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UARGAiIfT lllurilraled
Contents Page 13 Prul Stevenson lE ChrisPeers
Waeanes llluslatecJis published on the last Thurcdayof eachnonth by: SltatagemPublicationsLtd., 18 LoversLane, Newark,Notts.NG241HZTel:063671973EDITORT Duncan Maclarlane. TYPESETTING & REPROOUCTION BY:P€ssplan ServicesLld. PnINTEDin England.DISTRIAUTORS: Comag I\ragazinelvlarkellng,Tavistock Road, Wesl Drayton, MiddlesexUB7 7QE. USA: The Emperols Headquaders, 5744WestlrvingParkRoad,Chicago,lllinois60634.Tel:312 777 8668.CANADA:RAFI\,4 CompanyInc.,20 ParkhillRoad East,Cambridge, Onlario,Canada,NlR 1P6 AUSTBALIA: Bay Complon,Essex l,4iniaturcs Lld.,9 LowannaPlace, Hornsby,NSW 2077. FRANCE:Jeux de GuerreDittusion, 6 rue de Meissonier, Paris75017.
SUBJCRIPTIO S lor 12issuesol waroames lllustraled are€22intheU.K. Europe& restol Worldsurface:€26-Reslot Worldajrmajlt36. EACK IUIBERS Allissues exceotnos.l.2& 3 areslill available al 12eachoostoaid. Backnumberc ofouroccasional soscial exlraDublicalion Warqames Worldarealsoslillavdable Nos2,3,4:t2.rmpost paid:No.5!1 .80poslpard. (capacity BIIIDERS torWargames lllustrated 12issues). Bindelsfor Wargames Woddalsoavaibble.Samecapacily,same price.Price:€6iost padInuK. Beslof World:add11.50extraoostaoe.
Fronr 3TnATAGE[plaricmors l! lcv.r. Ln., X.!.ik,
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Rebkins, Redcoats& Rangersfrom the collection of Fronl Rank Figuines proptietorldesiSnerAlec Browe - 25mn "The Frcnch & India Wan fgures to enableyou to rccrcae Last of the Mohicans". Theforcst contaiis materiallrcm seven differcntprcfessionalte ain maken. ercludingthe"availabb in an! nodel shop"lichen.
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PARTIZAil PRESS TI1ITANYWEEKETDS ATTHETOWER PanizanDresentin aeciation wiih TheRovalAimourie' a senesor pani.ipation wargamesa.d militaryrectures. EI6TITEENTHCEMURY- 13th/I4th MATh MAPOLEONIC- 24ttv2gth APrll EIGII'EEX'H CIX'UTY iAtutDAYr ftere will be sderal warqames,ranqinqtom individu:l skimishesthrough Navalactionsto re
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THESOUTHLONDON PRESENT.... WARLORDS
SALATE 93
April17th On Saturday '19931Oam-Spm At andChelsea Kensington TownHall,HortonStreet, LondonW8 SALUTE93 IS ON tTSWAY
Yes,it will soonbethat time againwhenone of the largestandbestwargamingeventsof the year SALUTE93. Heh takesolacein CentralLondon: at Kensington aM Chelsea TownHall,SALUTEis.we likelo think,thep.emierwargaming eventof theyear, wilharound40 of thetoptradersanda similarnumber of superbgames.As in thepastwe haveputan gamesso youcanjoinin,aswellaswalch,andgainsomefirsthandexperience emphasis in on participalion pastime. a traditional WaEaming is aliveandwell,providing a rangeof interests, beingmanythings to manypeople.Previous gamesat SALUTEhavevariedfromAncienlson throughtimeto ModernHigh-T€chreconstructions. Sciencs FictbnandFantasyRolePlayingarewellrepresentedas wellas LiveRole-Playing. ThefeaturedWarlords gamethisyearwillbeUFO,basedonGeryAnderson's dedronstralion TV seies.Once againtherewillbethe awerdsfor beslgamesandof coursethe Barand Buffet(whichc6n prove bopularfigureDaintingcompetition, a usefulplace to dumpyourDad) TFADERS ESSEX MIN,, CALVEF B@KSSNO, CONNO SSE!fuELITE, PA SOLOIEF oLA-@\ m Fqt (oqPs.v,rc MqFEN.Bq rLfi\'AM[ L{qTNIED nllo DCAC!\S. FO\|TFA\( llt0F U orNTtN,aotEo.BSg.CiAFOl.DF|WS tqFE6t-lF OI. POE]AGE WASGAMES SOI]IH.DIXON GALLA1SS OIDGLOBY. PETER PIG DONN NGTON. LESUFE GAMES GLAD ATOF 6AM€SGSOUND zEFOGAMES. I.ANGTOIII, SDOCN€LIFEF BOOKS. SKYWABF OF.T NSOLD E3.NALIMABK HOVEL.S, TA3LFTOP. SfiIFEX.&qTTLE NONOUBS. NEFSANTS SECONO CHANCE GA ESGqE\ADIq.VN\L/MILITAFI.-.GLqLSIqVOLF APIIT-EF\ SCO'A CONOUESI' \A!9/AF,F,'\ITASY Foqol CO\TL( ' I. TIqM-UE AFVIrS BEDOLJSI MINMAN 166UAIdWE!iIbEOUTOPCLASSPAINTINGCOMPETTON FSEETOENTEF pm6 haWartods naddirion torheioma Sarde {outdI tGrothaitfie to[onir{ cNIASYFoRCE qdsdlou€s S{rqrf-20rr-eh*s hOvEL'-ordms FIGUBFS.AqMOq.4Fnltqt 20rrlEU6 C-aFO- 5rrlquer BEDoUBTzsnnla!m aLTEF!,{r rvt ARVEr nt e ana-oa pldud n+ DUEL. Vsy qift rre2mOrzsfl F;*dos
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9
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HEROICS & ROSFIGURES
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ORANGE PITNIVBROCK INTERSECTION ROAD BATTTE OFTHEWITDERNESS. 5 MAY 1864 "We must hold this point at any ris[<,our men will soon be up." - Brig. Gen.GeorgeW.Getty by PaulStevenson BACKGROUND TOTHEBATTLE Thc Army otlhc Polomacs marchsoutbthroughthe tangled environsknown as thc Wildernesswas interceptedby Lees Aniy ofNorthcrn Virginiaapproaching by two roadsfrom rhe west.ln order to p.eventthc variousUnion corpsbecoming separatedMeade ordered the march 1() halt and recalled Hancocks ll Corps.in the vrn. A.P. Hill s Confederate Corps $asapproaching alongthe OrangeTurnpikcandboked asif it mightheadoff Hancockfrom the restot the armywhcretheir rout€up the Brock routeintersected the OrangcPlankRoad. To preventthjs, Gcrtys dilision of Wrighl s VI Corpsto the norlh wasdetichedand taskedwith seizingand holdingthis crossroadsunlil Hancockcouldcounter'march andrejointhe
VICTORYCONDITIONS Union: Takc and hold open the length ofthe Brock Road uniil Hancock'sCorps arrite on game turn 13. Confed€rale:lnflict a 60 percentlosson lhe Federals,or capture thecross roadsand inflict a40 percentlosson the Federals. Any otherresull is a iiraw.
TERRAINDESCRIPTION The woodedareasare ligbt frornwthin 2 inchesof theiredges bul insidethis are heavyand tbereforerough terrain. The clearedmarginsalongsidethe roadsextcndfor 2 incheson eirhersid€ oflhe OrangePlankRoadand1inchoncilhersideof
l,l brokenterain. TheOrange theBrockRoadandareconsidered Plank Road is a reasonableroad, but the Brock Road is asatrail ir brok€nterrain. considered
INFORMATION DEPLOYMENT and Union:The 5th NewYork Cavalryisdeployeddismounted inskirmishorderorasanextendedlineacrosstheOrangePlank Road.Cetty'sdivisionentersin marchcolumnalongtheBrock Roadas indicatedon the map, Wheaton\ brigadein the van. marker is permitted for each unit One hidden-movement by one movingontothetable,but brigadesmayberepresented markerandtheothermarlersuredasdummie.. Confederater One regimentfrom Cooke'sbngadernay be acrossthe OrangePlankRoad deployedon tableasskirmishers andno closerthan6inchesto the Unioncavalry.Theremainder of Cooke'sb gadeis deployedat least3 inch€sbehindtheir andwithin6 inchesof the OrangePlankRoad 3 regiments: own skirmishers 20 figureseach,rifle-musket, average. bigadesmoveontothetablein gameturn l at any 2regiments:15figureseach,rifle-musket, Confederate average. point within the entry area designated. Apart from Cooke\ Walk€r's Brigade units,the Confederateplayeris allowed2 hidden-movenent Brig. Gen.H.H. Walker,average,benefit1, points3. onthe road. marke^foreachunit not deDloved 2regiments:15figuresea€h,rifle-musket,average. r regiment:20figures,rifle-musket, average. Commandvaluetotal of49 points;40%loss= 20,60%Ioss= SPECIALRULES
a.
Thereis a possibilitythat Hancock'sarrivalmight be a litde Thereforeon gametum ea ier or laterthanactuallyhappened. 10,the Union playerrolls onedie; the scoreindicatesthe turn BRIEFHISTORICALACCOUNT OFTHEBATTLE on which Hancockwill arrive following gametum 10. For just Wheaton's Union brigade had managed to get in position example,a roll of6m€ansthatHancockwillnotarriveuntiltum astride the cross-roads when the first Rebel skirmishen assoonasHancockis deemedto arrive. 16.Theganeconcludes approached towithin 30yards.A volleyandchargedrovethem off, but the Yankeeshadto fall backastheIeadingelements of Heth'sConfederate divisioncameup. After constructing a line UNIONFORCES of hasty works. Getty's troops managedto hold off the S€condDivisiodvl Corys Confedente attacks on the crossroadsuntil the first of Brig. Gen.G.W. Getty,superior,benefit2, points5. Hancock'stroopscameup to their relief at two o'clockin the lst Brigade Brig-Gen.F. Wheaton,average.benefitI, points3. The Battle of the Wildernesslastedtwo daysin which it avemge. 1 regiment,20figures,rifl€-musket, becamea largesprawlingseriesoflarge scrle"bushwhacking" average. 4regiments,15figureseach,rifle-musket, whichresultedin the lossof nearly18,000Federalsand 8,000 2nd Brigade Rebels. ColL.A. Grant,superior,benefit2,points4. AltoughtheArnyoftbe Poiomachadtakena beating,Grant elite. 2 regiments,25 figureseach,rifle-musket, was det€rmined1o continue the campaignand bring the elite. 3 regiments,20 figureseach,rifle-musket. ConfederateArmy of Nonhem Virginia to heel before 4th Brigade Richmond.Insteadof retreating.crant side,stepped south, Brig. Gen.H.L. Eustis,average.benefit1. points3. average. 1 regiment,25figures,rifle-musket, 3 regiments,20 figureseach,rille-muskel,average. Detach€dfrom CavalrJ Corps PLAYINGTHEGAME sth New York Cavalry;20 figures,bree€hloadingcarbine, The gamescenarioisstyledtosuitthe'ror n) R?b"rules. The scenariois a frustratingone for both players.The Rebs Commandvaluetotal oI45 points;40%loss= 18,60%Ioss= must ensurethat they get to the Brock Road in sufficient 27. strengthto blockHancock\arriral,but the roughnatureofthe terrainmakesthe goingsiow-A fastmarchin columnup the OrangePlank couldbe attempledbut is likely to meet with FORCES CONFEDERATE heavylossesonce Getty\ men get into posiiion.Piecemeal attacksareunlikelyto succeed andtheUnionplayerislikelyto Hcth'sDivision/A.P. Hill's III Corps benefit2, points5. havehisunitsin suppoitreach.Thebestberfor theConfedente Maj. Gen.H. Heth, average, playeris to be patientandgatherenougthstrengthat onepoint Davis' Brigade benelitl. pointsL before launchingan atta€k by rushingunits, in disorderif Bng.Cen.J.R.Davi..aver3ge. average. necessary. righrup to thefronrlinebeforereforming. 4 regiments:15figureseach,rifle-musket, The Union cavalrywill not be of muchusein delayingthe Cooke'sBrigade Confederate advance,but couldinflict considerable casualties B g. Gen.J.R. Cooke,average,benefitI, points3. on anadvancing average. column.With timingandgoodluck,the€avalry 4 regiments: 20figureseach,rifle-Jnusket, maybe ableto stingthe Rebelsandrideout ofharm\ way.But Kirkland's Brigade be careful it is so easyto get caughrour by a rebel charge Brig. Gen.W.w. Kirkland.average,benefit1. points3.
