RXM_ħ‘MA [I_AMKMU [HFGMYMF JM]ąṯHK MRX - RXM_ħ‘MA [I_AMKMU UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA KH OMH[YL JML MBIA
@lia7 Shlkm Mcusthm, R.Ry FHJ7 =9?52=5554
[IRHR
Khmgunmf nipmkm Ur`crmj Rtukh Jmchstir Aunuj Hslmj Dmnultms Rymrh‐ma kmf Aunuj Aunuj YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm uftun Jijifuah Rmlma Rmtu Rymrmt Jijpir`lia Cilmr Jmchstir Aunuj Hslmj
X@CXMNM_[M ?5=3
hh
hhh
hv
v
vh
MOR[_MN
Wmnmt mkmlma smlma smtu phlmr mcmjm Hslmj ymfc oirpirmf oismr kmlmj pijoirkmymmf in`f`jh ujmt, zmnmt khnil`lm ounmf oirkmsmrnmf pirhftma YfkmfcYfkmfc kifcmf sicmlm pirmturmf turufmffym, fmjuf zmnmt khnil`lm oirkmsmrnmf pirhftma ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf kmf ḩmkĮṭ. ḩmkĮṭ. Oirkmsmrnmf pirjmsmlmamf tirsiout, pifulhs jijomams tiftmfc “[hfgmumf Aunuj Hslmj [iramkmp Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia. Mkmpuf tugumf pifilhthmf hfh uftun jifgilmsnmf pr`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia kmf jifgilmsnmf pmfkmfcmf jmqčṢhk jmqčṢhk msy- symrĮ‘ma symrĮ‘ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia. Uifilhthmf hfh jirupmnmf pifilhthmf lmpmfcmf ( dhilk risimrba) ymfc oirshdmt numlhtmthd kifcmf jit`ki kisnrhpthd mfmlhshs. Uifcujpulmf kmtm khlmnunmf kifcmf jifcmfmlhshs k`nujif, lmp`rmf nichmtmf kmf mrshp-mrshp ymfc rilivmf kifcmf pifilhthmf hfh, wmwmfbmrm kifcmf phamn Omhtul Jml Mbia ymfc jijmamjh pirjmsmlmamf ymfc khtilhth. Amshl pifilhthmf jifufgunnmf omawm pr`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia mkmlma kmlmj jinmfhsji pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc tilma khjmsunnmf ni kmlmj Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma amrus jifchnuth mturmf niumfcmf kmirma kmf khsmjmnmf kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym, pmkm pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt Omhtul Jml Mbia amrus jifufccu pifcismamf Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia sikmfcnmf justmahq sibmrm tirus ti rus jifirus jijirlunmf omftumf kmfm zmnmt, gujlma zmnmt ymfc ymfc khsmlurnmf thkmn amrus smjm kifcmf gujlma ymfc khtirhjm nmrifm wmgho tirhnmt kifcmf plmtd`rj ymfc khtitmpnmf kmlmj Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia, Kmlmj aml pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm pmkm pr`crmj zmnmt pr`kunthd ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtu Jml jmsha jifumh n`ftr`virsh nmrifm amrus jifchnuth jinmfhsji pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm siahfccm Omhtul Jml Mbia jifcmlmjh nisulhtmf kmlmj jirimlhsmshnmf pr`crmj tirsiout. Kmrh oiromcmh pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma tirsiout ghnm khthfgmu kmrh jmqčṢhk msymsy symrĮ‘ma symrĮ‘ma jmnm kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia lioha omfymn jifhjoulnmf pr`olijmthnm ymfc kmpmt jijomamymnmf ghwm justmahq zmnmt, nmrifm justmahq zmnmt nausufym dmnhr kmf jhsnhf mkmlma phamn ymfc pmlhfc jirmsmnmf idin kmrh pirmturmf tiftmfc z mnmt ymfc khgmkhnmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, nithnm Omhtul Jml Mbia jifcmlmjh nifkmlm kmlmj pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt kmrh Nms Yjuj Mbia ymfc oirhjoms pmkm tirnifkmlmfym pr`sis pifymlurmf zmnmt nipmkm justmahq, sikmfcnmf justmahq jijirlunmf kmfm zmnmt tirsiout uftun oirtmamf ahkup kmf thkmn o`lia tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt, mpmohlm tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf jmnm mnmf jifcmfbmj niahkupmf (ghwm) justmahq. Aml tirsiout tilma jifcmnhomtnmf pijilhamrmmf ghwm justmahq tirmomhnmf. Aml hfh tiftu oiroikm kifcmf tugumf ymfc hfchf khbmpmh `lia symrhmt zmnmt ymhtu jifgmjhf tirpifuahfym nioutuamf justmahn cufm uftun jifyilmjmtnmf ghwm jmfushm (ḩ ( ḩhd Ẓ u mf-fmds ) ymfc jirupmnmf smlma smtu kmrh tugumf jmqčṢhk msymsy - symrĮ‘ma. symrĮ‘ma.
Nmtm Nufbh 7 Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, JmqčṢhk Kmirma, JmqčṢhk MsyMsy-RymrĮ‘ma vhh
UIK@JMF [_MFRLH[I_MRH M_MO ‒ LM[HF LM[HF
nm f Oir kms m r nm Jiftirh
Rurmt Niputusmf Oirsmjm Jiftirh Mcmjm _ H kmf
Uifkhkhnmf
kmf Nioukmymmf
_H F`j`r F`j `r
=91 /=813 kmf
59;2o/Y/=813, tmfccml =5 Riptijoir =813. M. N`fs`fmf [ufccml
Aurud Mrmo
Fmjm
Aurud Lmthf
Nitirmfcmf
mlhd
thkmn khlmjomfcnmf
thkmn khlmjomfcnmf
oč‐ oč‐
o
oi
tč‐
t
ti
ṭč‐
ṭ
is (kifcmf ththn kh mtms)
Ghj
g
gi
ḩč‐
ḩ
am (kifcmf ththn kh omwma)
nač‐ nač‐
na
nm kmf am
kčl
k
ki
żčl żčl
ż
zit (kifcmf ththn kh mtms)
r č‐ č‐
r
ir
zčh
z
zit
R Į f
s
is
sy Į f
sy
is kmf yi
Ṣčk Ṣčk
Ṣ
is (kifcmf ththn kh omwma)
Ḋčk Ḋčk
Ḋ
ki (kifcmf ththn khomwma)
Ṫč‐
Ṫ
ti (kifcmf ththn khomwma)
Ẓč‐
Ẓ
zit (kifcmf ththn khomwma)
‖mhf
‖
n`jm tiromlhn kh mtms
cmhf
c
ci
d č‐ č‐
d
id
qčd
q
qh
n čd
n
nm
Lčj
l
il
j Į j
j
ij
vhhh
fŮf
f
if
wčwu
w
wi
ač‐
a
am
amjzma
‖
mp`str`d
yč‐
y
yi
O. N`fs`fmf _mfcnmp nmrifm Rymkkma khtulhs rmfcnmp
khtulhs
jutm‐mqqhkhf
khtulhs
‖hkkma
J mroŮṪ ma č‘ Jm B. [ č‘
=. Ohlm khjmthnmf khtulhs a khtulhs
Ahooma
khtulhs
Ghzyma
(nitiftumf hfh thkmn khpirlmnunmf tiramkmp nmtm-nmtm Mrmo ymfc sukma tirsirmp ni kmlmj omamsm Hfk`fishm, sipirth samlmt, zmnmt, kmf siomcmhfym, nibumlh ohlm khniaifkmnh lmdml mslhfym). ?. Ohlm khhnuth kifcmf nmtm smfkmfc “ml‚ “ml‚ sirtm ombmmf nikum htu tirphsma, jmnm khtulhs kifcmf a. khtulhs
nmrčjma ml-mulhy č‐
Ohlm ahkup tč tč jmroŮṪ dmtḩma, nmsrma, ma, nmsrma, kmf Ḋmjjma khtulhs jmroŮṪma ma mtmu kifcmf ḩmrnmt, dmtḩ t. khtulhs
hx
zmnčtul
dhṪ dhṪrh
K. T`nml Uifkin
Nmsrma
khtulhs
dmtḩma dmtḩma
khtulhs
Ḋmjjma
khtulhs
h m u
I. T`nml Umfgmfc
dmtḩma + mlhd
dmtḩma + dmtḩma + yč‐ jmth
nmsrma + yč‐ jmth yč‐ jmth
kmjjma + wčwu jmth wčwu jmth
D.
khtulhs
č
khtulhs
Gčahlhyyma
khtulhs
č
khtulhs
yms‐č
khtulhs
Į
khtulhs
N mrĮj mrĮj
khtulhs
Ů
khtulhs
d urŮḊ urŮḊ
khtulhs
Mh
khtulhs
Omhfmnuj
khtulhs
Mu
khtulhs
]muluj
T`nml _mfcnmp
dmtḩma + dmtḩma + yč‐ jmth
dmtḩma + dmtḩma + wčwu jmth wčwu jmth
C. T`nml
Uifkin
ymfc
Oirurutmf
kmlmj
Rmtu
Nmtm Khphsmanmf
kifcmf Mp`str`d
x
khtulhs
m'mftuj
khtulhs
u'hkmt
khtulhs
lm'hf symnmrtuj
A. Nmtm Rmfkmfc Mlhd + Lmj
=. Ohlm khhnuth Aurud ]mjmrhyma khtulhs
ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf
khtulhs
ml-]hyčs ml-]hyčs
?. Ohlm khhnuth Aurud Rymjshyma khtulhs kifcmf jifccmfkmnmf aurud symjshyyma ymfc ymfc jifchnuthfym, sirtm jifcahlmfcnmf aurud l ( il )-fym. )-fym.
H.
khtulhs
ms-Rmjč‐ ms-Rmjč‐
khtulhs
msy-Rymjs
Uifulhsmf Nmtm-nmtm kmlmj _mfcnmhmf Nmlhjmt
khtulhs khtulhs
xh
ẒmwĮ ml-durŮḊ mal ms-suffma
UI_RIJOMAMF
[ishs hfh khpirsijomanmf uftun7
Mljmjmtir Ur`crmj Jmchstir Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma ?5=9 YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm
xhh
NM[M UIFCMF[M_
Uugh syunur pifulhs pmfgmtnmf nipmkm Mllma RS[ mtms lhjpmamf rmajmt, ahkmyma, sirtm nmsha smymfc-Fym siahfccm pifulhs kmpmt jifyilismhnmf pifilhthmf hfh sisumh kifcmf wmntu ymfc khtmrcitnmf. Ramlmwmt sirtm smlmj nipmkm Fmoh Juamjjmk RMS ymfc tilma oirsusma pmyma jifymjpmhnmf mgmrmf Hslmj nipmkm ujjmtfym siomcmh pik`jmf ahkup kh kufhm kmf uftun nisilmjmtmf kh mnahrmt nilmn. Uifulhs tishs kifcmf gukul “[hfgmumf “ [hfgmumf Aunuj Hslmj [iramkmp Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia (Rtukh Hjplijiftmsh Umsml ?; ]mfuf Mbia F`. =5 [mauf ?553 [iftmfc Omhtul Jml) ‚ hfh khsusuf uftun jijifuah symrmt cufm jijpir`lia kirmgmt Jmchstir kh ohkmfc hlju aunuj Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma pmkm Jmchstir Aunuj Hslmj Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm. Kmlmj pifulhsmf tishs hfh thkmn sikhnht amjomtmf kmf nifkmlm ymfc khamkmph pifulhs nmrifm nurmfcfym hlju pifcitmaumf kmf lhtirmturi ymfc mkm pmkm pmkm pifulhs. Fmjuf oirnmt nirgm nirms kmf mrmamf kmrh k`sif pijohjohfc kmf ymfc lmhffym, mnahrfym tishs hfh thkmn lipms kmrh pirmf sirtm `rmfc-`rmfc khsinhtmr pifulhs, `lia nmrifm htu pifulhs ubmpnmf tirhjmnmsha nipmkm7 =.
Ompmn Ur`d. N.A. Xukhmf Smayukh, Ua.K silmnu _int`r Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh (YHF) Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm
?.
Ompmn Kr. A. Mcus J`a. Fmgho, J.Mc silmnu Kinmf Dmnultms Rymrh‐ma kmf Aunuj YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm, ymfc tilma jijoirhnmf nijukmamf omch pifulhs kh kmlmj pr`sis pifmfkmtmfcmfmf oirnms-oirnms sirtm aml-aml oirnmhtmf kifcmf mkjhfhstrmsh sibmrm ujuj.
2.
Ur`d. Kr. A. Rymjsul Mfwmr, JM silmnu Uijohjohfc H, ymfc kifcmf pifua nismomrmf oirsikhm jifc`rinsh sibmrm tilhth silurua hsh tulhsmf, ymc tilma jifyijpmtnmf wmntufym uftun jifilmma kmrh omo piromo kmlmj pijoumtmf
xhhh
tishs hfh sirtm jijohjohfc kmf jifcmrmanmf pifulhs kmlmj jifyilismhnmf tishs hfh ;.
Ompmn Kr. Majmk Omahig, RA, J.Auj. silmnu pijohjohfc HH, mtms mrmamf kmf fmsiamt ymfc khoirhnmf, kh silm-silm nishounmf wmntufym, jijombm, jifc`rinsh kmf jijoirhnmf mrmamf, siahfccm kmpmt tirsilismhnmffym pifyusufmf tishs hfh.
9.
Ompmn kmf Hou K`sif sirtm silurua bhvhtms mnmkijhnm Ur`crmj Jmchstir Aunuj Hslmj Dmnultms Rymrh‐ma Rymrh‐ma kmf Aunuj YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm siomcmh tijpmt hftirmnsh Uifulhs silmjm jifgmlmfh stukh kh YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm.
4.
Nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia kmf silurua phamn ymfc tilma jijomftu pifulhs kmlmj jifcujpulnmf kmtm pifilhthmf siahfccm pifilhthmf hfh kmpmt oirgmlmf sisumh amrmpmf.
3.
[irhsthjiwm nipmkm mljmrauj Mymamfkm tirbhftm Juamjjmk Xusud kmf Houfkm tirsmymfc Gujhmth ymfc kifcmf hnalms silmlu jijoirhnmf fmsiamt kmf kunufcmf sirtm k`m ymfc silmlu jifchrhfch lmfcnma pifulhs. [iruftun sumjh tirbhftm Juamjjmk Ikhymfh, J.Uk ymfc silmlu oirsmjm kmlmj jifijpua pifkhkhnmf hfh.
Uifulhs jifymkmrh sipifuafym omawm kmlmj pifulhsmf tishs hfh jmsha omfymn nilijmamf kmf ninurmfcmf omanmf gmua kmrh nisijpurfmmf. Yftun htu pifulhs jifcamrmpnmf nrhthn kmf smrmf kmrh pmrm pijombm ymfc oukhjmf kijh nisijpurfmmf tishs hfh. Mnahrfym nipmkm Mllma pifulhs oirsirma khrh mtms sicmlm usmam kmf k`m kmlmj pifyusufmf tishs hfh. Rij`cm tulhsmf hfh jijoirh jmfdmmt nipmkm nhtm sijum
X`cymnmrtm,=? Mprhl ?5=3 Uifulhs,
Shlkm Mcusthm FHJ7 =9?52=5554 = 9?52=5554
xhv
KMD[M_ HRH AMLMJMF GYKYL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................
h
UI_FXM[MMF NIMRLHMF ........................................... .................................................................. ............................. ......
hh
UI_FXM[MMF OIOMR ULMCHMRH ............................................ ........................................................... ...............
hhh
UIFCIRMAMF [YCMR MNAH_........................................... ................................................................. ......................
hv
F@[M KHFMR UIJOHJOHFC H ............................................ .................................................................. ......................
v
F@[M KHFMR UIJOHJOHFC HH .......................................... ................................................................ ......................
vh
MOR[_MN ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ...............
vhh
UIK@JMF [_MFRLH[I_MRH ......................................... ............................................................... .......................... ....
vhhh
UI_RIJOMAMF........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... ....
xhh
NM[M UIFCMF[M_ ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................ ..................
xhhh
KMD[M_ HRH ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ................................. ...........
xv
KMD[M_ [MOIL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .......................... ....
xvhh
KMD[M_ LMJUH_MF LMJUH_MF .......................................... ................................................................ ........................................ .................. xvhhh OMO H 7
UIFKMAYLYMF ........................................... .................................................................. .......................... ...
=
M. Lmtmr Oilmnmfc Jmsmlma ........................................... ............................................................. ..................
=
O. _ujusmf Jmsmlma .......................................... ................................................................. ............................. ......
3
B. [ugumf kmf Nicufmmf Uifilhthmf ............................................ ................................................ ....
3
K. Nmghmf Uustmnm ........................................... ................................................................. ................................. ...........
1
I. Nirmfcnm [i`rithn ............................................ ................................................................... .......................... ...
=?
D.
Jit`ki Uifilhthmf .......................................... ................................................................. ............................. ......
=;
C. Rhstijmthnm Uijomamsmf ........................................... ............................................................. ..................
=3
OMO HH 7
HRLMJ KMF UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA ........................................... ...........................................
=8
M. Uifcirthmf Wmnmt ............................................ ................................................................... ............................. ......
=8
O. [ugumf Uifsymrhmtmf Wmnmt........................................... .......................................................... ...............
?=
B. Juzmnnh kmf Justmahn Wmnmt .......................................... ..................................................... ...........
?;
K. Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kmlmj Hslmj ........................................... .................................................. .......
2=
=.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt pmkm Jmsm _msulullma ........................... ...........................
2=
?.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt pmkm Jmsm Naulmdmur _msyhkhf .............
2;
m.
29
Jmsm Namlhdma Mou Omnmr ms-Rahkkhq .......................... ..........................
xv
o.
Jmsm Namlhdma Yjmr ohf Namttmo ................................. .................................
29
b.
Jmsm Namlhdma Ysjmf ohf Mddmf .................................. ..................................
24
k.
Jmsm Namlhdma Mlh ohf Moh [amlho ................................ ................................
24
2.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt pmkm Jmsm [moh‐hf...................... [moh‐hf ................................. ...........
23
;.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kh Hfk`fishm ........................................... ...........................................
28
I. Uirmf Uijirhftma kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt ............................... ...............................
;2
D.
Rujoir-sujoir Uifkmpmtmf Ficmrm kmlmj Hslmj ......................
;3
C. Uifcirthmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ............................................ ............................................
92
A. Rujoir-sujoir Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ................................... ...................................
9;
H.
OMO HHH 7
Nijmsalmamtmf siomcmh [ugumf Aunuj Hslmj ( JmqčṢhk msymsyRymrĮ‘ma ) ............................................ ................................................................... ......................................... ..................
91
_IMLH[M UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA KH OMH[YL JML MBIA
44
M. ]mfuf Mbia ........................................... ................................................................. ..................................... ...............
44
O. Omhtul Jml Mbia ............................................. ................................................................... ............................. .......
3?
B. Thsh kmf Jhsh Omhtul Jml Mbia ............................................ ................................................... .......
34
K. Rtruntur @rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia .......................................... ..........................................
31
I. Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia..................................................................................... Mbia.....................................................................................
14
OMO HT 7
[HFGMYMF AYNYJ HRLMJ [I_AMKMU UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA KH OMH[YL JML MBIA ............................ ............................ =5=
M. Uirjmsmlmamf ymfc [hjoul kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia Mbia .............................. .............................. =5= O. [hfgmumf JmqčṢhk msymsy-RymrĮ‘ma RymrĮ‘ma [iramkmp Uirjmsmlmamf ymfc [hjoul kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia .......................................... ......................................................... ............... =53 OMO T 7
UIFY[YU.......................................... ................................................................ ........................................ ..................
==?
M. Nishjpulmf ............................................ .................................................................. ..................................... ...............
==?
O. Rmrmf ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... ....
==2
KMD[M_ UYR[MNM ............................................ ................................................................... ......................................... ..................
==9
LMJUH_MF-LMJUH_MF
xvh
KMD[M_ [MOIL
[moil =
Nlmshdhnmsh Rujoir kmf [ugumf Uifkmpmtmf Ficmrm Jifurut Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj, 9=.
[moil ?
Kmdtmr _iculmsh Kmsmr Uijoiftunmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, 3;.
[moil 2
Nrhtirhm Justmahq kmf Ur`siftmsi Wmnmt, =55.
xvhh
KMD[M_ LMJUH_MF
Lmjphrmf =
[irgijmamf Ml-]ur‐mf Ml-]ur‐mf
Lmjphrmf ?
Kmdtmr _hwmymt Ahkup
xvhhh
OMO H UIFKMAYLYMF
M.
Lmtmr Oilmnmfc Jmsmlma
Kmlmj Hslmj, pijoirmftmsmf nijhsnhfmf khlijomcmnmf kmlmj smlma smtu runuffym, ymhtu zmnmt. = Kh Hfk`fishm zmnmt tilma khmtur kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf sirtm dufcsh Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt. Aml hfh pifthfc nmrifm zmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu pijmsunmf omch ficmrm ymfc jijhlhnh p`tifsh smfcmt oismr kmlmj jijomfcuf pirin`f`jhmf jmsymrmnmt. Kmlmj ti`rh nitmtmficmrmmf Hslmj, pifcil`lmmf zmnmt khsirmanmf nipmkm pijirhftma. Aml hfh oirkmsmrnmf dhrjmf ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf Rurmt Rurmt Mt-[muoma ^8Z mymt =52.
Nmtm “nau “nau ż ‚ pmkm mymt tirsiout jirupmnmf nmtm pirhftma ymfc khtugunmf nipmkm pirsi`rmfcmf. Rikmfcnmf pirhftma tirsiout khtugunmf nipmkm _msulullma RMS ymfc pmkm wmntu htu kh smjphfc siomcmh utusmf Mllma gucm siomcmh pijhjphf Ficmrm (pifcumsm). @lia nmrifm htu pirhftma kmlmj mymt tirsiout gucm khtugunmf nipmkm sithmp pijhjphf Ficmrm smmt hfh kmf sitirusfym. ?
=
Mokurrmbajmf ]mkhr, Wmnmt kmlmj Khjifsh Jmakma kmf R`shml (Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?55=), alj. 12-1;. ?
Cusdmajh, Umgmn Cusdmajh, Umgmn Jifurut Rymrhma (Gmnmrtm7 _mgmwmlh Uirs, ?5==), alj. 8?.
=
?
Umkm mymt lmhf ymhtu ml-]ur‘čf ml- ]ur‘čf Rurmt Rurmt mt-[muoma ^8Z745
Hjmj ml-]urtauoh nithnm jifmdshrnmf mymt tirsiout jifymtmnmf omawm ‖čjhl ‖čjhl htu htu mkmlma `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc khtucmsnmf mtmu khutus `lia Hjmj/pijirhftma uftun jifcmjohl, jifulhsnmf, jifcahtufc kmf jifbmtmtnmf zmnmt ymfc khmjohlfym kmrh pmrm juzmnnĮ uftun nijukhmf khoirhnmf nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym.2 Kmlmj aml hfh, Omhtul Jml jirupmnmf Lijomcm Hfkipifkif ymfc khoiftun `lia pijirhftma ymfc jiwmnhlh pijirhftma kmlmj jifcil`lm zmnmt. Mbia jirupmnmf kmirma Hsthjiwm kmf `t`f`jh nausus ymfc jijhlhnh niwifmfcmf uftun jifirmpnmf pilmnsmfmmf Rymrh‘mt Hslmj. Niwifmfcmf tirsiout tirkmpmt kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 tiftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia (YYUM F`.==/?554), niwifmfcmf tirsiout jijoirhnmf `t`f`jh ymfc bunup oismr nipmkm pijirhftma Mbia omhn khthfcnmt pr`vhfsh jmupuf nmoupmtif/n`tm.; Uijoirhmf amn jilhputh ijpmt ohkmfc utmjm, ymhtu pilmnsmfmmf niahkupmf oirmcmjm, pilmnsmfmmf niahkupmf mkmt, mk mt, pilmnsmfmmf pifkhkhnmf, kmf pirmf ulmjm kmlmj pifitmpmf niohgmnmf kmirma. Amn hsthjiwm pirtmjm siomcmh `rcmfhsmsh
2
Khkhf Amdhkaukkhf, Wmnmt kmlmj Uirin`f`jhmf J`kirf J`kirf ( Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?55?), alj.=?9. ;
Kipmrtijif Kmlmj Ficirh, Yfkmfc-ufkmfc _H, F`j`r ;; tmauf =888 [iftmfc Nihsthjiwmmf Mbia kmf Kipmrtijif Kmlmj Ficirh, Yfkmfc-ufkmfc _H, F`j`r == tmauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia.
2
niahkupmf oirmcmjm khwuguknmf kmlmj oiftun pilmnsmfmmf aunuj Hslmj omch jmsymrmnmt Mbia. 9 Kiwmf Uirwmnhlmf _mnymt Mbia (KU_M) kmf Uijirhftma Kmirma jijoumt Uirkm f`j`r 9 tmauf ?555 tiftmfc Uilmnsmfmmf Rymrh‘mt Hslmj, ymfc tirjmsun kh kmlmjfym Omhtul Jml siomcmh lijomcm pifcil`lm zmnmt. Risumh Uirmturmf Kmirma (UI_KM) kh mtms, Cuoirfur Mbia jifcilumrnmf surmt Niputusmf f`j`r =1 tmauf ?552 tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf @rcmfhsmsh kmf [mtm Nirgm Omkmf Omhtul Jml pr`vhfsh Mbia. Jifchfcmt putusmf Cuoirfur htu thkmn bunup numt, jmnm kifcmf nisipmnmtmf KU_M kmf Cuoirfur khnilumrnmflma ]mfuf F`j`r 3 [mauf ?55; tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, ymfc khsioutnmf kmlmj pmsml = mymt (=), omawm Omkmf Omhtul Jml jirupmnmf lijomcm kmirma ymfc oirwifmfc jilmnunmf tucms pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kmf amrtm mcmjm lmhffym kh pr`vhfsh FMK. 4 Rilmfgutfym Uijirhftma
Mbia
jifyijpurfmnmf
]mfuf
Uifcil`lmmf
Wmnmt
kifcmf
jifcilumrnmf smtu ]mfuf nausus F`j`r =5 tmauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml. 3 Wmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu omchmf kmrh `t`f`jh nausus ymfc khnil`lm `lia Omhtul Jml. Mkm aml jifmrhn tirnmht kifcmf zmnmt ymfc khmtur kmlmj YfkmfcYfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 tiftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia, ymhtu pmkm Umsml =15 9
Dumkh, “Yrcifsh Uifcmturmf Wmnmt7 Ivmlumsh Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifcurmfc Umgmn Uifcamshlmf [irautmfc ( [mxis-Brikht ) kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia‚, Gurfml Mbia‚, Gurfml Hlju Rymrh‐ma kmf Aunuj , Msy-Ryhr‐ma Msy-Ryhr‐ma,, F`. ?, [a. QLTHHH Kisijoir ?5=;, alj.;?4. 4
[J. Kmfhil Kgufik, Omhtul jml Lijomcm _isjh Uifcil`lm Wmnmt jmnmlma Wmnmt jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm _mnir Ohjtin Omhtul Jml si-Ur`v FMK ==-=? Gulh ?554, Msrmjm Msrmjm Amgh Omfkm Mbia, alj. ?. 3
Ribmrm thkmn lmfcsufc kh Mbia oirlmnu lix spibhmlhs kic`rmt lix cifirmli, cifirmli, kifcmf kijhnhmf kh Mbia pirmturmf ymfc oirlmnu tiftmfc pifcil`lmmf zmnmt tufkun pmkm ]mfuf F`j`r =5 tmauf ?553.
;
mymt (=) aurud k jifymtmnmf7 “Wmnmt “Wmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu Rujoir Uifkmpmtmf Kmirma Mbia kmf Nmoupmtif/N`tm‚.1 Lioha lmfgut khgilmsnmf pmkm Umsml ?; ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 tmauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml siomcmh oirhnut7 (=) Uijomymrmf zmnmt pifkmpmtmf/gmsm siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk kmlmj pmsml =8 mymt (=) aurud c khlmnunmf jilmluh tijpmt juzmnnh oinirgm. (?) Rijum pifirhjmmf zmnmt ymfc khnil`lm Omhtul Jml Mbia jirupmnmf sujoir UMK Mbia ymfc amrus khsit`r ni Nms Yjuj Kmirma Mbia. (2) UMK Mbia siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (?) khshjpmf kmlmj rinifhfc tirsifkhrh Oifkmamrmwmf Yjuj Kmirma (OYK) Mbia ymfc khtufgun Cuoirfur. (;) Uifcujpul kmfm amshl zmnmt khsmjpmhnmf pmkm rinifhfc tirsifkhrh siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (2) amfym kmpmt khbmhrnmf uftun nipifthfcmf pr`crmj kmf nichmtmf ymfc khmgunmf `lia Nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia sisumh kifcmf msfmd jmshfc-jmshfc. (9) Nitiftumf lioha lmfgut jifcifmh tmtm bmrm pijomymrmf zmnmt `lia Juzmnnh kmf pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia kmrh Oifkmamrmwmf Yjuj Kmirma (OYK) khmtur kifcmf pirmturmf Cuoirfur. Kmrh urmhmf kh mtms kmpmt khlhamt omawm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kh Mbia oiroikm kifcmf kmirma-kmirma lmhffym kh Hfk`fishm. Oirkmsmrnmf Umsml =15 mymt = Uijirhftma Mbia tilma khoirh niwifmfcmf uftun jifcil`lm zmnmt kmf nmrifm jilhamt p`tifsh zmnmt ymfc smfcmt oismr omch kmirma, jmnm pijirhftma jijmsunnmf zmnmt ni kmlmj smlma smtu sujoir Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma (UMK). Rikmfcnmf kh lumr Mbia zmnmt ymfc khnil`lm `lia OMWFMR kmf lijomcm-lijomcm ymfc khoiftun `lia jmsymrmnmt mtms pirsitugumf pijirhftma thkmn khjmsunnmf siomcmh sujoir UMK. Omhtul
Jml
mkmlma
lijomcm
kmirma
f`f
strunturml
ymfc
kmlmj
jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhma ymfc khoirh niwifmfcmf uftun jifcil`lm kmf jifcijomfcnmf zmnmt, wmnmd, amrtm 1
Kipmrtijif Kmlmj Ficirh, Yfkmfc-ufkmfc _H, F`j`r == tmauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia, ?554.
9
mcmjm kifcmf tugumf uftun nijmslmamtmf ujmt sirtm jifgmkh wmlh/wmlh pifcmwms tiramkmp mfmn ymthj phmtu kmf/mtmu amrtmfym sirtm pifcil`lmmf tiramkmp amrtm wmrhsmf ymfc thkmn mkm wmlh oirkmsmrnmf symrhmt Hslmj ymfc oirmkm pmkm thfcnmt Ur`vhfsh, Nmoupmtif/N`tm kmf Nijunhjmf. 8 Nioirmkmmf Omhtul Jml smfcmt strmtichs kmf pifthfc kmlmj rmfcnm jifc`pthjmlnmf pifkmymcufmmf amrtm ujmt naususfym zmnmt siomcmh p`tifsh in`f`jh ujmt Hslmj ymfc pirlu khnil`lm sibmrm idinthd `lia siouma lijomcm pr`dish`fml ymfc oirtmfccufc gmwmo. Kmlmj aml hfh, Omhtul Jml amruslma sijmnshjml jufcnhf kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf pirmffym kifcmf thkmn jifhfccmlnmf nmhkma-nmhkma ymfc tilma khmtur kmlmj Hslmj, nmrifm zmnmt jirupmnmf mjmfma ymfc khththpnmf nipmkm Omhtul Jml uftun khsirmanmf nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym. Smlmupuf Omhtul Jml jirupmnmf lijomcm f`f strunturml ymfc kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif, fmjuf oirkmsmrnmf Umsml =15 mymt = YYUM F`.== [mauf ?554 ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj pmsml ?; ]mfuf Mbia F`.=5 [mauf
?553
kmlmj
jifcil`lm
zmnmt
Omhtul
Jml
amrus
jijpirtmfccufcgmwmonmf/jilmp`rnmf kmfm zmnmt nipmkm pijirhftma kifcmf tirlioha kmaulu jijmsunnmffym ni kmlmj Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, nijukhmf kmfm zmnmt omru ohsm khsmlurnmf ni pr`crmj-pr`crmj ymfc tilma khrmfbmfc `lia Omhtul Jml. Mkmpuf smlma smtu n`fsinuifsh zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma mkmlma zmnmt wmgho khsit`r ni nms kmirma kmf pifymlurmffym amrus tufkun nipmkm
8
Umsml = Mymt == ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 [iftmfc Omhtul Jml.
4
mturmf tiftmfc pifcil`lmmf niumfcmf kmirma sipirth Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r =3 [mauf ?552, Uirjifkmcrh F`j`r =2 [mauf ?554 tiftmfc Uik`jmf Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf Kmirma kmf sigujlma mturmf lmhffym ymfc oirauoufcmf kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. Ghnm nitiftumf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma sukma khmtur kijhnhmf jmnm n`fsinuifsh l`chsfym mkmlma zmnmt o`lia khcufmnmf uftun jijohmymh oilmfgm kmirma siomcmhjmfm Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym. Aml hfh oiroikm kifcmf nitiftumf symrhma ymfc tilma jifcmtur pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia‖čjhl `lia‖čjhl (Omhtul (Omhtul Jml) kmf khpiruftunmf nausus uftun jmshfc-jmshfc msfmd ymfc tilma khtiftunmf kmlmj ml-]ur‘čf ml- ]ur‘čf . Rithmp niohgmnmf omru ymfc khtitmpnmf `lia pijirhftma kmlmj mplhnmshfym pmsth mnmf jifhjoulnmf idin p`shthd kmf ficmthd. Aml hfh gucm tirgmkh pmkm niohgmnmf ymfc jifgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh smlma smtu Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. Ghnm kmlmj pilmnsmfmmffym jifhjoulnmf jmsmlma/ jijukamrmt ymfc lioha oismr kmrhpmkm jmfdmmtfym jmnm niohgmnmf hfh mnmf oirt`lmn oilmnmfc kifcmf tugumf kmrh pifsymrhmtmf zmnmt htu sifkhrh. Nmrifm zmnmt khnil`lm ounmf oirkmsmrnmf pirhftma Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc kifcmf sicmlm pirmturmf turufmffym, fmjuf zmnmt khnil`lm oirkmsmrnmf pirhftma ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf kmf ḩmkĮṭ. ḩmkĮṭ. Oirkmsmrnmf urmhmf kh mtms, jmnm pifulhs tirtmrhn uftun jifcnmgh kifcmf jilmnunmf pifilhthmf lioha lmfgut tiramkmp pirjmsmlmamf tirsiout ymfc khtumfcnmf kmlmj gukul [hfgmumf J mqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-R ymrĮ‐ma [iramkmp Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia Mbia
3
O.
_ujusmf Jmsmlma
Oirkmsmrnmf lmtmr oilmnmfc pifilhthmf ymfc tilma khnijunmnmf kh mtms, jmnm rujusmf jmsmlma ymfc mnmf khomams mkmlma siomcmh oir hnut7 =. Omcmhjmfm pr`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia0 ?. Omcmhjmfm thfgmumf jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma ymrĮ‐ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia0 B.
[ugumf kmf Nicufmmf Uifilhthmf
Risumh kifcmf rujusmf jmsmlma ymfc tilma khurmhnmf sioilujfym, jmnm tugumf kmf nicufmmf kmrh pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma7 =. [ugumf pifilhthmf m. Jifgilmsnmf pr`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia. o. Jifgilmsnmf pmfkmfcmf jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma ymrĮ‐ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia. ?. Nicufmmf Uifilhthmf m. Nicufmmf Hljhma pifilhthmf hfh khamrmpnmf kmpmt jijoirhnmf n`ftrhoush pijhnhrmf kmlmj ohkmfc in`f`jh Hslmj, naususfym kmlmj jmsmlma pr`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khjmsunnmf ni kmlmj Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia kmf jifgilmsnmf omcmhjmfm ti`rh jmqčṢhk mqčṢ hk msy s ymrĮ‐ma jifhlmh pirjmsmlmamf tirsiout.
1
o. Nicufmmf [irmpmf Uifilhthmf hfh khamrmpmnmf kmpmt jijoirhnmf n`ftrhoush p`shthd kmlmj upmym jijibmanmf jmsmlma ymfc jilhfcnuph pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia oirkmsmrnmf jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma. ymrĮ‐ma. K.
