are responsible for, and the ---- judge of, their actions..
7.
The objective ---- a proper diet is to achieve and maintain a desirable body composition and a large capacity ---physical and mental work..
A) expansive A) through / through
B) sole
B) on / within
C) previous
C) at / across
D) irresistible
D) of / for
E) prevalent
E) after / between 3.
The Council of Europe, the continent’s oldest political organization, was ---- in 1949 to defend, among other things, human rights and the rule of law..
8.
Life on Earth would be impossible without water, ---- all life forms, from bacteria to plants and animals, contain it..
A) set up A) since
B) pulled through
B) even so
C) set aside
C) unless
D) put up
D) that
E) made out
E) when 4.
Meteorites ---- the best available record of the chemical and physical processes that ---- during the first million years of our solar system’s history.. A) provide / occurred
5.
9.
It was not obvious to scientists what the solution would be to the cosmic radiation astronauts are exposed to; ---- was it obvious that there would be any solution at all..
B) are providing / have occurred
A) either
C) had provided / occurred
B) so
D) could provide / would occur
C) and
E) provided / might occur
D) but
Individuals ---- any problems with the urethra should ---- medical help at once.. A) to experience / used to seek B) experiencing / should seek C) having experienced / may seek D) to have experienced / seek E) to be experiencing / must seek
E) nor
10. Strategists argue that today's armed forces should be prepared for multiple but smallish expeditionary operations in remote and disparate places, ---- for just one big conflagration.. A) as soon as B) than ever C) most of all D) rather than E) more often
11. The two men walked back to the village together, but ---- of them spoke.. A) any B) either C) some D) neither E) the other 12. Some anthropologists think that man today is ---- honest ---- he was hundreds and thousands of years ago.. A) much / as B) the less / than C) the least / of D) little / as E) less / than 13. The number of frauds in the US ---- the criminal uses someone else’s credit card number doubled to 162, 000 cases in 2002.. A) in which B) by whom C) of which D) which E) with whom
The United States will officially take 70, 000 refugees in 2003. (I) ---- the number will be much lower as many thousands will be caught up in lengthy (II) ---- necessitated by postSeptember 11 security procedures. In 2002, for example, America (III) ---- only 30, 000 refugees, the lowest number in 25 years. This is a remarkable (IV) ---- of America's traditional generosity (V) ---- the world's displaced.
14. I. A) In place of B) In return C) In practice D) In case E) In excess of 15. II.
19. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, ----, progress came to an end in the Ottoman Empire.. A) which were built by masters such as the architect Sinan B) which had a steady arrival of skilled craftsmen from the new territories of the empire C) even though there will be few other changes D) as the Ottomans began to lose their technological advantage over Europe E) since the Istanbul state had continued spreading westwards 20. ----, but can this prohibition be enforced?. A) It would have been easy to prohibit nuclear weapons
A) distinctions
B) Nuclear weapons have been prohibited
B) competitions
C) With the prohibition of nuclear weapons, the problem was finally solved
C) departures D) delays E) resources 16. III. A) had accepted B) has accepted C) would accept D) is accepting E) accepted 17. IV. A) reversal B) exchange C) comparison D) expression E) appreciation 18. V. A) against B) through C) over D) towards E) beyond
D) The prohibition of nuclear weapons is no solution E) Nuclear weapons should have been prohibited 21. Under the burning sun of the Mediterranean basin, the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians harvested salt through evaporation from the sea, on a scale sufficient for their daily needs.. A) Akdeniz bölgesinin yakıcı güneşi altında, eski Yunanlılar, Romalılar ve Mısırlılar, günlük gereksinimlerini karşılamak amacıyla buharlaştırma yöntemiyle denizden tuz üretiyorlardı. B) Eski Yunanlılar, Romalılar ve Mısırlılar, Akdeniz havzasının kızgın güneşi altında, denizden buharlaştırma yoluyla, günlük gereksinimleri için yeterli ölçüde tuz elde ediyorlardı. C) Eski Yunanlılar, Romalılar ve Mısırlılar’ın, günlük gereksinimlerini karşılamak için, Akdeniz bölgesinin yakıcı güneşi altında, buharlaştırma yoluyla denizden tuz ürettikleri bilinmektedir. D) Günlük gereksinimlerini karşılamak için eski Yunanlılar, Romalılar ve Mısırlılar, Akdeniz’in kızgın güneşi altında, buharlaştırma yöntemiyle, denizden yeterince tuz elde edebiliyorlardı. E) Akdeniz havzasının yakıcı güneşi altında, günlük tuz gereksinimlerini karşılamak için eski Yunanlılar, Romalılar ve Mısırlılar buharlaştırma yöntemini kullanmışlardır.