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SUNDAY MARCH 14th ATTIIE AIUMIIVEI.L CE|trT8E, PiIMIIY AVEIIII'€.WAISALL. coillrsls 0FI}|nEELA'GEH llsoomArnt G: O OVE8 50WANGAIVIE DISPLAYS . PA8IIOPANOGAiIES . IIATIOI{AL MODEI.LIIIG ftUADISPIAYS O MASSIVE I' CLASS MODELLIIIIG COMPETITIO . AIT[UALSHIE{DS OF MENlt.TUE LANG€STBSII{G AI{DBUYINIHE COUIITB! . vaitED 8E-ECrois otsPLAYs
OBEWSMIUTIA IiBEGULABMIIIIATURES,FALGONFIGURES, TMFALGAR MOOETS.'IIE BAILEYS,MRROI.IIIIG,GAIIIAUK, CO'\INOISSEUB, ELT.rE M|l{IAIT'AES,I{OVEIS.FISSI COAPS,CI{ARIOtMIN IATURES,BB WARGAMES.REDOUB'EI{IERPRISES, BOOKS'OPgOOKSHOP,MUSCUMMIIIIIATURES, w'I. HERSAM, PETERPIG.FOFTROYALREYIEW,IAIIGTON INADEEIIOUNES GEiIEIAI II{IUINES MIIIIATUBES,STnAIAGEM,VII.[AGEGR€EI{.MASIERPIECE FIGUBES AiMOUi AATI[ERY, S.O.D,IWO DBAGOI{S 5! fiiqh{tll, A Sh.nindoi Drii,., PRODUCIIOI{,SOUIHSEAMODE!S,WAFGAMESSOUTII. WHITFI€LDPAI|VIT{GSERVICETABLEIOPGAMES,OLOGtoNY. SKYTNEX,POIIY OUVEB. WARGAIIES III'ELUGEIIICE AGE!{SYCHEUFEN BOOKS.,,--PLUS MITI{YMORE, @In8tt 8Eon|a
t|oreo||tACIftol|elio]1o|Hctbcu]ll|&Lan.(Ki:e|.shoIaIarCen|||']Ph.bgk1pl1i|t]ipbIhe(h hdr -,tlt ht H0b-isb |1k]i(Ilbdlh^||htPd'\dsto|1raa|s|holgh1h?(or ' \lalls DLtkDt:< DrxlcI h u r t bd\.natounl illan thnt it a luur( tntt k).) before rcaching the horses. The Union commrnder nrusr or necessnvsi.jng out his command along rhe length ofthe Brock Road to prevent it being cul b) the Confederaresalong the O r a n g cP l a n k a n d i t n a y b e d e e m e de s s e n t i a l t oh o l d u p t h e rebel adlance bti adlancing to meet ii wirh lcading units whihr thosein the reartake up posilion along thc road. Forthe Union plalcr. it isespeciallvimportant to kecp unirs in good order. Judicioushidden marker play can advantdgeone side or rhe orher in laying ambushesor in making surprisc aitacks in rhe B o o d s .o r b l u f f ap l a f ' e r i n k b r e l i e v i n g t h e n e m !i s i n s r r e n g t h at a given point whilsr the main efforr is made elsewhere. l v e p l a l c d t h i s g a m e s e r c r a lt i m e s a n d i r c a n o e a r e a t cliff'hangerieht up to rhe last game turn. Enjo! iil
THE SMALLBACK ROOI'I ,l4in ia Iu re Pa i nl i nE Setut Le
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..THEMYTHOFTHECHINESEMIXED INFANTRYUNITS" By Chris Peers
AfeatureofAncientandMedievalChinese armiesof whatever dynasty.eversincethe first setsof Army Listsappeared,has been the organisationof the close-orderinfantry into units consistingofa frontrankofspearmenor halberdiers, backedup by a secondrankofarchersor crossbowmen. Not only hasrhis ar.angement beenaccepted almostwithoulquestionfor several armiesfor whi€hthe actualevidenceis sketchytosavtbe least, but it hashad a drasticeffecton the tacti€susedby Chin€se troopson thetabletop.Combinedwith thedifficultyundermosr old rulesetsofmanoeuvringandshootingwith crossbows it has condemnedthem to a perperualtacticaldefensivewhichis a completemisrepresentation of theirhistoricalf ighringmethods. It mighlthereforebeworthwhileto attempra briefsu eyof the evidencefor thesemixedunits.The followingsele€tion is by no meanscomprehensjve, andasusualwith Orientalsubiects it is liableto be nodified asnewmaterialcomesto lightorbe€omes availablein translation,but I think it coversmostof rhe data whichis availableto wargamers sofar, andit will serveto show tbat the basisfor the type of organisat;onin questionis far flirnsierthanits universalappearance on thetablemighrleadus
calrv lances and halbcrds. and ihc tall men bows and "' Neve(heless crosibows. he doesnotspecifically statethatthis issothat the latter€anshootoverthefonner,andelsewhere in the same work il is implied that missiletroops could act independently. So for the Warring Stateswe can retain the mixedunitsasa possibility,but ihereis no reasontobelieve that it wasavery widespread tactic,still lessthatinfantryunitswere permanently organised on thisbasis. A more conclusivecase,and probablythe one which,via John Grcer'sArmies and Enemiesol Ancient China: laulrched theseunitsupon the wargamingworld. comesfrom Pan Ku's Histotj of the Forner Ha, Dlnart-v.aAccording to the account extractedfrom Pan Ku's writingsby his translatora cavalry officer,Li Ling, invadedthe territoryofthe Hsiuflg-nunomads in 99 BC with a force of only 5,000 infantry, the cavalry originallyearmarked for theexpeditionhavingfailedtoturnup. Surrounded on thesteppes by Hsiungnu horse-archers, Li Ling drew up his troops Nith spearmenin front and bo\r'sand crossbows in the rearranks;hedefeatedthe firstenemycharge wilh heavyloss.andwasonly overwhelnedwhenhismenran out of ammunition.This formationwould havebeena logical responseto mountedarchery,with the spearmenusingtheir shieldsto protectthe shootenfrom returnfire, andit seensto POSITIVEEVIDENCE have taken thc Hsiung-nuby surpriseon this occasion.My is thatit mayhavebeenan improvisation byLiLing. As far asI amawarethereis no suggestion of mixedformations impression whose entire campaign is a testimony to the fact that he was of closecombatand missiletroopsbeforethe WarringStates period.ln sourcesfrom the Springsand Autumnsera which unfamiliarwith the normaliacticaluseof infantry,warfareon preceded it, infantryareoftendescribed in terrnswhichsuggesr the Mongolianfrontierbeingmainlya cavalryaffair.The very disciplined units,usuallyfivedeep.equippedforhand-to,hand fact that PanKu. who seldompaysattentionro the detailsof combatwith long weaponsor swords,but archeryis almost military tactics,thoughtthis one worthy of descriptionmay exclusivelyrheprovinceofthechariotcrews. Itisnotuntilafter implythatit wasunusual.As in the€aseofthe earlierera,while thatmixedunitsshouldbe anoption the introductionof the crossbow(circa400 BC) thar missite wecanusethisasevidence actionby foot comesto prominence,althoughthis doesnot for the Han, we shouldprobablyregardit asone usedonly in circumstances. meanthat infantryarcherswereunknownearlier.A veryclear cxceptional The situaiionismuch thesamefor laterdynastie!.Movingon statementwhich at fi$t seemsrelevanlto our discussion is "Intigues yearsorso, a lhousand Chang Yu, a lateSungcommentatoron found in the Chan-KuoTs'e (or of the Waring 'SunTzu descnbes what ;s presumably the organisation ,' Statei') attributedto the reignof King Nan ofChou (314-256 the BC) althoughprobablynot written down in its presentform ofhis own day,includinga squadof 6ve menwhichis divided ontil Han times.ThevisittoChouofa Ch'inenvovwirha larse into two sub-unilsof three and two men. This has been brggagclrain causedconsrernation because ol Cir in . aggre-* interpretedas inplying that the two sub-divisionscarried inference,but they may not siveness andreputationfor trickery;it appearsihat the Chou, differentweapons- a reasonable recallinganearlierprecedent ftom Chinesehistory.fearedthat oecessarilyhave been a combinationof close-combatand troopsmightbe hiddenin rhewagonsin orderro gainentryinto missileweapons.andaswe shallseeotherSungwritersadvise from the Ming peiod Wu Pei the city: "when Ch'u-li Chi wassentto Chouwilh a hundred againstthis. Someillusrrarions cartsthe king of Chou was fr;ghtened. . . he sent forth his Clin (publishedin 1621,but incorporatinga lot of earlier lallest lroops in the front ranks, bur behindthem were his naterial)6appearto showmissilelroops drawn up behinda orbannen,but .rrongencros5bos.. Il wascalledgua'dot honourIor Chi bur singlerankofmenwithshieldsandeitherspears we lacka translationofthe textwhichcouldsied unfortunately It seemsto me.however,thatthepointofputtingthetatlmen more light on thes€formations.lt would be surpdsingif the frequentlyon thenorthem in flont wasto hide the crossbowmen, \rho couldbe readyin Ming,wholike the Hancampaigned steppe, and are known to have used wagonlaagersand fi€ld caseof troublebut had to avoidopenlyprovokingthe Ch in fortificarions protect to theirtroops. did not adoptahisobvious ambassador. As thisis a stratagem whichwouldonlywork if it involvedanunusualdeployment-ifthee.voywasnotexpected precautionagainstMongol archery,but againI know of no that this wasreflectedin standardunit to assume theprcsence of crossbows at therear ir is if anything sourcewhichspecifies negativeevidenceas regardsthe standardprocedurear the time.Moresensible fromthepointof viewof overhead shooling wouldbe the arrangement setout in 'Wu Ch'i\ Art of Waa , NEGATIVEEVIDENCE traditionallydatedto the 380sBC but in facrconrainingmuch maierialwhichmustbe a centuryor so larer.Wu Ch i rellsus To set againstthes€few hints in supportof the useof nixed that Th€regulations for combattrainingarethartheshortmen units.thereis a formidableamounlofevidencewhichpointsin
the oppositedirection.It would not be possibleto list all the 16thCentury.Evenifthe close-combat andmissiletroopshad to an independent role for crossbowmen originallybeenin mixedunits,theywerelikelyto havebecom€ availablereferences andarchers.but rhe followingwill sufficeasexamplesof their separatedat an early stageduring the courseof su€h an lor whichsuggest massed bodiesdesigned usein circumslances dec;\ivedcrionratherthanderached skirmishers. For gamerswith existingarmiesafld using current rules I At rheBattleof Ma Lingin 3418C,SunPin "placedthemost thereforesuggestthat, althoughthe proportionsof different skilful archersof the army with ten thousandcrossbowsin infantrytypesgivenin Army List booksmaybe aboutright, a ambushon bothsidesoftheroad.andorderedthatwhenin the precise50:50rplil belwrenspearmenand archerri5 unneceseveningthey saw fire. all were to shoot at it . . . the ten sary.Mixedunitsmaystill be an optionfo the Han. Ming and their arrowssinul- possiblythe Warring States, but should in no case be thousandcrossbowmen o{ Ch i discharged in the open, taneouslv.and the armv of wei was thrown into the utmost cornpulsory. In fact, unlessfacinghorse-archers tactics confusioir.' historicalaccuracywould requirethe useof aSSressive Marquis Wu, quoted in Wu Ch'i, suggeststhat on the for which suchmixed formationsare likely to be unsuitable. defensivemissiletroopswere expectedto fight from behind This is particularlythe casefor thosestill usingWRG 6th naruralobstacles andfield fortificationsratherthanrelyingon Edition, which preventscrossbowsfrom shootingif the unit ranks of spearmen:"Supposethere is a large army of high moves.The imminentarrivalof a new rule set. WRG'S De for morale . . . To ils rear are constri€tingpasses,to its riSht BellisMultitudinorum"or DBM (a sortof DBA expanded of mountains.to iis left a river. It iswell protectedby deepmoats usein full-sizedganes.combiningthe comprehensiveness and high ranparts defended by strong crossbowmen."' 7th Editionwith the playabiliryofDBA, whilesimultaneously Another passagein the samechapternay be evidencefor breaking new groufld in historical accuracy,and highly will complicatethe issuesomewhatby intro' archersprecedingthe main body of an army on the march: recommended!) "When in high mountainsor deepvalleysyou unexpectedly ducinga oewtroop-typeforunitsprimaily ofmissiletroopsbut primarily encounterthe enemy.you mustroll the drumsand shoutand a front rankor rankswith spea:andshi€ld,designed " 'eize lhe oppoaunit)ro slrootwith bowsandcros\bows. . . Crusader crossbowmen etc. for Achaemenid Persiansparabara, Similarlyunderthe reignof King Chaoof Yen (311-279BC) It is likelythatthiswill be an optionfor ce ainChinesearmies, presentmixedunits.but thatseparate deployment Cra"'Kuo te descnbes Ch in threateningthat "l cansendmy replacingthe in the lead supplybargesdownthe riverwith heavycrossbows andsharppike-axes at the rear",'' althoughthismay not have much bearingon tacticson land. Thc Ch in figuresof the NOTES terracotlaarmy. althoughnow lackingweapons,appearto Ts !. taf.s.J.L Crump,ClarendonPress.1970. 1) ChanKuo confirmthattheCh in atleasttendedtodeploymissiletroopsin p.26. front and on the flanksof the rnainbodiesof infantry.raihcr Sun rzu - TheA of wor, trans.S.B. Griffith. Oxford than behind.This canbe deducedfrom the posesof what are ! UniversityPress,1963. believedto be crossbowmen. and from the assumptionthat 3) The Arniet 6nd Enemiesof AncientChina,J.P. Cree(. The unarnouredfiguresrepresentmissilearmedskirmishers. Wargames Research Group.1975. formalionsmay,however.containa randornmix of close-order Pa k). TheHisrcryof theFormerHan Dynastt,rrans.H. sDearmen or halberdiers anda minoritvofshooters." Dubs.Vol. 2. KeganPaul.Trench.TrubnerandCo.. 1944. Fronrhe Sungdynastycomesthe mostdefiDiteslatementon Thisaccountis not foundin themainbodyof the Annals , Accordingto the Wu Chitlg Ts ng 1berole of crossbowmen. whichsimplymentionsLi Ling s defeatwilhout goinginto ya, 1or ,Collectionof the Mosi lmDortantMilitarv Techni details.butisdiscussedbytherranslatorinhisinlroductio oues ) of 1044 AD: "The crossbowmenare musteredin 5.) Grifith, op. cit. p.90. separate companies. andwhentheyshoot,nothingcanstandin UnfortunatelyI haveno referencefor this. I haveseena will front ofthem. . . lfattackedby cavalry.the crossbowmen numberof copiesof illustrationsfrom a Chineseedition. volleysthalnothing be assolidasamounrain.shootingoffsuch of the ofThom Richardson notablytboscin the possession can remainalive beforethem. Ahhough the chargemay be RoyalArmouries.HM Towerof London,to whomI would inpetuousit will not reachthem . . . Regardingthe methodof Iike to cxpressny lhanks. It is not. however,easily usingthe crossboN.ir cannotbe mixedup with hand-ro-hand available.andI knowofno Englishtranslation $eapons. andrr rsmoslbenelicii,lqhen 5horfromhrghground 7) From the 'Sftil Cirt'of Ssu-maCh'ien. translationby rr facrnpdownsards. Thrs rourcecoes on to describea Griffith. op. cit. p.62. circuiatinglormationsimilartothatusld by Ming nanogunners 8) Ibid.p.i64. and 18th Century European musketeers.with cach rank 9) Ibid.p.165. advancingto shoot and then withdrawingto reload. thus l0) Crump.op. cit. p-540. problemofthe crossbow overcomingthe s dow rateoffire. Head.pers.comm.1992.A. Cotterell.Iie Frur of i1) Duncan Anothersortof negative evidencecomesfromdescriptions Enpe n of China.Macmillan,1981.althoughnot entirely jnfantry. who were the battlefieldrole of the close-combat on early Chinesemilirary systems.has some up-to-date ihat the generallyusedin an offensivemannerwhichsuggests plansand diagramsof the pits in whichthe figures useful Drotectionof staticmissileirooDswas not one of rbeir main duties.In fact the rccurrenceihroughoutChinesehistoryof 12) China- Landof Dkcoretydndlnvention.R.K.G.Tempte , infantrytactics isin strikingcontrastto lhe extrem€l!' aggressive PatrickStephens.1986.This book containsa numberof passive.baselinedcploymenlof the wargamesforceswbich extracts.of $'hichthis is one, from as yet unpublished supposedl!'represcntthem - a deploymentforced on the andCivilisationin rescarch donefor J. Ne€dham'sScience pld\er. b) lh< u'e or mr\ed unis Thi. zggrc*ionua. so series. Needhams own volumes on Chinese China" quotespecficexamples;''il widespread thatit is unnecessaryto miUtaryscienceare eagerlyawaited-So far there is no will sufficeto point that the mosi influentialChinesework on compfeteEnglishtranslationof rheWu ChitlgTsungYao. _Sun Tzu . explicitlyrecommends srraiegyand tactics.the plug 13) See,for example.the battleaccountsin (shameless charg€s. Thc tradilionalmeansof doing encouraging impetuous up!) C. PeeA.AncientChineseArnies. Osprey coming this-rhe dislriburionofrewardsto individualsforprisonersand Atmies,MAA MAA No. 218.1990.andMedievalChinese headstaken wa! kno\,'nas earlyas wu Ch is day to leadto N o . 2 5 11. 9 9 2 . burwasstillinuscundertheMingin the undisciplined advance.