Nmghmf Uustmnm
Wmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu `ogin stukh ymfc jifmrhn uftun khtilhth siahfccm tilma omfymn pifilhthmf ymfc oirauoufcmf kifcmf zmnmt, omhn pmkm kmtmrmf ti`rhthn jmupuf pmkm kmtmrmf ijphrhn, kmrh sich dhqa, in`f`jh, p`lhthn jmupuf s`shml. Riomcmh omr`jitir omch pifulhs, jmnm mnmf khnijunmnmf oioirmpm amshl pifilhthmf tirkmaulu. Uifilhthmf tiftmfc zmnmt pmkm kmtmrmf ijphrhn ymfc jifccufmnmf pifkinmtmf kmrh sich in`f`jh mkmlma pifilhthmf ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Dmqha Il Smdm kmlmj tishsfym kifcmf gukul “Uijmamjmf Wmnmt Ur`kunthd Umkm Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt kh N`tm X`cymnmrtm (Rtukh Umsml ?3 Mymt (?) Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`l mmf Uifcil`l mmf Wmnmt)‚ =5. Umkm pifilhthmf hfh pifulhs lioha tird`nus pmkm zmnmt pr`kunthd ymfc khprmntinnmf kh jmsymrmnmt. Uifulhs jifijunmf omawm pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt uftun usmam pr`kunthd ymfc khpmamjh `lia‖čjhl `lia‖čjhl zmnmt zmnmt hmlma pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt ymfc khoirhnmf nipmkm justmahn uftun jifgmlmfnmf usmam ymfc oirtugumf uftun jijpiromhnh pifkmpmtmf justmahn uftun jijifuah nioutuamffym sirtm jijoumt justmahn lioha pmrthshpmthd kmlmj =5
Dmqha Il Smdm, Uijmamjmf Wmnmt Ur`kunthd Umkm Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt kh N`tm X`cymnmrtm (Rtukh Umsml ?3 Mymt (?) Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt), [ishs Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm, ?5=9.
8
pr`sis usmam jirinm uftun jifhfcnmtnmf tmrmd ahkup jirinm kifcmf jiruoma rmfcnm oirdhnhr justmahn uftun lioha chmt oirhomkma kmf oirusmam. Nijukhmf pifilhthmf tiftmfc zmnmt pmkm kmtmrmf ijphrhn ymfc jifccufmnmf pifkinmtmf kmrh sich s`shml ymhtu pifilhthmf ymfc khlmnunmf kh lmnunmf `lia Fmamrm Irhymfth ymhtu pifilhthmf ymfc ymfc jijomams tiftmfc Uilmnsmfmmf tiftmfc Uilmnsmfmmf Uifcahjpufmf Wmnmt pmkm Omhtul Jml N`tm Omfkm Mbia (Rtukh [iramkmp Umsml ?9 ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553). ?553) .== Uifulhs jifijunmf omawm nioirmkmmf ]mfuf F`j`r =5 tmauf ?553 oiluj oiramshl jijhnmt jhfmt jmsymrmnmt uftun jijomymr zmnmt kh Omhtul Jml tirounth kifcmf jmsha thkmn sihjomfcfym mftmrm p`tifsh zmnmt ymfc mkm kifcmf zmnmt ymfc oiramshl khnujpulnmf. Mkm oioirmpm dmnt`r ymfc jifyiomonmf jmsymrmnmt ifccmf jijomymr zmnmt ymhtu =). Dmnt`r Aunuj ?). Dmnt`r pificmn aunuj kmf 2). Dmnt`r oukmym. Omhtul Jml N`tm Omfkm Mbia kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf dufcshfym siomcmh lijomcm ymfc oirfmufc kh omwma pijirhftma N`tm Omfkm Mbia kmlmj aml jifcil`lm amrtm zmnmt thkmn tirlmlu tircism-cism kmlmj jifcamkmph jmsymrmnmt pmkm smmt hfh, aml ymfc prh`rhtms khlmnunmf `lia Ohtul Jml mkmlma jifymkmrnmf jmsymrmnmt mcmr jijomymrnmf zmnmtfym jilmluh Omhtul Jml N`tm Omfkm Mbia mcmr khnil`lm kifcmf sijisthfym kmf thkmn mkm thfkmnmf sipirth ymfc tirtirm pmkm Umsml 95 ]mfuf F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml tiramkmp Juzmnnh ymfc ifccmf jijomymrnmf zmnmtfym. Umkm pifilhthmf Fmamrm Irhymfth lioha jijd`nusnmf pmkm pilmnsmfmmf pifcahjpufmf zmnmt kh
==
Fmamrm Irhymfth, Uilmnsmfmmf Uifcahjpufmf Wmnmt pmkm Omhtul Jml N`tm Omfkm Mbia (Rtukh [iramkmp Umsml ?9 ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553), [ishs Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm, ?5=4.
=5
Omhtul Jml N`tm Omfkm Mbia (Rtukh [iramkmp Umsml ?9 ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553), sikmfcnmf pifulhs kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh lioha jijd`nusnmf khfmjhnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Ur`vhfsh Mbia sirtm omcmhjmfm thfgmumf jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma ymrĮ‐ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. Nijukhmf pifilhthmf tiftmfc zmnmt pmkm kmtmrmf ti`rhthn ymfc jifccufmnmf pifkinmtmf kmrh sich aunuj ymhtu pifilhthmf ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Hjmj Ritym Oukh ymfc jijomams tiftmfc [mtm Nil`lm Wmnmt kmlmj Uirspinthd Aunuj Hslmj kmf Aunuj U`shthd.
=?
Uifulhs jifijunmf omawm tmtm nil`lm zmnmt z mnmt jifurut
pirspinthd aunuj Hslmj jifcmbu pmkm ]R. Rurma ml-[muoma ^8Z mymt 45 ymfc jifgilmsmnmf tiftmfc kilmpmf nil`jp`n pifirhjm zmnmt, ymhtu7 dmnhr jhsnhf, ‖čjhl (pitucms) (pitucms) zmnmt, jumllmd, pmrm oukmn uftun khjirkinmnmf, `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc oirautmfc, d Į Į smoĮ smoĮ lhllma lhllma kmf hof ml-smoĮ ml-smoĮ l l . Kmlmj pmfkmfcmf Xusud ]mrkamwh, tugumf zmnmt hmlma aifkmn jifcampusnmf nijhsnhfmf kmf nijilmrmtmf kmrh niahkupmf jmsymrmnmt Hslmj. Kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc f`j`r 21 tmauf =888 [iftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, pirs`mlmf pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt khmtur kmlmj Umsml =4, urmhmffym siomcmh oirhnut7 m) Amshl pifcujpulmf zmnmt khkmymcufmnmf uftun justmahq, sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf mcmjm (Umsml =4 mymt =). o) Uifkmymcufmmf zmnmt oirkmsmrnmf snmlm prh`rhtms nioutuamf justmahn kmf kmpmt khjmfdmmtnmf uftun usmam pr`kunthd (Umsml =4 mymt ?). b) Amshl pifirhjmmf hfdmq, samkmqma, ahoma, wmshmt, wmrhs kmf nmdmrmt, khkmymcufmnmf tirutmjm uftun usmam pr`kunthd
=?
Hjmf Ritym Oukh, [mtm Nil`lm Wmnmt - Kmlmj Uirspinthd Aunuj Hslmj Kmf Aunuj U`shthd, [ishs Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm, ?5==.
==
(pmsml =3). Uifilhthmf hfh lioha tird`nus pmkm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt sibmrm ujuj kmlmj pirspinthd aunuj Hslmj kmf aunuj p`shthd kmf jirupmnmf pifilhthmf nipustmnmmf, sikmfcnmf kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh pifulhs jilmnunmf pifilhthmf tiftmfc hjplijiftmsh Umsml ?; ]mfuf Mbia F`. =5 [mauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmt Mslh Kmirma pmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia, fmjuf pifilhthmf hfh lioha spishdhn ymhtu jilhamt thfgmumf tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma oirkmsmrnmf ti`rh jmqčṢhk mqčṢ hk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma kmf ymrĮ‐ma kmf pifilhthmf hfh lioha jijd`nusnmf pmkm zmnmt ymfc khgmkhnmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. Uifilhthmf ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Hfkma Uuromsmrh kifcmf gukul Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt `lia Omkmf kmf Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt kh Rurmomym kmf Cirshn. =2 Uifilhthmf hfh oirtugmf uftun jifccmlh p`tifsh zmnmt pirusmammf kh Rurmomym kmf Crishn, kifcmf jifccufmnmf jit`ki pifilhthmf s`sh` licml. Nikum whlmyma hfh khphlha siomcmh omshs hfkustry. Amshl pifilhthmf hfh jifufgunnmf omawm pijoirkmymmf zmnmt jmsha oir`rhiftmsh pmkm zmnmt hfkhvhku. Uirusmammf OYJF jmupuf omfn symrhma jifymlurnmf kmfm tmfccufcgmwmo s`shml pirusmammf titmph thkmn jifymlurnmf zmnmt pirusmammffym, pmkmaml p`tifsh zmnmt pirusmammf tiftufym lioha oismr. @lia nmrifm htu, j`kil riculmsh pifcil`lmmf khpirlunmf uftun jifc`pthjmlnmf pijoirkmymmf zmnmt omhn hfkhvhku jmupuf pirusmammf siomo Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt amfym jifcmtur jmfmgijif zmnmt, ounmf pmkm niwmghomf jifufmhnmffym. Umkm pifilhthmf hfh wmlmupuf jijhlhnh =2
Hfkma Uuromsmrh, Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt `lia Omkmf kmf Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt kh Rurmomym kmf Cirshn , Gurfml Jhjomr Aunuj, Aunuj , F`. [a. QQTHH, Diorumrh ?5=9.
=?
pirsmjmmf kifcmf pifilhthmf ymfc mnmf khlmnunmf `lia pifulhs ymhtu jilhamt pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, fmjuf tirkmpmt piroikmmf ymhtu kmrh sich tijpmt/whlmyma pifilhthmf. Rilmhf htu pifulhs lioha tird`nus pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh pifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia. Kifcmf kijhnhmf, sitilma pifulhs jijomfkhfcnmf kifcmf amshl pifilhthmf pifilhthmf tirkmaulu, jmnm pifulhs oirmsujsh omawm pifilhthmf hfh jijhlhnh piroikmmf kifcmf pifilhthmf-pifilhthmf sioilujfym kmf jmsha lmymn uftun khlmfgutnmf pifilhthmffym. Uiroikmmf hfh tmjpmn kmrh sich p`n`n omamsmffym, l`nmsh, d`nus pifilhthmf, kmf suogin pifilhthmf. I.
Nirmfcnm [i`rhthn
Nirmfcnm ti`rh kmlmj siouma pifilhthmf oirdufcsh siomcmh mbumf mfmlhshs, nirmfcnm ti`rhthn kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh khcufmnmf siomcmh thfkmnmf kmlmj jifcmfmlhshs kmtm-kmtm pifilhthmf. Mkmpuf ti`rh-ti`rh ymfc khcufmnmf kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh siomcmh oirhnut7 =.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Oirkmsmrnmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc _ipuolhn Hfk`fishm F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5==
tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, jmnm ymfc khjmnsuk kifcmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt mkmlma nichmtmf pirifbmfmmf, pilmnsmfmmf, kmf pifc``rkhfmshmf kmlmj pifcujpulmf, pifkhstrhoushmf, kmf pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt. Uifcil`lmmf zmnmt smmt hfh kh oiromcmh Ficmrm Hslmj jijhlhnh oirjmbmj oiftun, mkm ymfc khnil`lm pijirhtma mkm ymfc khnil`lm `lia jmsymrmnmt jms ymrmnmt lmfcsufc, sirtm mkm ymfc khnil`lm `lia lijomcm ymfc khoiftun jmsymrmnmt kmf khnunuanmf `lia pijirhftma.
=2
Uifkmpmtmf ymfc khpir`lia kmrh zmnmt `lia pijirhftma Hslmj thkmn kmpmt khcufmnmf uftun jijifuah oiromcmh nipirlumf Ficmrm nmrifm pijirhftma Hslmj tilma khoirhnmf pitufgun nausus kmlmj ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf tiftmfc omcmhjmfm kmf nijmfm jijoilmfgmnmf amshl ymfc khpir`lia kmrh pifcujpulmf zmnmt siahfccm pijirhftma thkmn jijpufymh phlhamf kmf amrus jijoilmfgmnmf kmfm zmnmt sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf ymfc tilma khsioutnmf kmlmj ml-]ur‘čf ml- ]ur‘čf .=; Wmnmt ounmf jirupmnmf gifhs pijomymrmf ymfc omru khpirhftmanmf pmkm jmsm _msulullma =9 , Hslmj tilma jiwmghonmf zmnmt kmf zmnmt khnujpulnmf kmf khkhstrhoushnmf `lia pijirhftma. Hfsthtush zmnmt amrus khoiftun, kh`rcmfhsmsh kmf khpilhamrm `lia pijicmfc ninumsmmf nmrifm jirupmnmf smlma smtu smrmfm pifthfc uftun jijomfcuf in`f`jh Ficmrm. ?.
J mqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-R ymrĮ‐ma Rymrhmt Hslmj kmtmfc jijomwm rmajmt omch ujmt jmfushm, jifurut
Juamjjmk Mou Wmarm mkm thcm tugumf/smsmrmf aunuj Hslmj, ymhtu7 m. Uifyubhmf ghwm, jijohfm sithmp hfkhvhku mcmr jifgmkh sujoir niomhnmf ounmf sujoir niourunmf omch jmsymrmnmt lhfcnufcmffym. Aml hfh khtijpua kifcmf oiromcmh jmbmj homkma ymfc khsymrhmtnmf. o. Jificmnnmf nimkhlmf kmlmj jmsymrmnmt, omhn sismjm juslhj jmupuf f`f juslhj. N`fsip nimkhlmf kmlmj Hslmj mkmlma jifijpmtnmf
=;
Mdzmlur _majmf, K`ntrhf In`f`jh Hslmj, bit.ni-? (X`cymnmrtm7 Kmfm Oamnth Urhjm Xmsm, ?55?), alj. ?;2. =9
Uirhftma jifufmhnmf zmnmt tilma mkm kmrh jmsm Fmoh-fmoh tirkmaulu siomcmhjmfm ymfc tirkmpmt kmlmj ml-]ur‘čf ml- ]ur‘čf ymhtu kmlmj kmlmj Rurma m l-Mfohym ^?=Z 7 32, Jmrymj ^8Z 7 99 kmf 2=, kmf mlOmqmrma ^?Z 7 12.
=;
jmfushm pmkm p`shsh ymfc smjm kh kipmf aunuj. Jmnm thkmn mkm nihsthjiwmmf mftmrm sh nmym kmf sh jhsnhf. b. Jirimlhsmshnmf nijmslmamtmf. [ugumf hfh jirupmnmf tugumf pufbmn ymfc jilinmt pmkm aunuj Hslmj sibmrm nisiluruamf. Jmnm thkmn mkm symrhmt ymfc oirkmsmrnmf nipmkm ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf kmf ḩmkĮṭ ḩmkĮṭ nibumlh kh kmlmjfym tirkmpmt nijmsalmamtmf ymfc amnhnh kmf oirlmnu sibmrm ujuj.=4 [i`rh jmqčṢhk msymsy - symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma bunup rilivmf uftun jijoikma urcifsh pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh pirwugukmf nimkhlmf sibmrm a`lhsthn kmlmj oiromcmh khjifsh s`shml, tirutmjm kmlmj jifgmjhf nilmfcsufcmf ahkup. [i`rh hfh gucm smfcmt tipmt khcufmnmf uftun jifcmfmlhshs kmf jifgilmsnmf jmqčṢhk pifcil`lmmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh wuguk pirlhfkufcmf tiramkmp ghwm pmrm justmahq jilmluh justmahq jilmluh gmjhfmf pirlhfkufcmf tiramkmp amrtm, sirtm jijomfcuf nipmsthmf aunuj oirupm gmjhfmf nitipmtmf kmf nijmfdmmtmf zmnmt ymfc khmjohl kmrh amrtm juzmnnh. juzmnnh . D.
Jit`ki Uifilhthmf
Kmlmj sithmp pifulhsmf nmrym hljhma, jit`ki kmf pifkinmtmf pifilhthmf jirupmnmf aml ymfc smfcmt pifthfc, kifcmf mkmfym jit`ki kmf pifkinmtmf pifilhthmf jmnm kmtm-kmtm ymfc khpir`lia mnmf lifcnmp kmf `oginthd, sisumh kifcmf pirjmsmlmamf ymfc aifkmn khomams, siahfccm jifgmkh siouma pifilhthmf ymfc khamrmpnmf. Yftun jifbmpmh tugumf htu jmnm pirlu mkmfym pififtumf lmfcnma-lmfcnma pifcijomfcmf jit`ki pifilhthmf siomcmh oirhnut 7 =4
Juamjjmk Mou Wmarm, Ysaul Dhqa, tirg. Rmidullma Jmsauj, knn, bit. ni-= (Gmnmrtm7 Uustmnm Dhrkmus, =88;), alj. 9;2-9;1.
=9
=. Gifhs kmf Rhdmt Uifilhthmf Gifhs pifilhthmf ymfc khcufmnmf kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma pifilhthmf lmpmfcmf ( dhilk risimrba) risimrba) ymfc oirshdmt kisnrhpthd ymhtu pifulhs jifkisnrhpshnmf tiftmfc pirjmsmlmamf ymfc tirgmkh kh lmpmfcmf tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia sirtm thfgmuf aunuj Hslmj tiramkmp pirjmsmlmamf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. ?. Uifkinmtmf Uifilhthmf Uifkinmtmf kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh jifccufmnmf pifkinmtmf f`rjmthd ymhtu pifkinmtmf ymfc jifccufmnmf n`fsip ymfc jifymtmnmf omawm aunuj mkmlma hkifthn kifcmf f`rjm-f`rjm tirtulhs ymfc khoumt kmf khufkmfcnmf `lia lijomcmlijomcm mtmu pigmomt ymfc oirwifmfc. Uifilhthmf hfh mnmf jifb`om jijmpmrnmf khfmjhnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma pmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia khthfgmu kmrh aunuj Hslmj 2. Rujoir kmf tinfhn pifcujpulmf kmtm Gifhs kmtm ymfc jifgmkh sujoir kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma kmtm prhjir kmf kmtm sinufkir. Rujoir kmtm prhjir ymhtu kmtm ymfc khpir`lia kmrh sujoir mslh. =3 Kmlmj aml hfh kmtm prhjir oirsujoir kmrh fm Ṣ Ṣ ml-]ur čf, ml-ḩ ml-ḩmkhṭ mkhṭ, sirtm nhtmo-nhtmo dhqa. Rikmfcnmf sujoir kmtm sinufkir mkmlma kmtm ymfc khpir`lia kmlmj oiftun sukma gmkh ymfc mnmf jifgmkh pifufgmfc pifilhthmf hfh.
=1
Gmkh sujoir kmtm
=3
Ruamrshjh Mrhnmft`, Ur`sikur Uifilhthmf Rumtu Uifkinmtmf Urmntin (Gmnmrtm7 U[ _hfinm Bhptm, =881), alj. ==. =1
Juamjjmk, Jit`k`l`ch Juamjjmk, Jit`k`l`ch Uifilhthmf In`f`jh Hslmj Uifkinmtmf Numlhtmthd (Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk`, ?551), alj. =52.
=4
sinufkir ymfc khjmnsuk kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma k`nujif-k`nujif kmf mrshp ymfc mkm pmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia, lhtirmturi-lhtirmtur, amshl pifilhthmf, mrthnil, jmgmlma kmf kmtm ymfc khtilusurh jilmluh pifilusurmf kmtm `flhfi ymfc `flhfi ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf pifilhthmf ymfc pifulhs tilhth. Mkmpuf sujoir pifcujpulmf kmtm ymfc mnmf khcufmnmf kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma k`nujiftmsh ymhtu pifcujpulmf kmtm jilmluh pifhfccmlmf tirtulhs oirupm tulhsmf-tulhsmf kmlmj ounu hljhma, lhtirmturi, mrshp-mrshp, k`nujifk`nujif kmf tirjmsun ti`rh, kmlhl mtmu aunuj kmf omamf nipustmnmmf lmhffym ymfc oirauoufcmf kifcmf jmsmlma pifilhthmf. ;.
[infhn Mfmlhshs Kmtm Kmtm ymfc tirnujpul kmrh amshl pifilhthmf, jmnm mnmf khlmnunmf mfmlhshs
kmtm sirtm jilmnunmf pifcmjohlmf nishjpulmf kmrh kmtm ymfc sukma tirnujpul. Mkmpuf mfmhlhshs ymfc khpmnmh kmlmj pifilhthmf hfh mkmlma kisnrhpthd-mfmlhths numlhtmthd ymhtu pifilhthmf ymfc oirtugumf uftun jifcujpulnmf kmtm ymfc khoutuanmf uftun khmfmlhshs ymfc nijukhmf kmtm tirsiout khhftirpritmshnmf nijukhmf khmjohl nishjpulmf. =8 Yftun jilmnunmf mfmlhshs kmrh kmtm ymfc sukma tirnujpul kmrh amshl pifilhthmf, nijukhmf khlmnunmf pifcil`lmmf kmtm oirtmamp kh kh mftmrmfym 7 m. Ikhthfc, ymhtu jilmnunmf pirshmpmf jilmluh pifcibinmf kmtm ymfc sukma tirnujpul kh lmpmfcmf, mpmnma tilma jijifuah sujoir-sujoir ymfc khoutuanmf sibmrm lifcnmp mtmu oiluj.
=8
Ruamrshjh Mrhnuft`, Ur`sikur Mrhnuft`, Ur`sikur Uifilhthmf, Uifilhthmf, alj. ?51.
=3
o. [moulmsh, sitilma jilmnunmf pifcibinmf tiramkmp kmtm ymfc tirnujpul, nijukhmf mnmf khmkmnmf pifcnlmshdhnmshmf kmtm kifcmf tugumf kmtm-kmtm ymfc mfccmp rilivmf kmpmt khcufmnmf. b. Mfmlhsm, uftun tmamp mnahr khlmnunmf mfmlhshs kmtm amshl kmrh pifcujpulmf kmtm ymfc khpir`lia. Uifilhth jilmnunmf mfmlhshs tiramkmp kmtm-kmtm ymfc tilma khnujpulnmf nijukhmf khhftirpritmshnmf kmlmj oiftun urmhmf siahfccm
khpir`lia
sumtu
nishjpulmf
tiramkmp
pirjmsmlmamf-
pirjmsmlmamf ymfc tilma mkm. C.
Rhstijmthnm Uijomamsmf
Kmlmj pifyusufmf tishs hfh, shstijmthnmfym mnmf khsmghnmf sibmrm hfticrml kmf smlhfc oirnmhtmf mftmrm smtu omo kifcmf omo lmhffym. Umkm Omo pirtmjm ymfc jirupmnmf pifkmaulumf, pifkmaulumf, ymfc ymfc jifgilmsnmf lmtmr oilmnmfc pirjmsmlmamf ymfc khgmkhnmf kmsmr kmlmj jirujusnmf p`n`n jmsmlma, khlmfgutnmf kifcmf tugumf kmf jmfdmmt pifilhthmf, nmghmf pustmnm siomcmh omamf ridirifsh nijukhmf nirmfcnm ti`rhthn siomcmh phsmu mfmlhshs khlmfgutnmf kifcmf jit`ki pifilhthmf sirtm khmnahrh kifcmf shstijmthnm pijomamsmf. Omo nikum, mkmlma siomcmh pijomamsmf lioha lmfgut kmrh nirmfcnm ti`rhthn ymfc tilma khgilmsnmf pmkm omo pirtmjm kifcmf jifcurmhnmf cmjomrmf ujuj tiftmfc zmnmt ymfc jilhputh7 pifcirthmf zmnmt, tugumf pifsymrhmtmf zmnmt, pijomchmf justmahq, shstij pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kmlmj Hslmj, pirmf pijirhftma kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, kmf sujoir-sujoir
=1
pifkmpmtmf Ficmrm kmlmj Hslmj, pifcirthmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kmf sujoir-sujoirfym sirtm ti`rh jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma. ymrĮ‐ma. Omo nithcm, oirhsh tiftmfc rimlhtm Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma Kh Omhtul Jml Mbia jilhputh ]mfuf Mbia, lijomcm Omhtul Jml Mbia ymfc jilhputh sigmrma oirkhrhfym, vhsh kmf jhsh kmf struntur `rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml, sirtm niliohamf kmf nifkmlm kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia Omo niijpmt, oirhsh tiftmfc thfgmumf jmqčṢhk mqčṢhk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma ymrĮ‐ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia jilhputh pirjmsmlmamf ymfc tirgmkh kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia sirtm pmfkmfcmf jmqčṢhk mqčṢ hk msy-s ymrĮ‐ma ymrĮ‐ma tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma. Omo nilhjm, mkmlma pifutup ymfc oihrhsh nishjpulmf kmrh mfmlhshs ymfc silmfgutfym jifgmkh gmwmomf mtms p`n`n jmsmlma kmrh pifilhthmf ymfc khlmnunmf kmf gucm jijumt smrmf-smrmf.
OMO HH HRLMJ KMF UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA M.
Uifcirthmf Wmnmt
Wmnmt khthfgmu kmrh sich omamsm nmtm zmnmt jirupmnmf nmtm kmsmr (jm (jm Ṣkmr) Ṣkmr) kmrh zmn č
ymfc
oirmrth,
ymhtu
ml-omrmnmtu
“oirnma‚,
mf-fmjč‐ mf-fmjč‐
“tujoua
kmf
?5
oirnijomfcmf‚, mt-Ṫ mač mačrmtu “subh‚. “subh‚. siomcmhjmfm kmlmj dhrjmf Mllma kmlmj surmt msy-Rymj ^8=Z mymt 87
Jifurut lhsč lhsčf ml-‖mrmo ml-‖mrmo mrth kmsmr kmrh nmtm zmnmt, khthfgmu kmrh sich omamsm mkmlma subh, tujoua, oirnma, kmf tirpugh. Rijumfym khcufmnmf kmlmj ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf kmf kmf ml-ḩ ml-ḩmk Įṭ. Įṭ. Fmjuf pifkmpmt ymfc tirnumt jifurut Smahkh kmf k mf lmhf-lmhf, nmtm kmsmr zmn kmsmr zmn č oirmrth oirtmjoma kmf tujoua, siahfccm ohsm khnmtmnmf, tmfmjmf htu zmn htu zmn č mrthfym ?=
tujoua, sikmfcnmf thmp sisumtu ymfc oirtmjoma khsiout zmn khsiout zmn č mrthfym oirtmjoma.
Kmrh sich hsthlma dhnha, zmnmt oirmrth sigujlma amrtm tirtiftu ymfc khwmghonmf Mllma khsirmanmf nipmkm `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc oiramn. Gujlma amrtm ymfc khnilumrnmf kmrh ninmymmf htu khsiout zmnmt nmrifm khnilumrnmf htu jifmjoma omfymn, jijoumt ?5
Smaoma Wuamhlh, Wmnmt kmlmj Oiromcmh Jmzamo, tirg. Mcus Iddifkh kmf Omarukkhf Dmfmffy (Omfkufc7 _ijmgm _`skmnmrym, ?551), alj.1?. alj.1? . ?=
Xusud ]mrkmwh, Aunuj Wmnmt> Rtukh N`jpmrmthd Jifcifml Rtmtus kmf Dhlsmdmt Wmnmt Oirkmsmrnmf ml-]ur‐čf ml- ]ur‐čf kmf ml-Amk Įṭ Įṭ , tirg. Rmljmf Amruf, knn, bit.ni-== (O`c`r7 Uustmnm Lhtirm Mftmr Fusm, ?5=5), alj.2;.
=8
?5
?5
lioha oirmrth, kmf jilhfkufch ninmymmf htu kmrh niohfmsmmf. Mrth “tujoua‚ kmf “subh‚ ??
thkmn amfym pmkm ninmymmf titmph gucm tiramkmp ghwm `rmfc ymfc jifzmnmtnmffym. Aml hfh sisumh kifcmf dhrjmf Mllma kmlmj ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf Rurmt Rurmt Mt-[muoma ^8Z mymt =527
Mkmpuf pifcirthmf zmnmt sibmrm symrm‐ mkmlma pifyirmamf (pijhfkmamf) pijhlhnmf tirtiftu nipmkm `rmfc ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym kifcmf symrmt-symrmt tirtiftu pulm. Hfh oirmrth omawm `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc jijhlhnh fhsmo zmnmt wmgho jijoirhnmf nmkmr tirtiftu kmrh amrtmfym nipmkm `rmfc-`rmfc jhsnhf kmf ymfc ?2
sijhsml kmrh jirinm ymfc oiramn jifirhjm zmnmt.
Oirkmsmrnmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`.?2 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, zmnmt oirmrth amrtm ymfc wmgho khnilumrnmf si`rmfc juslhj mtmu omkmf usmam uftun khoirhnmf nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym sisumh kifcmf symrhmt Hslmj. Oirkmsmrnmf cmcmsmf tirsiout zmnmt kmpmt khkidhfhshnmf siomcmh sumtu amrtm ymfc wmgho khnilumrnmf `lia si`rmfc juslhj nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym kifcmf nitiftumf kmf symrmt ymfc tilma khtitmpnmf `lia mcmjm.
??
Hohk. alj. alj. 29.
?2
Furul Aukm, knn, Niumfcmf Uuolhn Hslmj> Uifkinmtmf [i`rhths kmf Rigmrma (Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5=?), alj.11.
?=
?=
O.
[ugumf Uifsymrhmtmf Wmnmt
Kmlmj pifsymrhmtmf zmnmt ymfc jirupmnmf runuf Hslmj nithcm thkmn tirlipms kmrh tugumf kmf jmnfm ymfc kmlmj, omhn ymfc oirshdmt r`amfhma jmupuf dhl`s`dhs. Kmlmj aml hfh Xusud ]mrkamwh tilma jifyioutnmf kum jmbmj tugumf pifthfc kmrh pifsymrhmtmf zmnmt ymhtu tugumf zmnmt uftun niahkupmf hfkhvhku kmf tugumf zmnmt ?;
uftun niahkupmf s`shml. Wmnmt jijhlhnh jmfdmmt ymfc oismr omhn kmrh shsh juzmnnh, justmahn, amrtm ymfc khnilumrnmf zmnmtfym, jmupuf jmsymrmnmt sibmrm nisiluruamf. [ugumf ymfc khjmnsuk kh shfh mkmlma smsmrmf prmnthsfym. Mkmpuf tugumf-tugumf tirsiout mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 =) Khlhamt kmrh shsh juzmnnh jmnm zmnmt siomcmh pirwugukmf nihjmfmf nipmkm Mllma RS[ kmf jifsyunurh fhnjmt-Fym, jijoirshanmf ghwm kmrh shdmt hrh, kifcnh, nhnhr kmf shdmt-shdmt ourun lmhffym sirtm jifcijomfcnmf kmf ?9
jijoirshanmf amrtm. Aml hfh siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma mlOmqmrma ^?Z mymt ?4=7
?) Kmrh shsh justmahn zmnmt oirdufcsh uftun jifcmfcnmt kirmgmt dmnhr jhsnhf, jijomftu justmahn uftun jijifuah nioutuamf ahkup mcmr jijhlhnh
?;
Rukhrjmf, Wmnmt Kmlmj Uusmrmf Mrus J`kirfhtms (Jmlmfc7 YHF Jmlmfc Uriss, ?553),
alj. 9?. ?9
Juamjjmk Kmuk Mlh, Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj Wmnmt kmf Smnmd, alj. ;=.
??
??
niahkupmf ymfc lioha omhn siahfccm justmahn kmpmt oirhomkma nipmkm Mllma, nmrifm smlma smtu pifyiomo ninudurmf mkmlma nijhsnhfmf. Rilmhf htu uftun jijoirshanmf shdmt hrh kmf kifcnh (nibijourumf s`shml) kmrh `rmfc-`rmfc ?4
jhsnhf. Niomnahlmf kmf nithkmnpmtuamf kmlmj jijomymr zmnmt mnmf jifcufkmfc mzmo Mllma. Aml hfh siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma mf-Fhsč‐ mf-Fhsč‐ ^;Z mymt 237
2) Jifujouanmf rmsm tmfccufcgmwmo s`shml pmkm khrh sisi`rmfc ymfc jijhlhnh ninmymmf/amrtm sirtm jifkhkhn jmfushm uftun khshplhf kmlmj jifufmhnmf niwmghomf kmf jifyirmanmf amn `rmfc lmhf ymfc tirkmpmt kmlmj amrtmfym. Aml hfh siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma ml-Jm‐č ml-Jm‐črhg rhg ^35Z mymt ?;-?97
;) Wmnmt siomcmh smlma smtu oiftun jmfhdistmsh nic`t`fcr`y`fcmf kmf t`l`fc jif`l`fc kmlmj niomhnmf kmf tmnwm uftun jijohfm tmlh pirsmukmrmmf sismjm ujmt Hslmj kmf jmfushm pmkm ujujfym sirtm jiwuguknmf rmsm s`lhkmrhtms kmf nmsha smymfc mftmrm sismjm jmfushm. Aml hfh siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma ml-Jč ml-Jčhkma ^9Z mymt ?7
?4
Furul Aukm, knn, Wmnmt Uirspinthd Jhnr`-Jmnr`> Uifkinmtmf _hsit (Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5=9), alj.3.
?2
?2
9) Wmnmt siomcmh smlma smtu sujoir kmfm omch pijomfcufmf smrmfm kmf prmsmrmfm uftun
ujmt
Hslmj
sipirth
smrmfm
homkma,
pifkhkhnmf,
sirtm
smrmfm
pifcijomfcmf numlhtms sujoir kmym jmfushm juslhj. Riomcmhjmfm ymfc tilma khsipmnmth `lia siomchmf oismr ulmjm omawm `rmfc ymfc jifuftut hlju oiramn jifirhjm zmnmt mtms fmjm c`l`fcmf dmnhr kmf jhsnhf jmupuf dĮ smoĮlhllča. smoĮlhllča. 4) Kmrh shsh pijomfcufmf nisigmatirmmf ujmt, zmnmt jifgmkh smrmfm pijirmtmmf pifkmpmtmf uftun jifbmpmh nimkhlmf s`shml. Wmnmt ymfc khnil`lm kifcmf k ifcmf omhn kmf pr`dish`fml kmpmt jifgmkh smlma smtu smrmfm jijomfcuf pirtujouamf in`f`jh sinmlhcus pijirmtmmf pifkmpmtmf. Riomcmhjmfm ymfc khnmtmnmf `lia J`fzir Nmad omawm zmnmt kmf shstij piwmrhsmf Hslmj jirupmnmf smlma smtu hfstrujift kmlmj khstrhoush amrtm ymfc icmlhtir, `lia nmrifm htu jmfdmmt kmrh ?3
amrtm zmnmt mnmf silmlu oirikmr. Wmnmt mnmf jifbicma tirgmkhfym mnujulmsh amrtm pmkm `rmfc nmym smgm. Aml hfh siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma ml-Amsyr ^98Z mymt7
. ?3
J`fzmr Nmda, In`f`jh Hslmj, [ilm‐ma Mfmlhthn [iramkmp Dufcsh Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj (X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, =899), alj. 11.
?;
?;
3) Niwmghomf jifufmhnmf zmnmt jirupmnmf wuguk kmrh k`r`fcmf nipmkm ujmt Hslmj uftun silmlu oinirgm kmf oirusmam kmlmj jijifuah nioutuamf ahkupfym. Wmnmt ymfc tilma khtufmhnmf `lia ujmt Hslmj amrus khnil`lm kifcmf omhn siahfccm kifcmf oichtu mnmf jijounm lmpmfcmf pinirgmmf ymfc omru kmf usmam ymfc lums omch jirinm ymfc jijoutuanmffym, sinmlhcus ujmt Hslmj ohsm jifcumsmh msit-msit zmnmt. Aml hfh sigmlmf kifcmf ymfc khufcnmpnmf `lia Xusud ]mrkamwh omawm zmnmt jirupmnmf homkma jčlhyma ml-hgthjč‐hyyma ml-hgthjč‐hyyma ymhtu homkma kh ohkmfc amrtm ymfc jijhlhnh dufcsh strmtichs ymfc smfcmt oirpirmf kmlmj jijomfcuf nisigmatirmmf jmsymrmnmt. B.