22. Kafkaslar, 1991‘de Sovyetler Birliği‘nin çöküşünden arta kalmış birçok içten içe kaynayan çatışmayı barındırmaktadır.. A) After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caucasus has become an area with various simmering conflicts. B) Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, there have emerged various tensions in the Caucasus ready to explode into conflicts. C) The Caucasus harbours several simmering conflicts left after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. D) It is in the Caucasus that, following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of issues have risen, ready to explode into conflicts. E) Several regional conflicts have risen in the Caucasus since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Until the early 1960s, the picturesque ruins of Aphrodisias were scattered in and around the very pretty village of Geyre, where the houses had been built largely from remnants of the ancient city. But the present excavations, which began in 1961, have now reached such a scale that the village and its inhabitants have been moved to another site nearby. Some of the superb sculptures unearthed are now exhibited in a new museum, which is located in what was once Geyre’s village square, while others can be seen around the archaeological zone, one of the most interesting and beautiful sites in all of Turkey. Surprisingly, the excavations at Aphrodisias have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to about 5, 800 B.C. The site seems to have been a very ancient shrine of Ishtar, the fertility goddess of Nineveh and Babylon, who was one of the predecessors of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. In fact, the earliest Greek sanctuary of Aphrodite on this site dates from the sixth century B.C., and it was from this sanctuary during the next four centuries that the cult of Aphrodite spread throughout the Graeco-Roman world.
23. As one learns from the passage, the excavations at Aphrodisias ----.. A) originally had a single aim: to find out whether there was any connection between this city and the Mesopotamian cities of Nineveh and Babylon B) confirm that Ishtar was reborn as Aphrodite C) have unearthed only a small part of the ancient settlements, which are very extensive and need to be carefully identified D) have focused on unearthing Aphrodite’s sanctuary as well as other Graeco-Roman remnants E) have been going on for over four decades and reveal that the city dates back to very early times 24. It is pointed out in the passage that the people of modern Geyre ----.. A) have always played an active part in the excavations, since they are very keen to learn about the past of their village B) were forced to re-settle at a new site quite far from that of Aphrodisias itself C) used the remains of ancient Aphrodisias as building material for their homes D) had been moved to a new site for resettlement before the excavations began in the early 1960s E) have insisted that the sculptures unearthed during the excavations be exhibited in the village square
25. The writer claims in the passage that Aphrodisias, with its wonderful ruins, ---.. A) has been a place of attraction for archaeologists for many centuries B) is among the most attractive and loveliest of the archaeological sites in Turkey C) has now been completely excavated and declared an archaeological zone D)
still lies hidden under the modern village of Geyre and, hence, needs to be unearthed
E) is a Graeco-Roman archaeological site, settled for the first time in the sixth century B.C.
26. It is stated in the passage that the temple of Aphrodite in Aphrodisias ----.. A) was the very first site to be excavated in the early 1960s and is today one of the most captivating sights at Geyre B) was designed and built in full imitation of the temple of the Babylonian fertility goddess Ishtar on the same site C) lost its importance completely once the cult of the goddess had spread in the Graeco-Roman world D) is still regarded by most archaeologists as an architectural wonder, which, with its superb sculptures, surprises everybody E) gave rise to the popularity among the Greeks and the Romans of the worship of the goddess 27. Madagascar is renowned for its extraordinary animals, particularly lemurs, a group of primates extinct elsewhere on the planet. ---- The island was one of the last places on earth to be settled by people, receiving its earliest migrants in the middle of the first millennium. Moreover, despite Madagascar’s proximity to Africa – 400 km at the closest point – those settlers have long been suspected of having arrived from the Malay islands– modern Indonesia – more than 6, 000 km away.. A) Its history of human settlement, though, is equally unusual. B) Madagascar is quite an interesting holiday destination. C) The Islanders’ culture includes elements that are characteristically Asian. D) There were many Malay expeditions across the Indian Ocean. E) It is likely that a successful colonization would have been followed by others.
28. John : For our investments, we should consider tourism as a new area. Edmund : Agreed. In fact, tourism has now become the world‘s biggest industry. John : ---Edmund : I certainly think so. Therefore, it is of vital importance for the economies of many of the world‘s poorest nations.. A) Moreover, travel enriches one‘s life. Don‘t you agree? B) Actually, it fuels economic growth, doesn‘t it? C) Do you believe that travelling broadens our experience of the world? D) Furthermore, tourism enables people to explore other cultures and geographies. Right? E) Yes, true. Yet, worldwide mobility because of tourism has its drawbacks. Do you agree?
29. What is certain is that Azerbaijan‘s oilfired economy has been booming in recent years.. A) Although Azerbaijan‘s economy is largely dependent on oil, in recent years it has entered a period of recession. B) There is no doubt that, over the past few years, Azerbaijan‘s economy, which thrives entirely on oil, has been growing fast. C) Since Azerbaijan‘s economic prosperity is related to oil, there has been some minor improvement lately.
30. (I) Although there are considerable cultural differences between the various South Asian nationalities that have come to Britain, there are certain underlying similarities. (II) Families from rural areas in South Asia typically take a more extended form. (III) The rebuilding of extended family structures is vital to any community. (IV) They include three generations in the household and are organized through a network of males. (V) They are also strongly bound together by ideas of brotherhood and family loyalty.. A) I
D) It is only in recent years that, because of its oil, Azerbaijan has experienced some economic progress.
B) II
E) Over the past few years, due to an increase in its oil output, Azerbaijan‘s economy has become much stronger.
D) IV
C) III
E) V
SORU CEVAP 1
A
2
B
3
A
4
A
5
B
6
C
7
D
8
A
9
E
10
D
11
D
12
E
13
A
14
C
15
D
16
E
17
A
18
D
19
D
20
B
21
B
22
C
23
E
24
C
25
B
26
E
27
A
28
B
29
B
30
C