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THECHANGINGFACEOFSAMURAI WARFARE, 11OO. 1575A.D. Bt ManittJtttres I n n r ! p r e u o u sr i c l c I s p o u t c df o . t h r . { u r d i n r t h e \ r l u c s a n d G [ p p o s e d h) t h e E n r p e r o r\ i r r h c i rs c r \i c er o t h e i ro $ n L o r d s . s l . r n t s$ e 1 nl b c W c s t a p p c a rt o p l a c co n t h e c h . r r a c l e r i s l i o d . r r b a r j L r ngse.n e r r l l \d. o r n gg o o da l l o \ c r t h c c \f q u e l l i n gr e b e l s . r n b r h c N a r r n r c l a s sN c k n o \ . r sS l | m u f a i T . h i s l i c l c$ i l l r t t c n p t p l a c c .B u l p o l i t i c sr n d g r c c dm . r s e d N i r h l a m i h a m h i t i o n st h a t r o s h c dl i g h t o n t h c c o m p o s i t i o nr n d g e n e r i rilo r r n so f S r m u r , r i graduall) sa\\ thc Srnur.|i rs r cl.rssemerge as thr dc facnl a r m i e su p r o t h e B a t l l co f N r g r s h i n oi n l 5 7 a r u l e r so f J a p a n .t h e E n p e r o r L rn r e r ep u p p e li n r h e h a n d so t t h c 'Ihc v e i r r s1 1 0 ( 1 1 5 7s5a \ J r t a n a n d i r \ t c o p l e g o r h . o u g h r u l i n g c l L r n so f l h e d r \ . t s ! l l l ) l l r \ \ o p o s c r f r ' l i a m i l i e s$ e . e s o m cr s l o n i s h m gc h r n g c s .A s \ r l l ! s t h c c i \ i l \ a n r n d i n r e . ! \ i n g f o r s u p r e n r r c \ .r h c I r l r l t t D d t h c l \ l i n a n r o t o .B o t h c l a n l i g h t i n gl h r t r a g e dc o n t i n u a l ht h r o u g hl h i s p e r j o d r h . r c f a m i l i e s$ e r e d e s c e n d c d frcm lhc lmfcrial Line. just Io gi!e N e r e h o t t \ o . u t e m p r c di n \ r s i o n s b \ t h c [ r o n g o l s r n d r h c r h e i r c a u s e sr h r l . r d d e db i r o f l c l i r i m u c ! . u r d b a s ; c a l l \h . u e d f c I \ \ e c n t h . c ln s - I h e G e m p e i \ \ r r . r r r i l a l o f l h e E u r o p c l n s$ i r h n c N \ e a p o n r e c h n o l o g \A l l o f e a c h o r h e rgr u t s . T h e $ r b the alorementioned\\er. to hr!. consequcrcesfor J.rpanrnd t l a s t o b e t h e c r t r h s t t h r r N i r sr o t r c p d l r h c S r m u r a li n t o r h e i r sn r e t h o d o s f $ . r r i r r e i n p x r t i c u l a re. s p c c i a l lt!h e i n t r o d L , c r i o n l i m e l i g h r o f f i r c r r n r s I h e s e c h r n g e s \ e r e d i r c c r h r e f l e c l e di n r h e l _ h ea r m i . s $ o u l d h r \ . b c c n i r o n t c d b \ t h e m r u n t e d c o m t o s i l i o no f S . m u r a i a r m i e st h r o u g h o u rt h i s p e r i o d . r h e $ r n i o r \ . l h c t r u c S a m u r r i .b r c k u p b c i n gp r o \ i d . d b \ r c t r i n c . \ s l r n d a r da r m y o t I 1 0 0s l r u l d b e r r p r a c l i c i l l tn o r e s c m b l a n cn. ) f r o m t h c s a r r i o r ! o s n h o n e s t e r d so r b t p e i r s r n ( fso r c e di n t o i l s c o L r o t e r p ai nr tt h c 1 5 7 0 s . f a c lr c b . b o r n ej n m i n db \ a n \ o n . s e n i c e f t r r r h e c . r n p L r i g r rd' su r r t i o n . A d u e l o i . t r r o $ s$ o u l d . r r . r p r r r 3r . " r r g n . J . l | r ! l h r . f . n ^ c n o r n r l l \ p r c c c d cn r c r r p . i l p r o p e r t o r m $ a s b e n r go b s e n e d . B u t t h a t s p r n o l t h c f u n o f w a r g a m i n g$ j r h S a m u r aar r m r c \ . $ i r h s p e c i r ls i g n r l l i n gr r r o \ \ l r e i n su s e dI o l e l l t h e o p p o s r r i o n t h e r e: r r er i r r u a l h e n d l e s sp c r m u r a t i { ) no\ l a r n r yl \ p e s n 1 r k i n g r h r o n e $ L r sr e r d \ f o r . r d u s ru p . H c \ o u l d r c p h i n k i n d . u n l e s s t o r l r ! e l r a n d i n r e r e s l i n sgc c n r r i o s . h e $ a sa c a d .S h o u r e dc h a l l e n s crsn d l i n . , r g cd e c l r r . 1 l i o nps l.u s a f a i r d e l r l o f b o r s r i n g -$ c n r t o c n s u r c t h a t S a n u r a i f o u g h r a g a i n st h e i r s o c i . r e l q u r l s a r t h . \ . r \ l . r s r s o c i r l t r e t t e r si f p o s s i b l e I h e i r r e r N i n . r s$ c r . n r . x n t I o m i l l r r o u n d . p c r h d t s IN THE BEGINNING ( t h o u g hr h i \ i s h i g h l \ u n l i k c l \ ) . s h o u l i n g The cla\sicrl agc of Sanurai $ttrfare apparenrh sa$ a highh e n s u i n e l a i r p l v e n c o u r a g e m e n t b . e a t i n g e n c h o l h c r u p r n d c o l l e c r i n gt h e !t!lised form oi conlbat so beloved b\ borh Wclterners rnd b o s s c s b . r u l e r r o p h i e s- t h e h e a d so l r h e i r e r e n r i e sC. o m b l r $ . r \ J a p a n e s teh e m s e l v eass b e i n gr \ p i c r l l v S l m u r r i T h e S a m u r a i Wrrriors lvere fint and forcmost mountcd lrchers- ser\rns c o n d u c l e do n l o o t o n h a f t . . t h c n u n t . d r r c h e n t i g h t i n gh a d f a i l c dt o p r c d u c er c s L r h sr h. e f i r m o L rKs d t ur r h a d \ e t t o b e c o m e
21 th€ mainrveaponin theSamurai's arsenal. weretakingplacedue,in part,to the But evenherechanges background ofthe twoopposingforces. Mostofthe Tairaclan's well-bredchaps.skilledas leadinglightslvere sophisticated, muchinthe teaceremonyasin warfare.The Minamoto,on the - roughmountain otherhand,were hill-billiesby comparison menftom the provinces,moreat homegivingthe sakia good hammeringrather than sippingthc ritual PG Tips. So, if a wargamerwishesto portray either of thesearmieson the tabletop,the Taira should definitelylook the more flashy, dressing in theSamuraiarmourequivalent ofSavilleRowrather than the OxJamShopsryleof the Minamoto.Turnbull gives goodexamples of thesedifferingstyles in hisbooks. The CempeiWar alsosawth€ appearance ofa third powerin Japan,one that wasto causehavocfor as long asthe Samurai continuedtheirwals.
pedigree,or even being first into battle were completely irrelevant;theidealisedworld of the Samuraiwasshatteredby the thugs from over the water. Bitter fighting took pla€e wheneverthe two for€esgotto grips,with boththe Samuraiand their retairersgettingstuck in, side-by-side. It was that or annihilation. So here we have two fundamentahof Samuraiwarfare changingpracticallyovemight. One, the old 'challengethy nobleenemy'styleofcombat,wasout throughthe soji s€reen, and, two, the despised(in many caset foot retainerswere fighting alongsidetheir social betters in ever increasing numbers.True, namedSamuraistill got the plaudits,but the ageofthe retainerstakinga directpart in the actionwashereto stay. The Mongolswithdrewin 1274after a stom had damaged theirfleetandaftersustaining put at around13,000. losses Their cruelty had horrified the Samuraiand they made it their business to keepin touchwith the Mongols'enterp sesin case TIIE WARRIOR MONKS OR 'SOHEI' theydecidedto pay a retum visit. This occurredin 1281,and The greatreligiouscentresof Mount Hei nearKyolo andthe once againthe fightingwas fierce.wilh no quaner givenor their retainersto keep Kofuku-jiat Narahadacquiredhugewealthovertheyearsand taken.Again Samuraifoughtalongside the moveof the capitalfrom Nara to Kyoto fueledthe rivalry theinvadenatbay.Thenowfamouskani-,ta?t('DivineWind') that had alwaysexistedbetweenthe two factions.Becauseof of 15 August1281sawthe invasionfleet literallysmashedto in the Chines€fleet the growingpowerofthe Sanuraiclansandthe factthat their pieces,somethingover 50,000casualties gleefully alone and the Samurai mopping up the few Mongols own powerbases in tems ofland andtemplesitestended to be widelyscatrered, the Monksbeganto train their fellowsin the who hadsurvivedonthe beaches. Valuablelessonshad been leamed and the old wayshad artsof war andin manycasesrecruitedSamurai- Monks,the praclically gonefor ever.After thisdatethe Samurarretamers Superficially ordainedirlto this Sohei,to protecttheirinterests. importantrole in the warsthat templeor that, the Soheiwereusedto swellthe ecclesiasticalwereto begivenan increasingly were to devastateJapanin the comingyears.The Samurai hugenumbersalmiesintosometimes theirretainers Originally the disputesbeiweenthe templesend€d with hadn'tbeenthe only onesto noticethe changes, "barbecues" had too. The next few centuries would see these realisations impronptu as the winnersset fire to the loser's come home to toost. paid buildingsandifit hadstayedthat waynobodywouldhave muchattention.Howeverthe Soh€i,often in their thousands, woulddescend on the capitalto air theirgrievances in the way GEKOKUJUANDTHEAGEOF they knewbest- trashingthe place,killing peopleandcalling TIIE COUNTRYAT WAR downcursesupon their enemies,real or inagined.The Sohei oftenworearmourundertheirnormalrobesandtheirfavourite Till the€ndof the 14thcenturytheJapan€se peasantis scarcely weaponappearsto havebeenthe rdgindra.That isn't to say. mentionedat all in lhe historiesof thevariouswarsthaterupted however,that they didn't appearin full Samuraistylegarb,a afterthe Mongolinvasions, mostnotablythe War betweenthe pointto bearinmindifyou wishto recreatea Soheiforceofthis Couns and the Onin War. But then, warfaredidn't directly period. Unlike their Samuraicounterpartsthe Monks also affect the majority oI the peasantclass,unlessthey were appearto havefoughtmainlyonfoot, but with cavalryforming unluckyeroughto haveabattletakeplacein theirpaddyfields. an importantmobileshockforce. The Samuraidid littl€ but fighti their peasants did lirtle except To giveyousomeideaofhow violentthese"skypilots"could lill thesoil,growriceandgenerallyattemptedto stayout ofthe be, when the Sohei of the Enryaku-ji paid a visit to th€ir wayofthe warringfactions-But onceagaintherewasa distinct bretherenat Mii-Dera,Iedbythe Abbotin person.292 halls,15 shiftin societythatwasto affectthemake-upofSamuraiarmies sutrastorehouses,6 bell towers,4 tabernacles, 624monastic and in manyrespects turn Japanese societyon its head.This residences andover1,500dwellinghousesweredestroyed. Nol shift in society is collectively known as Gekokujo 'The low badfor a days work! overcoming the high'. But backto the SamuraiDrooer. For too longhighrankingSamuraiLordshadneglected their rural power basesto concentrateon crafty dealingsin the capital.The aforementioned Mongol Invasionshad shaken them up somewhat,but basicallythey attemptedto continue THEMONGOL|NVASIONS,1274 AND12tl very muchas before-The peasants, and to a largeextentthe Consideringlhat bothattemptedinvasions endedin failurethe townspeople, hadotherideas.Theyhadfoughtalongside theit impactofthe Mongolson the Samuraiwasenormous.Coming SamuraibettersandhadseenhowtheSamuraiself-reliance had morerhana cenrury dflerthecempeiWarlheInvasions $erelo beenbolstered bytheveryrealhelpfromtheirretainers, usually providethe Samuraiof the day with somebafilingquestions, rural basedpeoplethemselves. The endlessintemal fighting not leastin the realmoftactics.The Samuraihadbeenbrousht betweentheclanshadleft manypreviouslypowerful familieson upon legend. of Samurai!alour anda codeot behaviour rola v their kneesandambitiousmenandtheir€lanswerevery quick alrenro rhal of rhe Mongols.fte aterageSamuraiwanred to exploittheseweaknesses. The lower orderswere revolting nothrng rnorclhanro takelhe headot a nobteMonsotin rhe againsttheirsocialbetters.In somecases theywerewipingout goodold la.hionedwa). lo be .eendoingir andgerc;veredin manyancientfamiliestoo weakto resist,takingnot only their glory.TheaverageMongol,on $e otherhand.wantednothing landsandpossessions. but oftenadoptingthe defeatedfamily's morethan to kill whateverwasin front of him and go on the rampage the morerampagingrhe better.The very ideasof All over Japanthe genuinemood of the great unwashed challenginga wo{hy opponent.rec;t'ng one,s deeds and foundexDr€ssion in the creationofleasuesfor mutualdefence
or'Ikki'. Crowdsof hithertodocilepeasants andtownspeople basically decidedthal they'dhadenough,theyweretruly fed-up ofbeing on the receivingendof Samurailawson the onehand andthe consequences of the Samurai's warson the continuous other.Thesparkthatfinallyignitedthe furyofthe rnobcarnein the form of a seriesof financialedictsaimeddirectlyat the - probablya forerunnerof the Poll Tax - and Kyoto peasants itselfwasduly trashedby the angry1*&i.Nor contentwith one fbrayintothecapitalthe/,tii organised rjotsin 1441,1451,1457 and 1461.Peasants and townspeople they may havebeen,but the lkki knewhow to fight. In 1457mercenaries hired by the ciay'smoneylenders to protecttheir interestsendedup on the losingside afier a fi l-scalebattle. The 1&kithen took on a government arrnyof sorne800Srmuraiandgavethem a good hidingtoo. Gekokujuit1rheform of the 1,tti leagues,peasant revoltsand similareventsate into the very hearto{ Samurai society,but in the main the wanion weretoo busyattacking eachotherto noticethe windofchangeuntilit wastoo late. with yer another The lkki leaguessoon allied themselves bunch of religiousnutters. this time from the lkko sect. Foundedinthe l3thcentury,thesehappy-goluckyancestors of the Moonies(honestl?)were basedin Kagaprovince,where theirfanaticismwas beingusedbytheLord ofKagato atlackhis RECKOIIING,1575 NAGASHINONOBUNAGA'S neighbours.ln 1488,however,the lkko rebelledagainsthis rule, kickedhim out andestablished their own kingdomto all tn 1542or 1543three Portugueselraders becamethe first intentsandpurposes. Theyaresaidtohaveresembled theSohei Europeansto set foot in Japan,whentheir Ch'nesejunk was ofold in appearance, thoughdetailsofth€ir battledressis hard blownoff courseby a typhoon.They naturallyenough aroused to comeby, andexcelledtheir ancestors in their warlikefury. greatcuiosity in their appearance and dress,but what really when combined with the lkki leaguesthe now famous madethe JaDanese sil uD and take noticewastheir firearms. Ikko-lkki armieswereextremelyformidablein battleandtheir The arquebus(or matchlock)was undoubtedlyth€ first real baseat the Yoda River complexof IshiyamaHongan-jiwasa firearm they had seen and the w€apon's po.ential was masterp;ece of military design.It took no lessa warior than immediatelyrealised.Two specimens werepurchasedby the Oda Nobunagato finally ger to grips with them. He only Lordof Tanegashima sumandpassed on ro his for an enormous achievedsuccessafter a seriesof savagecampaignsthat masterswordsmithto copy. Although initially puzzledby culminared in a bloodymasacreot even livingcrearure al certaintechnicalprobl€ms.this ancestorof today'sentrepNakaeand Nagashima after he had finally surroundedrhenknockingout excellentcopiesquickerand But in theirheydaythe lkko-lkkiwere a matchfor anySamurai cheaperthantheycouldbuythem.Thegunwashereto stay. armyandmanyanambitiouswarlordattemptedto usethemfor Ahhoughthe arquebusdid havecertaindisadvantages Glow hi. ownaims.mosrnorabl)rhegreulTdLeda Shingen rateof fire andaccuracy) the greatTakedaShingenbought300 'Hereafter 6ekokoi! found its most lastingexpressionin the form of the in 1555and by 1571wasdeclaringthat gunswill be Ashigaru.'lhe endlesswars were a tremendousdrain on themostimpo antweapons. Thereforedecr€ase thenumberof manpowerand in reality the Samuraiamies of old were in spears(in your armies)and havethe mostcapablemencarry prettypoor shapeby their own high standards. (Remcrnberit guns.'He realisedthat lhe arquebuswasthe idealweaponfor tookyearsofdedicatedtrainingto makea half-decent Samura;, the Ashigaru.They couldbc trainedto fire rhemwith all the Warlordslook onelook at accuracy a splitsecondto renderhim useless.) of whichrheywerecapablein a fewdays,ralherthan the fury of the 1,t,tt leaguesand lhe peasantsrevolting