Juzmnnh kmf Justmahn Wmnmt
Niwmghomf zmnmt jijhlhnh oioirmpm symrmt ymfc amrus khpifuah `lia si`rmfc ?1
juzmnnh7
=. Hslmj, zmnmt thkmn khwmghonmf nipmkm `rmfc nmdhr tirjmsun gucm nmdhr Ḋ hjjh, hjjh, sirtm amrtm `rmfc jurtmk.
?1
[ačam [ačam ‖Mokullma mlml -‖Mdhdh, ḫmq ḫmq ml-Rčhlh ml-Rčhlh wm ml-Jmra ml-JmraŮ Ůj, tirg. Wmhk Ausihf ml-Amjhk (Gmnmrtm7 Kčr ml-dhnr, ml-dhnr, =813), alj. ?8-24.
?9
?9
?. [mnl Į Į d
mtmu
očlhc kmf
oirmnml
(siamt
ghwmfym).
Ylmjm
Amfmdhma
jifsymrmtnmf tmnl Į Į d omch omch juzmnnh siahfccm mfmn nibhl kmf `rmfc chlm thkmn khwmghonmf uftun oirzmnmt, nibumlh kmlmj zmnmt pirtmfhmf kmf zmnmt dhtrma. 2. Jirkinm, jmy`rhtms ulmjm oirpifkmpmt zmnmt thkmn wmgho mtms oukmn mtmu amjom smamym, aml hfh nmrifm zmnmt khtugunmf uftun jif`l`fc `rmfc ymfc lijma kmlmj aml amrtm oifkm, sijiftmrm oukmn tirjmsun `rmfc ymfc lijma. ;. Uijhlhnmf sijpurfm, kmlmj pmfkmfcmf Jmlhnh juzmnnh amrus jijpufymh amn oirthfkmn kmlmj amrtm ymfc khjhlhnhfym. 9. Amrtm amrus jifbmpmh fhsmo (nmkmr ymfc tilma khtiftunmf), pmrm ulmjm sipmnmt omawm amrtm ymfc wmgho khzmnmth mkmlma amrtm ymfc tilma jifbmpmh nmkmr niwmghomf zmnmt. 4. Amrtm ymfc khjhlhnh kmf jifbmpmh fhsmo amrus oirujur sitmauf (ḩ (ḩmul ). ). Kmlmj ml-]ur čf tilma khtiftunmf c`l`fcmf-c`l`fcmf tirtiftu ymfc oiramn jifirhjm zmnmt. Mkmpuf c`l`fcmf-c`l`fcmf tirsiout mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 =.
Dmnhr , jifurut jmzamo Rymd‐h kmf Amjomlh mkmlma `rmfc ymfc thkmn jijhlhnh amrtm oifkm kmf pinirgmmf ymfc jmjpu jifbunuph nioutuamffym siamrh-amrh. Jhsmlfym nioutuamffym oirgujlma sipulua, titmph khm amfym jifkmpmtnmf thkmn lioha kmrh thcm. @rmfc dmnhr thkmn jijhlhnh amrtm oifkm kmf pinirgmmf, mtmu jijhlhnh sisumtu kmf oinirgm titmph thkmn jiliohah kmrhpmkm sitifcma
?4
?4
nioutuamf
ahkupfym
kmf
`rmfc-`rmfc
ymfc
oirmkm
kh
omwma
?8
tmfccufcgmwmofym.
Jifurut ulmjm Amfmdhma, dmnhr mkmlma `rmfc ymfc amrtm ninmymmffym oirmkm kh omwma fhsmo zmnmt mtmu jijpufymh amrtm ninmymmf kh mtms fhsmo titmph kmlmj oiftun rujma uftun tijpmt thfccml, pirmlmtmf uftun oirusmam (jhsmlfym pirmlmtmf pirtmfhmf, bmfcnul, b mfcnul, pmrmfc, mtmu pirmlmtmf jifbmrh hnmf, pirmau, mlmt pmfbhfc) ymfc khm cufmnmf uftun oirusmam/oinirgm uftun jijifuah nipirlumf ahkup ymfc kmsmrhma. Gmkh ounmf amrtm uftun khn`fsujsh, cufm 25
jijifuah nipirlumf siamrh-amrh. ?.
Jhsnhf, jirupmnmf `rmfc ymfc jijhlhnh pinirgmmf, titmph pifcamshlmffym thkmn kmpmt jifbunuph nioutuamf ahkupfym. Jhsmlfym nioutuamffym oirgujlma sipulua, titmph khm amfym jifkmpmtnmf kilmpmf siahfccm jmsha oiluj khmfccmp omhn kmrh sich smfkmfc, pmfcmf kmf pmpmf. @rmfc jhsnhf jijhlhnh pinirgmmf kmf jmjpu oinirgm fmjuf pifkmpmtmffym amfym jmjpu jijifuah lioha kmrh siomchmf nioutuamffym titmph thkmn jifbunuph silurua nioutuamf ahkupfym. Jifurut jmzamo Rymdh‐h kmf Amjomlh dmnhr lioha 2=
sifcsmrm kmrh jhsnhf.
?8
Smaoma mz-Wuamhlh, Dhqa Hslmj wm Mkhllmtuau Ghlhk 2, tirg. Mokul Amyyhi ml-Nmttmfh, knn (Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh, ?5==), alj. ?1?. 25
Xusud ]mrkamwh, Aunuj ]mrkamwh, Aunuj Wmnmt, alj.9=2.
2=
Smaoma mz-Wuamhlh, Wmnmt mz-Wuamhlh, Wmnmt Nmghmf Oiromcmh Jmzamo, alj.?1=.
?3
?3
2.
Umfhthm zmnmt (č (čjhl ), ), mkmlma `rmfc ymfc oinirgm/khoirh wiwifmfc kmf khmfcnmt `lia
pijhjphf
uftun
jifcurush
zmnmt.
Jifcurush
zmnmt
jilhputh
jifcujpulnmf, jifcahtufc, jifcmwmsh, jifcil`lm, jifymlurnmf kmf lmhf2?
lmhf. ;.
Jumllmd, ymfc tirjmsun kmlmj nil`jp`n hfh mkmlma `rmfc ymfc lijma fhmtfym uftun jmsun Hslmj. [ugumf khoirhnmf zmnmt mkmlma mcmr fhmt jirinm uftun 22
jmsun Hslmj jifgmkh numt. Nil`jp`n jumllmd tiromch ni kmlmj oioirmpm c`l`fcmf, ymhtu m) `rmfc ymfc mnmf jmsun Hslmj mtmu kmpmt jifccufmnmf pifcmruafym uftun jifk`r`fc pmrm pifchnutfym jmsun jifgmkh juslhj> o) `rmfc ymfc jijpufymh ninumsmmf kmf pifcmrua titmph thkmn kinmt kifcmf Hslmj (omanmf jufcnhf jifccmfccu ujmt Hslmj, ymfc kifcmf jijoirhnmf zmnmt nipmkm jirinm), jmnm jirinm thkmn lmch jifccmfccu ujmt Hslmj> b) `rmfc ymfc omru jmsun Hslmj ymfc nihslmjmf/ nikinmtmffym kifcmf ujmt oiluj numt, ymfc kifcmf pijoirhmf zmnmt nipmkm jirinm, khamrmpnmf mnmf lioha jifkinmtnmf jirinm kifcmf ujmt Hslmj> k) pmrm t`n`a kmf pijhjphf mtmu omanmf ujmt Hslmj ymfc hjmf kmf nismkmrmf nihslmjmffym rilmthd jmsha lijma> pijoirhmf zmnmt khamrmpnmf mnmf jificuanmf jirinm kh kmlmj Hslmj kmf omanmf mnmf jifgmkhnmf jirinm kmpmt jijomftu ujmt Hslmj ymfc lmhf>
2?
F``r Mdlma, Mrshtintur Wmnmt Hfk`fishm, (Gmnmrtm7 Uifiroht Yfhvirshtms Hfk`fishm (YHUriss), ?558), alj.=14. 22
Smaoma mz-Wuamhlh, Dhqa mz-Wuamhlh, Dhqa Hslmj wm Mkhllmtuau, Mkhllmtuau , alj. ?12.
?1
?1
i) `rmfc ymfc khpirlunmf omftumf kmf pifcmrua jirinm uftun jifk`r`fc `rmfc lmhf jmu jifcilumrnmf zmnmt mtmu jifk`r`fc `rmfc lmhf uftun jmjpu 2;
jifcujpulnmf zmnmt.
9. _hqč _hqčo, kmlmj nmghmf dhnha nlmshn kmlmj aml hfh jifurut gujaur ulmjm ymfc khjmnsuk kifcmf pmrm oukmn mkmlma pirgmfghmf si`rmfc juslhj (oukmn oilhmf) uftun oinirgm kmf jifcmokh nipmkm jmghnmffym kmf oukmn tirsiout kmpmt khoiomsnmf ohlm khm kmpmt jijifuah niwmghomf pijomymrmf sigujlma umfc, fmjuf oukmn tirsiout thkmn jijhlhnh nibunupmf jmtirh uftun jijomymr tiousmf mtms khrhfym tirsiout. @lia nmrifm htu smfcmt khmfgurnmf 29
uftun jijoirhnmf zmnmt mcmr khm kmpmt jijirkinmnmf khrhfym. 4.
Cčrhj sibmrm omamsm mrthfym mkmlma `rmfc ymfc oirutmfc. Msml pifcirthmf c črhj rhj jifurut omamsm mkmlma titmp kifcmf jmnfm utmfc oirshdmt titmp. Jifurut jmzamo Amfmdhma, c črhj rhj mkmlma sijum `rmfc ymfc oirutmfc kmf thkmn jijpufymh umfc uftun jijomymrfym. Rikmfc thcm jmzamo lmhffym jijoikmnmffym nipmkm kum nil`jp`n7 `rmfc ymfc oirutmfc uftun nipifthfcmf khrhfym kmf `rmfc ymfc oirutmfc uftun nipifthfcmf ujuj. Ytmfc uftun nipifthfcmf prhomkh ymfc jifgmkhnmffym oiramn jifirhjm zmnmt mkmlma utmfc ymfc thkmn kmpmt khahfkmrh, ymhtu utmfc ymfc sibmrm thom-thom tirpmnsm khlmnunmf nmrifm tirthjpm jushoma, mtmu uftun jijifuah nipirlumf 2;
Xusud ]mrkamwh, Aunuj ]mrkamwh, Aunuj Wmnmt, alj. 94;.
29
Mrhid Judrmhfh, Mnuftmfsh kmf Jmfmgijif Wmnmt> Jifc`jufhnmshnmf Nismkmrmf kmf Jijomfcuf Gmrhfcmf (Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?554), alj. ?55.
?8
?8
kmsmr ymfc smfcmt jifkismn (thkmn ohmsm, kh lumr pirahtufcmf kmf thkmn kmpmt khahfkmrh) kmf thkmn kmpmt khpifuah kifcmf pifcamshlmf ohmsm. Gujlma utmfc hfh amrus kmlmj omtms ymfc wmgmr, ounmf uftun jijohmymh sisumtu ymfc oirliohamf mtmu nijuomzhrmf. Rikmfc utmfc uftun nijmslmamtmf/nipifthfcmf ujuj, mkmlma utmfc ymfc thjoul nmrifm nipifthfcmf ujmt, sipirth ohmym (utmfc) ymfc khnilumrnmf uftun jifkmjmhnmf nil`jp`n-nil`jp`n ymfc oirtifcnmr kh tifcma jmsymrmnmt, jijpiromhnh smrmfm ujuj, jijohmymh pmfth pifymftufmf, kmf siomcmhfym. Ytmfc hfhpuf amrus kmlmj omtms ymfc wmgmr, ounmf utmfc nmrifm nijiwmamf mtmu pijohmymmf sibmrm oirlioha24
liohamf, ymfc kmpmt khmfccmp siomcmh nijuomzhrmf.
Cčrhj, rhj, ymfc khjmnsuk kh shfh mkm 2 jmbmj ymhtu =). @rmfc ymfc jijhfgmj cufm jifcahfkmrnmf dhtfma mtmu jifkmjmhnmf pirthnmhmf/pirjusuamf. ?). @rmfc ymfc jijhfgmj cufm nipirlumf khrh sifkhrh mtmu nilumrcmfym uftun 23
amgmt ymfc juoma, 2). @rmfc ymfc jijhfgmj nmrifm tmfccufcmf.
3. D Į Į smoĮ smoĮ lhll lhll ča, jifurut Rymdhhma omchmf hfh amfym o`lia khsirmanmf nipmkm pmrm sunmrilmwmf, ymhtu jirinm ymfc pirch oirpirmfc kmf thkmn khohmymh `lia pijirhftma, kifcmf nitiftumf tmjomamf, jirinm jirupmnmf pifkukun kh l`nmsh zmnmt khpufcut. Xusud ]mrmkamwh jifyioutnmf oioirmpm aml ymfc khsipmnmth pmrm ulmjm jmzamo tiftmfc pifymlurmf zmnmt uftun omchmf d Į Į 24
Hohk,. alj. ?54.
23
Yjr`tul namsmfma, Jmfmgijif Wmnmt J`kirf> Hfstrujift Uijoirkmymmf In`f`jh Yjmt (Jmlmfc> YHF-Jmlhnh Uriss, ?5=5), alj.;?.
25
25
smoĮ smoĮ lhll lhll ča hfh ymhtu7 (m) Ghamk (pirmfc) tirjmsun kmlmj pifcirthmf omchmf dĮ smoĮlhllča> smoĮlhllča> (o) umfc zmnmt tirsiout mkmlma uftun ohmym/oilmfgm `rmfc ymfc pirch oirpirmfc> sikmfc nio`liamf jifccufmnmf umfc zmnmt uftun jifcmkmnmf/ jirmwmt pirmlmtmf mtmu sifgmtm jmsha jmsha jirinm pirsilhshanmf> pirsilhshanmf> (b) thkmn o`lia uftun jijohmymh nichmtmf ymfc jirupmnmf nipifthfcmf ujuj sipirth jijomfcuf
sin`lma,
jmsghk,
smlurmf/tmlh
mhr,
gmlmf,
gijomtmf
kmf
21
siomcmhfym. Jifurut ulmjm Amfmdhma nichmtmf ujuj hfh thkmn o`lia khohmymh kifcmf zmnmt nmrifm thkmn gilms shmpm ymfc jifirhjmfym> sikmfc jifurut jmzamo lmhffym zmnmt thkmn o`lia khoirhnmf uftun jijohmymh nichmtmf ujuj hfh nmrifm nichmtmf-nichmtmf tirsiout thkmn jmsun kmlmj pifcirthmf dĮ pifcirthmf dĮ smoĮlhllča, smoĮlhllča, omanmf thkmn jmsun kmlmj pifcirthmf smlma smtu kmrh omchmf ymfc kilmpmf. ulmjm
jmsm
sinmrmfc
Rilmfgutfym ml-]mrmkamwh jifcuthp pifkmpmt pmrm tiftmfc
pifcirthmf dĮ
smoĮlhllča smoĮlhllča kmf
lmftms
jifkhsnushnmffym, kmf jijomfkhfcnmffym kifcmf pifkmpmt pmrm ulmjm jmzamo ijpmt. Mnahrfym oilhmu jifcmjohl nishjpulmf ymfc ymfc
hfthfym, dĮ
smoĮlhllča mkmlma smoĮlhllča mkmlma nichmtmf-nichmtmf ymfc sibmrm suostmfshml mnmf jifcumtnmf nikukunmf nmuj jusljhf, ounmf amfym kmlmj oiftun pirmfc dhshn oirsifgmtm, titmph tirjmsun sijum upmym kh ohkmfc pifkhkhnmf, pijhnhrmf, p`lhthn, in`f`jh, s`shml, oukmym kmf siomcmhfym. Nmchmtmf hfh kmpmt khlmnunmf kmlmj
21
Xusud ]mrkamwh, Aunuj ]mrkamwh, Aunuj Wmnmt, alj. 4=1.
2=
2=
oiromcmh oiftun sipirth sipi rth pifirohtmf, pifkhkhnmf, pilmthamf, jikhm jmssm (bitmn 28
kmf ilintr`fhn), pirpustmnmnmf, lmo`rmt`rhuj, kmf sitirusfym.
1. Hofu smoĮ smoĮ l l, jifurut gujaur ulmjm mkmlma nhmsmf uftun jusmdhr, ymhtu `rmfc ymfc jilmnunmf pirgmlmfmf kmrh smtu kmirma ni kmirma lmhf uftun jifgmlmfnmf siouma nitmmtmf ounmf nijmnshmtmf. nijmnshmtmf. Hofu smoĮ smoĮ l l khoirh zmnmt sisumh kifcmf nioutuamffym uftun jifbmpmh tijpmt tugumf, wmlmupuf pmkm msml n`fkhsh ;5
in`f`jhfym oirnibunupmf. K.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kmlmj Hslmj
Hslmj turuf ni kufhm siomcmh rmajmtml lhl ‖člmjhf. ‖člmjhf. Rmlma smtu jhsh Hslmj mkmlma uftun jifciftmsnmf jifciftmsnmf nijhsnhfmf. Mgmrmf zmnmt kmlmj Hslmj mkmlma shjo`l nipikulhmf s`shml tiramkmp nisifgmfcmf in`f`jh, piramthmf mtms dif`jifm nijhsnhfmf, kmf bhtmbhtm mnmf nisigmatirmmf ujmt. Jilmluh zmnmt, Hslmj thkmn mnmf jijohmrnmf nijhsnhfmf jirmgmlilm kh mtms pirjunmmf oujh. Oirhnut hfh mkmlma cmjomrmf ahst`rhs omcmhjmfm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh smlma smtu mgmrmf Hslmj. =.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt pmkm Jmsm _msulullma Ml-]ur‐čf Ml-]ur‐čf kmf ml-amkhs tilma jifirmfcnmf sikijhnhmf rupm tiftmfc zmnmt
mcmr kmfm zmnmt ohsm smjpmh nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjmfym. Kmlmj ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf
28
Ml Xmsm‐ Mou Omnmr , Omchmf Uifirhjm Wmnmt7 Riouma Ypmym Yftun _ihftirpritmsh, Jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm Rijhfmr Hftirfmsh`fml Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Gurfml Jikhm Rymrh‐ma kmf Dmnultms Rymrhma & In`f`jh Hslmj YHF Mr-_mfhry oinirgm smjm kifcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, kh Omfkm Mbia =2-=; Mcustus ?5=; J., oirtipmtmf =3-=1 Rymwwml =;29 A. ;5
Smaoma mz-Wuamhlh, Dhqa mz-Wuamhlh, Dhqa Hslmj wm Mkhllmtuau, alj.?13.
2?
2?
;=
tirkmpmt kum mymt hfkun ymfc sibmrm insplhsht jifcmtur tiftmfc pifcil`lmmf zmnmt.
Kmlmj surmt Mt-[muoma ^8Z745 tirkmpmt nmtm “ml -čjhl Įfm Įfm ‖mlmyač‚ nmtm hfh jirupmnmf nmtm gmjmn (plurml) kmrh nmtm ‖čjhl ymfc sibmrm amrdhma oirmrth pmrm pinirgm, jmnsukfym mkmlma `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc sibmrm spishdhn, sirhus kmf pr`dish`fml tirlhomt kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, omhn kmlmj pifcujpulmf jmupuf pifkhstrhoushmf kmf siomcmhfym. Oirhnut oioirmpm pijmamjmf ymfc oirnifmmf kifcmf pifcurusmf zmnmt7 m.
Kmlmj aml pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, _msulullma RMS jifcmfcnmt `rmfc lmhf ymhtu Ju‐mkz ohf Gmoml siomcmh ‖čjhl kh smjphfc _msulullma RMS sifkhrh siomcmh ‖čjhl ‖čjhl . Jum‐kz ohf Gmoml khnifml siomcmh smlma si`rmfc smamomt ymfc smfcmt phmwmh kmlmj ohkmfc aunuj amlml kmf amrmj kmf oirhgthamk, nibirkmsmf Ju‐mkz kmf nitmfccuamffym kmlmj oihgthamk mftmrm lmhf kmpmt khtilusurh liwmt khml`c shfcnmtfym nithnm aifkmn khlipms _msulullma RMS uftun jifgmkh wmlh kh Xmjmf sinmlhcus gucm siomcmh‖čjhl siomcmh‖čjhl . Buplhnmf khml`c Ju‐mz kifcmf _msulullma RMS mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7
7 7
7
.
7
;=
Rurmt Ml-omqmrma ^?Z 7 ?43, kmlmj mymt hfh oirhsh pirhftma pifcmjohlmf zmnmt ymfc jilhputh silurua gifhs amrtm kmf oiftunfym. Rurmt Mt-tmuoma^8Z745 Mt-tmuoma^8Z745 kmf Rurmt Mt-tmuoma^8Z7=52 ymfc oirhsh tiftmfc pirhftma jijufcut zmnmt kmf phamn-phamn ymfc oiramn jifirhjm kmfm zmnmt ymfc khsiout khsiout kifcmf kilmpmf msfmd (justmahn zmnmt). Lhamt Nuftmrf` F``r Mdlma kmf J`ak. Fmshr [mgmfc, Wmnmt kmf Uirmf Ficmrm (Gmnmrtm7 D`ruj Wmnmt (D@W), ?554), alj.9
22
22
.
7
7
.
7 ;?
.(
o.
( .
Uifcmfcnmtmf‖čjhlhf Uifcmfcnmtmf‖čjhlhf thkmn amfym khlmnunmf uftun nipifthfcmf pijirhftma pusmt titmph pmkm thfcnmt kmirma gucm khmfcnmt ‖čjhlhf. ‖čjhlhf. _mulullma RMS siomcmh ‖čjhlhf pusmt kh Jmkhfma kmf Ju‐mkz ohf Gmoml siomcmh ‖čjhlhf kh kmirma Xmjmf.
b.
Kmlmj jifcmfcnmt‖čjhlhf jifcmfcnmt‖čjhlhf _msulullma _msulullma RMS thkmn amfym jijhlha `rmfc ymfc jijhlhnh shdmt gugur, mjmfma kmf mkhl titmph gucm jijhlhnh pijmamjmf tiftmfc zmnmt naususfym kmf pirnmrm aunuj Hslmj pmkm ujujfym.
k.
Uifmrhnmf zmnmt pmkm kmsmrfym oirshdmt pr`mnthd tmfpm jifcamlmfch pmrthshpmsh mnthd kmrh juzmnnh ymfc jifyirmanmf sifkhrh zmnmtfym nipmkm ‖čjhlhf, ‖čjhlhf, nmrifm _msulullma RMS sifkhrh sirhfc jifirhjm zmnmt khtijpmt thfccml oilhmu.
i.
Ml`nmsh pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt lioha khutmjmnmf nipmkm justmahn ymfc mkm kh kmirma sujoir zmnmt htu sifkhrh. _msulullma RMS jijirhftmanmf nipmkm Ju‐mkz ohf Gmoml uftun jijomchnmf zmnmt nipmkm pmrm duqmam ymfc mkm kh Xmjmf, aml hfh jifchsymrmtnmf upmym nisigmatirmmf s`shml oirkmsmrnmf sujoir in`f`jh tirsiout khpir`lia.
;?
Moh Hsm Juamjjmk Hof Hsm Hof Rurma, ml-G čjh‐ čjh‐ ml -RmḩĮḩ -RmḩĮḩ Sm Auwm Rufmf ml-[hrjh żh żh (Oihrut, Kmr ml-Dhnr, =;51 A/=811 J), Ghlhk HHH, alj.4=4.
2;
2;
d.
_msulullma jijoirhnmf hfd`rjmsh ymfc gilms kmf kitmhl sirtm ticms jifymfcnut kifcmf aunuj, `ogin, oismr pifmrhnmf zmnmt kmf lmhf-lmhf ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf silun oilun pirzmnmtmf.
c.
_msulullma silmlu jifk`r`fc ‖čjhl oinirgm oinirgm nirms uftun jijufcut zmnmt mcmr ;2
sithmp juzmnnh jmu jifcilumrnmf zmnmtfym.
Kmlmj ohkmfc pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, _msulullma jijoirhnmf b`ft`a kmf pitufgun `pirmsh`fmlfym. Aml htu kmpmt khlhamt kmrh mkmfym n`fsip pijomchmf tucms ‖čjhl ymfc khomch jifgmkh oioirmpm omchmf7 (=) Nmtmoma, Nmtmoma, ymhtu pitucms uftun jifbmtmt pmrm wmgho zmnmt. (?) (?) Amsmoma Amsmoma,, ymhtu pitucms uftun jifcahtufc zmnmt. (2) Guoma, Guoma, ymhtu pitucms ymfc jifcmjohl zmnmt kmrh juzmnnh. (;) Namzmfma, Namzmfma, ymhtu pitucms ymfc jifcahjpuf kmf jijilhamrm amrtm. (9) ]msmjma, ]msmjma, ymhtu pitucms ymfc ;;
jifymlurnmf zmnmt nipmkm justmahn. ?.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt pmkm Jmsm Naulmdmur _msyhkhf Yftun jifcitmauh kifcmf lioha gilms p`lm `pirmsh`fml, mplhnmsh kmf
hjplijiftmsh zmnmt pmkm jmsm Naulmdmur _msyhkhf kmpmt khlhamt kmlmj pirh`ki pirh`ki oirhnut hfh7
;2
Nuftmrf` F``r Mdlma kmf J`ak. Fmshr [mgmfc, Wmnmt kmf Uirmf Ficmrm (Gmnmrtm7 D`ruj Wmnmt (D@W), ?554), alj.3-=? ;;
Justmdm Ikwhf Fmsuth`f,knn, Uifcifmlmf Insnlushd In`f`jh Hslmj Hslmj (Gmnmrtm7 Urifmkm Jikhm, ?553), alj. ?=;.
29
29
m.
Jmsm Namlhdma Mou Omnmr ms-Rhkkhq Uifcil`lmmf zmnmt pmkm jmsm Mou Omnmr sikhnht jifcmlmjh nifkmlm.
Umsmlfym, oioirmpm ujmt juslhj jif`lmn jijomymr zmnmt. Jirinm jiymnhfh omawm zmnmt mkmlma pifkmpmt pirs`fml _msululllma RMS. Jifurut c`l`fcmf hfcnmr zmnmt hfh, zmnmt thkmn thkmn wmgho khtufmhnmf pmsbm wmdmtfym _msululllma _msululllma RMS. Uijmamjmf ymfc smlma hfh amfym tiromtms kh nmlmfcmf sunu-sunu Mrmo Omkuwh. Runu-sunu Mrmo Omkuwh hfh jifcmfccmp pijomymrmf zmnmt siomcmh aunujmf ;9
mtmu oiomf ymfc jiruchnmf. o.
Jmsm Namlhdma Yjmr ohf ml-Namttmo Yjmr ohf ml-Namttmo ml-Namttmo mkmlma smlma smtu smamomt _msululllma _msululllma RMS ymfc
jifitmpnmf sumtu aunuj oirkmsmrnmf rimlhtms s`shml. Kh mftmrm nititmpmffym mkmlma jifcampus zmnmt omch c`l`fcmf ju‐ ju‐ mllmd mllmd kmf jiwmghonmf namrmg (siwm tmfma), sirtm jifirmpnmf zmnmt nukm ymfc thkmn pirfma tirgmkh pmkm jmsm Fmoh Juamjjmk RMS. [hfkmnmf Yjmr jifcampus niwmghomf zmnmt pmkm jumllmd ounmf jumllmd ounmf oirmrth jifcuoma aunuj mcmjm kmf jifcifymjphfcnmf
mymt-mymt
ml-]ur ‐čf. ‐čf.
Hm
amfym jifcuoma dmtwm sisumh kifcmf piruomamf zmjmf ymfc gilms oiroikm kmrh zmjmf _msulullma RMS. Rijiftmrm htu Yjmr titmp jijoiomfnmf niwmghomf zmnmt kum nmlh lhpmt tiramkmp `rmfc- `rmfc Fmsrmfh Omfh [mclmo, aml hfh khsiout zmnmt juḊč‖ juḊč‖ mdma. mdma. ;9
Majmk Kmna`hr, Aunuj Kmna`hr, Aunuj Wmnmt7 Uifcmturmf kmf Hfticrmsh Nilicijommf Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kifcmf Dufcsh Lijomcm Uiromfnmf (Rurmomym7 Mswmgm Urisshfk`, ?5=9), alj. 3?.
24
24
Wmnmt juḊč‖ juḊč‖ mdma mdma htu mkmlma tirkhrh kmrh ghzyma (bunmh pirlhfkufcmf) kmf oiomf tmjomamf. Ghzyma siomcmh hjomfcmf nioiomsmf oilm Ficmrm ymfc ymfc khwmghonmf nipmkm wmrcm ficmrm juslhj. Rikmfcnmf oiomf tmjomamffym mkmlma siomcmh hjomfcmf zmnmt ymfc khwmghonmf sibmrm nausus nipmkm ujmt Hslmj. Yjmr thkmn jirmsm mkm ymfc smlma kmlmj jifmrhn pmgmn mtmu ghzyma mtmu ghzyma kifcmf fmjm zmnmt kmrh `rmfc-`rmfc Fmsrmfh nmrifm jirinm thkmn situgu kifcmf hsthlma ghzyma tirsiout. b.
Jmsm Namlhdma Ysjmf ohf Mddmf Uifcil`lmmf zmnmt pmkm jmsm Ysjmf ohf Mddmf khomch jifgmkh kum jmbmj7
(=) Wmnmtu ml-mjwč ml-mjwčl mz- Ẓčahrhyma Ẓčahrhyma (amrtm oifkm ymfc tmjpmn), sipirth ohfmtmfc tirfmn kmf amshl oujh, kmf (?) Wmnmtu (?) Wmnmtu ml- mjwč mjwčl ml-oč ml-očt Į Į fhyma fhyma (amrtm oifkm ymfc thkmn tmjpmn mtmu tirsijoufyh), sipirth umfc kmf omrmfc pirfhmcmmf. Wmnmt nmtic`rh pirtmjm khurus lmfcsufc `lia ficirm omhn kmlmj pijufcutmf jmupuf pijomchmffym, sikmfcnmf ymfc nikum khsirmanmf nipmkm
jmshfc-jmshfc
hfkhvhku ymfc oirniwmghomf jifcilumrnmf zmnmtfym sifkhrh. k.
Jmsm Namlhdma Mlh ohf Moh [amlho Rhtumsh p`lhthn pmkm jmsm nipijhjphfmf Namlhdma Mlh ohf Moh [amlho
oirgmlmf thkmn stmohl, pifua pipirmfcmf kmf pirtujpmamf kmrma. k mrma. Mnmf titmph, Mlh ohf Moh [amlho titmp jifburmanmf piramthmffym ymfc smfcmt sirhus kmlmj jifcil`lm zmnmt. Hm jilhamt omawm zmnmt jirupmnmf urmt fmkh niahkupmf omch pijirhftmamf kmf mcmjm. Nithnm Mlh ohf Moh [amlho oirtiju kifcmf `rmfc-`rmfc
23
23
dmnhr jhsnhf kmf pmrm pifcijhs outm ymfc oirmcmjm f`f-juslhj (Fmsrmfh), hm jifymtmnmf ohmym ahkup jirinm amrus khtmfccufc `lia Omhtul Jml. Mlh ohf Moh [amlho gucm hnut tirguf lmfcsufc kmlmj jifkhstrhoushnmf zmnmt nipmkm pmrm justmahn (kilmpmf c`l`fcmf ymfc oiramn jifirhjm zmnmt). Amrtm ninmymmf ymfc wmgho zmnmt pmkm jmsm Namlhdma Namlhdma ‖Mlh ohf Moh [amlho hfh smfcmt oirmcmj. Gifhs omrmfc-omrmfc ymfc wmgho zmnmt pmkm wmntu htu oirupm khramj, khfmr, ijms kmf ;4
gifhs ninmymmf mpmpuf titmp khnifmh niwmghomf zmnmt. 2.
Uifcil`lmmf Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Umkm Jmsm [moh‐hf [moh‐hf Uifcil`lmmf zmnmt pmkm jmsm t moh‐hf tirgmkh moh‐hf tirgmkh pmkm jmsm Kmulma Omfh Yjmyyma
kmlmj bmtmtmf sigmrma ymfc oirlmfcsufc silmjm amjphr 85 tmauf (;=-=?3A). Namlhdma Yjmr ohf Mokul Mzhz (3=3 J) mkmlma t`n`a tirnijunm kmlmj kmlmj sigmrma Hslmj, naususfym kmlmj aml pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kh jmfm jmsm hfh jirupmnmf pufbmn nigmymmf kmf nicijhlmfcmf pirmkmomf zmnmt. Umkm jmsm pijirhftmamffym pifcil`lmmf zmnmt z mnmt jifcmlmjh rid`rjmsh ymfc smfcmt shcfhdhnmf. shcfhdh nmf. Rijum gifhs amrtm ninmymmf wmgho khnifmh zmnmt. Umkm jmsmfym, shstij kmf jmfmgijif zmnmt khtmfcmfh kifcmf mjmt pr`dish`fml. Gifhs amrtm kmf ninmymmf ymfc khnifmh wmgho zmnmt sijmnhf oirmcmj. Uifkmpmtmf zmnmt ymfc mkm kh nms Omhtul Jml tilma jilhjpma kmf surplus, n`fkhsh jmsymrmnmt lioha omfymn juzmnnh smjpmh sulht jifijunmf justmahn kmrh nmlmfcmf dmnhr jhsnhf.
;4
Juamjjmk Amkh, Ur`olijmthnm Wmnmt Ur`dish kmf R`lushfym7 Riouma [hfgmumf Aunuj Hslmj (X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, ?5=5), alj.3=-39.
21
21
Yjmr ohf Mokul Mzhz mkmlma `rmfc pirtmjm ymfc jiwmghonmf zmnmt kmrh amrtm ninmymmf ymfc khpir`lia kmrh pifcamshlmf usmam mtmu amshl gmsm, tirjmsun cmgh, a`f`rmrhuj, pifcamshlmf oiromcmh pr`dish kmf sujoir-sujoir lmhffym, siahfccm pmkm jmsm nipijhjphfmffym, kmfm zmnmt jilhjpma ruma tirshjpmf kh Omhtul Jml. Omanmf pitucms‖čjhl pitucms‖čjhl zmnmt nisulhtmf jifbmrh c`l`fcmf dmnhr jhsnhf ymfc jijoutuanmf amrtm zmnmt. Oioirmpm dmnt`r utmjm ymfc ymfc jilmtmroilmnmfch nisunsismf jmfmgijif kmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt pmkm jmsm Namlhdma Yjmr ohf Mokul Mzhz mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 =) Mkmfym nismkmrmf n`linthd kmf pijoirkmymmf Omhtul Jml kifcmf `pthjml. ?) N`jhtjif thfcch si`rmfc pijhjphf kmf khkunufc `lia nismkmrmf ujmt sibmrm
ujuj
uftun
jifbhptmnmf
nisigmatirmmf,
s`lhkmrhtms,
kmf
pijoirkmymmf ujmt. 2) Nismkmrmf kh nmlmfcmf juzmnnh (pijomymr zmnmt) ymfc rilmthd jmpmf sibmrm in`f`jhs kmf jijhlhnh l`ymlhtms thfcch kijh nipifthfcmf ujmt. ;) Mkmfym nipirbmymmf tiramkmp ohr`nrmsh mtmu pifcil`lm zmnmt ymfc oirtucms jifcujpulnmf kmf jifkhstrhoushnmf zmnmt. Kifcmf nmtm lmhf, pmrm pijomymr zmnmt jiymnhfh thkmn mnmf tirgmkh pifyiliwifcmf kmf pifymlmacufmmf kmfm ;3
zmnmt ymfc jirinm nujpulnmf kh Omhtul Jml.
;3
Hohk., alj.34.
28
28
;.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kh Hfk`fishm Rioiluj Hfk`fishm jirkinm pirjmsmlmamf zmnmt kh mtur kmlmj @rk`fmfthi
Uijirhftma Ahfkhm Oilmfkm F`j`r 4?55 tmfccml ?1 Diorumrh =859. Uijirhftma thkmn hnut bmjpur kmlmj jmsmlma pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kmf jifyirmanmf sipifuafym nipmkm ujmt Hslmj. Umkm tmfccml 1 Kisijoir Kisijoir =89=, Nijiftrhmf Mcmjm jifcilumrnmf surmt ;1
ikmrmf F`j`r 7 M/THH/=3243 tiftmfc pilmnsmfmmf Wmnmt Dhtrma.