the yearsof practiceit took to becomea goodbowman.lt's a ever!ryhere andrealisedthatyetanotherweaponwasat handin greatpitythathisownclandidnr paymorehe€dtohiswords,as their strugglefor survival- at leastthosedesiinedto prosper theyweresoonto be on thereceivingend. did. Commanderssoon leamed to make good use of these lfNagashinohadbeenNobunagas only victory,andit most peasantsoldiers,the Ashigaru(or 'Light Feet'),andaccording- definitelywasn't,he would still be seenas one of lhe great ly saw lheir numbers employed in baltles grow rapidly. warlordsof his day. lt wasa classicbattlein the true Samurai Disciplinewas a major problem in th€ early days,with rhe traditionin manyrespects, but onethatwasto be remembered wasn'tnaileddownin thewayof asthe comingofage ofthe Ashigaruandthe arquebus. Ashigarunickinganythingthat It also loot (theyusuallycame ba€kfor the nailstoo),soperhaps'Light sawthreeofthe mostfamousSamuraiLordsofall timefighting Fingered'shouldreplace'Light Feet'by wayof description. on the sameside:Nobunaga,HideyoshiandTokugawaleyasu, the Ashigaruin the earlydays and the completecollapseof a oncemighly wanior clan,the The Ikki, tie Ikko, peasants, and the Ikko Ikki leagueswould have been armed with Takeda. whatevercame tohand.Pole-armswould havebeenanobvious The great Shingenwas dead and his son Kalsuyorinow gangedup on an opponent headedtheTak€dafamily.Areasonablysuc€essful favourite,and if enoughpeasants commander andkilledhim thenhisweaponsandarmourcouldeithergoto in his own right, Katsuyori didn't have the air of near supplement theirown arsenalorbe soldto others.The War of invincibilitythathisfatherhadenjoyedand,eventhough hestill the Courtsandthe viciousOnin War sawweaponsandarmour hadthe backingof Shingen's famous24 generals, wasio make townsmen severaldisastrous aplentyin the handsof warriors,monks,peasants, blundersboth prior to andduringthe battl€ andothermaniacs,so actuallyarmingan averageforcewasn't thatnust havehadShingenspinninginhisshrine! too muchofa problemfor lhe warlordsoftheday. BasicallyKatsuyorifell hook,lineandsinkerfor a baitedtrap But it tookforeignweapontechnology andonemant genius and,oncein, wasseemingly unwillingor unableto get himself to bring all thesechanges to a head.The weaponwasthe gun ou.. TokugawaplacedOkudairaSadanasa in commandof the andthe geniuswassuppliedby Oda Nobunaga. frontier fortressof Nagashino.As the Takedaand Okudaira
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were swornenemiesthe provocationprovedtoo much, and attackedtheOkubomen,j ustasNobunagahopedhe would.A Katsuyoi led our his army of some15,000men to take the fiercefight ensued,both hereand on Oda'sleft wing as Baba fortress by storm. After several fruitless attempts a siege launchedinto an attackof his own. Nexr the Takedacentrc ensued,with Katsuyori detenninedto bring the despised ra€edinto the battleand into history.Sloweddramaticallyby Okudairacrashingdown.The siegewasprogressing at a fairly the streams, the unevengroundandthemudfrom the previous steadypace when intelligencereachedKatsuyorithat the night'srain, the Takedamen found themselves caughtin a Tokugawahadappealed to Nobunagafor help,theybeingallies devastating - thenanotherand volleyfrom 1,000arquebusiers of thegreatmanat the time. Nobunagamusthaverealisedthat another.The pride of the Takedawere being massacred by thiswasa chanceto desrroytheTakedaonceandfor all. Jusrto lowtyAshigaruusingbarbarianweapontechnology.Babafell nake certainhe invited38,000like-mindedgentsro theparty- for a feigned retreat by the Sakumaand was duly taken in the hisown army,that of leyasu,and that of his mosttrustedand flank and rear by Hideyoshiand Katsuie.In a last desperare talentedgeneral,ToyotorniHideyoshi,a producthimselfofthe attemptto savethedayKatsuyoriledinthereserves himselfand Gekokujufinishingschool.(LegendhasHideyoshistartinglife orderedanalloutattackalongtheentireline.Theresuhwasthe as a porter or sandal-bearer and risingthroughthe ranksto same-completeandutterdisaster. becomeall-Dowerful.) Over 10,000menoftheTakedaarmyperishedin the mudat Katsuyori'sadvisorsand generalswereseeminglysplit over Nagashino,alongwith someof the clan'sbestgenelals.How howto dealwiththisveryrealthreatrapidlyappearing overthe manyfell to Oda'sgunsisn'tknownfor certain,but it musthave horizon,the veteranswantingtowithdrawto fight anotherday been a good few. W}|enthe Ashigaruhad done their work. (probablyasTakeda seniorwouldhave don€),theyoungermen Nobunagalet his ever *illing Samurailooseand a general wantingto fightit out. Katsuyorimusthavehada rushoI blood slaughter ensued.The forcesof Katsuyoi hadno answerto the to the head,as he actuallyagreedwith the latter.What a silly freshSamumipouringdownon themandto addinsult.oinjury Samurai!He evenknew that Nobunagahad somethingin the thegarrisonfromthecastlebrokeout tojoin in the headtaking. regionof 10,000arquebuses in the handsof highlytrainedand Althoughafu(hersevenyearspassed beforeNobunaga hadthe disciplinedAshigaru,yet he still decidedto fight. Perhapshe pleasure ofviewingKatsuyori'shead, theTakedaasaneffective was relying on the weather being rotter and negating fightingforcewerefinishedfor ever.Nagashino wasoneof the Nobunaga's firepower.Itseemshe hadtheSamuraiequivalent mostcompletevictoriesin Samuraihistory,from Nobunaga's of the Met. Office- theygot it wrongtoo! viewit musthaveseem€d the perfectbattle. The battletook placesom€l% or 2 milesfrom Nagashino castleilself,on theplainofShitarabarawhereNobunaga andhis men were waitingfor the Takeda.The plain is made up of CONCLUSIONS rolling,undulatingterrain, crossed byat leasttwosrreams, ideal sawthe€omingtogetherof bothmilitary for receivingcavalry,the main strengthof the Takedaarmy. In my viewNagashino and social elements that had beenevolvingin Japanfor the Nobunagawasn't leavingthingsto chance,however.As well as previousfour centuriesor more. The traditionallone wanior choosinghisgrourd wellheerecteda palisade abouta mileorso waswellandtruly into the plain. So, to reachthe enemy,the Takedawa[iors formofcombat,the mountedarcherpaladin, laid to rest at the hands gunners.The fact of the lowly Ashigaru wouldhaveto chargeacrcssbrokengroundandlwo streams, - dafrwhenyouthink about that thiswasachievedso soonafterthe anival of the arquebus andnegotiatea milelongpalisade shouldnot be overlookedit, but thafs exactlywhatKatsuyoritriedl The armiesbeingdeployedacrossJapanby the 1500'swere Evenwith numbersvery muchon his sideNobunagaknew verylarge,rhanksto theinfluxof rheAshigaruasa viable often thatthe Takedacavalrywasa truly ferociousfightingmachine, raielydefeatedin openbattle.The choosingofthe groundand fightingforce. True, the Samuraispirit was still of immense thepalisadewas hisreactionto rhisrhreatanditworkedbeyond importanceto the individualwanior, though their warlord hh wildestdreams.Detaching3,000of his bestAshigaruthey commandenwerefor the mostpart concemedwith the bigger werelined up aroundthe palisadein threeranksof 1,000nen picture. At first the Ashigaruwere sometimesas much a each under Sasa Narimasa. Maeda Toshiie and Honda problem for their own side as for the enemyin terms of andreliability.Theyneededanironhardmanto bring Tadakatsu. The ordersweresimple,but revolutionaryin their discipline them undercontrol, suchasNobunaga. Frombeingarmedwith own way. The Ashigaruwere to wair until the Takedawere practicallyanythingtheycouldfind, generalhad theAshigaruin practicallyon thembeforefiring, andthenin volleysby ranks. become an effective fighting force by the rime of Nagashino. palisade The itselfwasnot onecontinuousline, but a seriesof fenceswithenoughspacefor hisownSamuraito chargethrough The tell'tale back banners,the Sar/r,mdro,were makingrhe of troopson the battlefieldeasierand in some afterthegunshad donetheirwork.To baitthetrapsrillturher a identification 'uniforms'wereappearing,e.g. the Red cas€s Devilsof the Ii forceunderSakuma Nobumoriwasplacedsomewayin front of palisade the to dlaw on the Takeda.To makesuretheystayed townsmen, (thefortr) and,of mercenades thereOkuboTadayowasgivena forceof some500arquebusiers Monks,peasants, dramaricchanges frorn to taketheTakedainthe flankfromtherighthandsideofOda's course,ihe Samurai,hadall undergone 1100 to 1575. Warfare had moved from a high class, The left flank of Oda'sarmywasunderthe watchtuleyesof predominantlymounted affair, to an infantry combat, rhe HideyoshiandShibataKatsuie,whilethe greatNobunaga,his sword replacing the bow as the main Samuraiweapon. cuns in bringing rhelo;erclasse\ twosons,NobutadaandNobuyasu, andTokugawaIeyasuwere andCekokujuwenlhand-in-hand directly into the proper. fighting Tactics and behaviou had behindthe palisadewith tbe remainderof their for€eswaiting changed considerably roo. Warfare was usually for muchhigher for the actionto begin.Did Katsuyoritakethe bait?Of coune stakesthana few castlesor towns.it wasoften fot the control he didl The Takedawerearrayedin five groupsof 3,000meneach. anddominationofthe entirecountryor, at least,largesections The first three groupswere led by BabaNobuharuon the right, ofit. It wouldbe another,l0yealsbeforecalmrvasestablished Naito Kiyonagain the centreand YamagataMasahigeon the under the fim rule of the Tokugawas,though wars and uprisingsoccurredeventhen. left. Katsuyoriheld a forcein reserve,while theremaining 3,000 men attemptedto keepthe 500or so menin Nagashino ftom Next monlh: The final unification of Japan and the Osaka joining in the fighr. First inro the fray was Yamagatawho Campaign.
24
THE43HOI'RSWAR
_ THEGWALIORCAMPAIGN,1843 by ColinAshton
The purposeofthis arti€leis to describeanotherofthesmaller in earlyNineteenthCenturyIndia whichoffersthe campajgns wargamerthe chanceto try out a few differentscenarios. The potential.The SikhWars 1840s in India aie full of wargames are perhapsthe besl documented,but rhe Afghan War, the Conquesiof Sind and the Gwalior Campaignall took place between1839and 1843,whichallowsthe wargamerto utilise from the above many of the samefiguresfor mostscenarios conflicts.Further afield. Indian trooDs were used abroad extensivelyfor the first time during the Firsl China war (1839-42). In early1843,GeneralSir HughGough,havingsucc€ssfully (i.e. profitably)broughtthe First ChinaWar to a conclusion, was a bilter man. The positionof Commander'in-Chief of Madrashadbeenhis,onlyto bewithdrawnbeforehecouldtake up command,as the governmentfelt that the post could be absorbedwi$in the functionsofthe Governorof Madras.His fortune was to changein May 18,13.however,when the in India, S'r JasperNicholsretired,and Commander-in-Chief thepostwasofferedto Gough. Almost immcdiatelyhe had to deal with the unsettling aftermathof the Afghan War, as some of the remaining indeDendent Indianstates.(the MahratlasundertheScindiaof Gwalior,the Amirs ofSind andtbe Sikhso{the Puniab).look thatthisarmywasno norc thana leaderless rabble.torn apart advantageof this reversalof previouslyunchallenged Bntish by intemal friction. ID thesecircumstances Gough felt that mighr, rangingfrom sabre-rattlingand bandi.ryto outright eith€rwing of thc arrnywould probablybe strongenoughto (Therewasa genuinefearihat a dangerous alliance deal with any enemyforce it might bring to battle, and his hosriliries. betweenthelrainedforcesofthe MahrattasandtheSikhsmighr decision1(rspUthisforceseemedstrategically sensible. take place!)I havealreadylooked at the Conques!of Sind. By DecernberGoughhad built a bridgeof boatsacrossthe (w15J)andmovenow to the Mahrattastateof Gwalior.south Chambalat Dholpur and the left and right wingsof the army eastofDelhi. werealmostreadyto moveagainstGwaliorshouldthisprove In 1843the MaharajahJankojiRao Scindiaof Gwaliordied necessary. Grey'sforcewas howeversplit into two. at Jhansi withoutleavingan heir.Hiswidowthe RaniTaraBai. (a girlo{ and at Kunch. somefifty miles apan, althoughthe plan of A Regent. campaigncalledfor thesetwo to reuniteat Seondaprior to twelvel)adopteda boy of eight as his successor. Mama Sahib.was appointed,and the GovernorGen€ralof crossing into Gwalior. lndia, Lord Ellenboroughsignifiedhis suppon for the n€w However. a counter-revolutionthe previousmonth had regine. which is more than can be said for some of the resultedinacompleteturn aboutin Gwalior.andDhadaKhasji Mahrattasthemselves!After a few weeksof relative calm wasoverthrownandimprisoned. TheBriiishrequestedstrongly variousfactionsbeganto surface.includingone underDhada that Dhadabe handedover to them for punishrnenr. but this Khasji,a ministerof tbe late Maharaja.The Rani supported demandwasrefused.On 11 DecemberEllenborough ordered Dhadaand gavehim moneyto pay the army. The Scindia\ thetwo Britishforcesro advance tothe bordenofGwaUorand army, its pay in arrears,had largelybeenin a sute of open mutiny,bur this wasto change,for with the a|my behindhim DhadaKhasjidroveout all oppos;tion.includingtbe Regent. andreignedsupremein Gwalior.In addition,at thebehestofa largeanti-Britishpresence at courl, Dhadaorderedthe Bdlish Residentat Cwaliorto leave. In mid AUgust.in order to be able to reactto any further deteriorationof the situationin Gwalior,Lord Ellenborough at Agra, andordered decidedto form an army of observation In Septenber. cough to move up to Cawnporein readiness. the strenghowever,th€ situationin the Punjabnecessitated Grdror theningof the British troopson the frontier. but in October ^ v 7 cough setout hisplanofcampaignshouldhe haveto intervene p'"t,x...|4-_ order. He split his army of around in cwalior 1ore-establish personal 20,000men into iwo. The main body under his 'r,:nans, commandwas to bc basedal Agra; the left, under Sir John Grey,at Jhansi.The Mahrattaarmywasthoughtlo haveover ,Pr _ir,p 2_ q./ 22.000welltrainedtroops(formerlyunderBritishofficers)and THEGWALIORCAIIPAIGX 300guns,but 'intelligence'from PolilicalOfficerssuggested
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thisthreatwassufficientto resultin DhadaKnasjibeinghanded over. Ellenboroughthen requestedthat the Cwalior army be disbanded,feaful that its attentionsmight still be focused againstthe British followingthe AfghanWar debacle,and in panicular their lines of communicationwith the already destablised North and West.The GovemorGeneralordered Goughand Grey to advanceagain,with the assumption that anothershowof strengthand determination, a "meremilitary pronenade",wouldconvincethe Rani,nowbackin conrol. to accedeto hisdemands. On 22 DecemberGoughcrossedthe RiverChambalandon Christrnas EveCrey'snowunitedfor€ecrossed the RiverSind. andthenextdaymarched into theScindia's territory.cough by thistimewasnearHingona on lhe HunwariRiver.accompanied by Lord Ellenborougb.Ir was hoped that by this show oI strengththe situationcouldberesolvedpeacefully. Evenaslate asChristmas Day 1843warwasnot expected.Manyladieswere presentwith Gough'sarmy,includingLadyEllenborough, and the Ranihadbeeninvitedto ioin in thefestivities. Unfortunatelynewscamein that the Rani had left Cwalior with a large force of all arms, headingnorth west towards Dholpur.Therewasnow no thoughtofa peacefulsolutionand Gough sent a messageto Grey, orderinghin to march on Gwaliorbyacircuitouswestward route,avoidingthedangerous andunsuitableterrain thatlayacrossthedirectroadfromJhansi to Gwalior.Further co-operationbelweenhis force and the mainbodywoulddependoncircumstance, ason26December it waslearntthat the enemyhadcontinuedtheii marchandwere nowo€cupying a strongposilionat Chondaon the riverAsan.