Umkm jmsm `rki omru tipmtfym tmfccml 9 Gulh =843 Jiftirh Mcmjm jifyusuf _mfbmfcmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc tiftmfc Wmnmt kmf khsmjpmhnmf nipmkm Kiwmf Uirwmnhlmf _mnymt C`t`fc _`y`fc (KU_C_) kifcmf surmt F`j`r 7 JM/589/=843. Umkm tmauf =841 khnilumrnmf Uirmturmf Jiftirh Mcmjm (UJM) F`j`r ; tmauf =841 tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt (OMW). Umkm tmauf hfh gucm khnilumrnmf ;8
UJM F`j`r 9 tmauf =841 tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf Omhtul Jml. Omhtul Jml tirsiout ymfc jifmjpufc kmf jifirhjm zmnmt ymfc khsit`rnmf `lia Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt 95
sipirth ymfc khjmnsuk kmlmj UJM F`j`r ; tmauf =841.
Umkm tmauf =841 kh Hou Hou N`tm oirkhrh Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt Hfdmn kmf Rmkmqma (OMWHR) ymfc khpil`p`rh `lia pijirhftma kmirma Gmnmrtm ymfc wmntu htu khphjphf
;1
Dmnarukkhf, Dhqa Dmnarukkhf, Dhqa kmf Jmfmgijif Wmnmt kh Hfk`fishm Hfk `fishm (Jmlmfc7 YHF-Jmlmfc Uriss, ?551),
alj. ?;;. ;8
Jmnsuk Omhtul Jml kmlmj Uirmturmf Jiftirh Mcmjm hfh mkmlma oirstmtus Xmymsmf kmf oirshdmt sijh risjh. 95
Mrjhmkh Jusm, N`ftrhoush Uijirhftma kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kh Mbia (n`ftiftmsh Uifirmpmf Msms Lix Rpibhmlhs kmf Lix Cifirmlhs), Jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm Rijhfmr Hftirfmsh`fml Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Gurfml Jikhm Rymrh‐ma kmf Dmnultms Rymrhma & In`f`jh Hslmj YHF Mr -_mfhry Mr -_mfhry oinirgm smjm kifcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, kh Omfkm Mbia =2-=; Mcustus ?5=; J., oirtipmtmf =3-=1 Rymwwml =;29 A.
;5
;5
`lia Cuoirfur Mlh Rmkhnhf. Kh oiromcmh kmirma thfcnmt pr`vhfsh, oirkhrh pulm omkmf sirupm ymfc khpil`p`rh `lia pigmomt mtmu ufsur pijirhftma sitijpmt kifcmf kunufcmf pmrm ulmjm kmf pijhjphf Hslmj, Hslmj, jmnm tiroiftunlma Omkmf ‖Mjhl Wmnmt oirshdmt sijh pijirhftma, oirkmsmrnmf pmkm Rurmt Niputusmf Cuoirfur, OMWHR nijukhmf julmh khnifml kh oioirmpm whlmyma, sipirth Gmwm [hjur, Gmwm Omrmt, Mbia, Rulmwish, Rujmtirm, Fusm [ifccmrm Omrmt kmf sitirusfym. Omkmf tirsiout tmjphl kifcmf fmjm ymfc oiroikm, amfym smgm fmjm ymfc ujuj khcufmnmf mkmlma OMW, OMWHR kmf fmjm-fmjm lmhf, sipirth Omkmf Amrtm Mcmjm (Mbia), Lijomcm Amrtm Mcmjm Hslmj (Rujut), mtmu Xmymsmf R`shml (Rujomr). Kh oiromcmh kmirma lmhf, pirnijomfcmf zmnmt htu oiroikm-oikm, jhsmlfym mkm ymfc omru pmkm tmtmrmf n`fsip sipirth kh Gmwm [hjur, mtmu amfym khlmnunmf `lia Nmfwhl mcmjm sitijpmt, mtmu oiluj mkm pirnijomfcmffym mtmu mkm pirnijomfcmf titmph oiluj oirgmlmf siomcmhjmfm jisthfym. Nitirlhomtmf pijirhftma kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt hfh smfcmt pifthfc, aml hfh kmpmt tirlhamt kmrh pmsml 2 omo H Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 21 [mauf =888 ymc jifcmtmnmf omawm pijirhftma oirniwmghomf jijoirh pirlhfkufcmf, pijohfmmf, kmf pilmymfmf nipmkm juzmnnh, justmahn , kmf ‖čjhl zmnmt. Kifcmf jirugun pmkm pmsml ?8 YYK =8;9, ymhtu7 (m) jifgmjhf tirsilifccmrmfym symrhmt zmnmt kifcmf omhn, (o) pijirmtmmf mcmr thkmn tirgmkh sisi`rmfc jifirhjm zmnmt kmrh oioirmpm sujoir, sijiftmrm `rmfc lmhffym thkmn jifirhjmfym, (b) jifgmcm oiomf pshn`l`ch pifirhjmfym, jirinm thkmn pirlu oiramkmpmf lmfcsufc kifcmf pijoirh zmnmt kmf
;=
;=
thkmn pirlu kmthfc jijhftmfym, (k) sint`r pifirhjm zmnmt thkmn tiromtms hfkhvhku, titmph gucm uftun nipifthfcmf ujuj kmf sint`r htu amfym kmpmt khtmfcmfh `lia 9=
pijirhftma.
Kifcmf mkmfym Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 21 [mauf =888 tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt tilma jilmahrnmf pmrmkhcjm omru pifcil`lmmf zmnmt. Yftun jifgmlmfnmf mjmfmt Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 21 [mauf =888 tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt jmnm pmkm tmauf ?55= pijirhftma jijoiftun Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt Fmsh`fml (OMWFMR) kifcmf niputusmf prishkif. Kh sithmp kmirma gucm khoirlmnunmf pijoiftunmf Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt Ur`vhfsh, Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt Wmnmt Nmoupmtif/N`tm ahfccm Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt Nibmjmtmf. Uijirhftma gucm jifcunuanmf Lijomcm Mjhl
Wmnmt (LMW) ymfc
khkhrhnmf `lia jmsymrmnmt. LMW tirsiout jilmnsmfmnmf nichmtmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmhjmfm ymfc khlmnunmf Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt (OMW). Uijoiftunmf Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt omhn kh thfcnmt fmsh`fml jmupuf kmirma jifccmfthnmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt `lia 9?
OMWHR ymfc sukma oirgmlmf kh amjphr sijum kmirma kh Hfk`fishm.
Umkm pirh`ki nipijhjphfmf ijpmt Urishkif pmsbm R`iamrt`, cirmnmf j`fujiftml zmnmt kh tmfma mhr kmpmt khbmtmt siomcmh oirhnut 7 =. Urishkif O.G. Amohohi pmkm tmfccml ?2 Riptijoir =888 mtms pirsitugumf KU_ tilma jifsmanmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. 21 [mauf =888 tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt.
9=
Juamjjmk Amkh, Ur`olijmthnm Amkh, Ur`olijmthnm Wmnmt Ur`dish kmf R`lushfym, R`lushfym , alj. 1=
9?
Dmnarukkhf, Dhqa Dmnarukkhf, Dhqa kmf Jmfmgijif Wmnmt kh Hfk`fishm, Hfk`fishm , alj.?9=.
;?
;?
?. Urishkif
Mokurrmajmf
Smahk
pmkm
tmfccml
=3
Gmfumrh
?55=
jifcilumrnmf Niputusmf Urishkif F`. 1 [mauf ?55= tiftmfc Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt fmsh`fml 2. Urishkif Jicmwmth R`inmrf` Uutrh pmkm tmfccml ? Kisijoir ?55= jilmnunmf pifbmfmfcmf Cirmnmf Rmkmr Wmnmt kmlmj mbmrm pirhfcmtmf Fuzulul ]ur‐mf kh Jmsghk Hsthqlml Gmnmrtm. Gmnmrtm. ;. Urishkif Rushl` Omjomfc Xuka`y`f` pmkm tmfccml ?4 @nt`oir ?559 jilmnunmf pifbmfmfcmf Cirmnmf Wmnmt Hfdmn kmf Ramkmqma Fmsh`fml kmf jifcunuanmf Nipifcurusmf OMWFMR pirh`ki ?55;-?553 kh Hstmfm 92
Ficmrm.
Umkm [mauf ?5== tilma khoirlmnunmf thcm riculmsh ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf zmnmt ymhtu Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 tmauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Uirfymtmmf Rtmfkmr Mnuftmfsh Niumfcmf (URMN) F`j`r =58 tiftmfc Mnuftmfsh Wmnmt kmf Hfdmq/Rikinma, kmf Uirmturmf Uijirhftma F`j`r =; [mauf ?5=;. Kifcmf mkmfym thcm riculmsh hfh khamrmpnmf mnmf jifhfcnmtnmf risp`fshohlhtms kmf mnuftmohlhtms OMWFMR kh thfcnmt fmsh`fml, pr`vhfsh, nmoupmtif/n`tm jmupuf Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt (LMW). Smlmupuf Ficmrm Hfk`fishm thkmn khkmsmrnmf pmkm sumtu mgmrmf mcmjm tirtulhs tirtiftu fmjuf dmlsmdma Ficmrm kmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Kmsmr Ficmrm _ipuolhn Hfk`fishm jijoirh nijufcnhfmf nipmkm pigmomt-pigmomt Ficmrm uftun jijomftu
92
Majmk Jugmahkhf, In`f`jh Jugmahkhf, In`f`jh Hslmj (Gmnmrtm7 Hslmj (Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?553), alj. 35-3=.
;2
;2
pilmnsmfmmf pijufcutmf kmf pijoirkmymmf zmnmt. Jifurut Amzmhrhf, jmnfm Ficmrm oirkmsmrnmf mtms Nituamfmf Xmfc Jmam Ism, ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml ?8 mymt = Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Kmsmr =8;9 mftmrm lmhf mkmlma Ficmrm Hfk`fishm wmgho jifgmlmfnmf symrhmt Hslmj omch `rmfc Hslmj, symrhmt (f`rjm aunuj) Fmsrmfh omch `rmfc Nrhstif kmf symrhmt Ahfku omch `rmfc ahfku, siahfccm Ficmrm wmgho jifgmlmfnmf symrhmt jmshfc-jmshfc mcmjm ymfc khmnuh `lia Ficmrm Hfk`fishm nmrifm symrhmt mcmjm ymfc oirmsml kmrh jmshfc-jmshfc mcmjm ymfc khmfut `lia jmsymrmnmt jirupmnmf 9;
nioutuamf ahkup pmrm pijilunfym.
Mkm oioirmpm mlmsmf jifcmpm zmnmt amrus khoirhnmf jilmluh `rcmfhsmsh pifcil`lm zmnmt. zmnmt. Uirtmjm, Uirtmjm, uftun jifgmjhf nipmsthmf kmf nikhshplhfmf pmrm juzmnnh kmlmj jijomymr zmnmt. Nikum Nikum uftun jifgmcm pirmsmmf rifkma khrh pmrm justmahn mpmohlm oiramkmpmf lmfcsufc uftun jifirhjm zmnmt kmrh pmrm juzmnnh. Nithcm, juzmnnh. Nithcm, uftun jifbmpmh idishifsh kmf idinthvhtms, sirtm smsmrmf ymfc tipmt kmlmj pifccufmmf amrtm zmnmt jifurut snmlm prh`rhtms ymfc mkm pmkm sumtu ththn tijpmt. Niijpmt, uftun jijpirlhamtnmf syhmr Hslmj kmlmj sijmfcmt pifyilifccmrmmf pijirhftmamf ymfc omhn kmf hslmjh. I.
99
Uirmf Uijirhftma kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt
Kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt amrus khmwmsh `lia pijirhftma aml hfh khnmrifmnmf tirkmpmt omfymn amkhst ymfc jifgilmsnmf tiftmfc _msulullma ymfc jifcutus pitucms 9;
Juamjjmk Kmuk Mlh, Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj Wmnmt kmf Smnmd (Gmnmrtm7 Uifiroht Yfhvirshtms Hfk`fishm (YH-Uriss), =881), alj.22. 99
Khkhf Amdhkaukhf, Mcmr Amrt m Oirnma kmf Oirtmjoma (Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?553),
alj. =35.
;;
;;
uftun jijufcut zmnmt. Rmlma smtu amkhst tirsiout mkmlma nithnm _msulullma jifcutus Ju‐mzk ni Xmjmf, oilhmu oilhmu oirnmtm7
Kmrh amkhs kh mtms kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm sikinma wmgho khmjohl kmrh `rmfc nmym uftun khoirhnmf nipmkm jirinm ymfc dmnhr. Nijukhmf amkhs hfh gucm jifgilmsnmf omawm urusmf zmnmt htu khmjohl `lia pitucms uftun khomchnmf siomcmhjmfm ymfc khgilmsnmf `lia Ryina Hslmj Amdhz Hofu Amgmr omawm amkhs tirsiout ohsm khgmkhnmf mlmsmf, omawm pifcumsm/pijirhftma mkmlma `rmfc ymfc oirtucms uftun jifcujpulnmf jifcujpu lnmf kmf jijomchnmf ji jomchnmf zmnmt, omhn khlmnunmf `lia pifcumsm p ifcumsm lmfcsufc mtmupuf jiwmnhlhfym. Jmnm omrmfc shmpm jif`lmn jifcilumrnmf zmnmt 94
jmnm o`lia khmjohl kifcmf bmrm pmnsm.
Kmrh amkhs _msulullma kmpmt khnitmauh kifcmf gilms omawm sigmn zmjmf Fmoh ymfc jifcurus jmsmlma zmnmt mkmlma urusmf kmf tucms pijirhftma. Nmrifm pmkm kmsmrfym smfcmt khpirlunmf pitucms zmnmt uftun sithmp nmuj kmf sunu omfcsm ymfc tilma jmsun Hslmj uftun jifcmjohl zmnmt kmrh `rmfc nmym kmf jijomchnmffym uftun justmahn. Oichtu gucm kifcmf pmrm namlhdma sisukma _msulullma, jirinm jifcutus pitucms-pitucms nausus uftun jifcurus zmnmt. Mtms kmsmr hfh gucm ulmjm
94
Xusud ]mrkmwh, Aunuj Wmnmt> Rtukh N`jpmrmthd Jifcifml Rtmtus kmf Dhlsmdmt Wmnmt Oirkmsmrnmf ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf kmf ml-Amk Įṭ Įṭ , alj. 329.
;9
;9
jiwmghonmf nipmkm Hjmj/pijirhftma uftun jifucmsnmf pitucms ymfc mnmf jifcmjohl zmnmt nmrifm kh mftmrm jmfushm mkm ymfc jijhlhnh amrtm mnmf titmph thkmn jifcitmauh mpm ymfc wmgho omchfym, mkm gucm ymfc nhnhr siahfccm khpirlunmf pitucms 93
nausus uftun jifcmjohlfym.
Oioirmpm dmnt`r ymfc jifkmsmrh niwmghomf pijirhftma Hslmj uftun jiwmnhlnmf pifucmsmf jifmrhn zmnmt kmf jijomchnmffym nipmkm justmahn, ymhtu siomcmh oirhnut7 =) Niomfymnmf jmfushm tilma jmth amthfym mtmu tirnifm pifymnht kmf lijma/nurus nirhfc, `lia nmrifm htu khpirlunmf gmjhfmf omch sh dmnhr kmf amnfym thkmn khmomhnmf oichtu smgm. ?) Dmnhr jijhftm nipmkm pijirhftma, ounmf nipmkm prhomkh `rmfc nmym uftun jijilhamrm nia`rjmtmf kmf pirmsmmffym kmrh nmtm-nmtm ymfc jifymnhtnmf. 2) Wmnmt ymfc khpufcut kmf khomchnmf `lia pijirhftma mnmf smjmrmtm kmf thkmn jifujpun pmkm smtu phamn smgm. ;) Wmnmt thkmn amfym khoirhnmf nipmkm dmnhr jhsnhf smgm mnmf titmph mkm kh mftmrm smsmrmffym ymfc oirauoufcmf kifcmf nijmsalmamtmf nmuj juslhjhf oirsmjm, aml tirsiout thkmn ohsm khlmnunmf `lia pir`rmfcmf titmph khlmnunmf `lia pijirhftma sipirth jijoirh zmnmt pmkm c`l`fcmf jumllmd kmf jijpirshmpnmf pmrm km‐h uftun jifymjpmhnmf jif ymjpmhnmf rhsmlma Hslmj.
93
Hohk., alj.328.
;4
;4
9) Risufccuafym Hslmj mkmlma mcmjm kmf pijirhftmamf. Yftun ticmnfym ninumsmmf kmf pijirhftmamf sirtm khlmnsmfmnmf symrhmt Hslmj jmnm khoutuanmf amrtm kmf pifcamshlmf, kmf zmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu 91
pifcamshlmf ymfc pifthfc kmf titmp uftun nms Ficmrm kmlmj Hslmj.
Kmrh pijmpmrmf kh mtms kmpmt khnitmauh omawm zmnmt kmlmj mturmf Hslmj mkmlma jijpufymh mturmf ymfc nausus. Wmnmt khmjohl kmrh pifcamshlmf tirtiftu kmf khnilumrnmf pmkm smsmrmf tirtiftu kmf tiromtms ymhtu smsmrmf nijmfushmmf kmf nihslmjmf smgm, thkmn khsmtunmf pmkm mturmf pijirhftmamf ymfc oirshdmt ujuj kmf oismr ymfc jilums kh oiromcmh jmbmj pr`crmj ymfc khnilumrnmf uftun oiromcmh jmbmj smsmrmf siomcmhjmfm ymfc tilma khtirmfcnmf kmlmj ml-]ur‐mf ml-]ur‐mf surmt mt-[muoma mt-[muoma mymt 45. Aml htu sisumh kifcmf pijmamjmf nmuj juslhjhf sigmn kmaulu kmf jifgmkhnmf Omhtul Jml tirsifkhrh uftun zmnmt. Omhtul Jml sifkhrh tiromch mtms ijpmt omchmf7 =) Omhtul Jml nausus uftun sikinma/zmnmt. Jhsmlfym kh kmlmjfym tirkmpmt zmnmt aiwmf tirfmn ymfc khlipmsnmf, sipirsipulua zmnmt tmfmjmf kmf mpm ymfc khmjohl `lia pitucms kmrh pikmcmfc nmuj juslhjhf ymfc jiliwmthfym. ?) Omhtul Jml nausus uftun jifyhjpmf pmgmn kmf upith. 2) Omhtul Jml nausus uftun camfhjma kmf rhnmz.
91
Hohk., alj. 3;2.
;3
;3
;) Omhtul Jml nausus uftun amrtm ymfc thkmn khnitmauh wmrhsfym mtmu mkm malh wmrhs mnmf titmph thkmn ohsm khnijomlhnmf kmf omrmfc tijumf ymfc thkmn 98
khnitmauh pijhlhnfym. D.
Rujoir- Rujoir Uifkmpmtmf Ficmrm kmlmj Hslmj
Uifkmpmtmf prhjir Ficmrm kmlmj shstij in`f`jh Hslmj, jifurut Mou Yomhk kmlmj nhtmofym ml-Mjwml , oirkmsmrnmf sujoirfym kmpmt khnlmshdhnmshnmf ni kmlmj thcm nil`jp`n, ymhtu7 (=) Camfhjma, Camfhjma, (?) Ramkmqma, (2) Ramkmqma, (2) Dm Dm‐h ‐h.. Nlmshdhnmsh sipirth hfh gucm khnijunmnmf `lia Hofu [mhjhyma kmlmj nhtmofym Jmgju‐mtu ml-Dmtmwm, ml-Dmtmwm, Hofu [mhjhyma kmlmj jifcnlmshdhnmshnmf silurua sujoir pifkmpmtmf ficmrm jijpirthjofcnmf msml-usul sujoir pifkmpmtmf sirtm tugumf pifcilumrmffym. Rilurua sujoir pifkmpmtmf kh lumr camfhjma lumr camfhjma kmf kmf sikinma, oirmkm kh omwma fmjm dm‐ fmjm dm‐ h. Aml hfh gucm sifmkm kifcmf pifkmpmt Mou Xusud kmlmj nhtmofym ml-Namrmg ymhtu jilmnunmf nlmshdhnmsh sipirth hfh smfcmt pifthfc, nmrifm pifkmpmtmf kmrh sithmp 45
nmtic`rh amrus khpilhamrm sibmrm tirphsma kmf thkmn o`lia khbmjpur smjm sinmlh.
Oirkmsmrnmf cmcmsmf kh mtms, kmpmt khshjpulnmf sibmrm cmrhs oismr pifkmpmt utmjm Ficmrm Hslmj kmpmt khnlmshdhnmshnmf jifgmkh thcm jmbmj, ymhtu7 m.
Camfhjma, Camfhjma, pmkm wmntu pirmfc omkmr kh tmauf kum ahgrhma Ficmrm julmh jijpufymh pifkmpmtmf kmrh amshl rmjpmsmf pirmfc ( camfhjma) camfhjma) ymfc khsiout
98
Hohk., alj. Hohk., alj. 3;;.
45
Cusdmajh, Umgmn Cusdmajh, Umgmn Jifurut Rymrhma, alj.12.
;1
;1
4=
kifcmf naujs (sipirlhjm) , oirupm nukm, uftm, kmf omrmfc-omrmfc oircirmn lmhffym ymfc khpir`lia kmlmj pipirmfcmf. Rilmhf kmrh naujs, naujs, shstij 4?
pifcilumrmf amrtm camfhjma camfhjma amfym uftun lhjm nil`jp`n. Riomcmhjmfm khgilmsnmf kmlmj surma ml-Mfd čl ^1Z mymt =.
o.
Wmnmt, sujoir pifkmpmtmf zmnmt sukma kh ufkmfcnmf siomcmh pifkmpmtmf Ficmrm sigmn tmauf nikum niku m ahgrhma fmjuf omru ohsm khpufcut siomtms zmnmt dhtrma, niwmghomf mtms zmnmt jml jmsha oirshdmt sunmrilm. Umkm tmauf nisijohlmf ahgrma pilmnsmfmmf zmnmt jml omru tirwuguk sibmrm idinthd. Nithnm Hslmj tilma n`n`a kmf whlmyma Ficmrm jilums kifcmf bipmt jmnm khsusuflma pirmturmf ymfc jilhputh shstij pifcujpulmf zmnmt, omtms-omtms zmnmt kmf thfcnmt prisiftmsi 42
shstij pifccmghmf (amn-amn ‖čjhl zmnmt). Wmnmt tirkmpmt kmlmj surma Mt[muoma ^8Z mymt =52, amfym o`lia khpiruftunnmf omch kilmpmf msfmd .
4=
Ripirlhjm khomchnmf nipmkm7 =).Mllma kmf _msul-Fym, ?).Nirmomt _msul (Omfu Amsyhj kmf Jutamlho), 2).Mfmn ymthj, ;).Dmnhr jhsnhf, kmf 9).Hofu Rmohl. Rikmfcnmf ijpmt pirlhjm khomchnmf nipmkm ymfc hnut oirpirmfc. 4?
Fur Bamjhk, Gigmn Lmfcnma Rigmrma Uijhnhrmf In`f`jh Hslmj (X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, ?5=5), alj. ;4. 42
Hohk., Hohk., alj.9=.
;8
;8
b.
Dm‐h, Dm‐h, ninmymmf pirtmjm ymfc jirupmnmf sujoir pifkmpmtmf risjh Ficmrm mkmlma sitilma khpir`lia dm‐h khpir`lia dm‐h ymhtu ymhtu amrtm pifhfccmlmf Omfh Fmkahr, sunu omfcsm Xmaukh ymfc thfccml kh phfcchr n`tm Jmkhfma. Amrtm ymfc jirinm thfccmlnmf thkmn khsiout camfhjma nmrifm amrtm tirsiout khpir`lia kifcmf thkmn kmrh pirtijpurmf. Dmy‐h kmpmt khcufmnmf uftun pijohmymmf ujuj Ficmrm. Hfh jirupmnmf nitiftumf pifccufmmf mfccmrmf kmlmj shstij in`f`jh Hslmj ymfc 4;
jijoikmnmffym kifcmf shstij in`f`jh n`fvifsh`fml. Ripirth ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj surma ml-Amsyr ^98Z mymt 4-3
.
Uifkmpmtmf Ficmrm ghnm khnlmshdhnmshnmf oirkmsmrnmf tugumf pifccufmmffym kmpmt khnil`jp`nnmf jifgmkh kum nil`jp`n smgm, ymhtu7 4;
Hohk ., ., alj. ;1.
95
95
=. Uifkmpmtmf [hkmn _isjh Ficmrm Uifkmpmtmf
thkmn
risjh
Ficmrm
jirupmnmf
pifkmpmtmf
ymfc
khpiruftunnmf amfym uftun jmfdmmt tirtiftu, pifkmpmtmf hfh tirkhrh kmrh camfhjma kmrh camfhjma kmf samkmqma kmf samkmqma.. ?. Uifkmpmtmf _isjh Ficmrm Uifkmpmtmf risjh Ficmrm jirupmnmf pifkmpmtmf kh jmfm Ficmrm oiramn jijoilmfgmnmffym uftun nipifthfcmf ujuj, sipirth nimjmfmf, trmfsp`rtmsh, pifkhkhnmf, kmf siomcmhfym. Uifkmpmtmf hfh tirmfcnuj kmlmj smtu nismtumf kifcmf fmjm dm fmjm dm‐h ymfc tirkhrh kmrh7 ‐h ymfc m.
Ghzyma Ghzyma ymhtu gifhs pmgmn ymfc khnifmnmf nausus uftun nmdhr kahjjh, kahjjh, ymhtu `rmfc nmdhr ymfc jijhftm pirlhfkufcmf nipmkm pijirhftmamf Hslmj kifcmf pirgmfghmf uftun jijmtuah pirmturmf kmf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc ymfc oirlmnu kh whlmyma tirsiout. Ghzyma tirsiout. Ghzyma khmfccmp khmfccmp siomcmh hjomlmf mtms gmjhfmf pirlhfkufcmf nisilmjmtmf ghwm, nijirkinmmf kmf amn-amn msmsh jirinm. Oismrfym ghzyma Oismrfym ghzyma = = khfmr pirtmauf.
o.
49
Namrmg Namrmg ymhtu pmgmn oujh ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf tmfma ymfc khpir`lia `lia nmuj juslhjhf kmrh pipirmfcmf kmf pifc`lmamffym khsirmanmf nipmkm pijhlhnfym. Riomcmh hjomlmf pmrm pifc`lma tmfma amrus jifyirmanmf pmgmn oujh nipmkm pijirhftma Hslmj ymhtu sitifcma kmrh amshl pr`kunsh
49
Rukhrjmf, Wmnmt kmlmj Uusmrmf Mrus J`kirifhtms (Jmlmfc7 YHF Jmlmfc Uriss, ?553),
alj.=54.
9=
9=
b.
‖Ysar (oim (oim bunmh) ymhtu pmgmn pirkmcmfcmf ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf ohmym insp`r-hjp`r ymfc khnifmnmf nipmkm sijum pikmcmfc ymfc jilhftmsh piromtmsmf Ficmrm, pikmcmfc tirsiout wmgho jijomymr sinmlh kmlmj sitmauf kmf amfym oirlmnu omch omrmfc ymfc fhlmhfym lioha kmrh ?55 khramj. khramj. [hfcnmt oim bunmh ymfc khoirhnmf nipmkm f`f-juslhj mkmlma 44
9% kmf nipmkm juslhj ?,9%.
Oirkmsmrnmf pifgilmsmf kh mtms sujoir kmf tugumf pifkmpmtmf Ficmrm jifurut shstij in`f`jh Hslmj kmpmt khnlmshdhnmshnmf kmlmj tmoli oirhnut hfh7
F`
=
?
2
Fmjm
Rujoir
Nil`jp`n
[ugumf
Uifkmpmtmf
Uifkmpmtmf
Uifkmpmtmf
Uifccufmmf
Uifkmpmtmf [hkmn
[ugumf Nausus
_isjh Ficmrm
(9 Nil`jp`n)
Uifkmpmtmf [hkmn
[ugumf Nausus
_isjh Ficmrm
(Msfmd 1)
Uifkmpmtmf _isjh
Nipifthfcmf
Ficmrm
Yjuj
Camfhjma Ramkmqma (Wmnmt) Dm‐h Dm‐h
F`f Juslhj
Juslhj
F`f Juslhj
[moil = Nlmshdhnmsh Rujoir kmf [ugumf Uifkmpmtmf Ficmrm jifurut Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj Rilmhf sujoir-sujoir pifkmpmtmf Ficmrm tirsiout, tirkmpmt oioirmpm sujoir pifkmpmtmf lmhffym, ymfc oirshdmt tmjomamf (sinufkir). Uifkmpmtmf sinufkir hfh khpir`lia thkmn titmp gujlma kmf wmntufym tircmftufc shtumsh. Kh mftmrm sujoir pifkmpmtmf sinufkir mkmlma7
44
Cusdmajh, Umgmn Cusdmajh, Umgmn Jifurut Rymrhma, alj.1;.
9?
9?
m. Ymfc tiousmf kmrh pmrm tmwmfmf pirmfc, amfym kmlmj nmsus pirmfc Omkmr, pmkm pirmfc lmhf thkmn khsioutnmf gujlma umfc tiousmf tmwmfmf pirmfc, omanmf 4555 tmwmfmf pirmfc Aufmhf khoiomsnmf tmfpm umfc tiousmf. o. Uhfgmjmf-phfgmjmf sitilma pifmnlunmf n`tm Jinnma uftun pijomymrmf umfc tiousmf nmuj juslhjhf kmrh Omfh Gukzamyjma mtmu sioiluj pirtijpurmf Amwmzhf A mwmzhf 25.555 khramj kmf jijhfgmj oioirmpm pmnmhmf kmf aiwmf-aiwmf tufccmfcmf kmrh Rudymf Ohf Yjmhyma. b. Mjwml dmkalm, dmkalm, oirmsml kmrh amrtm oifkm nmuj juslhjhf ymfc jifhfccml tmfpm malh wmrhs mtmu oirmsml kmrh omrmfc-omrmfc si`rmfc juslhj ymfc tilma jurtmk kmf pirch jifhfccmlnmffym. k. Smqmd, amrtm oifkm ymfc khkikhnmshnmf `lia si`rmfc Juslhj uftun nipifthfcmf mcmjm Mllma kmf pifkmpmtmffym mnmf khkip`sht`nmf kh Omhtul Jml. i. Fmwmho, Fmwmho, pmgmn nausus ymfc khoiomfnmf nipmkm nmuj juslhjhf ymfc nmym rmym kmlmj rmfcnm jifutuph pifcilumrmf Ficmrm silmjm jmsm kmrurmt, sipirth ymfc pirfma tirgmkh pmkm jmsm pirmfc [moun. d.
Wmnmt dhtrma, zmnmt ymfc khtmrhn kh jmsm oulmf _mjmkamf kmf khomch sioiluj samlmt ‖hk ‖hk .
92
92
c. Oiftun lmhf sikinma sipirth quromf kmf nmddmrmt ymhtu ymhtu kifkm mtms nismlmamf ymfc khlmnunmf si`rmfc juslhj pmkm smmt jilmnunmf nichmtmf homkma, 43
sipirth oirouru pmkm jushj amgh. amgh. C.
Uifcirthmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma
Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma mkmlma pifkmpmtmf ymfc khpir`lia kmirma ymfc khpufcut oirkmsmrnmf oirkmsmrnmf pirmturmf pirmturmf kmirma sisumh kifcmf mturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc 41
oirlmnu. oirlmnu. Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma jirupmnmf pifkmpmtmf kmirma ymfc oirtugumf uftun jijoirhnmf
nililumsmmf
nipmkm
kmirma
kmlmj
jifccmlh
pifkmfmmf
kmlmj
jilmnsmfmnmf `t`f`jh kmirma siomcmh pirwugukmf msms kisiftrmlhsmsh ymfc oirsujoir kmrh amshl pmgmn kmirma, amshl ristrioush kmirma, amshl pifcil`lmmf ninmymmf kmirma 48
khsphsmanmf, kmf lmhf-lmhf pifkmpmtmf mslh kmirma ymfc sma.
Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ymfc jirupmnmf sujoir pifirhjmmf kmirma sifkhrh pirlu khthfcnmtnmf khthfcnmtnmf mcmr kmpmt jifmfccufc siomchmf oiomf oilmfgm ymfc khpirlunmf khpirlunmf uftun pifyilifccmrmmf pijirhftma kmf nichmtmf pijomfcufmf ymfc sithmp tmauf jifhfcnmt
siahfccm
nijmfkhrhmf
`t`f`jh
kmirma
ymfc
lums,
fymtm
kmf
oirtmfccufcgmwmo oirtmfccufcgmwmo kmpmt kmpmt khlmnsmfmnmf. khlmnsmfmnmf.
43
Fur Bamjhk, Gigmn Bamjhk, Gigmn Lmfcnma Rigmrma Uijhnhrmf In`f`jh Hslmj, alj. 92.
41
Umsml = Mymt =3 Yfkmfc-ufkmfc F`j`r 2? [mauf ?55; [iftmfc Uirhjomfcmf Niumfcmf mftmrm Uijirhftma Uusmt kmf Kmirma. 48
Furlmf Kmrhsi, Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf Kmirma7 Uik`jmf uftun Insinuthd kmf Lichslmthd, _mfcnujmf 3 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc, 25 Uirmturmf Uijirhftma kmf =9 Uirjifkmcrh, ikhsh ni-?, (Gmnmrtm7 Hfkins, ?558), alj. ;1.
9;
9;
Oirkmsmrnlmf nitiftumf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc oirlmnu, ymfc tirtumfc kmlmj Umsml = Mymt =9 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F` =3 [mauf ?552 [iftmfc Niumfcmf Ficmrm, Uifkmpmtmf U ifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma mkmlma mk mlma amn pijirhftma kmirma ymfc kh mnuh siomcmh 35
pifmjoma fhlmh ninmymmf ymfc oirsha.
Umsml = Mymt 29 Yfkmfc-ufkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5=; [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Kmirma ymfc kh jmnsuk kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Kmirma mkmlma sijum amn kmirma ymfc khmnuh siomcmhjmfm pifmjomamf fhlmh ninmymmf oirsha kmlmj pirh`ki tmauf mfccmrmf 3=
ymfc oirsmfcnutmf.
Umsml 2 Mymt = Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 2? [mauf ?55; [iftmfc Uirhjomfcmf Niumfcmf mftmrm Uijirhftma Uusmt kmf Kmirma UMK oirtugumf jijoirhnmf niwifmfcmf nipmkm Uijirhftma Kmirma uftun jifkmfmh pilmnsmfmmf `t`f`jh 3?
kmirma sisumh kifcmf p `tifsh kmirma siomcmh pirwugukmf kisiftrmlhsmsh. kisiftrmlhsmsh. A.
Rujoir-Rujoir Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kirma
Risumh kifcmf nitiftumf pmsml 4 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 22 [mauf ?55;, tiftmfc Uirhjomfcmf Niumfcmf mftmrm pijirhftma pusmt kmf pijirhftma kmirma jifymtmnmf sujoir-sujoir Uifkmpmt Mslh Kmirma tirkhrh kmrh7
35
Umsml = Mymt =9 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F` =3 [mauf ?552 [iftmfc Niumfcmf Ficmrm.
3=
Umsml = Mymt 29 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5=; [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Kmirma.
3?
Umsml 2 Mymt = Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 2? [mauf ?55; [iftmfc Uirhjomfcmf Niumfcmf mftmrm Uijirhftma Uusmt kmf Kmirma.
99
99
=. Umgmn kmirma Umgmn kmirma mkmlma hurmf wmgho ymfc khlmnunmf `lia `rmfc prhomkh mtmu omkmf nipmkm kmirma tmfpm hjomlmf lmfcsufc ymfc sihjomfc ymfc kmpmt khpmnsmnmf oirkmsmrnmf pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc oirlmnu ymfc khcufmnmf
uftun
jijohmymh
pifyilifccmrmmf
pijirhftmamf
kmirma
kmf
32
pijomfcufmf pijomfcufmf kmirma.
Mkmpuf gifhs pmgmn ymfc khnil`lm `lia pijirhftma pr`vhfsh tirkhrh kmrh7 m) Umgmn Nifkmrmmf Oirj`t`r kmf Nifkmrmmf kh Mtms Mhr. o) Umgmn Oim Omlhn Fmjm Nifkmrmmf Oirj`t`r kmf Nifkmrmmf kh Mtms Mhr b) Umgmn Omamf Omnmr Oirj`t`r, kmf k) Umgmn Uifcmjohlmf kmf Uijmfdmmtmf Mhr Omwma [mfma kmf Mhr Uirjunmmf.
3;
?. _itrhoush kmirma _itrhoush kmirma mkmlma pufcutmf kmirma siomcmh pijomymrmf mtms gmsm mtmu pijoirhmf pijoirhmf hzhf tirtiftu tirtiftu ymfc nausus khsikhmnmf khsikhmnmf kmf/mtmu kmf/mtmu khoirhnmf khoirhnmf `lia pijirhftma pijirhftma kmirma uftun nipifthfcmf `rmfc prhomkh mtmu omkmf. _itrhoush kmirma tiromch kmlmj ijpmt gifhs, ymhtu7
32
Umsml = Mymt = Uirmturmf Uijirhftma _H F`j`r 49 [mauf [mauf ?55= [iftmfc Umgmn Kmirma.
3;
Furlmf Kmrhsi, Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf Kmirma7 Uik`jmf uftun Insinuthd kmf Lichslmthd, _mfcnujmf 3 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc, 25 Uirmturmf Uijirhftma kmf =9 Uirjifkmcrh, alj. 95.
94
94
m) _itrhoush gmsm ujuj, mkmlma ritrhoush mtms gmsm ymfc khsikhmnmf mtmu khoirhnmf `lia pijirhftma kmirma uftun tugumf nipifthfcmf kmf nijmfdmmtmf ujuj sirtm kmpmt khfhnjmth `lia `rmfc prhomkh mtmu omkmf. o) _itrhoush gmsm usmam, mkmlma ritrhoush mtms gmsm ymfc khsikhmnmf `lia pijirhftma pijirhftma kmirma kifcmf jifcmfut prhfshp prhfshp n`jirshml n`jirshml nmrifm pmkm kmsmrfym kmpmt pulm khsikhmnmf `lia sint`r swmstm. b) _itrhoush pirhzhfmf tirtiftu, mkmlma ritrhoush mtms nichmtmf tirtiftu pijirhftma pijirhftma kmirma kmlmj rmfcnm pijoirhmf pijoirhmf hzhf nipmkm `rmfc prhomkh mtmu
omkmf
ymfc
khjmnsuknmf
uftun
pijohfmmf,
pifcmturmf,
pifcifkmlhmf pifcifkmlhmf kmf pifcmwmsmf pifcmwmsmf mtms nichmtmf pijmfdmmtmf pijmfdmmtmf rumfc, pifccufmmf pifccufmmf sujoir kmym km ym mlmj, omrmfc, prmsmrmfm, smrmfm, mtmu dmshlhtms tirtiftu cufm jilhfkufch nipifthfcmf ujuj kmf jifgmcm nilistmrhmf lhfcnufcmf.
39
2. Amshl pifcil`lmmf ninmymmf kmirma ymfc khphsmanmf Mkmpuf gifhs-gifhs amshl pifcil`lmmf ninmymmf kmirma ymfc khphsmanmf tirkhrh kmrh7 m) Omchmf lmom mtms pifyirtmmf j`kml pmkm pirusmammf jhlhn kmirma/ OYJK. o) Omchmf lmom mtms pifyirtmmf j`kml pmkm pirusmammf jhlhn pijirhftma/ OYJF. 39
Furlmf Kmrhsi, Uifcil`lmmf Kmrhsi, Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf pmkm Rmtumf Nirgm Uirmfcnmt Kmirma (RNUK) kmf Omkmf Lmymfmf Yjuj (Gmnmrtm7 Hfkins, ?558), alj. 2;-24..
93
93
b) Omchmf lmom mtms pifyirtmmf j`kml pmkm pirusmammf jhlhn swmstm mtmu nil`jp`n usmam jmsymrmnmt. ;. Lmhf-lmhf pifkmpmtmf mslh kmirma ymfc sma. Gifhs lmhf-lmhf pifkmpmtmf mslh kmirma ymfc sma, khsikhmnmf uftun jifcmfccmrnmf pifirhjmmf kmirma ymfc thkmn tirjmsun kmlmj gifhs pmgmn kmirma, ritrhoush kmirma kmf amshl pifcil`lmmf ninmymmf kmirma ymfc khphsmanmf jifbmnup7 m) Amshl pifgumlmf mssit kmirma ymfc thkmn khphsmanmf sibmrm tufmh mtmu mfcsurmf/bhbhlmf. o) Gmsm chr`. b) Uifkmpmtmf oufcm. k) Uifirhjmmf mtms tuftutmf cmfth niruchmf kmirma. i) Uifirhjmmf n`jhsh, p`t`fcmf mtmu oiftun lmhf siomcmh mnhomt kmrh pifgumlmf kmf / mtmu pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf / mtmu gmsm `lia kmirma. d) Uifirhjmmf niuftufcmf kmrh silhsha fhlmh tunmr ruphma tiramkmp jmtm umfc mshfc. c) Uifkmpmtmf kifkm mtms nitirlmjomtmf pilmnsmfmmf pinirgmmf. a) Uifkmpmtmf kifkm pmgmn kmf kifkm ritrhoush. h) Uifkmpmtmf amshl insinush mtms gmjhfmf. g) Uifkmpmtmf kmrh pifcijomlhmf. n) Dmshlhtms s`shml kmf dmshlhtms ujuj. l) Uifkmpmtmf kmrh pifyilifccmrmmf pifkhkhnmf kmf pilmthamf.
91
91
34
j) Uifkmpmtmf kmrh Omkmf Lmymfmf Yjuj Kmirma (OLYK).
Kmrh pifgilmsmf kh mtms gilms thkmn tirkmpmt zmnmt kmlmj n`jp`fif-n`jp`fif Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, fmjuf jijmsunnmf zmnmt jifgmkh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ymfc khlmnsmfmnmf kh Mbia jirupmnmf ninaususmf omch Mbia ymfc jijhlhnh `t`f`jh nausus siahfccm thkmn oirtiftmfcmf kifcmf pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf.
H.
Nijmslmamtmf Riomcmh [ugumf Aunuj Hslmj
Ribmrm omamsm , jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma tirkhrh kmrh kum nmtm, ymnfh jmqčṢhk kmf kmf symrĮ‐ma. symrĮ‐ma. JmqčṢhk mkmlma oiftun plurml kmrh jmq Ṣmk Ṣmk ymfc jirupmnmf oiftun nmtm kmrh qm Ṣm Ṣmkm ymq Ṣuku Ṣuku kifcmf oirmcmj jmnfm, sipirth jifugu sumtu mrma, tugumf, tifcma- tifcma, mkhl kmf thkmn jilmjpmuh omtms, gmlmf lurus, tifcma-tifcma mftmrm 33
oirlioha-liohamf kmf ninumrmfcmf.
Mkmpuf symrh‐ma symrh‐ma sibmrm omamsm oirmrth gmlmf gmlmf jifugu sujoir mhr. mhr. Gmlmf jifugu sujoir mhr hfh kmpmt pulm khnmhtnmf siomcmh gmlmf ni sujoir p`n`n 31
niahkupmf.
34
Hohk ., ., alj.21.
33
Majmk Hjmj Jmwmrkh, Dhqa Jhf`rhtms7 Dhqa ml-Mqmllhymt kmf Iv`lush Jmqmsahk m lRymrh‐ma Rymrh‐ma kmrh kmrh N`fsip ni Uifkinmtmf (X`cymnmrtm7Lnhs, Uifkinmtmf (X`cymnmrtm7Lnhs, ?5=5), alj. =31-=38. 31
Msmdrh Gmym, N`fsip Jmqmsahk Rymrh'ma Jifurut ml-Rymthoh ml-Rymthoh (Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, =884), alj. 4=.
98
98
Kmrh kidifhsh kh mtms, kmpmt khmfml`chnmf omawm ymfc khjmnsuk kifcmf jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma mkmlma tugumf sicmlm nitiftumf Mllma ymfc khsymrhmtnmf nipmkm ujmt jmfushm. Rikmfcnmf sibmrm tirjhf`l`chs, jmnfm jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma oirnijomfc kmrh jmnfm ymfc pmlhfc sikiramfm smjpmh pmkm jmnmf jm nmf ymfc a`lhsthn. Khnmlmfcmf ulmjm nlmshn oiluj khtijunmf kidhfhsh ymfc n`fnrht kmf n`jpiraifshd tiftmfc jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma, symrĮ‐ma, kidhfhsh jirinm bifkirufc jifchnuth jmnfm omamsm kifcmf jifyioutnmf pmkmfmf-pmkmfmf jmnfmfym. Ml-Omffmfh jijmnfmhfym kifcmf ahnjma aunuj, ml-Msfmwh jifcmrthnmfym kifcmf tugumf-tugumf aunuj, ml-Rmjmrqmfkh jifymjmnmfym kifcmf jmnfm-jmnfm aunuj, sijiftmrm ml-Camzmlh, ml-Mjhkh kmf mlAmgho jifkidhfhshnmfym kifcmf jifccmpmh jmfdmmt kmf jif`lmn jmdsmkmt. Kmrh kidhfhsh-kidhfhsh tirsiout jifchfkhnmshnmf nmhtmf irmt jmqčṢhk msy- sy mr Į‐ m a 38
kifcmf ahnjma, hllmt, tugumf mtmu fhmt, kmf nijmslmamtmf.
Rikmfcnmf jifurut Hjmj ml-Rymthoh, jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma mkmlma tugumftugumf khsymrh‐ khsymrh‐mtnmfym aunuj `lia Mllma RS[ ymfc oirhfthnmf nijmslmamtmf ujmt jmfushm kh kufhm kmf niomamchmf kh mnahrmt. Rithmp pifymrh‐ pifymrh‐mtmf aunuj `lia Mllma jifcmfkufc jmqčṢhk (tugumf-tugumf) (tugumf-tugumf) ymnfh nijmslmamtmf.
15
38
Majmk Hjmj Jmwmrkh, Dhqa Jhf`rhtms dhqa ml-Mqllhymt kmf Iv`lush Jmqmsahk m lRymrh‐ma Rymrh‐ma kmrh kmrh n`fsip ni pifkinmtmf (X`cymnmrtm7Lnhs, pifkinmtmf (X`cymnmrtm7Lnhs, ?5=5) Aml. =15. 15
Msmdrh Gmym, N`fsip Jmqmsahk ml-Rymrh'ma Jifurut ml-Rymtahoh, ml-Rymtahoh , alj. 9.
45
45
Kmrh pifgilmsmf kh mtms jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma mkmlma tugumf ymfc ymfc khnifkmnh `lia pijoumt aunuj (ml(ml-ḩč ḩčnhj nhj)) uftun jifbhptmnmf nijmfdmmtmf kmf nitirmturmf ahkup jmfushm sirtm tirpilhamrmfym tirpilhamrmfym nisigmatirmmf kh kufhm kmf niomamchmf kh mnahrmt. Jmslmama ymfc khwuguknmf jilmluh aunuj Hslmj kmf khtitmpnmf oirkmsmrnmf fmsa mkmlma jmslmama amnhnh. Jmslmama hfh jifcmbu nipmkm pijilhamrmmf tiramkmp lhjm aml, ymhtu jijilhamrm mcmjm, ghwm, mnml, niturufmf, kmf amrtm. Nilhjm p`n`n tirsiout khfmjmnmf kifcmf nullhyma ml-namjs mtmu ml-qmwmhk ml-nullhymt . Yftun nipifthfcmf jifitmpnmf aunuj, nilhjm tugumf p`n`n tirsiout khnmtic`rhnmf jifgmkh thcm thfcnmtmf ymhtu7 =. ḌmrŮrhyčt , ymhtu jijilhamrm nioutuamf ymfc oirshdmt isifshml omch niahkupmf jmfushm. Nioutuamf isifshml htu jijilhamrm mcmjm, ghwm, mnml, niturufmf, kmf amrtm, kifcmf omtms gmfcmf smjpmh tirmfbmj. [hkmn tirpifuahfym mtmu thkmn tirpilhamrmfym nioutuamf-nioutuamf htu mnmf oirmnhomt tirmfbmjfym tirmfbmjfym inshstifsh inshstifsh nilhjm tugumf tugumf p`n`n tirsiout. tirsiout. ?. ḫčghyčt , ymhtu nioutuamf ymfc thkmn oirshdmt isifshml, jilmhfnmf tirjmsun nioutuamf ymfc kmpmt jifcahfkmrnmf jmfushm kmrh nisulhtmf kmlmj ahkupfym. [hkmn tirpilhamrmfym nil`jp`n hfh thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh nilhjm p`n`n kh mtms, titmph mnmf jifhjoulnmf nisulhtmf omch junmllmd. Nil`jp`n hfh irmt nmhtmffym kifcmf runasama.
4=
4=
2. [mḩsĮfhyčt [mḩsĮfhyčt , ymhtu nioutuamf ymfc jifufgmfc pifhfcnmtmf jmrtmomt sisi`rmfc kmlmj jmsymrmnmt kmf kh amkmpmf [uamf-Fym sisumh kifcmf 1=
nipmtuamf.
Yftun jijpir`lia cmjomrmf ymfc utua tiftmfc jmqčṢhk jmqčṢhk msy- symrĮ‐ma, symrĮ‐ma, oirhnut mnmf khgilmsnmf nilhjm p`n`n nijmslmamtmf oirkmsmrnmf pirhfcnmtfym. pirhfcnmtfym. =.
Jijilhamrm mcmjm Jifgmcm mtmu jijilhamrm mcmjm, oirkmsmrnmf nipifthfcmffym kmpmt khoikmnmf jifgmkh thcm pirhfcnmt7 m. Jijilhamrm mcmjm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḊmrŮrhyčt , ymhtu jijilhamrm kmf jilmnsmfmnmf niwmghomf nimcmjmmf ymfc jmsun pirhfcnmt prhjir, sipirth jilmnsmfmnmf samlmt lhjm wmntu. o. Jijilhamrm mcmjm kmlmj pirhfcnmt ḩčghyčt , ymhtu jilmnsmfmnmf nitiftumf mcmjm kifcmf jmnsuk jifcahfkmrh nisulhtmf sipirth samlmt gmjm‐ kmf qmsamr omch `rmfc ymfc sikmfc oipirchmf. b. Jijilhamrm mcmjm kmlmj pirhfcnmt tmḩsĮfhyčt tmḩsĮfhyčt , ymhtu jifchnuth pitufgun mcmjm cufm jifgufgufc ji fgufgufc thfcch jmrtmomt jmfushm, sinmlhcus jilifcnmph
pilmnsmfmmf
niwmghomf
tiramkmp
tuamf,
jhsmlfym
jijoirshanmf omkmf, pmnmhmf kmf tijpmt. ?.
Jijilhamrm ghwm
1=
Jmrkmfh, Ysaul Dhqa (Gmnmrtm7 Dhqa (Gmnmrtm7 _mgmCrmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?5=2), alj. 223.
4?
4?
Jijilhamrm ghwm oirkmsmrnmf thfcnmt nipifthfcmffym kmpmt khoikmnmf jifgmkh thcm pirhfcnmt7 m. Jijilhamrm ghwm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḊmrŮrhyčt sipirth jijifuah nioutuamf p`n`n oirupm jmnmfmf uftun jijpirtmamfnmf ahkup. Mpmohlm
nioutuamf
p`n`n
khmomhnmf,
jmnm
mnmf
oirmnhomt
tirmfbmjfym inshstifsh ghwm jmfushm. o. Jijilhamrm ghwm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḩčghyčt , sipirth khpiro`lianmf oirouru ohfmtmfc uftun jifhnjmth jmnmfmf ymfc lizmt kmf amlml. Mpmohlm nichmtmf hfh khmomhmf, jmnm thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh jmfushm jilmhfnmf amfym mnmf jijpirsulht ahkupfym. b. Jijilhamrm
ghwm
kmlmj
pirhfcnmt
tmḩsĮfhyčt tmḩsĮfhyčt ,
ymhtu
sipirth
khtitmpnmffym tmtm bmrm jmnmf kmf jhfuj. Nichmtmf hfh amfym oirauoufcmf kifcmf nis`pmfmf kmf ithnm, smjm sinmlh thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh ghwm jmfushm mtmupuf jijpirsulht niahkupmf sisi`rmfc. 2.
Jijilhamrm mnml Jijilhamrm mnml oirkmsmrnmf thfcnmt nipifthfcmffym kmpmt khoikmnmf jifgmkh thcm pirhfcnmt7 m. Jijilhamrm mnml kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḊmrŮrhyčt sipirth khamrmjnmffym jijhfuj jhfujmf nirms. Ghnm aml hfh thkmn khhfkmanmf jmnm mnmf oirmnhomt tirmfbmjfym inshstifsh mnml.
42
42
o. Jijilhamrm ghwm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḩčghyčt sipirth mfgurmf uftun jifuftut hlju pifcitmaumf. Ghnm thkmn khlmnunmf jmnm thkmn mnmf jirusmn mnml titmph mnmf jijpirsulht ahkup sisi`rmfc kmlmj nmhtmffym kifcmf pifcijomfcmf hlju pifcitmaumf. b. Jijilhamrm mnml kmlmj pirhfcnmt tmḩsĮfhyčt tmḩsĮfhyčt sipirth jifcahfkmrnmf khrh kmrh jifcamyml mtmu jifkifcmrnmf sisumtu ymfc thkmn oirdmikma. Aml hfh oirnmhtmf irmt kifcmf ithnm kmf thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh mnml sibmrm lmfcsufc. ;.
Jijilhamrm niturufmf Jijilhamrm
niturufmf
oirkmsmrnmf
thfcnmt
nipifthfcmffym
kmpmt
khoikmnmf jifgmkh thcm pirhfcnmt7 m. Jijilhamrm
niturufmf
kmlmj
pirhfcmnmt
ḊmrŮrhyčt ,
sipirth
khsymrhmtnmf fhnma kmf khlmrmfc oirzhfm. Ghnm mturmf hfh thkmn khpmtuah jmnm mnmf jifcmfbmj niutuamf niturufmf. o. Jijilhamrm
niturufmf
kmlmj
pirhfcmnmt
ḩčghyčt ,
sipirth
khtitmpnmffym nitiftumf jifyiout jmamr omch sumjh pmkm wmntu mnmk fhnma kmf khoirhnmf amn tmlmn nipmkm sumjh. Ghnm jmamr htu thkmn khsioutnmf pmkm wmntu mnmk, jmnm sumjh mnmf jifcmlmjh nisulhtmf nmrifm amrus jijomymr jmamr jhshl. Rikmfcnmf kmlmj nmsus
tmlmn,
sumjh
mnmf
jifcmlmjh
nisulhtmf,
ghnm
thkmn
4;
4;
jifccufmnmf amn tmlmnfym pmkmaml shtumsh rujma tmfccmfym thkmn amrj`fhs. b.
Jijilhamrm
niturufmf
kmlmj
pirhfcmnmt
tmḩsĮfhyčt tmḩsĮfhyčt , , sipirth
khsymrhmtnmf nahtoma nahtoma (jijhfmfc) mtmu wmlhjma kmlmj pirnmwhfmf. Ghnm aml hfh khmomhnmf, jmnm thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh niturufmf, kmf thkmn pulm jijpirsulht `rmfc ymfc jilmnunmf pirnmwhfmf. 9.
Jijhlhamrm amrtm Khlhamt kmrh sich nipifthfcmffym, jijilhamrm amrtm kmpmt khoikmnmf jifgmkh thcm prhfcnmt7 m. Jijilhamrm amrtm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḊmrŮrhyčt , sipirth , sipirth symrhmt tiftmfc tmtm bmrm pijhlhnmf amrtm kmf lmrmfcmf jifcmjohl amrtm `rmfc lmhf kifcmf bmrm ymfc thkmn sma. Mpmohlm mturmf htu khlmfccmr, jmnm oirmnhomt tirmfbmj inshstifsh amrtm. o. Jijilhamrm amrtm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt ḩčghyčt , , sipirth symrhmt tiftmfc guml oilh kifcmf bmrm smlmj. smlmj. Mpmohlm bmrm hfh thkmn khpmnmh, jmnm thkmn mnmf jifcmfbmj inshstifsh amrtm, jilmhfnmf mnmf jijpirsulht `rmfc ymfc jijirlunmf j`kml. b. Jijilhamrm amrtm kmlmj pirhfcmnmt tmḩsĮfhyčt tmḩsĮfhyčt , , sipirth nitiftumf tiftmfc jifcahfkmrnmf khrh kmrh pifhpumf. Aml hfh irmt nmhtmffym kifcmf ithnm oirjumjmlma mtmu ithnm ohsfhs. Aml hfh gucm mnmf
49
49
oirpifcmrua nipmkm sma thkmnfym guml oilh tirsiout, nmrifm pirhfcnmt ymfc nithcm hfh jirupmnmf symrmt mkmfym pirhfcnmt ymfc nikum kmf 1?
ymfc pirtmjm.
Kmrh pijmpmrmf kh mtms kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm tugumf aunuj ohmsm khsiout kifcmf jmqčṢhk jmqčṢhk msy- symrĮ‐ma symrĮ‐ma mkmlma tugumf msy- syčrh‐ syčrh‐ kmlmj jifitmpnmf aunuj. [ugumf aunuj htu kmpmt khpmamjh jilmluh pifilusurmf tiramkmp mymt ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf kmf suffma _msulullma RMS. Uifilusurmf ymfc khlmnunmf ulmjm usaul dhqa tirsiout jifcamshlnmf nishjpulmf omawm tugumf msy- symr‐h jifitmpnmf symr‐h jifitmpnmf aunuj mkmlma uftun 12
nijmslmamtmf jmfushm omhn kh kufhm jmupuf kh mnahrmt.
1?
Rmphukhf Rahkhq, Ysaul Dhqa (Gmnmrtm7 Dhqa (Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5==), alj. ??3-?25.
12
Mok._majmf Kmalmf, Ysaul Dhqa (Gmnmrtm7 Mjzma, ?5=5), alj. 25;.
OMO HHH _IMLH[M UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA KH OMH[YL JML MBIA M.
]mfuf Mbia
Ribmrm ithj`l`ch, ]mfuf oirjmnmfm ( kmsmr kmf gucm ohsm oirjmnfm
(
) ymfc mrthfym mkmlma mnmr mtmu ) ymfc mrthfym mkmlma unurmf sicmlm
sisumtu. Rikmfcnmf sibmrm tirjhf`l`ch, ]mfuf khmrthnmf siomcmh nujpulmf kmrh nitiftumf ymfc jifgmkh aunuj mtmu jifcmtur pirhlmnu hfkhvhku pmkm jmsymrmnmt, khjmfm nitiftumf tirsiout jijmnsm hfkhvhku uftun jijmtuahfym kifcmf ninumtmf 1;
nithnm khtitmpnmf.
Ribmrm ujuj, hsthlma ]mfuf khmrthnmf siomcmh ufkmfc-ufkmfc, pirmturmf, 19
nititmpmf, riculmsh, kmf gucm aunuj. Riahfccm pmkm lhfcnufcmf jmsymrmnmt Mbia sifkhrh, jmnfm kmrh ]mfuf khmrthnmf siomcmh pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf sigifhs pirmturmf kmirma pr`vhfsh ymfc jifcmtur pifyilifccmrmmf pijirhftmamf kmf niahkupmf jmsymrmnmt Mbia. Jmnfm tirsiout gucm silmrms kifcmf pifcirthmf ]mfuf ymfc tirkmpmt kmlmj Yfkmfc-ufkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia. Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?553 tiftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia jirupmnmf tmtmfmf aunuj kmlmj shstij aunuj kmf shstij pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf 1;
Majmk Runmrkgm kmf Hofu Rymrhd, [hcm Nmtic`rh Aunuj Rymrhmt, Dhnha kmf ]mfuf, (Gmnmrtm7 Rhfmr Crmdhnm, ?5=?), alj. =?5-=?=. 19
Ml-Xmsm‐ Ml-Xmsm‐ Mou Omnmr, Oufcm _mjpmh Uilmnsmfmmf Ryrmhmt Hslmj ( Uifkunufc Uifkunufc ]mfuf Uilmnsmfmmf Ryrmhmt Hslmj), Hslmj) , (Omfkm Mbia7 Khfms Rymrhmt Hslmj FMK, ?559), alj. =53.
44
43
43
fmsh`fml. Kmlmj Umsml = mfcnm ?= khtiftunmf omawm 7 “]mfuf Mbia mkmlma pirmturmf mkmlma pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf
sigifhs
pirmturmf
kmirma
pr`vhfsh
ymfc
jifcmtur
14
pifyilifccmrmmf pijirhftmamf kmf niahkupmf jmsymrmnmt Mbia‚.
Rilmfgutfym kmlmj Umsml ?22 mymt (=) khtiftunmf omawm7 “]mfuf khoiftun kmlmj rmfcnm pifyilifccmrmmf pijirhftmamf Mbia, pijirhftmamf Nmoupmtif/N`tm, 13
kmf pifyilifccmrmmf tucms pijomftumf‚.
Umkm Umsml =24 mymt (?) khticmsnmf omawm7 “Uirmturmf kmirma khoiftun kmlmj rmfcnm
pifyilifccmrmmf
`t`f`jh
kmirma
pr`vhfsh/nmoupmtif/N`tm
kmf
tucms
11
pijomftumf‚.
Umkm mymt (2) pmsml ymfc smjm khtiftunmf lioha lmfgut omawm pirmturmf kmirma jirupmnmf pifgmomrmf lioha lmfgut kmrhpirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc lioha thfcch kifcmf jijpiramthnmf bhrh nams jmshfc-jmshfc kmirma. Kmlmj Umsml = mfcnm 3 khtiftunmf omawm7 “Uirmturmf kmirma mkmlma pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc khoiftun `lia Kiwmf Uirwmnhlmf _mnymt Kmirma kifcmf 18
pirsitugumf oirsmjm Nipmlm Kmirma.‚
Nijukhmf kmlmj Umsml =? Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r =5 [mauf ?55; khtiftunmf omawm7
14
Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`.== [mauf ?554 tiftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia.
13
Hohk.
11
Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. 2? [mauf ?55; tiftmfc tiftmfc @t`f`jh Nausus.
18
Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. =5 [mauf ?55;.
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41
“Jmtirh jumtmf pirmturmf kmirma mkmlma silurua jmtirh jumtmf kmlmj rmfcnm pifyilifccmrmmf `t`f`jh kmirma kmf tucms pijomftumf, kmf jifmjpufc n`fkhsh nausus kmirma sirtm pifgmomrmf lioha lmfgut pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf pirufkmfcufkmfcmf ymfc lioha thfcch.‚
Kmrh cmcmsmf tirsiout kh mtms kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm ]mfuf jirupmnmf smlma smtu oiftun aunuj tirtulhs kmlmj shstij pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf fmsh`fml, ymfc sigifhs kifcmf Uirmturmf Kmirma. Fujuj sibmrm nausus hshfym oiroikm, `lia nmrifm niwiwifmfcmf jifcmtur kmf jmtirh jumtmf tirtiftu kmlmj qmfuf khkmsmrnmf pmkm nitiftumf kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. == [mauf ?554. Rikmfcnmf jmtirh jumtmf “pirmturmf kmirma‚ ymfc sibmrm ujuj oirpik`jmf pmkm nitiftumf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. 2? [mauf ?55;. Uijirhftma Mbia oirkmsmrnmf nitiftumf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 jijpufymh niwiwifmfc spishdhn uftun jifcmtur oioirmpm aml tirtiftu siomcmh jmtirh jumtmf qmfuf, jhsmlfym tiftmfc pilmnsmfmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj. Niwifmfcmf hfh sibmrm aunuj mkmlma sma, siomcmh niwifmfcmf mtrhoush (mttrhouthi (mttrhouthi vmf oiv`icaihk ), ), ymfc khbhptmnmf mtmu khoiftun `lia pijoiftun ufkmfc-ufkmfc (KU_), ymfc sioilujfym thkmn mkm, kmf sibmrm nausus khmkmnmf uftun htu. Kifcmf kijhnhmf, ]mfuf jirupmnmf omchmf kmrh shstij pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf fmsh`fml, kmf `lia nmrifm htu f`rjm mtmu nmikma aunuj ymfc khmtur mtmu jmtirh jumtmf kmlmj ]mfuf jirupmnmf suo shstij kmrh shstij aunuj fmsh`fml. Khsiout “ suo shstij shstij‚‚ `lia nmrifm whlmyma oirlmnufym mkmlma nausus mtmu oirshdmt l`nml.
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48
Smlmupuf oirlmnufym pmkm whlmyma nausus mnmf titmph pificmnmf aunujfym titmp 85
jilhomtnmf hfsthtush kmlmj shstij pirmkhlmf fmsh`fml.
Ribmrm ujuj, jmtirh jumtmf ymfc mkm kh kmlmj ]mfuf smjm kifcmf jmtirh jumtmf pirmturmf kmirma, rmfcnm pifyilifccmrmmf Uijirhftmamf Mbia, pijirhftmamf nmoupmtif/N`tm, kmf pifyilifccmrmmf tucms pijomftum. Fmjuf mkm oioirmpm aml uftun jmtirh jumtmf qmfuf oiroikm oiroikm kifcmf “pirmturmf kmirma‚ pmkm ujujfym, ymfc oirkmsmrnmf YY UM, jmtirh jumtmf ]mfuf mftmrm lmhf7 (=) ]mfuf
khoiftun
(jmtirh
jumtmf)
kmlmj
rmfcnm
pifyilifccmrmmf
pijirhftmamf Mbia, ymfc tirnmht kifcmf sijum niwifmfcmf pijirhftmamf Mbia ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml 3 YY UM. (?) Kmpmt jifcmtur sijum urusmf wmgho ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml =4 mymt (=) YY UM (2) Kmpmt jifcmtur urusmf wmgho ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml =4 mymt (?), ymfc jilhputh 7 m. pifyilifccmrmmf niahkupmf oirmcmjm kmlmj oiftun pilmnsmfmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj> o. pifyilifccmrmmf niahkupmf mkmt ymfc oirsifkhnmf mcmjm Hslmj> b. pifyilifccmrmmf pifkhkhnmf ymfc oirnumlhtms sirtm jifmjoma jumtmf l`nml sisumh kifcmf symrh‐mt Hslmj> k. pirmf ulmjm kmlmj pifitmpmf niohgmnmf> kmf 85
Dmhsml M _mfh, Jmnmlma Xmfc Khsmjpmhnmf pmkm Juzmnmrma Jmgilhs Uirjusymwmrmf Ylmjm (JUY) Mbia, Nmjhs [mfccml 52 Kisijoir ?558, kh Omfkm Mbia.
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35
i. pifyilifccmrmmf kmf pifcil`lmmf homkma amgh. (;) Yrusmf Uijirhftma Mbia ymfc oirshdmt phlhamf ymfc sibmrm fymtm oirp`tifsh jifhfcnmtnmf nisigmatirmmf jmsymrmnmt sisumh kifcmf n`fkhsh, ninamsmf, kmf p`tifsh ufcculmf. (9) Jmtirh jumtmf pilmnsmfmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj siomcmhjmfm tirbmftuj kmlmj U msml =?9, ymfc jilhputh7 m. Homkma o. Mawml ml symnasahyma> symnasahyma> b. Jumjmlma Jumjmlma>> k. Ghfmyma Ghfmyma>> i. ]mkam‘ (pirmkhlmf)> (pirmkhlmf)> d.
[mrohyma (pifkhkhnmf)> [mrohyma (pifkhkhnmf)> kmf
c. Kmnwma, Kmnwma, syhmr syhmr , kmf pijoilmmf Hslmj. (4) Jmtirh jumtmf kmlmj rmfcnm pifyilifccmrmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj, siomcmhjmfm tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml =?3. (3) Jmtirh jumtmf siomcmh pifgmomrmf lioha lmfgut pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf ymfc lioha thfcch. Rumtu aml ymfc smfcmt spishdhn jmtirh jumtmf ]mfuf mkmlma nitiftumf tirbmftuj kmlmj nitiftumf Umsml ?;= mymt ; YY UM. Kmlmj Umsml =;2 mymt (?) YY F`. 2? [mauf ?55; khticmsnmf omawm “Uirkm kmpmt jijumt mfbmjmf phkmfm
3=
3=
nurufcmf pmlhfc lmjm 4 (ifmj) oulmf mtmu kifkm pmlhfc omfymn _p. 95.555.555,55 (lhjm pulua gutm ruphma).‚ Umsml ?;= YY UM oiroufyh7 (=) ]mfuf kmpmt jijumt nitiftumf pijoiomfmf ohmym pmnsmmf pificmnmf aunuj, siluruafym mtmu siomchmf, nipmkm pilmfccmr sisumh kifcmf pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf. (?) ]mfuf kmpmt jijumt mfbmjmf phkmfm nurufcmf pmlhfc lmjm 4 (ifmj) oulmf kmf/mtmu kifkm pmlhfc omfymn _p. 95.555.555,55 (lhjm pulua gutm ruphma). (2) ]mfuf kmpmt jijumt mfbmjmf phkmfm mtmu kifkm silmhf siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (?) sisumh kifcmf ymfc khmtur kmlmj pirmturmf pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf lmhf. (;) ]mfuf jifcifmh ghfmyma (aunuj phkmfm) khnibumlhnmf kmrh nitiftumf mymt (=), mymt (?), kmf mymt (2). Oirkmsmrnmf nitiftumf ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj Umsml ?;= mymt (;), YY UM jijoikmnmf jmtirh jumtmf ]mfuf kmrh sich pifcmturmf smfnsh. Yftun ]mfuf ymfc jmtirh jumtmffym jifcmtur tiftmfc pilmnsmfmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj kh ohkmfc ghfmyma (aunuj phkmfm), shstij smfnsh khnibulhnmf kmrh nitiftumf mymt (=), (?), kmf (2). Rikmfcnmf uftun ]mfuf ymfc jmtirh jumtmffym ounmf kh ohkmfc ghfmyma, ohkmfc ghfmyma, smfnsh smfnsh kmf kifkm jifcmbu nipmkm nitiftumf ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj mymt (=), (?), kmf (2) Umsml ?;= YY UM. Kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm ]mfuf jirupmnmf smlma smtu oiftun aunuj tirtulhs kmlmj shstij pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf fmsh`fml, ymfc sigifhs kifcmf Uirmturmf Kmirma.
3?
3?
Fujuj, sibmrm nausus hshfym oiroikm, `lia nmrifm niwiwifmfcmf jifcmtur kmf jmtirh jumtmf tirtiftu kmlmj ]mfuf khkmsmrnmf pmkm nitiftumf kmlmj YfkmfcYfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554. Rikmfcnmf jmtirh jumtmf pirmturmf kmirma ymfc sibmrm ujuj oirpik`jmf pmkm nitiftumf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r 2? [mauf ?55;. Uijirhftma Mbia oirkmsmrnmf nitiftumf Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`. == [mauf ?554 jijpufymh niwiwifmfc spishdhn uftun jifcmtur oioirmpm aml tirtiftu siomcmh jmtirh jumtmf qmfuf, jhsmlfym tiftmfc pilmnsmfmmf symrh‐mt Hslmj. Niwifmfcmf hfh sibmrm aunuj mkmlma sma, siomcmh niwifmfcmf mtrhoush (mttrhouthi (mttrhouthi vmf oiv`icaihk ), ), ymfc khbhptmnmf mtmu khoiftun `lia pijoiftun ufkmfc-ufkmfc (KU_), ymfc sioilujfym thkmn mkm, kmf sibmrm nausus khmkmnmf uftun htu. Kifcmf kijhnhmf, ]mfuf jirupmnmf omchmf kmrh shstij pirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf fmsh`fml, kmf `lia nmrifm htu f`rjm mtmu nmikma aunuj ymfc khmtur mtmu jmtirh jumtmf kmlmj ]mfuf jirupmnmf suo shstij kmrh shstij aunuj fmsh`fml. Khsiout suo shstij `lia nmrifm whlmyma oirlmnufym mkmlma nausus mtmu oirshdmt l`nml. Smlmupuf oirlmnufym pmkm whlmyma nausus, mnmf titmph pificmnmf aunujfym titmp jilhomtnmf hfsthtush kmlmj shstij pirmkhlmf fmsh`fml. O.