THEBATTLEOFMAHARAJPORE
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Gough, qui€k lo react. ordereda full reconnaisance of the enemypositions(conductedby GeneralHarry Smith,serving on his staff, and aho accompanied by the Covemorceneral, Lord Ellenborough) whichsuggested thathe wasfacedwirh up to 15.000men,includingseveral thousandcavalry,andpossibly which they silenced.the positionbeingstormedby infantry 100guns.The Mahrattasweredrawnup with their left on the from Valiant\ brigade. Meanwhile Littler's infanrry was River Asan. Their righr flank was open, as if they were deployingunderheavy artilleryfire for an assaulton thevillage, expectingreinforcements from that direclion.Severalviuages whilston the extremeleft Sco(\ NativeCavalrvBrisadehad hadbeento'rified.includrng Ihevillageot MJharaipore. ,ome 'epulsed a delermrned dnrcl bya largebodlot Mihraiiahor,e. distance1othe front of the main position.Havingfound out Someof Littler's sepoysbegan1o waverunder the weightof wherethe enemywere.Goughordereda frontalassaultwhiht fire, but wereurgedon by Gough-The 39thFootledthe assauh the enemv\ left wasrurned. with the bayonet.Casualiies from artilleryfire wereheavy,but Gough'sforce was dividedinto three columns.The Right despitestormsof grapeshotthe villagewas reachedand the Column.under the one-armedveteranof the Peninsulaand gunnerskilled defendingtheir gunsto the last.Wiihin halfan Waterloo,GeneralThackwell.and rhe CentreColumnunder hour the defendersof the villagehad beendestroyedand the GeneralValiant,were to fall upon and turn the enemy'sleft village itself was ablaze. (The heavy howitzerswere not flank, whilst the Left Column.under ceneral Liitler would responsible for this,astheyhadnot yet openedfirel) assauhtheirfront. There now 'emainedLhe problfm ot lhe main enemy The terrain in front of the Mahratta posilons was cnss posilion,aroundChondaand Shirkapore.Both were heavily crossedwith ravines,but despitethisall rhree€olumns,setting entrenched andsomeofthe batrerieswereso well hiddenthat out beforedawn,reachedrheir surt pointswirhoutmishapor theywerealmostinvis;ble.Againno tangibleintelligence ofthe delay.Littler's columnreachedtheir positionfirst and halted enemydeployment wasavailableandrheatrackwentin'blind'. aboutone mile from the villageof Maharajpore.This village General Valiant manoeuvredaround Littler's r€ar and wasfortifiedaid heldby a strongforcreofinfantryandartillery. attackedShirkapore,led by H.M.40th Foot. Casualties, Littl€ couldbeseenof therestofthe enemypositionsdueto rhe includingthe Coloneland Second-in-Command of the 40th, extremeflatness ofthe groundandthehighcropsofcorn which were again heavy as three successive lines of previously obstru€ted the viewalmostcompletely,Goughspentalmostan unobservedentrenchments were stormed at bavoner-Doint hour within quanerof a mile ofthe Mahrattapickets.anddid beforerhe!illageqastaken.AgainrheMahrarra gunners irood manageto obscrvethat the villagewastoo far in front of the by their gunsto the last- The villagetaken, Valiant rurned main€nemyline at ChondaandShirkaporeto be affordedany towardsthe rightflankofthe enemymainposition. support. At 8.30arnhe ordered the assaultto commence. Meanwhile,Grant'sHorseArlillery wasagainin th€ thickof regardless of the fact that he had no real idea of rhe enemy it, havinggallopedto within point blankrangeof a battery12 strengthanddeployment. norofthe terrainro hisftont! enemyguns-(The reasonfor this apparentdashmay be that, Goughorderedup his 8" howitzersto bombardthe village, severely outrangedby theenemycannon,it wasbetrertogetin lhilst the horse anillery troops of Grant and Alexander closeand al leastreturntheir fire.) SoraDidand accuratewas within500yardsof rwoenemyheavybatreries, deployed bothof Granfs fire thal the enemygunnerswereseveraltimesdrilen
26 fron their gunsfor a while, which enabledLittler's infantry, headedby H-M. 39th,to roll up the Mahrattaline{rom Ieft to right with far lesslossthan could have been the case.The capture,by the Grenadiercompanyof H.M. 39th. of a small entrenchmenrmounting four guns on the far Ieft of the Mahrattapositionnarked ihe end of the engagement. The Mahrattasceasedio form an effectivefighting for€e and withdrewfrornthefield,leavingover50gunsandmuchoftheir baggage. Pursuitwasnot possibleasThackwelhcavalrywere haltedby an impassable ravine,althoughhewaslatercensur€d by Goughfor not havingcarriedout a moreeffectivepursuit. Exactlyhowis opento someconjecture! quiteheavy(almost800). Casualtieswere the39thlosingover 200andthe40thalmostthatnumber.The artillervsuffer€dless ihan 50 casualties. despiteits point blank exchanges with the enemy-Of the native regiments.most were not engaged, altbough the 16th Bengal Native lnfantry were alone in sufferingany greatloss: 179dead and rlounded.It was the opinionof manylhat the sepoysfightingabilitywasbecoming questionable at bestlCriticismwasmadeby Sir Hany Smithof the poo. standardof trainingand initialiveshownanong the officen of the Indian Army, e.g. the heavybatteryfailed to engagethe enemybecause their commanderwould not open fire withoutdirectordersto do so.despitebeingonlyhalfa mile fromthe enemypositionsl Meanwhile.Geneml Sir John Grey had commencedhis marchon Gwal'or.Findinghisrouteblockedby theenemy.he turned south towards Punniar to outflank the Mahratta
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Grey (possiblythankfullyl) nowherero be seen.Anderson orderedhismento charge.The valleywasclearedandrheguns taken.theirgunnersdefendingthemto rhc dcath.On their left the Buffs, underevenh€avierfire. bravedthe stormof grape andcapturedelevenenenryguns.Again the Mahrattagunners stoodby theirpiecesto ihe lastandwerekilledto a man. (and With this.andtheonsetofnight.theextremelyconfused confusing)bartlecameto an end. Casualties amongthe lwo Queens battalionshadagainbeenhigh.astheyhadbornethe brunt of the fighting.Out of a total lossof 213casualties The Buffslost72.the 50thlost42. andonly the 39thBengalNative Infantrysufferedgreatlywith 62 out of a total of 97 Narive Mahrattacasualties werereportedby Greyasbeing casualtiesveryhcavy.but thisisdifficultto substantiate. With thesetwo battlesthe campaignwasover. andon New Y€ar: Evethe Ranicameinto ihe Britishcampanda treatywas signed.The GwaUoraftny was gready reduced,to around 10,000infantry.6.000 cavalry and 32 guns. The native conlingent,underBritishofficers.wasreducedro a slrengthof 10.000. As for the Generals,it is possibleto criticiseGoughfor his handlingof the battle of Maharajporeinsofaras he attacked headlongand rotallyblind againstan enemywell entrenched and far his superiorin numbersand artill€ry. By his own THE BATTLE OFPUNNIAR confessionGough underraredthe Mahrattaforces.and was Grey'sfirstorderwasto sendH.M.3rd Foot(TheBufi!) anda influencedby the presence of a numberofpoliticalpersonages. andMinersstraightoverthehills includingLord EUenborough. detachment ofBengalSappers GovernorGeneralofIndia.and ro whateverfatc befellthem. as he had no idea wherherthey may havemadedecisionsbasedon their adviceor influenc€. would encounterany enemytroopsdue to the dead ground (Goughshouldhaveknownbetterifhe hadanyunderstanding betweenthe hills andthe mainenemvDositionon hillsfunher of the effectsof similarinfluenceftom PoliticalJduringlhe theyreportedthattheenemywerein position AfghanWar, anda possiblvunheahbyprecedent eastI Predictably, wasbeingset over the hills in greatshengthand requested reinforcements.for a GovernorCeneral to accomDanv the Commanderin whichGreysentin the forrnof H.M.50th Footandtwo Bengal Chieftlith the Army into the field. e.g. Hardingeduringthe NaliveInfantrybaftalionsunderColonelAnderson ofthe 50th. SikhWarsAnderson'sBrigadecrestedthe hills. underhearybut ineffec- Nevertheless, despitethe fact thai. Iike Napierin Sind.he tiv€artilleryfire, to the righi of the Buffs.to facea deepvalley unknowinglymarchedhisarmystraightinroa trap.like Napier filled with Mahrattainfantrv.behindwhichtlas an enlrench- hefoughthiswayoui of it to eventua I totalvictor!'. ment holdingfour heavyguns.Descending tbe slope.Ander' Greyat Punniaris anothercasealtogether.His performance son\ trooDstookshelrerina drieduo riverbedandcommenced hardlysuggests that he wasa verycompetenicommander, nor pouringvolleysinto the enemy.With the light fadingfast.and werehis brigadiersmuchbetter.His failureto usehis cavalry His line of marchtook him parallelwith somehills. at a distanceof only a few hundredyardsfrom his right flank. DespitethefactrhatGreymusthaveknowntharthe Mahratlas werein forcesomewhere on theorhersideofthe hills.he failed to sendout anysonofflank guardorevenpairolsro thesumnit of the hillsto seewharwason the othersidelSo.\vith a lineof marchsomel0 mileslong.with no ideaofthc layof the landor or locationof anyenemy,savewhatthe vanguard the prcsence and rearguardrnight havetold him, the fronr of rhe column reachedPunniarat aroundthreein the afternoon,only to hear the soundof gunscomingfrom the rear of the column.Panic strickennativecavalryreportedthat rhe rearguard!as under attackandbeingcutto piecesl Beforetoo longthe troopswerereassembled andreinforc€mentsof cavalryandartillerysentto the rearguardsaid.It then dawnedon Greyjustwhatwashappening the Mahrattaforce he waslrying to outflankhadbeenmarchingparallelwith him on the other side of the hills! Someof their artillery was entrenchedin a village near Punniartaking pot-shotsat his whilsttheirmainbodyoccupiedsomehighgroundon baggage, the othersideofthe hillsaboutfourmilestohiseast.
27 duringthe battle,or after in pursuit,andhis ordersto blindly senda battalion'overthe top' in thefaceofheavenknowswhat Wherecan I find2000MilitaryBooks? doesnor suggestany parti€ulargraspof basicmilitarytheory. ln the Theofficerin commandofthe brigadewhichincludedthe 50lh Foot had aoJidentallyshot himselfwith a pistol a few days beforethe battle.Priortothis he hadfailedto demonstrate any ol course! abilityatall, evenfor peace-time sold'ering,andwas€onstantly askingColonelAndersonof the 50thfor advic€| lt is therefore Ken Trotman Ltd fairto saythathadthe Battleof PunniarNOT beena confused affairledby theColonelsofthe twoQueensbattalionsthenthe resultmayhavebeenverydifferent. It is interestingto note one other aspectof this albeit on Militlry Histo.y campaignwhichdid nuch to set the sealon militarytradition and Wapon.y sincethen;that is the awardingof medalsto all participants in thecampaign, ratherthanjusta fewof theseniorofficers. ln orderto makethe mostofthe victoryLord Ellenborough issueda bronzemedalto eachof the soldiersof all rankswho hadparii€ipatedinrhecampaign.Thiswasnotunusualforhin, as at the closeof the Afghan War medalshad beenissuedto troopsfor Jalalabad,Gh^zni and the Afghan Campaignas a whole. This had s.hred up a lot of discontentfrom various
KENTROTMANCatalogue
One schoolof thought,includingthe Duke of Wellington, was againstthe issuingof canpaignmedalsto all ranks(the WaterlooMedal didn't counll) and the Duke of Richmond, alludingto the Afghan disasters,statedin Parliamentthat ''Only suffera disasler.andyouwill geta medalto reviveyour spirits".On the other hand personslike GeneralSir de Lacy Evans and Lord John Russellwere for the awardins of campaignmedalsfor all rank.. includingbacl-daring iuch awardsto includethe Napoleonicwars-noeasytaskl Whateverthe arguments.the precedentwas set and campaignmedalshavebeenissuedasa matterofcourse to allranks, \i(h clurp.lorditferenr action.andrainbow I ibbons. e\er rince Lord Ellenboroush's time asGovernor Generalof India.
UNIFORMS OFTHEGWALIORCAMPAIGN
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Send lot a free cataloguenc^ Mailorderis our speciality. KENTROTMANLTD. UNIT11, 135 DITTONWALK,CAI,,IBRIDGE, cB5 80D
wore a crimsonsasharoundtheir waist,andwere Sergeants permittedto wear swords.Although the practicewas being phasedoui.thesashcouldbe interwovenwith colouredstrands of the Regiment\ facingcolour. All equipmentstrapswere whitc. Brit'shofficers'uniformfollowedan almostidenticalstyle, whetherthat of Queens" or "Company troops,althoughin practicethe 1840swould appearto be a periodduring which officerswerepermitteda widevarietyof dresswhilston active
The uniformsworn by British and Indian troopsdrring this campaignwere basicallythe sameas thoseworn during the Afghanwar, the conquestof Sind(r?ew155)andlaterduring the Sikh Wars. Due to the grear amount of information availableon uniforms of this period only the briefest of descriptions follows. Headg€arcouldagainbe a bell-topshakoor, more usually, an undress darkbluepeakedforagecap.A nurnberof different EuropeanTroops w€reworn. The full dressjacketmay havebeen styles of coat part Two regiments of'Queen's cavalrytook in the campaign. The 16th (Queens) Lancershad been in lndia for over a worn on occasion.This was plain, with two rows of paired decad€,but the gth (Oueen'sRoyal)Lancershadonly beenon buttonsdownthefront. Lacewasgold.The longtailskirtswere foreignservicesincethe previousyear. Being lancers,both adornedwith regimentalinsignia,andcollarandcuffswereof lacrngcoloua. Flankcompanyoffice^ worewings. wore the samelradilionalstyleof uniform.The 16thLaocers regrmenlal varyingin worean undresscoateein theirdistinctivered.{acedblue.The Battalioncompanyofficerswore boxedepaulettes. gth wouldpresumablf' to rank. haveworn their blue coats,facedin the sizeaccording regimental facingcolourofscarlet.Both un;tshadbhretrousers More usuallythe undressGhell)jacketcouldbe worn, plain probably andwould havehadwhitecoversfor th€irlance-caps.apartfrom a singlerow of buttonsdownthe front, with couar andcufh ofthe regimentalfacingcolour.Singlebreastedfrock Whitegauntletswould havebeenwom. Britishinfantryworea bell top shakowith plateanda white coatswere very popular and these are featuredgreatly in illusrraiions. Trouserswerenormallydark blue. werepermittedto wearanundresspeaked, contemporary balltuft. Sergeants alsoworn. wearforOtherRanks althoughwhitetrouserswere blueforagecapiwhilstregulationundress The BengalHorseArtillery wore blue coatees,facedred. pill-boxcapwith a whilepom-pomon top wasa bluepeakless and the regimentalnumberat the front. Pictorialevidence with goldlacefor officers,who alsoworea red andgoldbanel showsall formsof herddresswilh a whilecover;in the cas€of sasharoundthewaistin full dress.Europeanotherranksworea undresscaps oftenwith apeakaltachedevenforOther Ranks. lessornateuniformwilh yellowlace.In undressa faily plain Thecoatmostfrequentlr_ wornon campaign appeanto bethe bluestablejacketwaswom by all ranks,officershavinggold shelljacket.facedw'th the re$mentalcolourandwithoutlace. lacingandshouldercords. Batlalioncompanies wore white shoulderstraps.Grenadiers Headgearwas a black Roman helmet, with leopardskin and Light Cornpanies wore white wings.Trouserswere dark turbanfor officers.gilt fittingsand loflg red horsehairmane, althoughin undressa peakedblue forrgc cap Inayhavebeen blue.
28 worn by all ranks.An illustrationof the BengalHoneArtillery afterthe fall of Ghuzneeduringthe invasionof Afghanistanin 1839showsthehelmetwitha whitecover. Offic€rswore dark blue overallswith a doublegold stripe. Although Other Ranksdid not officiallychadgefrom white breeches until184?,theytoomayhavewom darkblueoveralls oncampaign. The Bengal Hone Artillery, unlike its counteryart in Bombayincludednativegunners,who wouldpresumably have wom a uniformsimilarto that describedabovefor EuroDean OtherRanks. The BengalFoot Artillery wore plain dark blue,long-tailed coatees facedred,withgoldlacefor officers.Bluetrouserswere wom with a red stripe.Headgearwasa bell-topshakoof the samepattemasthe infantry.Indiangunners(8olt]ndauz)worc a similaruniform,but with sandals.Undressheadgearwould havebeenadark blueforagecap,with a peakfor Europeans.
retireorabandonthem.Mostwouidhavebeenelephantdra*n heaiypieces.