Omhtul Jml Mbia
_hfthsmf mwml pijoiftunmf lijomcm d`rjml pifcil`lm zmnmt kh Mbia khjulmh tmauf =832 jilmluh Niputusmf Cuoirfur Nipmlm Kmirma Hsthjiwm Mbia F`. 9/=832 tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf Omkmf Uifirthomf Amrtm Mcmjm (OUAM). OUAM hfh nijukhmf khruoma pmkm tmauf =839 jifgmkh Omkmf Amrtm Mcmjm (OAM). Riauoufcmf kifcmf
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mkmfym Niputusmf Oirsmjm Jiftirh Mcmjm kmf Jiftirh Kmlmj Ficirh tmauf =88= tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf OMWHR (Omkmf (Omkmf Mjhl Wmnmt, Hfdmn kmf Ramkmqma). Uiruomamf OAM jifgmkh OMWHR kh Mbia khlmnunmf pmkm tmauf =881, kifcmf struntur ymfc mcmn sikhnht oiroikm kifcmf OMWHR kh kmirma lmhf sibmrm fmsh`fml, ymhtu julmh OMWHR Ur`vhfsh, Nmoupmtif/N`tm kmf Nibmjmtmf. OMWHR Mbia tirkhrh kmrh Ur`vhfsh, Nmoupmtif/N`tm, Nibmjmtmf kmf Cmjp`fc/Nilurmamf. Uiruomamf OMWHR jifgmkh Omkmf Omhtul Jml Ur`v. FMK khlmnunmf jilmluh Niputusmf Cuoirfur F`. =1/?552 tiftmfc Uijoiftunmf @rcmfhsmsh kmf [mtm Nirgm Omkmf Omhtul Jml Ur`v. FMK, ymfc julmh oir`pirmsh pmkm oulmf Gmfumrh ?55;. ?5 5;. Nausus kh Mbia OMWHR khfmjmnmf Omhtul Jml ymfc jirupmnmf lijomcm risjh pifcil`lm zmnmt ymfc kh mtur kmlmj pmsml =8= YYUM. Rikmfcnmf uftun thfcnmt fmsh`fml kmf kmirma (pr`vhfsh-nmo/n`tm) lmhf lijomcm hfh khsiout kifcmf OMWFMR ymfc khmtur kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 tmauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Fmsh`fml. Rilmfgutfym pmkm tmauf ?553, lmahrfym ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 tmfccml =3 Gmfumrh ?551 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml siomcmh turufmf kmrh YYUM kh jmfm kmlmj pmsml 2 mymt = jifyioutnmf omawm Omhtul Jml mkmlma lijomcm Kmirma F`f Rtrunturml ymfc kmlmj jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf 8=
nitiftumf symrhmt kmf oirtmfccufc gmwmo nipmkm Cuoirfur. 8=
Lmp`rmf Uifymlurmf Wmnmt kmf Hfdmq Omhtul Jml Mbia Mffuml Mbia Mffuml _ip`rt , (Omfkm Mbia7 Omkmf Yjuj Rinritmrhmt Omhtul Jml Mbia, ?5=9) alj. =
3;
3;
[mauf
Fmjm
Nitirmfcmf
Omkmf Uifirthomf Mprhl =832
Amrtm Mcmjm
Niputusmf Cuoirfur F`j`r 59/=832
(OUAM) Gmfumrh =839
Omkmf Amrtm Mcmjm (OAM)
Niputusmf Cuoirfur
Diorumrh =882
OMWHR / OMWKM
Niputusmf Cuoirfur F`j`r 5?/=882
Gmfumrh ?55;
Omkmf Omhtul Jml
Niputusmf Cuoirfur F`j`r =1/?552
Gmfumrh ?551
Omhtul Jml
]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5/?553
[moil ?7 Kmdtmr _iculmsh Kmsmr Uijoiftunmf Omhtul Jml Mbia Kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf tucmsfym Omhtul Jml Mbia oirpik`jmf nipmkm YfkmfcYfkmfc kmf ]mfuf oirhnut hfh7 =. YY F`j`r ;; tmauf =888 tiftmfc Nihsthjiwmmf Mbia. Aml Uifyilifccmrmmf Rymrhmt Hslmj7 Omhtul Jml mkmlma omchmf kmrh pilmnsmfmmf Rymrhmt Hslmj sibmrm nmddma kh Mbia. ?. YY F`j`r =1 tmauf ?55= tiftmfc @utsus FMK 2. YY F`j`r ?2 tmauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, siomcmh pifccmfth YY F`j`r 21 tmauf =888. ;. Uirmturmf Uijirhftma F`j`r =; tmauf ?5=; [iftmfc Uilmnsmfmmf YY F`j`r ?2 tmauf ?5==. 9. YY F`j`r == tmauf ?554 tiftmfc Uijirhftma Mbia. 4. ]mfuf F`j`r =5 tmauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml siomcmh pifccmfth ]mfuf F`j`r 3 tmauf ?55; tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt.
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3. Uirmturmf Jiftirh Kmlmj Ficirh F`j`r 23 tmauf ?558 tiftmfc Uik`jmf @rcmfhsmsh [mtm Nirgm Rinritmrhmt Lijomcm Nihsthjiwmmf Nmo/N`tm pmkm Uijirhftma Mbia. 1. Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj F`j`r 22 tmauf ?551 tiftmfc
Rusufmf
@rcmfhsmsh
kmf
[mtm
Nirgm
Rinritmrhmt
Lijomcm
Nihsthjiwmmf Mbia. 8. Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj F`j`r 8? tmauf ?551 tiftmfc Rusufmf @rcmfhsmsh kmf [mtm Nirgm Omkmf Uilmnsmfm Omhtul Jml Mbia. =5. Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Mbia F`j`r 99 tmauf ?5=5 tiftmfc [mtm Bmrm Uifirhjmmf kmf Uifbmhrmf Kmfm Wmnmt pmkm Nms Yjuj Kmirma. ==. Uirmturmf Cuoirfur F`j`r 5? tmauf ?5== tiftmfc Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma Omhtul Jml Mbia. =?. Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Mbia F`j`r 54 tmauf ?5== tiftmfc piruomamf mtms Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj F`j`r 45 tmauf ?551 tiftmfc Jinmfhsji Wmnmt. Mkmpuf dufcsh kmf niwifmfcmf Omhtul Jml tirbmftuj kmlmj ]mfuf pmsml 1 mymt = F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 tiftmfc tiftmfc Omhtul Jml Mbia ymhtu7 =. Jifcurus kmf jifcil`lm zmnmt, wmnmd, kmf amrtm mcmjm> ?. Jilmnunmf pifcujpulmf, pifymlurmf kmf pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt> 2. Jilmnunmf s`shmlhsmsh zmnmt, wmnmd kmf amrtm mcmjm lmhffym>
34
34
;. Jifgmkh wmlh tiramkmp mfmn ymfc thkmn jijpufymh lmch wmlh fmsmo, wmlh pifcmwms tiramkmp wmlh fmsamo, kmf wmlh pifcmjpu tiramkmp `rmfc kiwmsm ymfc thkmn bmnmp jilmnunmf piroumtmf aunuj> 9. Jifgmkh pifcil`lm tiramkmp amrtm ymfc thkmn khnitmauh pijhlhn mtmu malh wmrhsfym oirkmsmrnmf putusmf Jmanmjma Rymrh‐ma> kmf 4. Jijoumt pirgmfghmf nirgmsmjm kifcmf phamn nithcm uftun jifhfcnmtnmf pijoirkmymmf in`f`jh ujmt oirkmsmrnmf prhfshp smlhfc jifcuftufcnmf. Umkm mymt (?) khsioutnmf omawm niwifmfcmf siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (=) khlmnsmfmnmf oirkmsmrnmf nitiftumf symrh‐mt kmf pirmturmf pirufkmfcpirufkmfcufkmfcmf. Umkm Umsml 8 khfymtmnmf omawm kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf niwifmfcmffym ymfc oirnmhtmf
kifcmf
symr‐hmt,
Omhtul
Jml
oirpik`jmf
pmkm
dmtwm
Jmgilhs
Uirjusymwmrmtmf Ylmjm (JUY) Mbia. B.
Thsh kmf Jhsh Omhtul Jml Mbia
Omhtul Jml Mbia jirupmnmf `rcmfhsmsh ymfc khoiftun `lia Uijirhftma Ur`vhfsh Mbia, Omhtul Jml Mbia jirupmnmf omchmf kmrh lijomcm nihsthjiwmmf Ur`vhfsh Mbia. Ribmrm ujuj Omhtul Jml khomch ni kmlmj ijpmt thfcmnmtmf7 =. Omhtul Jml Mbia mkmlma Lijomcm Kmirma F`f Rtrunturml ymfc kmlmj jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhmt, kmf oirtmfccufc gmwmo nipmkm Cuoirfur.
33
33
?. Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm mkmlma Lijomcm Kmirma F`f Rtrunturml ymfc kmlmj jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhmt, kmf oirtmfccufc gmwmo nipmkm Oupmth/Smlh N`tm. 2. Omhtul Jml Junhj mkmlma Lijomcm Kmirma F`f Rtrunturml ymfc kmlmj jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhmt, kmf oirtmfccufc gmwmo nipmkm Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm. 8?
;. Omhtul Jml Cmjp`fc mkmlma Lijomcm Kmirma F`f Rtrunturml ymfc kmlmj jilmnsmfmnmf tucmsfym oirshdmt hfkipifkif sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhmt, 82
kmf oirtmfccufc gmwmo nipmkm Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm.
Kmlmj jifgmlmfnmf dufcshfym siomcmh omkmf ymfc jifcil`lm amrtm mcmjm, Omhtul Jml Mbia jijhlhnh vhsh ymhtu jifgmkh ymhtu jifgmkh lijomcm ymfc mjmfma, trmfspmrmf kmf nrikhoil, vhsh hfh khgmomrnmf kmlmj jhsh ymfc khrujusnmf 7 =. Jijoirhnmf
pilmymfmf
oirnumlhtms
nipmkm
juzmnnh,
justmahn,
kmf
jmsymrmnmt ymfc oirauoufcmf kifcmf Omhtul Jml. ?. Jijoirhnmf n`fsultmsh kmf mkv`nmsh ohkmfc zmnmt, amrtm wmqmd, amrtm mcmjm, kmf pirwmlhmf/piwmrhsmf
8?
Cmjp`fc mtmu fmjm lmhf mkmlma nismtumf jmsymrmnmt aunuj ymfc oirmkm kh omwma Junhj kmf khphjphf `lia Niubahn (nipmkm kism) mtmu fmjm lmhf ymfc oiramn jifyilifccmrmnmf urusmf rujma tmfccm sifkhrh. 82
Umsml 2 ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml.
31
31
2. Jifhfcnmtnmf mssissjift kmf nhfirgm Omhtul Jml Mbia (OJM), Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm (OJN), Omhtul Jml Nijunhjmf (OJNJ), Omhtul Jml 8;
Cmjp`fc (OJC). K.
Rtruntur @rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia
Uifcmturmf tiftmfc susufmf @rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia khmtur kh omchmf nikum pmsml ; ]mfuf f`j`r =5 tmauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml ymhtu7 =. Omkmf Uilmnsmfm Omhtul Jml Mbia tirkhrh mtms Nipmlm, Rinritmrhs, Oifkmamrm, Ohkmfc Uifcmwmsmf, Ohkmfc Uifcujpulmf, Ohkmfc Uifkhstrhoushmf kmf Uifkmymcufmmf, Ohkmfc R`shmlhsmsh kmf Uifcijomfcmf kmf Ohkmfc Uirwmlhmf ymfc tirkhrh kmrh Ruo Ohkmfc kmf Ruo Omchmf. ?. Gmomtmf Nipmlm, Smnhl Nipmlm, Rinritmrhs, Oifkmamrm, Nipmlm Ruoomc kmf Nipmlm Ruo Ohkmfc Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (=) khtitmpnmf kifcmf Niputusmf Cuoirfur. 2. Yftun kmpmt khmfcnmt siomcmh pigmomt/phjphfmf Omhtul Jml Mbia amrus jijifuah symrmt siomcmh oirhnut 7 m. Oirtmqwm nipmkm Mllma RS[ kmf tmmt oirhomkma> o. Mjmfma, gugur kmf oirtmfccufcgmwmo> b. Jijhlhnh nrikhohlhtms kmlmj jmsymrmnmt>
8;
Lmp`rmf Uifymlurmf Wmnmt kmf Hfdmq Omhtul Jml Mbia Mffuml Mbia Mffuml _ip`rt , , alj. ?
38
38
k. Jijpufymh pifcitmaumf tiftmfc zmnmt, wmqmd, amrtm mcmjm kmf amrtm lmhffym sirtm jmfmgijif> i. Jijhlhnh n`jhtjif ymfc numt uftun jifcijomfcnmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, wmqmd, amrtm mcmjm kmf amrtm lmhffym, kmf d.
Rymrmt-symrmt lmhffym sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf pirmturmf pirufkmfcufkmfcmf.
;. Rioiluj
khmfcnmt
siomcmhjmfm
khjmnsuk
pmkm
mymt
(2),
Cuoirfur
jijoiftun thj hfkipifkif ymfc oirshdmt mk a`b uftun jilmnunmf ugh nilmymnmf kmf nipmtutmf tiramkmp bml`f-bml`f Nipmlm kmf Smnhl Nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia. 9. [mtm bmrm ugh nilmymnmf kmf nipmtutmf pijhlhamf nipmlm kmf wmnhl nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia khtitmpnmf kifcmf niputusmf Cuoirfur. 4. Bml`f nipmlm kmf wmnhl nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia, sioiluj khtufgun kmf khmfcnmt `lia Cuoirfur siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (?) tirlioha kmaulu amrus jifkmpmt pirsitugumf Uhjphfmf KU_M, jilmluh tilmmamf N`jhsh tirnmht. 3. Nitiftumf lioha lmfgut tiftmfc struntur `rcmfhsmsh siomcmhjmfm khjmnsuk pmkm mymt (=) khmtur kmlmj pirmturmf Cuoirfur.
89
Ribmrm nilijomcmmf, struntur `rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia tirkhrh kmrh 2 (thcm) ufsur pilmnsmfm, ymhtu 89
Umsml ; ]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml.
15
15
=.
Uifcurus pilmnsmfm Nipmlm pifcurus pilmnsmfm khphlha `lia thj hfkipfkif ymfc khoiftun
`lia Cuoirfur Mbia jilmluh dht mfk pr`pir tist kmf tilma jifkmpmtnmf pirsitugumf kmrh KU_M kmf sithmp Nipmlm Omchmf khphlha `lia Nipmlm Uifcurus Uilmnsmfm. ?.
Rinritmrhmt Omchmf ymfc jifkukunh kh omchmf sinritmrhmt jirupmnmf Uicmwmh
Ficirh Rhphl kmrh smtumf ufht nirgm pijirhftma pr`vhfsh Mbia. 2.
Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Kmsmr pijoiftunmf Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma mkmlma Uirmturmf
Cuoirfur F`j`r 5? [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma Omhtul Jml, pifcirthmf Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma tirkmpmt pmkm pmsml = mfcnm 4 Uirmturmf Cuoirfur tirsiout, ymfc jifyioutnmf omawm7 “Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma ymfc silmfgutfym khsiout Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf mkmlma ufsur nilifcnmpmf Omhtul Jml Mbia ymfc oirwifmfc jijoirhnmf pirthjomfcmf symr ‐h, pifcmwmsmf dufcsh`fml kmf jifitmpnmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, z mnmt, amrtm wmnmd kmf amrtm mcmjm m cmjm nipmkm n ipmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia kmf Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm.‚ Umkm mwmlfym jmfdmmt Kiwmf Rymrhma hfh khrmsmnmf smfcmt oismr jmfdmmtfym, nmrifm kmpmt jifcmn`j`khr sijum pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj
nichmtmf
pilmnsmfmmf
Omhtul
84
Jml ,
fmjuf
kmlmj
pirgmlmfmf
84
Mjrullma, Nhsh-nhsh Mjrullma, Nhsh-nhsh Uirgmlmfmf Omhtul Jml Mbia (tmfpm pifiroht7, Omfkm Mbia,?558), alj.
=?.
1=
1=
pijoiftunmf kmsmr aunuj Omhtul Jml ymfc oiroiftun ]mfuf sipirth ymfc pirhftmanmf `lia Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ;1 tmauf ?553, nioirmkmmf Kiwmf Rymrhma hfh khusulnmf kmlmj rmfbmfcmf qmfuf jifgmkh Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf uftun Ur`vhfsh kmf Kiwmf pifcmwms uftun nmoupmtif/N`tm, fmjuf nithnm rmfbmfcmf qmfuf hfh khomams kh lichslmthd mtmu Kiwmf Uirjusymwmrmtmf _mnymt Mbia (KU_M) gustru jifcahlmfcnmf usulmf kiwmf pirthjomfcmf kmf kiwmf pifcmwms kifcmf mlmsmf omawm dufcsh tirsiout kmpmt khlmnsmfmnmf sibmrm ix `ddhbh` `lia Jmgilhs Uirjusymwmrmtmf Ylmjm (JUY) kh jmshfc83
jmshfc thfcnmtmf pijirhftmamf.
Kifcmf khtirohtnmffym Uirmturmf Cuoirfur kh mtms jifmfkmnmf inshstifsh KUR pmkm Omhtul Jml. Mkmpuf susufmf `rcmfhsmsh kmrh KUR tirkhrh 81
kmrh nitum, wmnhl nitum, sinritmrhs kmf mfcc`tm. Riomcmh `rcmfhsmsh ymfc jijpufymh dufcsh pifcmwmsmf kmf pirthjomfcmf mtms Omhtul Jml, jmnm Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf khoirhnmf tucms jilmnunmf pijohfmmf, pifcmwmsmf, kmf pirthjomfcmf symr‐h nipmkm Omhtul Jml kmlmj jilmnunmf pifcil`lmmf 88
zmnmt, wmnmd, hfdmn kmf sikinma sirtm amrtm mcmjm lmhffym. Rikmfcnmf dufcsh Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 m. Uilmnsmf Uilmnsmfmmf mmf pijoirhmf pirthjomfcmf symr‐h nipmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia.
83
Hohk .
81
Umsml ? Uirmturmf Cuoirfur F`j`r f`j`r ? tmauf ?5==.
88
Umsml ; Uirmturmf Cuoirfur F`j`r f`j`r ? tmauf ?5==.
1?
1?
o. Uilmnsmfmmf pijoirhmf pirthjomfcmf, fmsiamt, omhn mshstifsh jmupuf mkv`nmsh. Uilmnsmfmmf pifitmpmf pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt, wmnmd, hfdmn kmf sikinma sirtm amrtm mcmjm lmhffym. b. Uilmnsmfmmf pijoirhmf rin`jifkmsh nipmkm Cuoirfur tiramkmp nhfirgm Omhtu Jml.
=55
Rikmfcnmf [ucms KUR ymfc oirdufcsh siomcmh Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf mkmlma7 m. Jirujusnmf niohgmnmf ujuj khohkmfc pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, wmnmd, hfdmn kmf sikinma sirtm amrt mcmjm lmhffym. o. Jifitmpnmf fhsamo zmnmt pifcamshlmf/pr`dish sisumh kifcmf thfcnmt pirnijomfcmf amrcm ijms khpmsmrmf silurua mbia> kmf b. Jifyilismhnmf piroikmmf pifmdshrmf tiftmfc ‖čjhl
zmnmt, juzmnnh,
justmahn kmf amrtm nifm zmnmt, hfdmq, pifcil`lmmf amrtm wmnmd, sirtm amrtm =5=
mcmjm lmhffym.
Khsmanmffym Uirmturmf Cuoirfur hfh siomcmh pifufgmfc nichmtmf `pirmsh`fml Omhtul Jml Mbia cufm tirwugukfym idishifsh, idinthdhtms, trmfspmrmfsh kmf mnuftmohlhtms lijomcm Omhtul Jml kmlmj jifcil`lm amrtm puolhn ymfc khpirbmymnmf pifcil`lmmffym
nipmkm
Omhtul Jml
sirtm kmpmt
jifyilismhnmf
pirjmsmlma-
=55
Umsml 9 Uirmturmf Cuoirfur F`j`r f`j`r ? tmauf ?5==.
=5=
Umsml 4 Uirmturmf Cuoirfur F`j`r f`j`r ? tmauf ?5==.
12
12
pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj pilmnsmfmmfym jilmluh pirthjomfcmf-pirthjomfcmf Kiwmf Rymrhma. =5?
Mkmpuf struntur `rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh o irhnut7 =. Kiwmf pirthjomfcmf symrhma Nitum
7 Ur`d. K_. A. Mlymsm‐ Mou omnmr, Mou omnmr, JM
Smnhl Nitum
7 Krs. [cn. A. Camzmlh Juamjjmk Rymj
Rinritmrhs
7 [. Rulmhjmf, RI
Mfcc`tm
7 Krs. A. J. Gmjhl Hormahj, RA, JA Hslmaukkhf, J.Ib Krs. A. Rmhk Jmakmr Krs. [.Amrjmwmf Nmjmruzzmjmf Oustmjmj Majmk, Ua.K
?. Omkmf pilmnsmfm
Nipmlm Omhtul Jml
Ohkmfc Uifcmwmsmf
7 Kr. A. Mrjhmkh Jusm, JM
Nipmlm Ohkmfc
7 Lhsm Dmrhkm, RI
Nmsuoohk J`fht`rhfc kmf Ivmlumsh Ivmlumsh
7 Khfm Rithm Fhfcsha, M.Jm
Nmsuoohk Uifcifkmlhmf kmf Tirhdhnmsh7 Jubsashf, M.Jk
=5?
Omhtul Jml Khribt`ry ?5=4, alj. =-2
1;
1;
Ohkmfc Uifcujpulmf Nipmlm Ohkmfc
7 Gusjm Iry, RA.H, JA
Nmsuoohk Uijounumf kmf Uilmp`rmf 7 Furjm, RI.Mn Nmsuoohk Hfviftmrhsmsh kmf Uifkmtmmf7 Juamjjmk Hqoml, RI
Ohkmfc Uifkhstrhoushmf kmf Uifkmymcufmmf Nipmlm Ohkmfc
7 _hzny Mulhm, R.Uk.H
Nmsuoohk Uifkhstrhoushmf
7 Ryunrhma Dmakrhmfh, RU, JJ.
Nmsuoohk Uifkmymcufmmf
7 Rmdwmf Oifkmkia, RA.H, JRa
Ohkmfc R`shmlhsmsh kmf Uifcijomfcmf Nipmlm Ohkmfc
7 Mki Hrfmjh, R[
Nmsuoohk R`shmlhsmsh
7 Amymtullma Wuo`hkh, R.R`s.H
Nmsuoohk Uifcijomfcmf
7 O`ooy F`vrhzmf, R.Rh
Ohkmfc Uirwmlhmf Nipmlm Ohkmfc
7 Uutrm Jhsoma, RA.H
Nmsuoohk Aunuj kmf Mkv`nmsh
7 Jmulhzmf, RA.H
Nmsuoohk Rirthdhnmsh kmf Uirwmlhmf 7 Jurkmfh, R.Uk.H
2. Rinritmrhmt
Nipmlm Rinritmrhmt
Omchmf Yjuj
7 [. Rulmhjmf, RI
19
19
Nipmlm Omchmf
7 Mkfmf, R.R`s, JJ
Nmsuoomc Yjuj kmf Nipicmwmhmf 7 Dmbarur _mzh, RU, JJ. Nmsuoomc _ujma [mfccm kmf Uirlifcnmpmf 7 Xuwhtm, RA
Omchmf Niumfcmf Nipmlm Omchmf
7 Krm. Rmorhmfm, J.Rh
Nmsuoomc Mfccmrmf
7 Krm. Amslhfkm, J.Rh
Nmsuoomc Tirhdhnmsh kmf Uiroifkmamrmmf7 Bamhrmh Xmrma, RI.Mn
Omchmf Uirshkmfcmf kmf _hsmlma Nipmlm Omchmf
7 Krs. Mokullma
Nmsuoomc Uirshkmfcmf
7 Krm. _majh
Nmsuoomc _hsmlma
7 Krm. Amsjhlh Rumrfh, JJ
Omchmf Aunuj kmf Auoufcmf Yjmt Nipmlm Omchmf
7 [.J. _hkwmf, RA
Nmsuoomc Aunuj
7 Gumfkm, R[
Nmsuoomc Auoufcmf Yjjmt
7 Krs. Uirjmtm
Oifkmamrm Uifirhjmmf
7 Xiffh Ilvhrm Smthjifm, M.Jk
Oifkmamrm Uifcilumrmf
7 Jumddmt, RA.H
Nithcm ufsur utmjm `rcmfhsmsh Omhtul Jml Mbia tirsiout ymhtu Omkmf Uilmnsmfm, Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrh‐ma kmf Rinritmrhmt, jifgmlmfnmf dufcsh kmf niwifmfcmf jmshfc-jmshfc kmlmj rmfcnm pilmnsmfmmf pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt kmf hfdmq Omhtul Jml Mbia. Omkmf Uilmnsmfm mkmlma ufsur pifcil`lm zmnmt, hfdmq,
14
14
sikinma, wmqmd, kmf amrtm mcmjm lmhffym, sirtm pirwmlhmf ymfc khphjphf `lia si`rmfc nipmlm ymfc oirtmfccufc gmwmo lmfcsufc nipmkm cuoirfur Mbia. Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrh‐ma mkmlma ufsur ymfc jijhlhnh niwifmfcmf uftun jijoirhnmf
pirthjomfcmf
symr‐h,
pifcmwmsmf
dufcsh`fml,
kmf
jifitmpnmf
pifcil`lmmf zmnmt, wmnmd, kmf amrtm mcmjm lmhffym nipmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia, tirjmsun Omhtul Jml Nmoupmtif/N`tm. Rinritmrhmt mkmlma pifyilifccmrm mkjhfhstrmsh nisinritmrhmtmf, mkjhfhstrmsh niumfcmf, jifkunufc tucms kmf dufcsh Omhtul Jml Mbia kmf jifyikhmnmf sirtm jifcn``rkhfmshnmf tifmcm malh ymfc khpirlunmf sisumh kifcmf nijmjpumf niumfcmf kmirma. Nithcm ufsur `rcmfhsmsh hfh, sibmrm shfirchs jifgmlmfnmf tucms p`n`n kmf dufcsh jmshfc-jmshfc kifcmf oirpik`jmf nipmkm vhsh kmf jhsh Omhtul Jml Mbia ymfc tilma khtitmpnmf siahfccm silurua pr`crmj pifymlurmf zmnmt kmf hfdmq kmpmt khlmnsmfmnmf sibmrm `pthjml. I.
Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia
Oirkmsmrnmf Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Mbia F`j`r 4 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Omhtul Jml Mbia jirupmnmf lijomcm ymfc jijhlhnh wiwifmfc kmlmj jifcujpulnmf kmf jifymlurnmf zmnmt. =.
Uifcujpulmf Wmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia Omhtul Jml Mbia jijhlhnh niwifmfcmf kmlmj pifcujpulmf zmnmt ymfc
oirsujoir kmrh oiromcmh gifhs zmnmt oirhnut hfh7
13
13
=) Wmnmt pifcamshlmf kmrh UFR/Uigmomt/Nmrymwmf ymfc oirmcmjm Hslmj kmlmj lhfcnup Uijirhftma Ur`vhfsh Mbia ymfc pijomymrmffym jilmluh MUOM, m.
Rithmp pijomymrmf pifcamshlmf oirupm cmgh/a`f`rmrhuj/tufgmfcmf kmf siomcmhfym uftun UFR/nmrymwmf/pigmomt ymfc oinirgm kh lhfcnufcmf pijirhftma pr`vhfsh Mbia khnifmnmf pij`t`fcmf zmnmt pifcamshlmf sioismr ?,9% kmrh gujlma jmshfc-jmshfc pmkm n`l`j zmnmt kmrh kmdtmr pijomymrmf tirsiout. Uij`t`fcmf zmnmt pifcamshlmf khlmnunmf `lia oifkmamrmwmf pijoumt kmdtmr cmgh/kmdtmr a`f`rmrhuj/kmdtmr tufgmfcmf RNUM kmf sinmlhcus khtufgun siomcmh YUW Hfstmfsh/Lijomcm ymfc oirsmfcnutmf.
o.
Amshl
pij`t`fcmf
zmnmt
pifcamshlmf
ymfc
oirmsml
kmrh
kmdtmr
pijomymrmf cmgh/a`f`rmrhuj/tufgmfcmf ymfc oirsujoir kmrh MUOM khsit`r ni rinifhfc nausus zmnmt pmkm rinifhfc Nms Yjuj Mbia sirtm khbmtmt siomcmh pifirhjmmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Mbia. ?) Wmnmt pifcamshlmf kmrh UFR/Uigmomt/Nmrymwmf ymfc oirmcmjm Hslmj pmkm Khfms, Lijomcm [infhs Kmirma kmf Lijomcm Kmirma lhfcnup Uijirhftma Uusmt/Lijomcm lmhffym [hfcnmt Ur`vhfsh Mbia ymfc pijomymrmffym jilmluh MUOF mtmu sujoir kmfm lmhffym. m.
Rithmp
pijomymrmf
cmgh/a`f`rmrhuj/tufgmfcmf
uftun
UFR/Nmrymwmf/Uigmomt ymfc oirsujoir kmrh MUOF/sujoir lmhffym, khp`t`fc
zmnmt
pifcamshlmf
sioismr
?,9%
kmrh
gujlma
11
11
cmgh/a`f`rmrhuj/tufgmfcmf ymfc gujlmafym kh mtms fhsamo zmnmt pifcamshlmf sioismr _p =.155.555,- mtmu sisumh kifcmf pifitmpmf Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma. o.
Amshl pij`t`fcmf zmnmt pifcamshlmf ymfc pijomymrmffym oirmsml kmrh MUOF mtmu sujoir lmhffym khsit`r pmkm Oifkmamrmwmf Uifirhjmmf Omhtul Jml Mbia pmkm Omfn ymfc khtitmpnmf Nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia, sithmp mnahr oulmf khphfkmanmf ni rinifhfc nausus zmnmt pmkm rinifhfc Nms Yjuj Mbia kmf khbmtmt siomcmh pifirhjmmmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Mbia.
2) Wmnmt jml pmkm thfcnmt pr`vhfsh jilhputh OYJF, OYJK Mbia kmf pirusmammf swmstm oismr. m.
Uifcujpulmf zmnmt jml lhfcnup pr`vhfsh ymfc thkmn khsit`r ni rinifhfc nausus zmnmt pmkm rinifhfc Nms Yjuj Mbia, kmpmt khsit`r pmkm Oifkmamrm Uifirhjmmf Omhtul Jml Mbia mtmu rinifhfc Omhtul Jml Mbia pmkm Omfn ymfc khtugunmf.
o.
Rithmp oulmf zmnmt tirsiout khphfkmanmf ni rinifhfc nausus zmnmt pmkm rinifhfc Nms Yjuj Mbia kmf khbmtmt siomcmhjmfm pifirhjmmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Mbia.
Wmnmt
ymfc
tilma
khnujpulnmf
`lia
YUW
pmkm
Khfms/Lijomcm
Uijirhftma/Rwmstm kmf Omhtul Jml Mbia tirjmsun zmnmt ymfc khpufcut `lia numsm
18
18
OYM (Oifkmamrm Yjuj Mbia) khsit`r ni rinifhfc pifirhjmmf zmnmt Nms Yjuj Mbia pmkm Omfn Rymrhma ymfc khtufgun. Khfms Niumfcmf Mbia jilmluh Ohkmfc Uiroifkmamrmmf jijoumt kmf jifymjpmhnmf
lmp`rmf
oulmfmf
(lmp`rmf
n`fs`lhkmsh
ymfc
jijumt
sijum
pifirhjmmf zmnmt pmkm _inifhfc Nms Yjuj Mbia, omhn ymfc khsit`r `lia YUW/Omhtul Jml/Jmsymrmnmt jmupuf ymfc khsit`r `lia Numsm OYM) tiftmfc pifirhjmmf zmnmt nipmkm Omhtul Jml Mbia pmlhfc lmjomt tmfccml =5 oulmf oirhnutfym. Uicmwmh pmkm ohkmfc piroifkmamrmmf ymfc oirtucms kmf tirlhomt siomcmh pifcujpul zmnmt kmf pijoumtmf pijoumtmf lmp`rmf oulmfmf khoirhnmf amn ‖‖čjhl čjhl sioismr =% (smtu pirsirmtus) kmrh gujlma zmnmt ymfc tirnujpul pmkm sithmp mnahr tmauf mfccmrmf ymfc khomymr `lia oifkmamrm pifcilumrmf/oifkmamrm pifcilumrmf pijomftu Omhtul Jml Mbia. Uifcujpul zmnmt mkmlma nichmtmf jijvirhdhnmsh p`t`fcmf zmnmt pmkm sithmp Rurmt Uirhftma Jijomymr (RUJ), jijvirhdhnmsh mkmfym surmt sit`rmf zmnmt ymfc khlmjphrnmf, jijvirhdhnmsh oismrmf f`jhfml zmnmt ymfc khp`t`fc, kmf jijufcut/jifyit`rnmf zmnmt ni rinifhfc pifirhjmmf zmnmt Nms Yjuj Mbia sirtm nichmtmf lmhffym ymfc oirtugumf jifhfcnmtnmf nipmtuamf pijomymrmf zmnmt kmf jifhfcnmtnmf pifirhjmmf zmnmt kmlmj rmfcnmhmf pr`sis pifirohtmf Rurmt Uirhftma Uijomymrmf Kmirma (RU?K). Uifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt kmrh Nms Yjuj Mbia khlmnunmf `lia sinritmrhmt Omhtul Jml Mbia kifcmf jifcmgunmf Rurmt Uirhftma Jijomymr (RUJ) nipmkm Numsm Oifkmamrm Yjuj Mbia (OYM) sisumh gujlma mfccmrmf kmlmj K`nujif Uilmnsmfmmf
85
85
Mfccmrmf (KUM) kifcmf pirsymrmtmf khlmjphrnmf rifbmfm pijomchmf nipmkm msfmdmsfmd kmf surmt pirfymtmmf kmrh Nipmlm Rinritmrhmt Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh Uifccufm Mfccmrmf/Numsm Uifccufm Mfccmrmf. Rioiluj jifirohtnmf Rurmt Uirhftma Uijomymrmf Kmirma (RU?K) numsm Oifkmamrm Yjuj Mbia (OYM) jijhfkmanmf kmfm kmrh rinifhfc pifirhjmmf zmnmt ni rinifhfc pifcilumrmf Nms Yjuj Mbia sioismr ymfc tirbmftuj pmkm Rurmt Uirhftma Jijomymr (RUJ) ymfc khmgunmf `lia pifccufm Mfccmrmf/Numsm Uifccufm Mfccmrmf Rinritmrhmt Omhtul Jml Mbia. Uifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt tmauf mfccmrmf oirgmlmf kmpmt khlmnunmf sibmrm sinmlhcus mtmu oirnmlm sisumh kifcmf rimlhsmsh pifirhjmmf kmfm zmnmt. Mpmohlm pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt kmlmj tmauf mfccmrmf oirgmlmf thkmn kmpmt khlmnsmfmnmf nmrifm pifirhjmmf kmfm zmnmt omru khnitmauh pmkm mnahr tmauf mfccmrmf, jmnm pifbmhrmffym kmpmt khlmnunmf pmkm tmauf mfccmrmf oirhnutfym. Kmlmj aml rimlhsmsh kmfm zmnmt thkmn amohs khsmlurnmf `lia Omkmf Uilmnsmfm Omhtul Jml Mbia, amrus khsit`r nijomlh ni rinifhfc pifirhjmmf zmnmt Nms Yjuj Mbia sioiluj tmfccml 2= Kisijoir tmauf oirgmlmf kmf jifgmkh smlk` mwml pifirhjmmf zmnmt tmauf oirhnutfym. Yftun jifgmcm nishfmjoufcmf pifymlurmf zmnmt nipmkm justmahn, Omhtul Jml kmpmt jifbmhrnmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc sukma khsit`r ni Nms Yjuj Mbia tmfpm jifufccu pifcismamf ]mfuf MUOM, sithfcch-thfcchfym sioismr shsm rimlhsmsh pifirhjmmf zmnmt tmauf mfccmrmf sioilujfym.