WARGAMING TIIE CAMPAIGN
The Gwaliorcampaignoffers 'India fanatics'like myselfyet anotherchanceto pit srnall numbersof Bitish againsta numericallysuperiorenemy.(As a British[ndianArny ofthe 1840scanbe usedfor at leastfive conflictsthis makeseconomic sensetool) UnliketheConquestoISind!wheretheenemywere undisciplined tribesrnen, asmuchathomefightingeachotheras againstthe British, the Mahntta soldierformed a part of a regular,drilledstandingarmy,andtrainedfor the mostpartby BritishofficerslNor asfonnidableasthe Sikhsby a long way, but formidableenough,particularlywhen their strengthand abilitiesweretotallyunderestimated by the Britishl Also unlikethe Sindcampaign(but too like Afghanistan?), the Britishleadership wasof extremelyvariedquality.Gough Indian Units waswell liked by his men, a naturalfightinggeneraland an Native infantrywore a red tunic with collar and cuffsin the experienced commander. He hasbeenlabelleda hot-headwith reg;mental colour.Trouserswouldbe eitherblueor white,and onlyonetactic- a frontalassault againstall odds,asin theSikh sandalswere worn insteadof boots. Equipmentstnps were Wars. However in China, when faced with an enemy of white.Headgearws a peakless belltop shako,oftenwom with a potentiallyoverwhelmingstrength,all his victorieswere the whitecover.Completeuniformdetailsofall Indiantroopscan resultof flankingmovements. ln Gwaliorhoweverhe wasto be found in the excellentll e Indian Amy by Bori.sMollo. demonstratelittle racticalsenseand launchedhis attack at Maharajporealmosttotally blind as he was unawareof the NativeCav.l"y en€my'sslrengthanddispositions or ofthe terrainto hisfront. The BenSalNaiive Cavalrywore a uniform consistingof a On the other hand Sir John Grey was, it would seem,an bell-toppedshakoandFrenchgreyjacketwith orangefacings. indiffercnt commander,supponedby equally incompetent Overallswere darkblue.Undressuniformfor officen included Dngaorers. a dark bluejacket lacedwith silver,with orangefacingsand The similaritiesto Sindarereflectedagainin the fa€tthat at brassshoulderscales. In undressnativetroopersfJo'eart wore bothMaharajporeandPunniartheBritishattackedinto a trap a peakless foragecapof bluewith a whitebandandpom-pom. of sorts.unlike sindthebulk ofthe fightinglaywith rhevarious Uniform details of the two Bengal Irregular Cavalry Queenhbattalions,asthe sepoys'peformancewasvery poor, regiments are fairly scarcefor thisperiod,andindeeduniform almostwithoutexceDrion I regulationsonly coveredthe basics.The 4th wore a yellolv The Gwaliorcampaignprovidesusewith two fairly similar d/idlu,tandred pyjamaswith a blueandgold(or yellow)paarr. scenarios,in which most of the opposition,i.e. the Gwalior althoughone illustrationI haveseenshowsthemwith a white army,canbe left off-tableuntil it hasbeen'discovered' by the pagli. The8thworea red dl,tal,i&,possiblywithwhitepyjamas. advancingBntish. By giving 'Gough' and 'Grey' victory Britishoffi€erswereincreasinglyfollowingtheir menin thestyle conditionsrequiringthemto advanceandseekout the (largely of dressadoptedand may haveworn a ven;on of the above invisible)enemy.two veryinteresting gamesshoulddevelop. uniforms.Alternativelysomecouldstillbewearingtheuniform 25mm figures are readily availablefor this campaign. of their originalcorps,althoughI believethis would be very WargamesFoundry produce British (Opium Wars range) and Indians(IndianMutiny) for the British.CrimeanWar lanc€rs BritishandIndianinfantrywereall armedwith smooth-bore canbe utilisedasthe 16thand/orgth Lancen and the Mutiny muskets.Thesewould probablyhavebeenflintlock,but it is rangecan providefiguresfor the BengalLight Cavalryand possiblethar the Britishbattalionsmay havebeenissuedwith irregular cavalry. Altematively any 'basic' Light Dragoon percussion muskets.BengalHorseAnillery wouldhavebeen figwe with abell-topshakocanbeused,with a little conversion equippedwith either6- or g-pounders, in batteriesofsix guns. work, as BengalLight Cavlary.The odd 'extremelygaudy' The Light FieldBatteriesnay havehad9'or l2-pounderguns. Napoleoniclight cavalryofficer with a similar shakocan be Possiblyone gun in eachbatterywas a howitzer.Light Field pressedinto serviceasEuropeanOfficersofthe BengalLight Batterieswouldhavebeenox-drawn. Crvalry.Arlillery are a slighrp'oblemand may requiresome conversionwork (French NaDoleonicCuirassierhead on The G*alior Army I havebeen unableto ascertainmanydetailsof the Gwalior suitableHorseArtilleryman\ body to produceBengalHorse army.However,Mahrattadressofprgr, I(a/rdor longflowing Anillery). TheBritishartilleryfromtheOpiumWan rangewill robesandpyjamaswouldpresumably havebeenwom, perhaps do as BengalFoot Artillery, perhapswirh the additionof a white.The units shakofor nativegunners. in a widerangeofcolours,but predominantly Thh is not intendedto be an adven,but Wargames formerlyofficeredbythe Britishmayhavebeenmoreun;form Foundry alsoproducesuitablefiguresfor the Gwaliorarmy from their in theirappearance. The majo ty oI the Gwaliorarmywasinfantry,armedwith IndianMutiny range,particularlythe Moghulmatchlockmen, afldZambaruk,andthe new (superb) the traditionalIndian matchlockand ll/par, perhapswith a the irregularcavalryman shield. In addition it is possiblethat a numberof Afghan Afghanrangehasmanyfigureswhichcanbe utilised. In 15mmand6mmit is easier(andcheaper)to copewith the mercenaries frilay46lmay havebeenpresent. Cavalrywould havebeenpredominantlylance,tufear and size of the battlefieldsand numben of trooDs involved. shieldarmed.Zanbaruks,camelmountedhealrymatchlocks, parnculdrly Mahardiporc. and a mixtureof lndianMutiny. wouldalsohaveformedpan ofthe mountedforce. Colonialsand suitableeighteenthcenturyIndiantypescan be forces. The Gwaliorartillerywasextremelywell servedand on all usedto provideappropriate the gunnersfell defendingtheir guns rather than occasions
29
TABLEI: BATTLE OF MAHARAJPORE,29DECEMBER1843 Cortrmrnder-in-Chi€f:GeneralSir Hugh Gough SirJosephThackwell RightColunm:Major-General Cureton'sCavalryBde. : H.M. l6thLancers Bodyguard GovemorGeneral's lstBengalLightCavalry 4th BengalLocal Horse Troops, Lane'sandAlexander's BengalHorseArtillery centralColunn:Major GeneralValiant H.M.40thFoot(EastLancs) 2ndBengalNativeInfantry 16thBengalNativeInfantry L€ft Columtr:GeneralSir Hugh Gough,/Maj-GeneralSir John Littler Dennis'sBdgad€
14th,31st& 43rdBengalNative Infantry Browne'sLightFieldBattery
Littler's Brigade
H.M. 39thFoot(Dorsets) 56thBengalNativeInfantry Saunder's LightFieldBattery
Srott'sCavslry Bde.
4th & 10thBengalLight Cavalry Grant'sTroop,BengalHo$e Anillery
WRRruOR MINIATURES
14 Tlverton Av., Gl.3gos G32 9NX Scodand' Nd @ralooue !1.25 + S.AE. Pleas€staie int€r6ls for sample t426 Tcr: O4l-'rzg tsd AnIIES dJy €t 95+ rl0 po. 4tq ARryS Il6c5 Napdbikl00i@ i.El' F;h N"Fi.da
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NORTHEAST MILITAIRE 93 Saturday6th March1993 atttTeREDCAR BOW]10.30a.m. to 4.30D.m. MINIATURES WABGAMING BOARDGAMING
Also presentwere a detachmentof Native Sappers,the Khelat-ichilzal Regiment of Lo€al Infantry and four 8"
- PLAY GAMES T R A O ES T A N O S
TABLE2: THE BATTLE OFPUI{NIAR,29DECEMBER1E43
REFRESHMENTS BRING& AUYSTAND PAiTICIPANONANOOE ONSTRATION GAMES
Conmrander:GeneralSir John Grey lst. CavalryBde.
H.M.9thLancen SthBengallnegular Cavalry
2nd, CavalryBd€.
2nd,5th& 8thBenealLight Cavalry
lst. Infatrtry Bde.
(ColonelClunie,H.M. 3rdFoot) H.M.3rdFoot (TheBuffs) 50thBengalNativeInfantry
2nd.Infantry Bde.
(ColonelAnderson,H.M. 50th) H.M. 50thFoot(RoyalWest Kents) 39thBengalNativeInfantry
3rd. InfanarvBd€.
51st& 58thBengalNativelnfantry
Sappers & Miners In additiontherewasa detachmentofBengal attachedto ihe force. based No detailsof anillery are known,but a'guesstimate', up to four of Gough'sforce,mightsuggest on the composition batteries,sayoneHorseTroopandthreeLight FieldBatteries. Nor can information be found regarding Grey's Brigadiers; but. as one wasknown to haveshot himselland noneof the othen playedany part in the battle, they are perhapsbest forgottenl The Coloneh of the two Queen'sbattalionsseemto for the handlingof the batle, so their havebeenresponsible nameshavebeenincludedin the abovelist.
cussEsAiE:
1'AiGAMESUI]II, A.F.V.OIOFAM^.
convention Thel'lortheasl5 ownWaruames Adutts e1.00
ChildrenE O.A,P'Ssop
CHELIFER BOOKS Mike Smith
Todd Close,Curthwaite,Wiglon, Cumbria Tel: 0228 711388 MILITARY BOOKS and Sold send sae fot
SOURCES Hist'.ry of the Bitish Amy, vol xll (Fortescue). Bade Honours of the B/'ti:ft,4rrny (Norman). LIfe & Canpaigs of Hugh, Fitst Vbcount Gough(R^it\ . Enemies Vol. 3 (Osprey). AueenVictotia's Unforna of theIndian Army (Boris Mollo).
30
THEBAIJKANTEAGUE RULESFORA MATRIXGAMECAMPAIGNSETAT THETIME OFTHEFIRSTAIID SECOND BALKANWARS By Bob Cordery an outlet to tbe sea by the Bulgarians:the Montenegrins thatScutarihadbeengivento the newcountry resentedrhefact Rumanians werefearfulofthe new.larger, and ofAlbania: rhe Thesettingup of theBalkanL€ague which powerful Bulgarial and the Turkish Government. more As the poweroftheOttomanEmpiredeclinedtowardstheend ultra nationalistarmyofficers. ofthe NineteenthCentury.the Balkanstatesgainedindep€nd- wasnowcontrolledbyagroupof wantcd 1o r€gain the country\ tefitoriallosses. a chance ence.andby thc beginning of l9l2 onlyAlbania.Macedonia. and Thrace remainedunder Turkish conlrol. The rulers of TheSecond BalkanWar Bulgaria.Greece-Montenegro.and Serbiafeit. however.that Anotherwar wasinevitable.andin Junc1913fightingbetween no part of the Balkansshould remainparl of lhe Turkish Creekrnd Serbran I'oop\on forces on one\ide.lnd BulgJriun Empire. and so. in spite of long slandingdifferences.they rheother.brokeout. Withindaysconflictwaswidespread. The agreedto setup a militaryalliance The BalkanLea$e-with Greeks.Montenegrins,Rumanians.and Serbswcrc unitcd thesoleintentionof liberatingtheoccupiedareas.war between againslthe Bulgarians. who alsohadro contendwith a Turkish the Leagucand Turkey then becameinevitable.and. on the offensive. Againsl such odds it $'as inelitable thal the pretextthat the Turks were maltreatingthe Albanians.the Bulgarianswould eventuallybc defeared.and after only four LeasuedeclaredwaruponTurkeyin October1912. weeksof fightingthe SecondBalkanWar cameto an end.
INTRODUCTION
TheFirsl BalkanWar andils aftermalh The First BalkanWar. as the confliciwrs larerto be named. lasteda little overeightweeks..rndby the end of ir thc Turks retainedonly a tiny toe-holdin Europe.The endoi thewdrdid not. however.bringa lastingpeaceto the area.Almostrs soon as lhe fighling\ras over rhe membersof the BalkanLeague beganto nrgucamongstlhemsclvcs abourNhal to do lvith the newlylibcratedterritories.Bothlhe GreeksandtheBulgarians wantcdThrace: theSerbsfelr tharthevhadbeencheared out of
THEBALKANLEAGUEMATRIXGAME CAMPAIGN The BalkanLeagcMarrixGameCampaigntriestorecreatethe eventsof the First and SecondBalkanwars. The playersare allocatedone of the Balkan states.and each is given the appropriateBriefingCard (which containssecrionson rheir coontrts historical BACKGROUND.theirpoliticalAIMS.
31 FORCES. ANdthEMAXIMUM thEirALLIES.thCiTARMED NUMBER OF MATRIX CARDSPERMOVE the player's allowedtopick up) anda RulesSummaryCard(whichcontains sectionson USING THE MATRIX. the LENCTH OF MOVE. MOVEMENT rates. and ARMY STRENGTH). Oncethe malrixis setup andthe campaignmapis laidout, all how the umpirehasto do is ensurethat the playersunderstand to userhematrix.andthe gamecanbegin.
THEMATRIX The matrixconsists of 108matrixcards.Theseare: (x8) Forced march(r4) Nomalmarch (x1) Rallr'(x.l) Restiprepare (11) (x4) skirmish Ambush (x1) Tactical advantage Openbattle(x8) (xt) (x4) Smallformarion Laryeformation (x+) (x{) Fatigued Motivation (x.l) Roul(x+) Victor-v/defear (xJ) Retrear Halt(r.r) (xJ) (xa) increasetdrops Recruirrdesen Morale Wc,rhereffefi(xl) Terainefiecr(x.l) lines(x.l) Battlecn (f) SupplY (xl) An-qer Love(I2) (xl) Shame Fear(x2) wildcard(,t8)
USINGTHEMATRIX Decidingtheorder in whichplayerspick up matrixcardsfrom
THEFIRSTBALKANWAR(1914
TURKEY Backgrosnd : For many y€a.s Turkey has beon r6gard6dby th€ olh€r major Europ€anmtions as b€i.lg tho 'Sick Man ol Eu.opo', and @lationsare v6ry stairbd with Bulgarh, Gr€oc€,Sorbia,and Montenegro. AlthoughTurk€y is nomimllyrul€dby tho Sultan.the Gov€rnm€nt is controllodby a mixturool Religiousloadorsard Army Ot{icgrs. Tho Tukish AImy is reasonabv welltrained but ill-€quipp€d,and th€ Turkish Navy is obsoleteand in a @or state ol rcoair. Ains : 1) To r€tain as much poweras possiblein the Balkans. 2) To r€main in contol ot Consteminooloand the onlrencoto th€ Black S€a at all cGts. Allies : None. Anned Forces : ln Alfunia. EDirusand Macedona : I Larg€Amy 100,000rn€n I ModiumArmy 5o.0oomen Total 150,000rnen 1 LargoArmy
'100,000 n€n
With lhe exceptionof rhe first molc in a g.tnre.the order jn ITAXUIUMNUMBEROF TIATRIXCARDSPERMOVE whichplaycrspick malrixcardsfrom thc matrixis delermined =20 by the umpire.This maybe doneby dicethrow.thesrrengrhof -or\tJrd pur b\ theDhrerin Ih( nr{\ iou.mo!e. rheargumenl' or umpire' $him: rhermporlrnlthin! i. rhJIlh( umpircmusl ensuretharrhegamellows.andthatsomcplayersarenol being ACTION: l \\'ill nake a FORCED MARCH acrossrhe undulypcnaUsed. mountains to gire . . . Thenunber ofmatrixcardswhichmrJ bepickedup bJ a plaler RESULT:OPEN BATTLE wirh lhe enem!'.I can do this duringa mole ma) pickup Io fi!e matrirc!rdsfromrhematrixforeach REASONl: I haveRESTiPREPAREdfor the lastweek, Players hid dolvnon REASON2: I havegoodSUPPLYLINES,and subjecr to the maximums of theirarmiesrnalies. they rrc: REASON3: I haveTACTICAL ADVANTAGE because Cards.Themanimums rheirBriefing arenotexpecting meto do lhis.l-irst BalkanWar: Eachplayersbouldplacethe matrixcardsin fronrofthem as Bulgaria :tJ 15 rhe! presenlth€ir proposalsand supportingargumentsto th€ Creece umpire.wben all the playershaveprescntcdtheir proposals Monrenegro 5 andlhe resuhshave beenadjudicated. thecardsarereturnedto 15 Scrbi 20 Turkcv
.