8=
8=
Fmjuf aml hfh oiluj ohsm khrimlhsmshnmf `lia omkmf pilmnsmfm Omhtul Jml Mbia nmrifm uftun jifbmhrnmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc tilma khsit`r ni Nms Yjuj Mbia amrus jifchnuth pr`sikur/ jijoutuanmf pirmturmf ymfc lioha gilms kmf tirpirhfbh, omcmhjmfm tmtm bmrmfym. Umkm sithmp mnahr tmauf Nipmlm Omhtul Jml Mbia oirtmfccufcgmwmo jijoirhnmf lmp`rmf mrus nms nipmkm Cuoirfur Mbia kmf Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Rymrhma siomcmh lmp`rmf. Cuoirfur mnmf jifymjpmhnmf lmp`rmf tiftmfc pifcil`lmmf zmnmt thfcnmt pr`vhfsh nipmkm KU_M Ur`vhfsh. [iousmf lmp`rmf htu khsmjpmhnmf ni Khfms Uifkmpmtmf sitijpmt uftun khoununmf, siomcmh tirtho mkjhfhstrmsh jifgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma (UMK). Kifcmf kijhnhmf khamrmpnmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt mnmf tirlmnsmfm sisumh kifcmf tuftutmf Rymrhmt kh smtu sich, kmf oirmkm kh omwma pifcmwmsmf pijirhftma kmf jmsymrmnmt lums kh sich lmhf, siahfccm tirahfkmr =52
kmrh nisiwifmfc-wifmfcmf, pifyiliwifcmf mtmu prmntin-prmntin NNF.
Kmlmj aml pijufcutmf/pifcujpulmf zmnmt kmrh jmsymrmnmt Omhtul Jml thkmn jijhlhnh niwifmfcmf uftun jijmnsm juzmnnh kmlmj jijomymr zmnmt, wmlmupuf phamn Omhtul Jml jifkmtmfch lmfcsufc juzmnnh uftun jijhftm zmnmt fmjuf nithnm juzmnnh jif`lmn uftun jijomymr zmnmt jmnm phamn Omhtul Jml thkmn ohsm jijmnsm/jijoirhnmf smfnsh ymfc ticms. Aml hfh khnmrifmnmf kmlmj Umsml =5 ]mfuf
=52
Ml Xmsm‐ Mou Omnmr, Rymrh‘mt Hslmj kh Ur`vhfsh Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj> Umrmkhcjm Niohgmnmf kmf Nichmtmf, (Omfkm Mbia7 Khfms Rymrhmt Hslmj Ur`vhfsh Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj, ?551), alj,25?.
8?
8?
Mbia F`.=5 [mauf ?553 kh smtu shsh tilma jijoirhnmf niwifmfcmf uftun jifcujpulnmf zmnmt, kh shsh lmhf thkmn khtiftunmf smfnsh aunuj omch ymfc thkmn jijomymr zmnmt, siahfccm Omhtul Jml amfym ohsm jifufccu tmfpm mkm niwifmfcmf jijmnsm. ?.
Uifkhstrhoushmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia Kmfm ymfc sukma tirnujpul kh Omhtul Jml Mbia mnmf khsmlurnmf nipmkm
justmahn ymfc tilma khtitmpnmf siomcmh oirhnut7 =) Rint`r Uifkhkhnmf Uifkhkhnmf kmlmj Hslmj smfcmtlma pifthfc kh jmfm jifgmkh siouma smrmfm jifbmrh nisigmatirmmf kh kufhm kmf kh mnahrmt. Omhtul Jml Mbia kmlmj aml hfh jijhlhnh n`jhtjif ymfc numt kmlmj jifbirkmsnmf mfmn omfcsm kmf jijomftu jijoirhnmf pifkhkhnmf ymfc lmymn omch mfmn-mfmn kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu kh Mbia. Ur`crmj Uifkhkhnmf julmh khrhfths sigmn tmauf ?553 kifcmf sujoir kmfm kmrh omchmf hofu smohl kmf omchmf jhsnhf. Nrhtirhm ujuj pifirhjm oimshswm mkmlma pilmgmr/jmamshswm kmrh thfcnmt RK smjpmh kifcmf Uircurumf [hfcch tirjmsun smftrh ymfc oilmgmr kh U`fk`n Uismftrif ymfc oirmsml kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf/mfmn ymthj. Rikmfcnmf nrhtirhm nausus khtiftunmf sisumh kifcmf pr`crmj nichmtmf ymfc khlmnsmfmnmf.
82
82
m. Omchmf Hofu Rmohl =) Oimshswm pifua tmadhka ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf thfcnmt RL[U kmf RL[M. Rmsmrmf pr`crmj oimshswm hfh mkmlma bml`f shswm thfcnmt RJU kmf RJM kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf ymfc oirk`jhshlh kh whlmyma Omfkm Mbia kmf Mbia Oismr kmf pmrm pifirhjm oimshswm pifua [madhka ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf [hfcnmt RJU kmf RJM lmfgutmf pr`crmj tmauf ?5=?, ?5=2, kmf ?5=;. ?) Oimshswm pifua uftun mfmn jhsnhf kh pismftrif niwhrmusmammf. Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jifhfcnmtnmf jutu pifkhkhnmf cifirmsh jukm Mbia kmrh nilumrcm jshnhf kmf jifbhptmnmf nijmfkhrhmf kmf pr`kunthdhtms sirtm sijmfcmt niwhrmusmammf ymfc n`jpiththd omch pifirhjm oimshswm. 2) Oimshswm oirnilmfgutmf tmadhka ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf
thfcnmt jmamshswm.
Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jifhfcnmtnmf numlhtms pifkhkhnmf cifirmsh jukm Mbia kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf cufm jilmahrnmf smrgmfm ymfc jmjpu jifcamdml ml-]ur‐čf ml-]ur‐čf sirtm uftun jirhfcmfnmf jirhfcmfnmf oiomf in`f`jh nilumrcm kmlmj jifyikhmnmf pifkhkhnmf omch mfmn-mfmnfym. ;) Oimshswm pifua thfcnmt jmamshswm K2/K; kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf. Oimshswm hfh khtugunmf uftun jifhfcnmtnmf snhll kmf nitirmjphlmf omch cifirmsh jukm Mbia uftun oirsmhfc sibmrm n`jpiththd kmlmj kufhm nirgm nilmn. Ur`crmj hfh kmpmt jifcurmfch gujlma jmamshswm putus nulhma nmrifm nitiromtmsmf in`f`jh.
8;
8;
9) Omftumf ohmym pifkhkhnmf uftun smftrh kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf si-Mbia. [ugumf kmrh pr`crmj hfh mkmlma uftun jifhfcnmtnmf numlhtms pifkhkhnmf oiromshs pismftrif/kmyma
ymfc tirsiomr kh silurua
Nmoupmtif/N`tm kh Mbia. 4) Omftumf uftun 155 mfmn ymthj nurmfc jmjpu thfcnmt RK/RL[U N`tm Omfkm Mbia kmf Mbia Oismr. [ugumf pr`crmj hfh mkmlma uftun jijoirhnmf pirlifcnmpmf sin`lma ymfc lmymn uftun mfmn ymthj kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf kmf jijomftu jirhfcmfnmf ohmym pifkhkhnmf mfmn ymthj. 3) Oimshswm pifkhkhnmf oirnilmfgutmf shswm oirpristmsh kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf thfcnmt RK, RJU, kmf RJM. Ur`crmj hfh mkmlma pr`crmj lmfgutmf tmauf ?5=?, ?5=2, kmf ?5=;, pifirhjm oimshswm hfh siomfymn ?91 `rmfc uftun tmauf ?5=9. 1) Omftumf pifkhkhnmf uftun jmamshswm K2/R= kmrh nilumrcm jhsnhf ymfc sikmfc jifyilismhnmf stukh mnahr. [ugumf pr`crmj hfh uftun jijomftu jmamshswm oirpristmsh ymfc sikmfc jilmnsmfmnmf tucms mnahr kmf jifcmlmjh jmsmlma niumfcmf. o.
Omchmf Jhsnhf =) Uilmthamf omoy shttir uftun uftun rijmgm putrh kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu. Ur`crmj hfh ortugumf uftun jijoirhnmf pilmthamf nitirmjphlmf pirmwmtmf omyh kmf omlhtm uftun jijounm lmpmfcmf nirgm omru omch
89
89
rijmgm putrh kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu mcmr jifbhptmnmf nmuj pirijpumf ymfc jmfkhrh. ?) Uilmthamf kmlmj jifkhkhn mfmn ymfc oirnioutuamf nausus uftun rijmgm/pijukm kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu. 2) Uilmthamf n`jputir uftun rijmgm putrh kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu. Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jijoirhnmf pilmthamf mcmr cifirmsh jukm kmrh nilumrcm nurmfc jmjpu jijhlhnh pifcitmaumf kmf nitirmjphlmf kmlmj jifcumsmh pirmfcnmt tinf`l`ch hfd`rjmsh siomcmh oinml kmlmj jijmsunh kufhm nirgm. ?) Rint`r R`shml m.
Omchmf Dmnhr =) Rmftufmf oulmfmf dmnhr uzur kh Omfkm Mbia kmf Mbia Oismr. Dmnhr uzur mkmlma jmsymrmnmt ymfc n`fkhsh s`shml in`f`jhfym smfcmt jijprhamthfnmf, nmrifm silmhf thkmn jijhlhnh amrtm kmf pinirgmmf gucm ushmfym ymfc tum (jmfulm) sirtm smnht-smnhtmf. Rmftufmf hfh khoirhnmf siujur ahkup justmahn. ?) Omftumf kmfm uftun pijoilhmf mlmt nisiamtmf omch dmnhr uzur. Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jijoirhnmf dmshlhtms nisiamtmf nipmkm dmnhr uzur uftun pifkunufc kmlmj jilmnunmf mnthvhtms siamrh-amrh.
84
84
o.
Omchmf Jhsnhf Omftumf hfshkifthl (thkmn tirkucm) mkmlma pr`crmj ymfc khshmpnmf
uftun jirinm ymfc jifkmpmt nisulhtmf ahkup pmkm wmntu ymfc thkmn khamrmpnmf ymhtu jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf ymfc jijoutuanmf ohmym ahkup khnmrifmnmf thkmn jmjpu oinirgm lmch mtmu thkmn jmjpu jijifuah nioutuamf p`n`n. b.
Omchmf dĮ Omchmf dĮ smoĮlhllča =) Omftumf rif`vmsh jisghk/jiufmsma kh kmirma rmwmf mqhkma. [ugumf pr`crmj hfh mkmlma uftun jijpirlmfbmr kmf jifgmjhf mnthvhtms kmnwma Hslmj kh whlmyma ymfc khk`jhfmsh `lia jmsymrmnmt Nrhstif silmhf htu uftun jijoifkufc mrus pifkmfcnmlmf mqhkma ujmt Hslmj. ?) Rmftufmf uftun =55 mfmn ymthj/phmtu kh N`tm Omfkm Mbia. 2) Rmftufmf omch nilumrcm fmrmphkmfm kmf pifkirhtm cmfccumfc ghwm ymfc jifgmkh tulmfc pufccufc in`f`jh nilumrcm kmf thkmn ohsm lmch jif`pmfc niahkupmf in`f`jh. ;) Rmftufmf =555 mfmn jhsnhf, ymhtu jijomftu jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf kmlmj jilmnsmfnmf suffma rmsul ymhtu nahtmf nipmkm mfmn lmnh-lmnh, pilmnsmfmmf pr`crmj hfh oinirgmsmjm kifcmf LNB K`jpit Kumdm 9) Rmftufmf
rmjmkamf
nilumrcm
jhsnhf,
pr`crmj
hfh
jijomftu
jifbunuph nioutuamf jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf kmlmj pilmnsmfmmf homkma
83
83
pumsm _mjmkamf sirtm jijomftu jirhfcmfnmf oiomf ymfc mnmf khamkmph jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf kmlmj jifymjout Amrh _m ym Hkul Dhtrh k.
Omchmf CčrhjĮ rhjĮ f =) Omftumf uftun `rmfc tirlmftmr/niamohsmf oinml. [ugumffym uftun jijdmshlhtmsh `rmfc tirlmftmr ymfc jijoutuanmf ohmym nijomlh ni kmmirma msml fmjuf niamohsmf umfc/oinml. Omftumf ymfc khoirhnmf oirupm thnit kmf umfc jmnmf kh gmlmf. ?) Omftumf tmfccmp kmrurmt jushoma oifbmfm mlmj.
i.
Omchmf Jumllmd =) Omftumf
uftun
jumllmd
omru,
pr`crmj
hfh
uftun
jijomftu
jirhfcmfnmf ohmym ahkup jumllmd ymfc omru jijilun Hslmj. 2) Rint`r In`f`jh Omchmf Jhsnhf =) Omftumf kmfm uftun pijoilhmf mlmt-mlmt/pirmlmtmf nirgm nipmkm jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf, pr`crmj hfh khomch lhjm sint`r ymhtu sint`r pirtunmfcmf, piroifcnmlmf, hfkustrh rujma tmfccm, mlmt-mlmt pirtmfhmf, kmf pirkmcmfcmf ?) Uifymlurmf omftumf j`kml usmam uftun jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf jilmluh Omhtul Jml Cmjp`fc. Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jijoirhnmf sthjulmsh (rmfcsmfcmf) nipmkm Omhtul Jml Cmjp`fc uftun lioha jmnshjml kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc mkm kh cmjp`fc kifcmf
81
81
jijoirhnmf omftumf j`kml usmam omch jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf ymfc mkm kh cmjp`fc tirsiout cufm jifhfcnmtnmf pifkmpmtmf nilumrcm sirtm jijoirkmymnmf jmsymrmnmt jhsnhf kifcmf zmnmt pr`kunthd jilmluh pr`crmj hfh. ;) Rint`r Kmnwma kmf Ryhmr m. Omchmf dĮ Omchmf dĮ smoĮlhllča Omftumf pr`crmj nichmtmf `rcmfhsmsh Hslmj. Ur`crmj hfh oirtugumf uftun jijomftu `rcmfhsmsh/lijomcm nijmamshswmmf/@NU/@rjms ymfc mnmf jilmnsmfmnmf pr`crmj-pr`crmj oiromshs symrhmt Hslmj kmf pifciftmsmf nijhsnhfmf kifcmf jijoirhnmf sthjulus mfccmrmf kmfm siahfccm nichmtmf ymfc khgmlmfnmf kmpmt tirlmnsmfm kifcmf omhn. o. Omchmf Jumllmd Ur`crmj
pifkmjphfcmf
symrhma
omch
jumllmd.
Ur`crmj
hfh
jijoirhnmf pijmamjmf tiftmfc kmsmr-kmsmr mcmjm Hslmj omch pmrm jumllmd, naususfym oirnmhtmf kifcmf mqhkma, homkma, kmf jumjmlma. Jifcahlmfcnmf bhtrm ficmthd si`lma-`lma thkmn mkm piroikmmf mftmrm sioiluj jifgmkh juslhj kifcmf sisukma juslhj. Jijdmshlhtmsh pmrm jumllmd oilmgmr Hslmj kmf =5;
pifhfcnmtmf numlhtms khrh.
=5;
Lmp`rmf Uifymlurmf Wmnmt kmf Hfdmq Omhtul Jml Mbia Mffuml Mbia Mffuml _ip`rt, alj. ==-?5.
88
88
Kmlmj pifymlurmf zmnmt, Omhtul Jml tilma jifitmpnmf oiromcmh usmam kmf prh`rhtms, siahfccm tugumf zmnmt kmpmt tirbmpmh, siomcmhjmfm ymfc tirbmftuj kmlmj tmoil oirhnut hfh7 F`. =
=59
Msafmd Dmnhr
Ur`siftmsh =9,4? %
Nrhtirhm Justmahq =) @rmfc ymfc thkmn jijpufymh amrtm kmf thkmn smfccup oirusmam smjm sinmlh. ?) [hkmn jifkmpmt omftumf kmrh phamn lmhf.
?
Jhsnhf
;;,51%
@rmfc ymfc jijpufymh amrtm kmf usmam titmph pifcamshlmffym
thkmn
jifbunuph
nioutuamf
ahkupfym omhn uftun khrh sifkhrh kmf nilumrcmfym. 2
Mjhl
=,11%
=) Ohmym ahkup uftun pifcil`lm zmnmt ymfc thkmn khcmgh `lia Uijirhftma Kmirma. ?) Yftun jifkunufc nichmtmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc thkmn khohmymh/thkmn bunup khohmymh `lia pijirhftma.
;
Jumllmd
4,=;%
@rmfc ymfc omru jmsun Hslmj/jirinm ymfc khamrmpnmf
nibifkirufcmf
amthfym
tiramkmp
Hslmj. 9
_hqč _hqčo
4
CčrhjĮf CčrhjĮf
5% 5,22%
Rijiftmrm thkmn khsikhmnmf =) @rmfc
jhsnhf
ymfc
jijirlunmf
mtmu
jijpufymh pifcilumrmf ymfc thkmn tirkucm mtmu thkmn kmpmt khmtmsh sipirth ohmym oir`omt kmf jushoma/oifbmfm mlmj. ?) Omftumf kmrurmt nmrifm oifbmfm mlmj.
=59
Lmp`rmf _imlhsmsh Uifymlurmf Wmnmt Uir Kisijoir ?5=4 Omhtul Jml Mbia.
=55
=55
3
D Į Į smoĮ smo Į lhllma lhllma =,83%
Nichmtmf jificmnnmf mnhkma ujmt> =) Km‐h kh kmirma rmwmf. ?) Omftumf smrmfm kmf `pirmsh`fml lijomcm pifkhkhnmf pmkm jmsymrmnmt ymfc oiluj oirkmym. 2) Jijomfcuf
tijpmt
pirhomkmtmf
ymfc
khsisumhnmf kifcmf nioutuamf jifkismn. ;) Omftumf puolhnmsh uftun pifcumtmf mnhkma. 1
Hof RmoĮ RmoĮ l
?8,81%
=) Lioha khtinmfnmf nipmkm oimshswm uftun> m) Uilmgmr jhsnhf oirpristmsh. o) Uilmgmr jhsnhf ohmsm khjulmh kmrh thfcnmt RK s/k R=. b) Ur`crmj
pilmthamf
uftun
siouma
nichmtmf/nitirmjphlmf. ?) Omftumf uftun `rmfc ymfc niamohsmf oinml kmlmj pirgmlmfmf.
[moil 27 Nrhtirhm Justmahq kmf Ur`siftmsi Wmnmt Kmrh tmoil kh mtms kmpmt khlhamt omawm smlma smtu omchmf ymfc jifkmpmtnmf pr`siftmsi zmnmt tiromfymn kmf khutmjmnmf mkmlma omchmf jhsnhf, hof smoĮ smoĮ l l kmf kmf dmnhr. Yftun omchmf dmnhr kmf jhsnhf khsmlurnmf kh kmirma Omfkm Mbia kmf Mbia Oismr sikmfcnmf omchmf ymfc lmhffym kmpmt khsmlurnmf kh lumr Omfkm Mbia kmf Mbia Oismr.
OMO HT [HFGMYMF AYNYJ HRLMJ [I_AMKMU UIFCIL@LMMF WMNM[ RIOMCMH UIFKMUM[MF MRLH KMI_MA KH OMH[YL JML MBIA
M.
Uirjmsmlmamf
ymfc
[irgmkh
kmlmj
Uifcil`lmmf
Wmnmt
Riomcmh
Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia
Wmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu phlmr mcmjm ymfc wmgho khtufmhnmf omch sithmp ujmt Hslmj ymfc jmjpu. Hslmj jifijpmtnmf zmnmt siomcmh runuf Hslmj jijhlhnh tugumf ymfc smfcmt dufkmjiftml kmlmj niahkupmf in`f`jh jmsymrmnmt ymhtu siomcmh hfstrujif nipmsthmf aunuj uftun jifgmjhf mlhrmf ninmymmf nipmkm nil`jp`nnil`jp`n ymfc jijoutuanmf ymfc oircufm uftun u ftun jifyilijmtnmf ghwm jmfushm. Nitiftumf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Mbia mkmlma sipirth siouma niohgmnmf dhsnml mtmu ymfc sirhfc khsiout kifcmf p`lhthn dhsnml ymfc pirfma khtirmpnmf `lia _msulullma RMS. Niohgmnmf dhsnml sifkhrh mkmlma lmfcnmalmfcnma pijirhftma uftun jifcil`lm pirin`f`jhmf ni n`fkhsh ymfc lioha omhn kifcmf bmrm jiruoma pifirhjmmf kmf pifcilumrmf pijirhftma kifcmf jmnsuk uftun jifcmtmsh jmsmlma-jmsmlma in`f`jh ymfc khamkmph.
=54
@lia nmrifm htu pijirhftma
kmlmj jififtunmf niohgmnmffym amrus jifyisumhnmf pifcilumrmf kmf pifkmpmtmf ymfc khpir`lia kmrh oiromcmh gifhs pmgmn kmf pifkmpmtmf lmhffym mcmr thkmn tirgmkh kidhsht mfccmrmf. Kifcmf oichtu niohgmnmf dhsnml gucm ohsm khmrthnmf siomcmh thfkmnmf
=54
Fur _hmft` Ml Mrhd, [i`rh Jmnr` In`f`jh Hslmj, alj. =;8.
=5=
=5?
=5?
ymfc khmjohl `lia pijirhftma kmlmj ohkmfc mfccmrmf oilmfgm Ficmrm ymfc oirtugumf uftun jijpirlmfbmr gmlmffym pirin`f`jhmf. Umkm zmjmf _msulullma sifkhrh pifirhjmmf Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Ficmrm tirkhrh kmrh namrmg (sigifhs pmgmn tmfma), zmnmt, naujs (pmgmn =/9), ghzyma (sigifhs pmgmn mtms omkmf `rmfc f`fjuslhj) kmf pifirhjmmf lmhffym sipirth nmddmrma. Rikmfcnmf pifcilumrmf Ficmrm tirkhrh kmrh pifcilumrmf uftun nipifthfcmf kmnwma, pifkhkhnmf kmf nioukmymmf, hlju pifcitmaumf kmf manmj, nisigmatirmmf s`shml kmf oilmfgm picmwmh.
=53
Fmjuf shstij pijirhftmamf pmkm jmsm tirsiout smfcmt oiroikm
kifcmf n`fkhsh kmf shstij pijirhftmamf sinmrmfc. Umkm jmsm _msulullma zmnmt ymfc tirnujpul lmfcsufc khomchnmf nipmkm ymfc oiramn jifirhjm oirkmsmrnmf hfstrunsh _msulullma RMS, thkmn mkm pifbmtmtmf ymfc rhfbh kmf rujht, nmrifm pifkmpmtmf kmrh zmnmt gucm oiluj jilhjpma sipirth pmkm smmt hfh. Aunuj Hslmj ymfc jijirhftmanmf nipmkm pifcumsm/pijirhftma uftun jifcmtur, jifcil`lm, jifymlurnmf zmnmt nipmkm justmahn, siomcmhjmfm prmntin ymfc tilma khlmnunmf `lia _msulullma, smamomt sirtm tmoh‘hf tirkmaulu, aml hfh oirkmsmrnmf dhrjmf Mllma kmlmj surmt mt-tmuoma mymt =25. Fmjuf shstij pijirhftmamf kh `rki hfh tiftu smgm oiroikm kifcmf shstij pijirhftmamf pmkm jmsm _msulullma RMS, ymfc tilma tirphsma `lia gmrmn kmf wmntu ymfc smfcmt gmua sirtm s`shml in`f`jh jmsymrmnmt puf gucm oiroikm.
=53
Mkhwmrjmf Mswmr Nmrhj, In`f`jh Hslmj Rumtu Nmghmf N`ftijp`rir (Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?55=), alj. ?9.
=52
=52
Kifcmf khgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma Mbia tilma oirhjoms lmfcsufc tiramkmp pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh lijomcm risjh pijirhftma ymfc oirwiwifmfc jifcil`lm zmnmt, omhn aml p`shthd jmupuf oirhjoms ficmthd. Mkmpuf aml p`shthd ymfc khpir`lia `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia kmlmj jifcil`lm zmnmt mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 m. Kmlmj aml pijufcutmf zmnmt pifcamshlmf kmrh juzmnnh Omhtul Jml Mbia jifkmpmtnmf nijukmamf nmrifm kifcmf khgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh UMK tilma kmpmt jijoirhnmf pijmamjmf nipmkm sijum nmlmfcmf omawm zmnmt ymfc silmjm hfh khpufcut `lia pijirhftma khk`jhfmsh kmrh zmnmt pifcamshlmf pmrm UFR kmf pifcamshlmf kmrh gmsm sirtm pr`dish-pr`dish lmhffym ymfc jmsha khpirsilhshanmf. Kifcmf oichtu khamrmpnmf p`lijhn ymfc tirgmkh tiramkmp niwmghomf zmnmt kmrh sujoir-sujoir tirsiout kmpmt =51
khahlmfcnmf
kmf kmpmt jifhcnmtnmf pifkmpmtmf zmnmt kmrh sujoir-
sujoir tirsiout. o. Kifcmf jifgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh UMK jmnm ohsm jifgmkh smlma smtu oiftun hftirvifsh pijirhftma kmlmj upmym pifcumtmf nilijomcmmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, siahfccm zmnmt ohsm khsigmgmrnmf kifcmf pmgmn kmrh sich pijufcutmffym ymhtu kmpmt khmwmsh sibmrm nitmt kmf kmpmt khpufcut kifcmf ticms. Uijirhftma omanmf ohsm jijmnsmnmf sithmp juzmnnh ymfc thkmn jijomymr zmnmt, nmrifm oirkmsmrnmf dhl`s`dh zmnmt pmkm kmsmrfym =51
Wmnmt pr`dish jifgmkh smlma smtu gifhs zmnmt ymfc jmsha khpirsilhshanmf/tirgmkh piroikmmf pifkmpmt kh nmlmfcmf ulmjm Mbia.
=5;
=5;
amrus khgijput kmf kmpmt khoirhnmf smfnsh nipmkm `rmfc juzmnnh ymfc thkmn jijomymr zmnmt. `lia nmrifm htu kmpmt khpmamjh omawm khgmkhnmffym zmnmt siomcmh UMK jirupmnmf smlma smtu bmrm pijirhftma uftun pijufcutmf zmnmt ymfc tirhfticrmsh kmlmj shstij niumfcmf kmirma kmf jirupmnmf siouma n`ftrhoush pijirhftma kmlmj pirzmnmtmf kh Mbia. b. Omhtul Jml Mbia jifkmpmtnmf kunufcmf kmfm kmf dmshlhtms pifua kmrh pijirhftma pr`vhfsh, omhn uftun ohmym pijufcutmf, pifymlurmf kmf pifkmymcufmmf zmnmt, z mnmt, sirtm ohmym `prmsh`fml Omhtul Jml lmhffym, siahfccm kmfm zmnmt lioha omfymn ymfc ohsm khsmlurnmf nmrifm thkmn mkmfym pij`t`fcmf tiramkmp omchmf ‑čjhl gmkh sijum zmnmt sipifuafym uftun =58
justmahn.
Rikmfcnmf hjoms ficmthd/nifkmlm ymfc khamkmph `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia kmlmj jifcil`lm zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Kmirma kh mftmrmfym mkmlma siomcmh oirhnut7 m. Uifcil`lmmf zmnmt kmlmj Hslmj pmkm kmsmrfym ounmf oirkmsmrnmf YfkmfcYfkmfc mtmu Uirkm (]mfuf), titmph oirkmsmrnmf nitiftumf symrhma (ml]ur čf kmf ḩmkĮṭ). ḩmkĮṭ). Fmjuf kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kh Omhtul Jml Mbia amrus tufkun sipifuafym nipmkm Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc kmf ]mfuf sirtm mturmf-mturmf lmhf ymfc oirnmhtmf kifcmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt kmf nitiftumf niumfcmf kmirma. Aml hfh kmpmt khlhamt kmrh pr`sikur/jinmfhsji pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc tilma khjmsunnmf ni kmlmj Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma amrus =58
Smwmfbmrm kifcmf O`ooy F`vrhzmf, R.Rh siomcmh Nipmlm Ruo Ohkmfc Uifcmwmsmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, pmkm amrh Nmjhs 58 Diorumrh ?5=3 kh Nmft`r Omhtul Jml Mbia.
=59
=59
jifchnuth mturmf niumfcmf kmirma kmf khsmjmnmf kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym, nifkmthpuf jinmfhsji pijufcutmf kmf pifymlurmffym titmp sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhma. o. Kmlmj aml jifymlurnmf kmfm zmnmt, Omhtul Jml Mbia amrus jifufccu pifcismamf Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia, sitilma htu Omhtul Jml Mbia omru kmpmt jilmnsmfmnmf pifymlurmf zmnmt, sikmfcnmf justmahn sibmrm tirus jifirus jijirlunmf omftumf kmfm zmnmt, nithnm jifufccu pifcismamf MUOM MU OM jmnm pr`crmj Omhtul Jml ymfc oirshdmt oirnilmfgutmf, o irnilmfgutmf, sipirth
oimshswm
smftrh/jmamshswm
ohfmmf
thkmn
ohsm
jilmfgutnmf
pifkhkhnmf nmrifm kmfm ymfc khsmlurnmf `lia Omhtul Jml tirsifkmt kmf pmkm tmauf ?5=4 Omhtul Jml thkmn kmpmt jifgmlmfnmf pr`crmjfym silmjm lhjm oulmf nmrifm amrus jifufccu pr`sis pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt siahfccm mnmf jifcamjomt pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt kmf aml hfh jifhjoulnmf jukamrmt ymfc ymfc bunup oismr nipmkm justmahn. b. Gujlma zmnmt ymfc khsmlurnmf thkmn amrus smjm kifcmf gujlma ymfc khtirhjm nmrifm wmgho tirhnmt kifcmf plmtd`rj ymfc khtitmpnmf kmlmj Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia. Mpmohlm rimlhsmsh pifirhjmmf zmnmt lioha oismr kmrh zmnmt ymfc khrifbmfmnmf siomcmhjmfm ymfc khsmanmf kmlmj KUM Rinritmrhmt Omhtul Jml Mbia, jmnm kmfm zmnmt ymfc lioha kmrh pirifbmfmmf thkmn kmpmt khtmrhn mtmu khbmhrnmf jifgmkh Rhsm Lioha Uijohmymmf Mfccmrmf (RHLUM) uftun mfccmrmf tmauf jifkmtmfc. Aml hfh
=54
=54
khsiomonmf pr`sis pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt tirsiout amrus jifchnuth jinmfhsji pirifbmfmmf ymfc sukma mkm. Kijhnhmf gucm ghnm gujlma zmnmt ymfc khtirhjm lioha sikhnht kmrh ymfc khrifbmfmnmf (sikmfcnmf plmtd`rj mfccmrmf sukma khtitmpnmf kmlmj KUM), jmnm pifcilumrmf pmkm p`s zmnmt kmlmj KUM tirsiout ounmflma sijumfym kmfm zmnmt, jilmhfnmf kmrh sujoir lmhf ymfc thkmn khnitmauh fmjuf sma khcufmnmf jifurut mturmf tmtm nil`lm niumfcmf ficmrm. k.
Kmlmj aml pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm pmkm pr`crmj zmnmt pr`kunthd ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtu Jml jmsha jifumh n`ftr`virsh nmrifm amrus jifchnuth jinmfhsji pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm sipirth ymfc kh mtur kmlmj Uirpris F`j`r ; [mauf ?5=9, piruomamf niijpmt mtms Uirpris F`j`r 9; [mauf ?5=5 tiftmfc Uifcmkmmf Omrmfc kmf Gmsm. Uhlhamffym amrus jilmluh p`lm tifkir, pifufgunmf lmfcsufc, kmf swmnil`lm, amrus jilmluh nipmfhthmmf ymfc oirsirthdhnmt. Aml hfh thkmn sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhma nmrifm umfc zmnmt ymfc khcufmnmf uftun jifmfccufc ohmym mkjhfhstrmsh tifkir, gmsm n`fsultmf kmf pifcmwms, hfsifthd pmfhthm thkmn mkm auoufcmffym kifcmf justmahn zmnmt. Ripirth nmsus ymfc tirgmkh pmkm tmauf ?5=4, nithnm jmsun pmkm jmsm mfccmrmf pifymlurmf kmfm tufmh. Mkmpuf pr`crmj ymfc hfchf khgmlmfnmf `lia Omhtul Jml mkmlma nichmtmf pifymlurmf mlmt nirgm, fmjuf kmfm zmnmt ymfc mnmf khcufmnmf tirkmpmt pmkm n`ki rinifhfc umfc tufmh siahfccm
=53
=53
phamn Omhtul Jml jifcmlmjh nisulhtmf uftun jifb`b`nnmffym. Omhtul Jml amrus jifcufkmfc justmahn kmtmfc ni Omhtul Jml uftun jifcmjohl zmnmt oirupm kmfm tufmh uftun jijoilh sifkhrh omrmfc/mlmt nirgm ymfc khpirlunmf sisumh kifcmf mrmamf Omhtul Jml. Nithnm umfc tilma khsirmanmf jmnm justmahn tirsiout jijoirhnmf N[U kmf kmlmj wmntu kum amrh sitilma pifyirmamf kmfm tufmh justmahn oirniwmghomf jilmp`rnmf nijomlh ni Omhtul Jml kifcmf jifyirmanmf ounth pijoilhmf omrmfc oisirtm d`t` omrmfc tirsiout. Kmlmj aml hfh siamrusfym Omhtul Jml ohsm jijoilh sifkhrh omrmfc ymfc hfchf khsmlurnmf ni justmahn, fmjuf nmrifm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma
kmf amrus tufkun ==5
nipmkm Uirmturmf Kmirma jmnm Omhtul Jml thkmn kmpmt jilmnunmffym. O.
RymrĮ‘ma [iramkmp [hfgmuf JmqčṢhk Msy- RymrĮ‘ma
Uirjmsmlmamf ymfc [irgmkh
kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia
Oirkmsmrnmf pifgilmsmf kh mtms, jmnm kmpmt khlhamt omawm wmlmupuf khgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma jijhlhnh oioirmpm niliohamf, fmjuf tirfymtm nifkmlm ymfc khamkmph `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia lioha oismr kmf tilma oirhjoms lmfcsufc tiramkmp juzmnnh kmf justmahq zmnmt. Kmpmt khpmamjh mkmlma smtu tugumf zmnmt khgmkhnmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma mkmlma usmam privifthd pijirhftma tiramkmp kmfm
==5
Smwmfbmrm kifcmf Mki Hrfmjh, R[ siomcmh Nipmlm Ohkmfc R`shmlhsmsh kmf Uifcijomfcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, pmkm amrh Nmjhs 58 Diorumrh ?5=3 kh Nmft`r Omhtul Jml Mbia.
=51
=51
zmnmt mcmr kmpmt khnil`lm kifcmf omhn kmf ohsm tirahfkmr kmrh pifymlmacufmmf `lia oiromcmh phamn ymfc oirnipifthfcmf, fmjuf ymfc thkmn nmlma pifthfc pifthf c mkmlma jilhamt mnhomt ymfc khthjoulnmf naususfym omch Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh pifcil`lm zmnmt, juzmnnh siomcmh phamn ymfc jifcilumrnmf zmnmt kmf justmahq siomcmh phamn ymfc pmlhfc jijoutuanmf kmfm zmnmt tirsiout. Uifcujpulmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia tilma sisumh kifcmf nitiftumf symrhma siomcmhjmfm ymfc kh tirmfcnmf kmlmj surmt mt-[muoma mymt =52, ymfc jijirhftmanmf pijufcutmf zmnmt `lia pifcumsm, kmf kmlmj aml hfh Omhtul Jml Mbia mkmlma mjhlfym pijirhftma Mbia. Mkmpuf gifhs-gifhs zmnmt ymfc khpufcut `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia jilhputh zmnmt pifcamshlmf kmf zmnmt jml. Kmlmj pifcujpulmf zmnmt Omhtul Jml Mbia thkmn jifcmlmjh nifkmlm, fmjuf nmrifm zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma jmnm zmnmt tirsiout amrus khsit`r ni Oifkmamrm Yjuj Mbia. Kmlmj aml pijufcutmf zmnmt pifcamshlmf kmrh juzmnnh naususfym Uicmwmh Ficirh Rhphl siomcmhjmfm ymfc tirkmpmt kmlmj Uirmturmf Cuoirfur Mbia F`j`r 4 [mauf ?5== omawm pij`t`fcmf cmgh sibmrm lmfcsufc khlmnunmf ghnm tirpifuahfym symrmt fhsamo ymhtu gujlma pifcamshlmf ymfc khnifmnmf zmnmt kmlmj smtu tmauf sitmrm kifcmf 8; crmj ijms jurfh mtmu sithmp oulmf khnifmnmf zmnmt =/=? kmrh 8; crmj ijms ymhtu 3,12 crmj, kh jmfm fhlmh umfcfym khtitmpnmf `lia Kiwmf Uirthjomfcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia sisumh kifcmf pirnijomfcmf amrcm ijms rmtm-rmtm ymfc sikmfc oirlmnu kh pmsmrmf.
=58
=58
Oirkmsmrnmf cmcmsmf kh mtms kmpmt khlhamt omawm ymfc jifgmkh pirthjomfcmf pijirhftma kmlmj jijufcut zmnmt pifcamshlmf naususfym kmrh UFR amfym jilhamt kmrh symrmt tirpifuahfym fhsamo zmnmt tmfpm jijpirhjomfcmf pirsymrmtmf lmhffym sipirth tiroioms kmrh autmfc kmf lioha kmrh nioutuamf p`n`n pijhlhnfym. Umkmaml Hslmj sifkhrh thkmn jiwmghonmf zmnmt mtms silurua amrtm oifkm titmph jiwmghonmf zmnmt mtms amrtm oifkm ymfc jifbmpmh fhsmo, oirsha kmrh autmfc sirtm niliohamf kmrh nioutuamf p`n`n pijhlhnfym. Nithcm symrmt tirsiout amrus khpiramthnmf `lia pijirhftma kmlmj jififtunmf juzmnnh ymfc wmgho zmnmt nmrifm mpmohlm zmnmt khwmghonmf nipmkm UFR tmfpm jijpirthjomfcnmf symrmt lmhf silmhf fhsamo jmnm mnmf jifhjoulnmf nikamlhjmf siahfccm kmpmt jijomamymnmf ghwm kmf amrtm juzmnnh oisirtm tmfccufcmffym (nilumrcmfym). Umkm kmsmrfym kmlmj niwmghomf zmnmt amrus tirwugukfym nimkhlmf sibmrm a`lhsthn kmlmj oiromcmh khjifsh s`shml, tirutmjm kmlmj jifgmjhf nilmfcsufcmf ahkup omhn kmrh shsh juzmnnh jmupuf justmahq siomcmhjmfm tugumf jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‘ma. symrĮ‘ma. Omhtul Jml Mbia siomcmh phamn pifcil`lm zmnmt jifcmlmjh nisulhtmf kmlmj jifcil`lm zmnmt ymfc khgmkhnmf siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, naususfym kmlmj jilmnunmf pifbmhrmf kmfm kmrh Nms Yjuj Mbia ymfc oirhjoms lmfcsufc pmkm pifymlurmf zmnmt ymfc tirtufkm, siahfccm mnhomt ymfc khthjoulnmf mkmlma nijukamrmtmf ymfc lioha oismr kmrhpmkm nijmsalmamtmffym. Aml hfh tiftu oiroikm kifcmf tugumf ymfc hfchf khbmpmh `lia symrhmt zmnmt ymhtu jifgmjhf tirpifuahfym
==5
==5
nioutuamf justmahn cufm uftun jifyilmjmtnmf ghwm jmfushm ( ḩhd Ẓ u mf-fmds ) ymfc jirupmnmf smlma smtu kmrh tugumf jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‘ma symrĮ‘ma. Kmlmj pifkhstrhoushmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, titmp khpiruftunnmf uftun justmahn zmnmt siomcmhjmfm kmlmj surmt mt-tmuoma mymt 45 kmf thkmn khsmlurnmf nipmkm nipifthfcmf ujuj, silmhf htu zmnmt gucm jijhlhnh rinifhfc nausus tirsifkhrh kmf thkmn oirbmjpur kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym sipirth pmgmn kmf lmhf-lmhf. Fmjuf kmlmj jinmfhsji pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc tilma kh bmtmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma jmsha jifchnuth mturmf siomcmhjmfm jinmfhsji pifbmhrmf kmfm Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym. Aml hfh oiroikm kifcmf tugumf ymfc hfchf khbmpmh `lia symrhmt ymhtu jifbmpmh nisigmatirmmf
kmf
jijoirmftms
aml-aml
ymfc
jirusmn
kmf
jijomamymnmf
jmsymrmnmt, siomcmhjmfm ymfc khnmtmnmf `lia Hjmj Jmlhn omawm nipifthfcmf ujuj (jm (jm Ṣčlha Ṣčlha jursmlma) jursmlma) amrus khgmkhnmf pmt`nmf aunuj kh smjphfc usmam ===
privifthd ( smkkul smkkul żmr Į‘ma). Į‘ma).
Kmlmj ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf tiftmfc zmnmt khsioutnmf kifcmf shfcnmt, thkmn khgilmsnmf amrtm mpm smgm ymfc wmgho zmnmt, oismr zmnmt sirtm symrmt-symrmt zmnmt, aml hfh khgilmsnmf kmlmj suffma _msulullma RMS. Fmjuf ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf tilma jijoirhnmf piramthmf kifcmf k ifcmf jifirmfcnmf nipmkm shmpm zmnmt htu amrus khoirhnmf k hoirhnmf ymfc tirtumfc kmlmj surmt mt-[muoma mymt 45. Aml hfh jifchkifthdhnmshnmf omawm smfcmt pifthfc ni
===
Xususd ]mrkamwh, Aunuj ]mrkamwh, Aunuj Wmnmt, alj. ?1.
===
===
jmfm amrtm zmnmt htu amrus khnilumrnmf, siahfccm piramthmf pirtmjm khtugunmf nipmkm c`l`fcmf
ymfc
smfcmt
jijoutuanmf,
omchmf
tiroismr
amrtm
zmnmt
nausus
khpiruftunnmf omch jirinm ymfc oiramn jifirhjm. Kmrh oiromcmh pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ghnm khthfgmu kmrh jmqčṢhk msy-sym msy-symrĮ‘ma rĮ‘ma jmnm kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml Mbia lioha omfymn jifhjoulnmf pr`olijmthnm ymfc kmpmt jijomamymnmf ghwm justmahq zmnmt, nmrifm justmahq zmnmt nausufym dmnhr kmf jhsnhf mkmlma phamn ymfc pmlhfc jirmsmnmf idin kmrh pirmturmf tiftmfc zmnmt ymfc khgmkhnmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, nithnm Omhtul Jml Mbia jifcmlmjh nifkmlm kmlmj pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt kmrh Nms Yjuj Mbia jmnm zmnmt ymfc amrus khsmlurnmf gucm tirtmamf, sikmfcnmf justmahq jijirlunmf kmfm zmnmt tirsiout uftun oirtmamf ahkup kmf thkmn o`lia tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt, mpmohlm tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf jmnm mnmf jifcmfbmj
niahkupmf
(ghwm)
justmahq.
pijilhamrmmf ghwm justmahq tirmomhnmf.
Aml
tirsiout
tilma
jifcmnhomtnmf
OMO T UIFY[YU M.
Nishjpulmf
Oirkmsmrnmf amshl pifilhthmf ymfc tilma khlmnunmf kmf khurmhnmf sioilujfym siahfccm kmpmt khshjpulnmf siomcmh oirhnut7 =. Mkmpuf Ur`olijmthnm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia mkmlma kmlmj jinmfhsji pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt ymfc tilma khjmsunnmf ni kmlmj Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma amrus jifchnuth mturmf niumfcmf kmirma kmf khsmjmnmf kifcmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma lmhffym, pmkm pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt Omhtul Jml Mbia amrus jifufccu pifcismamf Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia sikmfcnmf justmahq sibmrm tirus jifirus jijirlunmf omftumf kmfm zmnmt, gujlma zmnmt ymfc ymfc khsmlurnmf thkmn amrus smjm kifcmf gujlma ymfc khtirhjm nmrifm wmgho tirhnmt kifcmf plmtd`rj ymfc khtitmpnmf kmlmj Mfccmrmf Uifkmpmtmf Oilmfgm Mbia. Kmlmj aml pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm pmkm pr`crmj zmnmt pr`kunthd
ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtu Jml jmsha jifumh n`ftr`virsh
nmrifm amrus jifchnuth jinmfhsji pifcmkmmf omrmfc kmf gmsm siahfccm Omhtul Jml Mbia jifcmlmjh nisulhtmf kmlmj jirimlhsmshnmf pr`crmj tirsiout. ?. Kmrh oiromcmh pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj pifcil`lmmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma ghnm khthfgmu kmrh jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‘ma symrĮ‘ma jmnm kmpmt khshjpulnmf omawm pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc khlmnunmf `lia Omhtul Jml
Mbia
lioha
omfymn
jifhjoulnmf
==?
pr`olijmthnm
ymfc
kmpmt
==2
jijomamymnmf ghwm justmahq zmnmt, nmrifm justmahq zmnmt nausufym dmnhr kmf jhsnhf mkmlma phamn ymfc pmlhfc jirmsmnmf idin kmrh pirmturmf tiftmfc zmnmt ymfc khgmkhnmf Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma, nithnm Omhtul Jml Mbia jifcmlmjh nifkmlm kmlmj pifbmhrmf kmfm zmnmt kmrh Nms Yjuj Mbia ymfc oirhjoms pmkm tirnifkmlmfym pr`sis pifymlurmf zmnmt nipmkm justmahq, sikmfcnmf justmahq jijirlunmf kmfm zmnmt tirsiout uftun oirtmamf ahkup kmf thkmn o`lia tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf pifymlurmf kmfm zmnmt, mpmohlm tirgmkh nitirlmjomtmf jmnm mnmf jifcmfbmj niahkupmf (ghwm) justmahq. Aml tirsiout tilma jifcmnhomtnmf pijilhamrmmf ghwm justmahq tirmomhnmf. Aml hfh tiftu oiroikm kifcmf tugumf ymfc hfchf khbmpmh `lia symrhmt zmnmt ymhtu jifgmjhf tirpifuahfym nioutuamf justmahn cufm uftun jifyilmjmtnmf ghwm jmfushm (ḩ ( ḩhd Ẓ u mf-fmds ) ymfc jirupmnmf smlma smtu kmrh tugumf jmqčṢhk msymsy- symrĮ‘ma. symrĮ‘ma. O.
Rmrmf
Mkmpuf oioirmpm smrmf ymfc ohsm khsmjpmhnmf ni oiromcmh phamn siomcmh oirhnut7 =. Wmnmt jirupmnmf smlma smtu ilijif pifthfc kmlmj pijomfcufmf in`f`jh, naususfym in`f`jh justmahq zmnmt, khgmkhnmf zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma siomcmhjmfm ymfc tirtumfc kmlmj Umsml ?; ]mfuf Mbia F`.=5 [mauf ?553 tiftmfc Omhtul Jml amrus khlhamt nijomlh `lia pijirhftma Mbia, siahfccm ]mfuf hfh kmpmt khrivhsh oirkmsmrnmf oiromcmh pirthjomfcmf pirjmsmlmamf ymfc thjoul kmlmj hjplijiftmshfym.
==;
?. Uifilhthmf tiftmfc hjplijiftmsh zmnmt siomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kmrh thfgmumf aunuj Hslmj jmsha jijhlhnh pilumfc uftun khtilhth lioha lmfgut `lia pifilhth ymfc lmhf ymhtu kifcmf jijomfkhfcnmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt ymfc mkm kh Mbia kifcmf pifcil`lmmf zmnmt z mnmt kh whlmyma lmhf Hfk`fishm, aml hfh uftun jilhamt nhfirgm kmf nioiramshlmf lijomcm-lijomcm pifcil`lm zmnmt, siahfccm khamrmpnmf ohsm jifgmkh smlma smtu ridirifsh omch pijirhftma uftun nijmgumf pirzmnmtmf Fmsh`fml.
KMD[M_ UYR[MNM M. Ml-]ur‘mf
Kipmrtijif Mcmjm _H, Ml-]ur _H, Ml-]ur čf čf kmf [irgijma, Rijmrmfc7 [`am Uutrm, [[. O. Ml-Amkhs
Moh Hsm Juamjjmk Hof Hsm Hof Rurma, ml- Gmjh‘ msms- ṯ maha maha Sm Auwm Rufmf ml[hrjhż [hrjhżh, Ghlhk h, Ghlhk HHH, Oihrut, Kmr ml-Dhnr, =;51 A/=811 J B. Dhnha
Mou Omnmr, Ml Xmsm‘, Rymrh‘mt Hslmj kh Ur`vhfsh Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj> Umrmkhcjm Niohgmnmf kmf Nichmtmf, Omfkm Mbia7 Khfms Rymrhmt Hslmj Ur`vhfsh Fmfccr`i Mbia Kmrussmlmj, ?551. Mdlma, Nuftmrf` F``r kmf J`ak. Fmshr [mgmfc, Wmnmt kmf Uirmf Ficmrm, Gmnmrtm7 D`ruj Wmnmt (D@W), ?554. Mdlma, F``r, Mrshtintur F``r, Mrshtintur Wmnmt Hfk`fishm, (Gmnmrtm7 Uifiroht Yfhvirshtms Hfk`fishm (YH-Uriss), ?558. Mlh, Juamjjmk Kmuk, Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj Wmnmt kmf Smnmd, Gmnmrtm7 Uifiroht Yfhvirshtms Hfk`fishm (YH-Uriss), =881. Mrhd, J. Fur _hmft` Ml, [i`rh Jmnr`in`f`jh Hslmj7 N`fsip, [i`rh, kmf Mfmlhshs, Mfmlhshs , Omfkufc7 Mldmoitm, ?5=5. Mrhnuft`, Ruamrshjh, Ur`sikur Uifilhthmf7 Rumtu Uifkinmtmf Urmntin Gmnmrtm7 _ihfinm Bhptm, =881. Bamjhk, Fur, Gigmn Lmfcnma Rigmrma Uijhnhrmf In`f`jh Hslmj, X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, ?5=5. Kmna`hr, Majmk, Aunuj Wmnmt7 Uifcmturmf kmf Hfticrmsh Nilicijommf Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kifcmf Dufcsh Lijomcm Uiromfnmf Rurmomym7 Mswmgm Urisshfk`, ?5=9. Kmrhsi, Furlmf, Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf Kmirma7 Uik`jmf uftun Insinuthd kmf Lichslmthd, _mfcnujmf 3 Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc, Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc, 25 Uirmturmf Uijirhftma kmf =9 Uirjifkmcrh, ikhsh ni-?, Gmnmrtm7 Hfkins, ?558. PPPPPPPPPPPP, PPPPPPPPPPPP, Uifcil`lmmf Niumfcmf pmkm Rmtumf Nirgm Uirmfcnmt Kmirma (RNUK) kmf Omkmf Lmymfmf Yjuj Gmnmrtm7 Hfkins, ?558. Dmnarukkhf, Dhqa kmf Jmfmgijif Wmnmt kh Hfk`fishm, Jmlmfc7 YHF-Jmlmfc Uriss, ?551.
==9
==4
Cusdmajh, Umgmn Cusdmajh, Umgmn Jifurut Rymrhma, Gmnmrtm7 _mgmwmlh Uirs, ?5==. Amkh, Juamjjmk, Ur`olijmthnm Wmnmt Ur`dish kmf R`lushfym7 Riouma [hfgmumf Aunuj Hslmj, X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, ?5=5. Amdhkaukkhf, Khkhf, Wmnmt kmlmj Uirin`f`jhmf J`kirf, J`kirf, Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?55?. PPPPPPPPPPP, PPPPPPPPPPP, Mcmr Amrtm Oirnma kmf Oirtmjoma, Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?553. Amlhj ,Mokul kmf Juamjjmk Rymj Nusudh, Mnuftmfsh Rint`r Uuolhn7 Mnuftmfsh Niumfcmf Kmirma, (Gmnmrtm7 Rmlijom Ijpmt, ?5=;. Aukm, Furul, knn, Niumfcmf Uuolhn Hslmj> Uifkinmtmf [i`rhths kmf Rigmrma, Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5=?. PPPPPPPPPPPPPP, PPPPPPPPPPPPPP, Wmnmt Uirspinthd Jhnr`-Jmnr`> Uifkinmtmf _hsit, Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5=9. Hfmyma, Cmzh, Ml-Hqthsmk Cmzh, Ml-Hqthsmk Ml-Hslmjh Mz-Wmnma wm Mk-Kmrhoma, tirg. Wmhfukhf Mkfmf kmf Fmhlul Dmlma, [i`rh tiftmfc Wmnmt kmf Umgmn , X`cymnmrtm7 [hmrm Smbmfm X`cym, ?552. Gmym, Msmdrh, N`fsip Jmqmsahk Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, =884.
Rymrh'ma
Jifurut
ml-Rymthoh ml-Rymthoh Gmnmrtm7 _mgm
N. Luohs, Ruarmwmrkh, Aunuj Ruarmwmrkh, Aunuj In`f`jh Hslmj, Gmnmrtm7 Rhfmr Crmdhnm, ?555. Nmda, J`fzmr, In`f`jh J`fzmr, In`f`jh Hslmj, [ilm‘ma Mfmlhthn [iramkmp Dufcsh Rhstij In`f`jh Hslmj, X`cymnmrtm7 Uustmnm Uilmgmr, =899. Nmrhj, Mkhwmrjmf Mswmr, In`f`jh Hslmj Rumtu Nmghmf N`ftijp`rir, Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh Uriss, ?55=. Jmwmrkh, Majmk Hjmj, Dhqa Jhf`rhtms7 Dhqa ml-Mqmllhymt kmf Iv`lush Jmqmsahk ml- Rymrh‘ma Rymrh‘ma kmrh N`fsip ni Uifkinmtmf Uifkinmtmf X`cymnmrtm7Lnhs, ?5=5. Jmrkmfh, Ysaul Dhqa Gmnmrtm7 Dhqa Gmnmrtm7 _mgmCrmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?5=2. Judrmhfh, Mrhid, Mnuftmfsh Mrhid, Mnuftmfsh kmf Jmfmgijif Wmnmt> Jifc`jufhnmshnmf Nismkmrmf kmf Jijomfcuf Gmrhfcmf, Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?554. Juamjjmk, Jit`k`l`ch Uifilhthmf In`f`jh Hslmj Uifkinmtmf Numlhtmthd, Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk`, ?551. Jugmahkhf, Majmk, In`f`jh Majmk, In`f`jh Hslmj, Hslmj, Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?553.
==3
Fmsuth`f, Justmdm Ikwhf, knn, Uifcifmlmf Insnlushs In`f`jh Hslmj, Hslmj, Gmnmrtm7 Urifmkm Jikhm, ?553. ]mkhr, Mokurrmbajmf, Wmnmt kmlmj Khjifsh Jmakma kmf R`shml , Gmnmrtm7 _mgm Crmdhfk` Uirsmkm, ?55=. _majmf, Mdzmlur, K`ntrhf In`f`jh Hslmj, bit.ni-?, X`cymnmrtm7 Kmfm Oamnth Urhjm Xmsm, ?55?. Rahkhq, Rmphukhf, Ysaul Dhqa Gmnmrtm7 Dhqa Gmnmrtm7 Nifbmfm, ?5==. Rukhrjmf, Wmnmt Kmlmj Uusmrmf Mrus J`kirfhtms Jmlmfc7 YHF Jmlmfc Uriss, ?553. Rith`f`, Uijmamjmf Rith`f`, Uijmamjmf [iramkmp [iramkmp Jit`k`l`ch Uifilhthmf Aunuj, Rurmnmrtm7Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Yfhvirshtms Rioilms Jmrit, ?559.
Ruchy`f`, Jit`ki Uifilhthmf Uifilht hmf Uifkhkhnmf> Uifkinmtmf Numfthtmthd, Numlhtmthd, kmf _&K, _&K, bit. ni-?2, Omfkufc7 Mldmoitm, ?5=4. ]mrkmwh, Xusud, Aunuj Wmnmt> Rtukh N`jpmrmthd Jifcifml Rtmtus kmf Dhlsmdmt Wmnmt Oirkmsmrnmf ml-]ur‘čf ml-]ur‘čf kmf ml-Amk Įṭ Įṭ , tirg.Rmljmf Amruf, knn, bit.ni-==, O`c`r7 Uustmnm Lhtirm Mftmr Fusm, ?5=5. Wuamhlh, Smaoma mz-, Dhqa Hslmj wm Mkhllmtuau,Ghlhk Mkhllmtuau,Ghlhk 2, tirg. Mokul Amyyhi mlNmttmfh, knn Gmnmrtm7 Cijm Hfsmfh, ?5==. PPPPPPPPPPPPP, PPPPPPPPPPPPP, Wmnmt Wmnmt kmlmj Oiromcmh Jmzamo, Jmzamo, tirg.Mcus Iddifkh kmf Omarukkhf Dmfmffy, Omfkufc7 _ijmgm _`skmnmrym, ?551.
K. Uirmturmf Uirufkmfc-ufkmfcmf
Kipmrtijif Kmlmj Ficirh, Yfkmfc-ufkmfc _H, F`j`r ;; tmauf =888 [iftmfc Nihsthjiwmmf Mbia. Kipmrtijif Kmlmj Ficirh, Yfkmfc-ufkmfc _H, F`j`r == tmauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia. Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F` =3 [mauf ?552 [iftmfc Niumfcmf Fi cmrm. Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5=; [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Kmirma. Yfkmfc Yfk mfc-Yf -Yfkmf kmfc c F`j`r 2? [mauf ?55; [iftmfc Uirhjomfcmf Niumfcmf mftmrm Uijirhftma Uusmt kmf Kmirma. Uirmturmf Uijirhftma _H F`j`r 49 [mauf ?55= [iftmfc Umgmn Kmirma.
==1
]mfuf Mbia F`j`r =5 [mauf ?553 [iftmfc Omhtul Jml . I. Lmhf-lmhf
Mou Omnmr Ml Xmsm‘ , Rifhd Uifirhjm Wmnmt7 Riouma Ypmym Yftun _ihftirpritmsh, Jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm Rijhfmr Hftirfmsh`fml Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Gurfml Jikhm Rymrh‘ma kmf Dmnultms Rymrhma & In`f`jh Hslmj YHF Mr Mr _mfhry oinirgm smjm kifcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, kh Omfkm Mbia =2-=; Mcustus ?5=; J., oirtipmtmf =3-=1 Rymwwml =;29 A. Mrjhmkh, Jusm, N`ftrhoush Uijirhftma kmlmj Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt kh Mbia (n`ftiftmsh Uifirmpmf Msms Lix Rpibhmlhs kmf Lix Cifirmlhsi), Jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm Rijhfmr Hftirfmsh`fml Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt, Gurfml Jikhm Rymrh‘ma kmf Dmnultms Rymrhma & In`f`jh Hslmj YHF Mr -_mfhry -_mfhry oinirgm smjm kifcmf Omhtul Jml Mbia, kh Omfkm Mbia =2-=; Mcustus ?5=; J., oirtipmtmf =3-=1 Rymwwml =;29 A. Kgufik, [J. Kmfhil, Omhtul Jml Lijomcm _isjh Uifcil`lm Wmnmt , jmnmlma khsmjpmhnmf pmkm _mnir Ohjtin Omhtul Jml si-Ur`v si -Ur`v FMK ==-=? Gulh ?554, Msrmjm Amgh Omfkm Mbia. Il Smdm, Dmqha, Uijmamjmf Wmnmt Ur`kunthd Umkm Lijomcm Mjh Wmnmt kh N`tm X`cymnmrtm (Rtukh Umsml ?3 Mymt (?) Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r ?2 [mauf ?5== tiftmfc Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt), [ishs Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm, ?5=9. ?5=9. Dumkh, “Yrcifsh “Yrcifsh Uifcmturmf Wmnmt7 Ivmlumsh Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifcurmfc Umgmn Uifcamshlmf [irautmfc ( [mxis-Brikht ) kmlmj Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc Yfkmfc-Yfkmfc F`j`r == [mauf ?554 [iftmfc Uijirhftmamf Mbia‚ , Gurfml Hlju Rymrh‘ma kmf Aunuj, Msy-Ryhr‘ma Msy-Ryhr‘ma,, F`. ?, [a. QLTHHH, Kisijoir ?5=;. Uuromsmrh, Hfkma, Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt `lia Omkmf kmf Lijomcm Mjhl Wmnmt kh Rurmomym kmf Cirshn‘, Gurfml Jhjomr Aunuj F` =, [a. QQTHH Diorumrh ?5=9. Ritym Oukh, Hjmf, Hjmf, [mtm Nil`lm Wmnmt - Kmlmj Uirspinthd Aunuj Hslmj Kmf Aunuj U`shthd, [ishs Ur`crmj Umsbmsmrgmfm Ur`crmj Rtukh Aunuj Hslmj N`fsiftrmsh Aunuj Ohsfhs Rymrhma Yfhvirshtms Hslmj Ficirh Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm, ?5==.
Lmjphrmf =7 [irgijmamf Ml-]ur‘mf Ml-]ur‘mf [I_GIJMAMF
F`
Aml
=
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F`
Aml
2
=8
;
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9
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4
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3
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1
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8
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[irgijmamf OMO H
Mjohllma zmnmt kmrh siomchmf amrtm jirinm, kifcmf zmnmt htu nmju jijoirshanmf kmf jifsubhnmf jirinm kmf jifk`mlma uftun jirinm. Risufccuafym k`m nmju htu (jifgmkh) nitiftirmjmf ghwm omch jirinm. kmf Mllma Jmam jifkifcmr lmch Jmam jifcitmauh. jifcitmauh. Risufccuafym zmnmt-zmnmt htu, amfymlma uftun `rmfc-`rmfc dmnhr, `rmfc-`rmfc jhsnhf, pifcurus-pifcurus zmnmt, pmrm ju'mllmd ymfc khougun amthfym, uftun (jijirkinmnmf) oukmn, `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc oirautmfc, uftun gmlmf Mllma kmf uftun jirinm yumfc sikmfc kmlmj pirgmlmfmf, siomcmh sumtu nititmpmf ymfc khwmghonmf Mllma, kmf Mllma Jmam jifcitmauh lmch Jmam Ohgmnsmfm.
OMO HH
Risufccuafym oiruftufclma `rmfc ymfc ymfc jifsubhnmffym jifsubhnmffym ghwm htu. Mjohllma zmnmt kmrh siomchmf amrtm jirinm, kifcmf zmnmt htu nmju jijoirshanmf kmf jifsubhnmf jirinm kmf jifk`mlma uftun jirinm. Risufccuafym k`m nmju htu (jifgmkh) nitiftirmjmf ghwm omch jirinm. kmf Mllma Jmam jifkifcmr lmch lmch Jmam Jifcitmauh. Uirujpmjmmf (fmdnma ymfc khnilumrnmf `lia) `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc jifmdnmanmf amrtmfym kh gmlmf Mllma mkmlma sirupm kifcmf siouthr oifha ymfc jifujouanmf tugua oulhr, pmkm thmp-thmp oulhr sirmtus ohgh. Mllma jilhpmt cmfkmnmf (cmfgmrmf) omch shmpm ymfc Khm niaifkmnh. kmf Mllma Jmam Lums (nmrufhm-Fym) lmch Jmam jifcitmauh. Xmhtu `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc nhnhr, kmf jifyurua `rmfc lmhf oiroumt nhnhr, kmf Jifyijoufyhnmf nmrufhm Mllma ymfc tilma khoirhnmf-Fym nipmkm jirinm. kmf Nmjh tilma jifyikhmnmf uftun `rmfc-`rmfc nmdhr shnsm ymfc jifcahfmnmf. Kmf `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc kmlmj amrtmfym tirsikhm omchmf tirtiftu, omch `rmfc (jhsnhf) ymfc jijhftm kmf `rmfc ymfc thkmn jijpufymh mpmmpm (ymfc thkmn jmu jijhftm). Kmf t`l`fc-jif`l`fclma nmju kmlmj (jifcirgmnmf) niomghnmf kmf tmnwm Kmf kmf mpm smgm amrtm rmjpmsmf (dmh‘h) ymfc khoirhnmf Mllma nipmkm _msulFym (kmrh amrtm oifkm) jirinm, Jmnm uftun jifkmpmtnmf htu nmju thkmn jifcirmanmf siin`r nukmpuf kmf (thkmn pulm) siin`r uftmpuf, titmph Mllma ymfc jijoirhnmf ninumsmmf nipmkm _msul-
=5
2?
==
;;
=?
;1
=2
;8
=;
;8
Fym tiramkmp mpm smgm s mgm ymfc khniaifkmnhFym. kmf Mllma Jmam Numsm mtms sicmlm sisumtu. Mpm smgm amrtm rmjpmsmf (dmh‘h) (dmh‘h) ymfc khoirhnmf Mllma nipmkm _msulFym (kmrh amrtm oifkm) ymfc oirmsml kmrh pifkukun n`tm-n`tm Jmnm mkmlma uftun Mllma, uftun rmsul, nmuj nirmomt, mfmn-mfmn ymthj, `rmfc-`rmfc jhsnhf kmf `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc kmlmj pirgmlmfmf, supmym amrtm htu gmfcmf oirikmr kh mftmrm `rmfc-`rmfc Nmym smgm kh mftmrm nmju. mpm ymfc khoirhnmf _msul nipmkmju, Jmnm tirhjmlma. kmf mpm ymfc khlmrmfcfym omchju, Jmnm thfccmlnmflma. kmf oirtmnwmlma nipmkm Mllma. Risufccuafym Mllma Mjmt nirms aunujmffym. Risufccuafym _msulullma smw. Nithnm oirjmnsuk uftun jifcutus Jumkz ni Xmjmf, oilhmu oirtmfym7 mpmohlm khamkmpnmf nipmkmju smtu nmsus aunuj, omcmhjmfm nmju jijutusnmffym0, Jumkz jifgmwmo7, Rmym mnmf jijutusnmf oirkmsmrnmf Ml-]ur‘mf. Ml- ]ur‘mf. Fmoh oirtmfym lmch7, Ghnm nmsus htu thkmn nmju tijunmf kmlmj MlMl -]ur‘mf0, Jumkz jifgmwmo7,Rmym mnmf jijutusnmffym oirkmsmrnmf Ruffma _msulullma. Lioha lmfgut Fmoh oirtmfym7, Ghnm nmsusfym thkmn tirkmpmt kmlmj Ruffma _msul kmf Ml-]ur‘mf0 Ml- ]ur‘mf0 Jumkz Jumkz jifgmwmo7, Rmym mnmf oirhgthamk kifcmf sinsmjm. Nijukhmf _msulullma jifipun-fipun kmkm Jumkz kifcmf tmfcmf oilhmu, sirmym oirnmtm7, Ricmlm pugh omch Mllma ymfc tilma jijoirh pitufgun nipmkm utusmf _msulullma tiramkmp gmlmf ymfc khrhkamh-Fym‚ khrhkamh-Fym‚.. Oirhtmaunmflma nipmkm jirinm omawm Mllma tilma jiwmghonmf kmrh siomchmf amrtm-amrtm jirinm uftun khsikinmanmf. Khmjohl kmrh `rmfc nmym uftun khoirhnmf nipmkm jirinm ymfc dmnhr. Mpmohlm jirinm jifmmthju kmlmj aml hfh, jmnm pilhamrmlma mnmf nikirjmwmmf amrtm jirinm kmf tmnutlma mnmf k`m `rmfc ymfc tirmfhmym. Rufccua thkmn mkm pifcamlmfc mftmrm k`m jirinm htu kifcmf Mllma. Jirinm jifmfymnmf nipmkmju tiftmfc (pijomchmf) amrtm rmjpmsmf pirmfc, nmtmnmflma amrtm rmjpmsmf pirmfc nipufymmf Mllma kmf _msul, `lia siomo htu oirtmnwmlma nipmkm Mllma kmf piromhnhlma auoufcmf kh mftmrm sismjmju, kmf tmmtlma nipmkm Mllma kmf _msul Fym ghnm nmju mkmlma `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc ymfc oirhjmf. Risufccuafym zmnmt-zmnmt htu, amfymlma uftun `rmfc-`rmfc dmnhr, `rmfc-`rmfc jhsnhf, pifcurus-pifcurus zmnmt, pmrm ju'mllmd ymfc khougun amthfym, uftun (jijirkinmnmf) oukmn, `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc oirautmfc, uftun gmlmf gmlm f Mllma kmf uftun jirinm ji rinm yumfc sikmfc kmlmj pirgmlmfmf, siomcmh sumtu nititmpmf ymfc khwmghonmf Mllma, kmf Mllma Jmam jifcitmauh lmch Jmam Ohgmnsmfm. Kmf kmf mpm smgm amrtm rmjpmsmf (dmh‘h) ymfc khoirhnmf Mllma nipmkm _msulFym (kmrh amrtm oifkm) jirinm, Jmnm uftun jifkmpmtnmf htu nmju thkmn jifcirmanmf siin`r nukmpuf kmf (thkmn pulm) siin`r uftmpuf, titmph Mllma ymfc jijoirhnmf ninumsmmf nipmkm _msul Fym tiramkmp mpm smgm s mgm ymfc khniaifkmnhFym. kmf Mllma Jmam Numsm mtms sicmlm sisumtu.
Mpm smgm amrtm rmjpmsmf (dm‘h) (dm‘h) ymfc khoirhnmf Mllma nipmkm _msul Fym (kmrh amrtm oifkm) ymfc oirmsml o irmsml kmrh pifkukun n`tm-n`tm n`tm -n`tm Jmnm mkmlma uftun Mllma, uftun rmsul, nmuj nirmomt, mfmn-mfmn ymthj, `rmfc-`rmfc jhsnhf kmf `rmfc-`rmfc ymfc kmlmj pirgmlmfmf, supmym amrtm htu gmfcmf oirikmr kh mftmrm `rmfc-`rmfc Nmym smgm kh mftmrm nmju. mpm ymfc khoirhnmf _msul nipmkmju, Jmnm tirhjmlma. kmf mpm ymfc khlmrmfcfym omchju, Jmnm thfccmlnmflma. kmf oirtmnwmlma nipmkm Mllma. Risufccuafym Mllma Mjmt nirms aunujmffym.
Lmjphrmf ? 7 Kmdtmr _hwmymt Ahkup KMD[M_ _HSMXM[ AHKYU
M. Hkifthtms Khrh Fmjm [ijpmt/[mfccml Lmahr Gifhs Nilmjhf F` AU i-jmhl Niomfcsmmf Rtmtus Mcmjm Mlmjmt Fmjm Myma Fmjm Hou Fmjm Rumjh
7 Shlkm Mcusthm, R.Ry 7 Jiuriuku/51 Mcustus =88? 7 Uirijpumf 7 519? 45== =15= =15= 7 whlkmmcusthm55Ecjmhl.b`j 7 Hfk`fishm 7 Jifhnma 7 Hslmj 7 Gl.Hsnmfkmr Jukm, Jiuriuku, Uhkhi Gmym, Mbia. 7 J.Xusud (Mlj) 7 Gujhmth 7 Juamjjmk Ikhymfh, J.Uk.
O. _hwmymt Uifkhkhnmf Uifkhkhnmf D`rjml m. o. b. k. i.
RK RJU RJM R= R?
7 Rin`lma Kmsmr Ficirh 9 Jiuriuku 7 RJU Ficirh = Jiuriuku 7 JM Rwmstm _uaul _uaul Hslmj Mfmn Omfcsm Mbia Oismr 7 YHF Mr-_mfhry Omfkm Mbia 7 YHF Rufmf Nmlhgmcm X`cymnmrtm
(=881-?55;) (?55;-?553) (?553-?5=5) (?553-?5=5) (?5=5-?5=9) (?5=9-?5=3)
B. Uristmsh/Uifcamrcmmf Urikhnmt Bujlmuki [iromhn kmlmjShsukm Uirh`ki Rijistir Cmfghl [mauf Mnmkijhn ?5=;/?5=9 kh YHF Mr-_mfhry Omfkm Mbia. K. Uifilhthmf m. Mfmlhshs Uirtmfccufcgmwmomf _hshn` Umkm Mnmk Jukamrmoma (Rtukh Nmsus [`n` Jmorur Gmym, Jiuriuku) o. [hfgmumf JmqčṢhk msy-RymrĮ‘ma RymrĮ‘ma [iramkmp Uifcil`lmmf Wmnmt Riomcmh Uifkmpmtmf Mslh Kmirma kh Omhtul Jml Mbia X`cymnmrtm, =? Mprhl ?5=3
Shlkm Mcusthm, R.Ry