S€cond BalkanWar: Bulgaria Grcecc Montcnegro Scrbia RurnrniLr Turke)
t0 l(l j
li l0 l0
Actions andDisclosing llakirg Arguments Whcnalllhepl )ersha!epickedmarri\cardsfromthematflr. $'haIrclionsthe\ intcndro cachplaver.in tum. disclorcs Phlersuseihe matrixcardsto: duringthis mo\c. uDderr.rke I) Define\rhatACTION(oncmatrixcard)thevinlendto lake: l) Predict the RESULT(onematrircard)of rheirACTION: l) Givc rhrccREASONS(threemririx card\)\\hy ir should
PLAYERS' PROPOSALS ASSESSING when umpiresassess players proposals.they shouldalways bearthefollotlingin mindl viable? l) ls theproposaltotally be allowed. tfit isviable. thentheproposalshould 2) lf the proposalis not totally viablc.on whai count doesit faill thc ACTION and/orRESULT a) If it is not viablebecause fail.howevergoodthe areridiculou5. thenrheproposalmust mightber REASONS h) Ifit is nol viablebecause oneor twoofthe REASONSare faulty.rhenconsideration shouldbe gilen to the possibihty thd theproposalmightsucceed. l n thiscaseanumpircmight \rv lo teel LhJlJ Ji{r r\r"$ $ould be Jn dppropriate or f)ilure of the proposal.For adjudicatcuponthe success
32 THEFNST BALKAXWAR(19!A
SERBIA Backgrourd : Sorbiai5 an irdopgrdont kingdomwhich was lormgrly pan of tho Turkish Empir6,and relationsb€twe€ntho S€rbsend thoir fom6r rulgrs arq v€ry strain€d. S€rbia onjoystr€ supportot tho lmpedalRussiancovornmenl and is s€€n as a bulwarkagainstth6 incroasine inlluenceol the Austo-Hungarian Empirs in the Belkans. Th€ SerbianA|my is reasonablywollrain€d and equipp€d. Aims : '1)To d€stroythe hst wstiges ol Turkish powerin tho Balkans. 2) To bocornolh6 rnost importantBalkancounrr. 3) To obtain an outl€tto th6 Adrhtic S€a.
THEFIRSTBALKANWAR(191A
MONTENEGRO Background r Monbnogo is an indop€ndgntand somowhat und€rdsvolopedmountainouskingdom, lt was iomsrly pad ol tho TurkishEmpire,ard relations botweenth€ two counties f€main strained. In th€ oast th€ countayhas rcceiv€dmilitaryaid from th€ lmp€rial Russhn Gov€rnment,but th€ Adny remainspoody oquipp€d. lt has,how€v6r, a r€pdationlor b€ing lough end w€ll-motivated,and particulariyadept at mountainend gu€fiilla warfer6. Alms : 1) To d€slroy the hst vestigosot Turkish powor in th6 Balkans. 2) To gein more local politicalpow€r.
Alllos : gulgaria.Grooce,and Mont€n€Oro.
Allles: Bulga.ia,Gr€€ce,and S€rbia
Arm6d Forces : 1 MediumArmy 1 SmallArmy Total
l SmallArmy
50,000rn€n 25.0OO men 75,000rn€n
'
25,000msn
MAXIMUMNUMBEROF MATRIXCARDSPERMOVE
MAXIIIUMNUMBEROFIIATRIXCARDSPERIIOVE =15
THEFIRSTBALKATWAR('912}
GREECE B6ckground i Gre€cei6 an independont kingdofiwhichwas{ormerty part ol the Turkish Empir€,and r€lationsborw€€nthe Grooksand th€ Turks remainstrained. Bothth€ creok Army and the Groak NaW a.s rcasombly welt trainod and €qujppod. Alms : 'l) To d€slroy the hsl vestigesof Turkish power|n ine Balkans. a To unit6 Gro6c€lrith Mac€donia,Thracs.and th€ Emaining TurkishAeg6anIslands. Allies : Bulgaria,Montgn€gro, and S€rbia. Armod Fofce3 : 1 lJ€diurnAmy I Small Navy
50,000m€n
I'AXII'UII NUMBEROF MAIRIX CARDSPERTIOVE =15
THEFIRSTEALKANWAR(1912)
BULGARIA Background: Bulgaiais an indsp€nd€nt kingdomwhichwastorm€rty partot the TurkishEnpirs,and relationsb€tweenth€ Bulgarians andthei form€rfulersr€mainvery suain€d. Bulgariaenjoysth€ supportol ihe lmp€rialRussian Governm€nt, andtho Bulgarian Armyis modellodon th€ lmperhlRussianAmy. The Bulgarian Armyis r€asonably w6lltrainedandequipfbd. Alms : 1) To dostroyths last vostigssol Turkish power In tn€ Balkans, 2) To b€com€the mostimpodantBalkancounly. 3) To obtainan ou{€rto th€ A€geanSsa byoccupying Macadonia and/or Thrace. Allies i Gregce,Ilront€n€gro, and S€rbia. Armed Forces: 1 LargeAlmy 1 M€diumArmy 1 Sdall Army Total
10O,0OO m€n 50,0OOmen 25.0OO men 175,000msn
MAXIMUMNUMBEROF MATBIXCARDSPERMOVE _20
ll
THE SE@IID EATXA}I WAR (IOI3)
TURKEY Beckgrouitd : Altholloh nomimlly rul6d by th€ Sultan,the Turkish Gov€rnmqntis in th€ handsol a smallgroup ot ultranatbmlist AdrryOllicers who @sentth€ dgbet sufi6r6d by ih6ir county in the First BalkanWar (191a. Th€ TurkishArmy is r€esonablywell train€dard battl€hard€n€d,bd it remsins ill-oquipp€d.
THESEOO}IDBALKA WAR (1913)
RUMANIA Background : Rumaniais an irdependontkingdomwhichwss lom€rly part ot tho Turkjsh Empire. Rumanh did not take parl in $9 First BalkanWa. (t914, and the lact that Bulgarh has now becometh€ F€domimnt county in th€ Balkansis much €s9nbd, and rehtions bgtw€en the two counfioS have b€corio vory stain€d. Tho RumanhnA|myis welltainod and€quipped.
Alma : 1) To rogein as much powerand t€nilory as possibl€in lh€ Balkan6. 2) To r€mainin contol ol Constiantinopl€ end tho entrenc€to th€ Beck Sea atillrAg!.
Aim : To roducoBulgarianinltuoncein th€ Ealkans,and to roplac€it as the most imporlantcounvy in th€ region.
Alli63:
Allies : Gr€€ce,Monlqn€gro,and S€rbia.
Armod Forcga : r Larg6Army 1 ir€dium Army Total IIAXIIUIT
'!m,@ mon s().ommen 150,000ft|on
UIIBER OF IIATRIX CARDSPER I'OVE .20
Armed Forcas : 1 Largg Army 1 M€diumAmy Total
100,000 mon 5O.0OO rnen 150,000n|on
I'AXIMUII NUMBEROF MATRIXCARDSPERUOVE =20
14
I}IE SEOOID B^LKAI{ WAR (1913}
SERBIA Baclgrornd: S€rbieb en lrdependsrtkingdorn whichv/asbni€rly partof th€TwklshEmpire. As a l€suhol tho Firat SalkanWar(1$a Se|bb ha5doubl€din aizo.bd thg hct t|er Buloariaha! b€cornethe B9domimntcounfy in the Balkanaia mlxh tDs€nbd,and€htkrns bot',toen theWo counlr'l06 ha\/gbaconb\€ry strei.Ed. Tho SorbhnArmyis welltainad ard betdehardorco, alna : 1)To r€d|l9 Buloarhninlluercain the gelkans,andto €pbce it as tho moslimpo.tantcounuyin th€ region. a To obtainan outlgtto th€ s6a. Allie.: Gre€co,Montenogro, ari Rumanh. Arnod Forca! : 1 irediumArmy '1SnbllAtmy Total TAXIUI.
THESEOONDMLKAI{ WAR(1913}
MONTENEGRO Backgiound : Monba|ogrois an indep€rdentaod aornowhat urd€rdewlopgd nioudainous kingdornwhich wa5 iormorly p6n ot the Trxkish Emp|re. As a 66utt ot the Firsl BalkanWar (1912)Mont6n€9rohas doubledin sts6. hn tho |a4rt|at th€ 'spoils of wer' wore not BIla|€d€quileuy is mlrch res€nt€d,end rolefon6 botwoonEulgarh ard Monbn€gro havo bocorrle\r€ry strain€d. Tho Monton€lrin &my is battte.hardorbd and it has a ropuira$on lor b€ir|otough and r.6lF motivabd, ard paniculafv adopt at mounlainand guenillawerbre. Aln : To gain rnorelocal politicalpower. Allios : Gr€€co.Rumania.and S€rbia
50,000nbn
25.!00-osr 75,@Orion
XUIIBER OF ITATRIXCANDS PER IIOVE =l5
Atntd Forc€s : l SrnallArmy
.
25,000r€n
IIAXIIIUII NUIIBER OF ATRIX CARDS PER XOVE t 5
fl{E SE@}{OBALKANWAn fi913)
THESE@ND BALKANWAR(I9I3}
GREECE
BULGARIA
Backgrourd: Groecals an indep€rdentkingdorn whichwsslorm€dy pertof tho TwkishEmriro. Ar a €sult of th€ First BalkanWar(1914 Gooco hasdoubl€din size.buttho lacttlst BulgeriehasoccupiodTlraco andbocorno tho podorninantcounty in tho Belkansis muchr6semed, and@btbff botN/eon fho twocounfieshaveb€come vsryslralnod. ThoGr€€kA|myis ',r€lltrairFdand bett+herdoned.
Background: Bulgtia is en indop€ndontkingdomwhich was lomody part ot the Turkish Em9jro. As a r6suho{ tha Fkat galkan War (1914 Eubaia has b€con€ the predomimnt county in th€ Balkans,hn this i6 r€s€nbd by Gr6€ce.Monbnogro, Rumania,ard Sorbia,and t€lationsb€twgonBulgariaand th€so oountiss have b€comov€ry strained. Tho BulgarianArmy well tsin€d ard batdeia.donod.
Ains : 1)To unit€Gr€ecawithThrac€. a To rcducoBulgarianinffL€rE€in th€Balkens.
Alms : 1) To rgteinall the bdbrid gains rnadoas a r63uhol tho First BalkanWar. 2) To ro'nain the nbst impodantBalkancounty.
Alllca : lvbnbnogro,Serbia,andRumenb. ArrnadFo.caa: 1 li4€dlwnArmy
50,000m€n
IIAXIIUX IIUIIBER OF HATRIX CAROSPER ITOVE _10
alllar : ArmodFofces: I LaroaA.rny 1 t €diun Anny 1 SnlallAnny Total
100,(n0m€n 50,(mmen 25.0m rn6n 175,000rbn
XAx| t,|II }IUIIBEROFUATRIXCARDSPERIIOVE -20
35 cxample,shouldonlyoneofthe REASONSbefaultythena scoreof 3,,1.5or 6 on a D6 would allow the proposalto succeedi shouldtwoof theREASONSbe faultythena score of5 or6 on a D6would allowtheproposalrosucceed. c) Ifit is nol viablebecause allofthe REASONSarefaulty. then the proposalmust fail, howevergood the ACTION and/orRESULTmighlbe.
TIMESCALE EachsamemovereDres€nts oneweekofreal time.
MOVEMENT ForcedMarch An army may move up to two _provinces per move by FORCEDMARCH. NormalMarch An army may moveone provinc€ per moveby NORMAL MARCH.
LANDSCAPES MINIATURE In our foudh yearofmanufdclureof hiShqudlilyterarn lrlet at the be.l poqblc pri(e5,l"r u( remindyou whdl we rcluarly r u l t r ah i g hd e n $ t y r g r ; d t s do.we useihebe5rUHD and fiock($hi.h d,e specirllymi\cd ex(iu'ively Dolv
HITTPACKS to6hillr) Small(2 (l or2 hil15) Large
(2to4hilh) f2.00 12.00 Medium 24'lons)f4.00 12.00 ExLarge(18"
DBA SETSOF ONT FOOTTILES SPECIAT
An armywhichhasbecomeweakenedasa resultof an OPEN BATTLE. AMBUSH, or SKIRMISHmaynot moveunlilit has REST/PREPAREdfor lwo game moves or split down or amalgamated GeeARMY STRENGTHsection). Th€ G.€ekNavy The Greek Naly may movc to any part of the sea on the campaignmap (oiher than through tbe T rkish-controlled Dardanelles) by NORMAL MARCH.
S€lI
f7.50 + El .50p&p S€t3
nraightstrcam
17.50+ !1,50p&p
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plaintile rilewilhfields plaintile hitl hill Postageandpackingl5% (minimumfortiles12.00) for irorc detaih ot a calaloste wtite lo: MINIAIURE IANDSCAPES. 35 CROSSSTRIEI, WF9 I EU. UPTON,PONTIFRACT
ARMYSTRENGTH
l LarseArmv = 2 MediumArmies= 4 SmallArnncs Armies are defined as being Large. Medium or Small, dependingupon size. A Large Army has 100.000men, a MediumArrny has50.000men.and a SmallArrny has25,000 BATTLES mcn. They may. during the courseof the Matrix Game The umpie can useanv methodro decidethe ourcomeof an Campaigfl . becomeweakened. OPEN BATTLE. SKIRMISH. or AMBUSH which results from the Matrix GameCampaign.but playerswill probably An army whichhas80,000menhasbecome preferto usea setoftabletopwargames rulesandmodelfigures. LargeArmyi In ihis casea set of One Brain Cell" DBA'style rules is An army whichhas35.000menhasbecome recommended, astheywill allowtheplayersto fighttheirbattle withoutcausingan unduedelaytothecampaigngame. An arny whichhas 15,000menhasbecome SmallArmy. Whenanarmyhasbecomeweakencd, it maybesplitdownor be amalgamated wirh anotherarmy to bring it up to strength. This occursonly if rhe split downor amalgamared armiesare colocatedwhilstthis takesplace,andir requiresthe playerto se a REST/PREPARE.RALLY, FATIGUED, RECRUIT/ DESERT. or wlLD CARD matrix card as one of their ACTIONsoTRESULTs. AweakenedLargeArmyof80,000menmaysplitdownto becomea MediumArrny of50,000men, a SnallArmy of 25.000men.anda weakenedSmallArmy of5.000men; A weak€nedSmallAfmy of20.000menanda W€akened MediumArmy of45.000menmayamalgamate to become a Medium Army of 50,000men and a WeakenedSmall Armyof 15,000 men. weakened. Any arny whichbecomes andwhichhasnot split with anotherarmy.maynot moveunless downor amalgamated il hasREST/PREPAREdfor two moves(seeMOVEMENT seciion).althoughil can fighl if attackedand may act as a garrison.The equivalent full-strength armysizesare:
SPECIFICRULES Thefirst BalkanW5. l) The gamelastsninemoves. 2) Thc orderinwhichplayerspickmatnxcardsfrom the matrix during the fir$ move of the game is: MONTENEGRO; 'I U R K L Y ;S E R B I AA, l L C A R I A ;C R E E C E . 3) Usethe mapentitledTHEFIRSTBALKAN wAR (1912). The S€condBalkanWa. 1)The gamelaslsfivemoves. 2)Theorderin wh'chplayerspickmatrixcardsfrom the matrix duringthefirst moveofthe gameis: BULGARIA; GREECEi SERBIA:MONTENEGRO; RUMANIA;TURKEY, 3) Use the map entitled THE SECOND BALKAN wAR
(19r3).
36
TheArmy of tods XW durtngtheWarsof theGrandAf,lance andlhe SpaatshSsccesslon(1688-1715).
THEMAISONDUROI:PartOne
Infantry of the GardesFrancalse& the Gardgsgrrlsss. By Mark Allen presentwhen the King commanded in personat the siegeof Monsin 1691.An assaultwasled by t$o guardscaptainswith The regim€ntdatedbackto the 1560swilh the foundingof a the grenadier conpanies of the regiment. Both officers were regimentof guardsfor the defenceand protectionof King killed,but thetownwascaptured.Two battalionsthenrerumed FranEois II. These were the days of the French Civil or to Francewith the King, the other four remainingwith the ReligiousWars and the life of the monarchwas n senous Army ofthe Marechal-duc de Luxenbourg(4). The ducde la danger,witnessthe endof Frangois'youngerbrorherHenrylll Feuilladedied at the erd of the campaignin 1691and the who was assassinated in 1589.The regimentwent through honour of commandingthe GardesFrancaisewasconferredon variouschanges duringthisperiodandit wasnot until thereign Louis-Francois,marquis de Boufflels. AII battalionswere of Henry III\ successor, Henry IV, that guardswereput on a reunitedin 1692when the Kjngwasagainpresentto witnessthe moreregularfooting. siegeof Namur.The followingyearthe regimentwasdivided again,with two battalionswithLouisatthecampatcemblours Org,onisstion By the time lnuisXlVwas on thethronerhecardesFrancaise and the othersat the bloodybattle of Neerwinden.The year siegeof Charleroi.In had becomea brigade.Varyingin sizeberweenfour and six endedwith the guardsat the successful guards 1694 the brigade had the interesting experienceof battalionsduring the 60s,70sand 80sir was restoredto six battalionsin 1689and r€mainedat this srrengthduring the servingunderthecommandofthe'GrandDauphin'andthelast threeyean ofconflictwerespentin Randercin the a.myofthe periodin question. Like the Frenchlineinfantrycoveredin previousarticlesthe ducde Villeroy. weresenr guardswereequippedwith pikesandmatchlockmusketsduring Whenwarbrokeour in I701the CardesFrancaises theWaroftheGrandAlliance,butunlikeotherFrenchinfantry to Brussclsto help succourthe SpanishNetherlandsfor the theyweresomewhat tardyin raisingGrenadiercompaniesnot BourbonclaimantFelipeV (Philippeof Anjou, grandsonof until 1689.(The CardesSuissedidn't have crenadiersuntil LouisXtV). Fourbattalionsservedat Eckeren.but missedboth Villars' early war victoriesin cermany and the disasterar 1691!) Blenheirn(1704).The duc de Boufflershad,at thistime, been Ihers givena companyoflhe Gardesdu Corpsandhadrelinquished Until166l the guards,likemostsoldiersoftheir time,w€renot commandofthe GardesFrancaise to theducdeGuiche.In 1704 uniformed,wearingcivilianstylewith certainnilitary charac- the GardesFrancaise wereservingon the Rhine,but io 1705 teristics.The fi$t uniformwasgreywith rcd lininSsandcuffs, retumedto Flandersto be presentat the siegeof Huy. The whilst officerswore red. The sergeantsof the regimentwerethe Duke ofMarlboroughsuccessfully forcedthe Frenchlinesand firstto adoptblue,in the 1670s,with the guardsrakinguptheir brokethe siegeand the guardsbrigade,ied by its Lieutenantfamousblueandred in 1685.At first the uniformwasunlaced, Colonel,Canman, wasformedinto a singlebody to halr the but soonthe famouswhitelacebegartobe placedon th€ front allies and allow the French army to make its escape.The edgeandpocketsandlateron thecuffs.Throughoutthe period regimentsered at the oth€rthreegreatMarlburianbattlesof the breeches andstockings werered. Ramillies,OudenardeandMalpaquet,but werenot presentat Villars'sreatvictoF at Denain. Marechald€ camp 1. Francoisd'Aubusson.ducde la Feuillade. 2. 1691LouisFrancois,marquis(laterduc)de Boufflers. GARDESSUISSE 3. 1704Antoinede cmmmont, ducde cuiche. Swiss troops had always served\{ith the armiesof the French Servicere{ord crown since th€ early Italian wars,but like their nativeguard In 1689rhesix barralionsofrhe CardesFrancaise weresenllo their realoriginslie in the Frenchcivil warsofthe Flandersto join the army of Marechald'Humieres.The companions foughtonbothsides regimenttook part in the French defeat at the bartle of latesixteenthcentury.TheSwissregiments Walcourtwhereit cameunderheavyfire whileassaulting the duringthe conflict,but it wasthe Catholicregimentof Pi4fer town. Susane(flrrroire /'lnfanteie Francabe) Eivesthe ofiicet whichbecamethe guardregimentofKing CharlesIX in 1567. casualties as four captains,two lieutenants and2l others.The Like the Gardes Francaisethe regiment assumedvarious guardsspentthe rest of the campaignin the marchingand differentforms until Henry IV in 1616adopteda permanent SwissGuards'. counter-marching whichwassucha part of the warfareof the formationunderthetitle'theRegimentof late seventeenthcentury. On 3 October the regimentleft Oryanisaaion Flandercto join the forceson the Rhine under the Marechalde Throughoutthistimethe GardesSuisse formedfour baftalions. l-orges.During this time CaptainMaulrnontof the guards, Like the Gardes Francaisethey had both pikemen and serviogin the JacobitearmyofJamesIl, waskilledat rhesiege musketeers duringthe earlierconflict,but haddispensed with of I-ondonderry.The following yearfour guardsbartalionswere both of theseand wereflintlockarmedduringthe War of the at Fleurus,whercthey se ed on the extremeright of the French SpanishSuccession. The regimentincoryorated,as its senior Iine (the seoiorregimentof an army wasalwaysaccordedrhe company,the famous'Cents-Suisse' of the Kings of France, right to take this 'place of honour'). All six battalions were although lheywereor8anrsed asa separare unil.
GARDFf FRANCAISE(FrenchFootcuards)
37
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38 Dress The SwissGuardsweredressedin red after 1661andfrom the adoptedbluefacingsto forrna reversalin colouringtothe 1680s GardesFrancaise.lnitially their breechesand stockingswere Like red,butthesewerereplacedby blueduringthelate1680s. the 1680s theFren€hguardtheiruniformsweredecoratedfrom Marechald€Camp 1.PieffeStuppa. 2. 1701MauriceWagner. 3. 1702Francoisde Reynold. Captainsof the'Cents-Suisse' {TheHundr€dSwiss) C$sagner. L Jean-Bapr(e de Tillader. mu'quis 2. 1692Michcl-Francois le Tellier,marquisde Courtervaux.
Ensign,GardesF.ancaise(bottom left) The Ensignis seencarryingthe DrapeauColonel(Colonel\ colour),ofwhichtheregimenthadonlyone.Thiswascarried by theseniorbattalionalongwilhiwoblue DrapeauxdOrdinance. Other banalionswould carry three Drapeauxd'Ord'nance. Noteherethe unusualdecoralionon theensign\sleeve.Other Giffart platesshow horizontalstripesas well as a diagonal Sergeant,GardesFrancaise plainlywithno lace.The textwilh ThisSergeant isdr€ssedvcry the platcstaresthatthisis campaigndressandthereforea more waspresumably wom on specialoccasions. decoralive assembly PlateTwo
O.dinanceand Colonel'sColours(topright andlefi) (Seenoteson Ensignin PlateOne.) S€rvicerecord The regimentservedat Walcourtin 1689and two battalions Drummer,GardesFrancai* (centre) wereat Fleuruslhe followingyear.Threebattalionswerewith Drummersoftheregimenrworethe Lirreedu Roi, asdid those King Louisat Monsandwhenthe King returnedto Versailles of the Gardes Suisse.Bur, whereasthc Gardcs Francaise the redbreeches andstockings of hisregiment, one of the battalionsaccompanied him there.The remaining drummetwears two batlalionsplayeda supporlingrolein the cavalryattackon the GardesSuissedrunmer wouldhavewom blue.I presume th€confederate forcesat Leuze.Fourbattalionsjoined theKing that carlier drummerswould have had their coatsdecorated aboveat Namurandthreewereat Steenkirke.wheretheyjoinedthe with ribbonsinthe mannerdescribed GardesFrancaise in throwingbackKing Willian s attempton Omcer, GardesFrancaise1703 Luxembourgs camp.The Swisswere at Neerwinden,where The morebizarreformsof decorationare now givingway to a thevwereheldin reserveuntil the final assaultbrokethe allied moreslandardised dress;but thisis srill.in essence. fashionable line. Like the GardesFrancaise. the Swissweresentin l70l to clolhesin therightcolourssuccourFelipeV s northerndominions.in particularBrabant. l7l0 Two companies of grenadiers servedat Eckerenin 1703.and GardesFrancaise and the guardsman 1704was spenton the Rhine. The GardesSuisselost lery By this time the ribbonshavedisappeared heavilyat Ramillies.over2{)0casuallies beingrecordedFinally has laken on a more eighteenlhcenlury aspect.The new two battalionswere presentat both Oudenardeand Malpla- equipmentofa bellypouchandthe differcntpositioningof the bayonet(ontheIeftby thesword,ratherthanon therigbtby thc pouch oldstylepouch) havenowbe€n adopted.In thei720sthe wasdecorated with a silveredge,but whetherthiswasthe case earlierI do not know. THEPLATES Plat€On€ We arefortunaiein havingGiffarli illuslrationsasa sourcefor the GardesFrancaise. They wercpublishedin 1697anddepict the Cardesduring rhe later yearsof the War of the Crand Alliance.Many aspectsof their dressare similarto thoseof otherFrenchinfantryofthe period.so I havedrawnregularly fromthemasa sourcethroughoutihisseriesofarlicles.Despite this, theyare still essentially guardsmen andreflectaspects of dressuniqueto the regiment. (loprighl andl€ft) Musk€te€rs, GardesFrancaise ln thisperiodthelaceon thebodywasnot placedon thecuffs,as wasthecaselater.HoweveronaEugeneLeliepvrereconstruc tion reproducedin la Sdb/eiaciehe showsthis decorationon the cuffs on the newly formed Grenadiersof the regiment. Ciffafl inreresringl) 5howslhe firingmurkereer in a po'irion suitableonly for a rnanusinga restand impossibleoth€rwisei thisprobablyshows theinfluenceofLostelnauandotherFrench treatises ofthe dme.
PlateThree Colonel'sand OrdinanceColours(topleft andright) The whire Colonels colour in the S\\'issregimenlwaseither pieces,orat leaststitchedalongtheUnes in separate construcled wherethe decorarion ofthe Ordinanceflagfell. Allcomments on the distdbutionof the flagsof the GardesFrancaiseare relevaDt here.Thecolourofthe flammesdep;ctedhereareonly accuratefor the period up to 1715.they changedon the ,ccession of LouisXV. Pikeman,GardesSuisse 1690 The Swissregimentswere notoriouslyconservative in their dress.ln the 1680s the Swisspikemenwerestill wearingtassels andshoulderprotection.Thereduciionof thebodyarmourand theretentionofthe helmetispartlyspeculative. howeverit does se€mr€asonably likely. The decorationar rhe bottomof the breecheswas retaineduntil the earlyy€arsofth€ nextcentury. r7l0 Gard€sSuiss€ Al1 comnenrson rhc GardesFrancaisefor rhis penod are relevanthere. Note the whire lacc hasbccn extendedto the cuffs.
(centre) Pikenan,Gard€sFrancaise This pictureshowsclearlf'the ribbonsdecoratingboth shoul dersofthe guards,modernsources (Leliepvre& Rousselot) are 17l0 of the opinionlhat rhispmcticewascarriedwell into the next Offtcer,GardesSuiss€ in ihe detailsof the GardesFrancaise century.The uniformsof the GardesReale and Wallon of As above.all references FelipeV certainlyweredecoratedin thiswa!'whenthe!'were officerarerelevanthere. supplied1othe Spanishby the Frenchat the beginningof the succession conflict. Whetherthis was old stock or possibly designed with the Spanisharmy specifically in mind are other possibilities. Thepikcmaniswearinglhebight metalcuirass in which the pikes of the guardswere deployeduntil their disbanding.
39
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REVIEWS Manufecturer Rang€ Scale Reviewer
L'sdb.ldka$|dlonolo''@d|y
- SnapdragonStudio
- Baatlefield Scenics andAcc€ssori€s in resin - 20/2smm - ColinRumfod
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Even in theselean times there appearsto be an increasing In numberofbusinesses sellingresinbuildingsandaccessones. generalthis hasbeenhealthyfor the hobbyasstandards have This one hasa slungblanket-rolland a woodenor possiblya undoubtedly risen and more periods and scales are being latertypeof Federalissuecanteen. cateredfor all the time. A66 an enlistedmanjustlikeA63,butwith a beardandslung SnapdragonStudio are relatively new on the scenebut offer blankelroll. some innovationsand practicalitems for the tabletop.The with bayonetted musketand - 25nm generalitens, A67 An enlistedmanadvancing initial releases fall into four categories wearing a frock coat and turned-down,low-cro*ned hat, 25mm field fodfications and 20mm sandbagdefencesfor conplete with cord. wwll andVietnam. A68 - an enlistedman in sackcoat, advancingwith bayoneated Atl items are castto a high standardwith virtually no filling musket,wearinga lovely exampleof a high-crowned, turnedrequired.Detail is crispandideallysuitedto paintwashesand down Hardeehat without any omamentation- looks like a dry brushing. typicalWestemerofthe Unionarmy. The 25mn generalrangeincludeshedges(someincorporat- A69-an €nlistedman, advancing in frockcoatandornamented ingtrees)aswell asa varietyof fencingandwalling.I'm not too Hardeehat withoutthe feathers. sureabout the conceptof resin foliage, but one can't knock the A70 - an enlistedman,dressedasA69 andadvancing, but in a quality.Lengthsof wallingetc. havebeenstandardhedat 6' €ompletely differentposeandwith blanket-roll (comenetc.3"). A71- an enlistdman,dressedasA69, againadvancing butin a The 25mm field fortifications are particularly suited to stoopingposition- ducking the high flying "minnie" ballsno mid-nineteenthcentury. Trench sectionsare thoughtfully doubtl permutations with lots ofvariety, allowingcountless design€d A72 - an enlistedman, standingshooting,in ftock coat and (againstandard6" lengths).The trench floor is easilywide tumed up Hardeehat, but without the sideeaglebadgethat basedfiguresandthesepieceswould pinned enoughto accommodate up the brim. complementsomeof the superbACw rangesaroundat the - an enlistedmanstanding,firing, in sackcoat and Hardee A73 moment.Somesectionsincorporatecommandposts/bunkers, hatwith full omamentation exceptingtheostrichfeathers. oth€rsform adllery positions. A74-an enlistedman,dressedin ftock coatandrurned-down The 20mn bunkersaresubstantial itemsandhavebeen'dug Hardeehat,waving. in' to their own bit of telrain. Most haveintemaldimensions A75- an enlistedmandressedasAT3,gropingfor a cartridge. andallowbasedcrew-served weaponsto be whicharegenerous A76-an enlistedmanramminghismusket,dressed asA73,but with droppedin fora snugfit. The majorityhavecrewshelters with a tumed-downHardeehat, unadornedapartfrorn a hat roofsasdsomebasicpositionshavesevenlvariants. detachable MostVietnamirem\canbe usedforwwll andviceversa. without having Ar you wouldexpectwith Anlhony Barton\ figuresthe above Somemanufact$ersdesignemplacements all of ahighstandardofmodellingand anatomically regardfor the practicalities ofa wargameandprovidetoo much subjectsare intemalclutter.Figureslook awkwardwhenplacedin them.In in proportion.The figuresare all in sensible,good wargane generalthisshortcoming doesnot applyto Snapdragon Studio posesand,asusualwithPollyOliver,freeofflash. Perhaps The availabilityof so many ftocl coaledfiguresi\ a mosl models,andI'm lookingforwardto anyfuturereleases. more manufacturers should first look at the figures and welcomeaddition to the ACW figure scenein 15mm.This and then garrnentwas extremely popular with Union troops and equipmentused,togetherwith basingconventions, practically universalwearfor bothsidesearlyin the war.Codes To sum up: Not cheap,but good quality conbined with 4.67to 76areobviouslymarketedtowardsthe Iron Brigadeand itisniceto seea goodrangeofgearamongst thesefigures,since thoughtfuldesign. frock coatsappearedalongsidesa€kcoats.WestemUnion Company:Polly Oliv€r Castings regiments€ould be built, with a rnajorityof unornamenred Rang€:AmericatrCivil War hattedfiguresand vice-versafor the Iron Brigade.A lot of Scale l5mm Confederate unitsappeared in the frockcoatandHardeehator D€signer:AnthonyBarton kepi atthe beginningof thewar, eg thosefrom SouthCarolina, Alabama,Georgia, Virginia,Mississippi Relersed:Dff emb€r, 1992 andTexas.In terms ofbuildingunits,thoseadvancing Revie$er:Paul D. SteYenson figureswithoutbayonets can be placedin unitsofboth advancingand shootingfigures.Also Well, sincemy last review of the August releasesof ACW alreadyavailablefor the abovearecommandfigures,standard figuresby PollyOliver,shehasbeenbeavedngawayonseveral bearersanddrummers, Tony tells me that limben and draughthorsesand drivers new figurcs and this batch are every bit as good as their predecessors. plusmoreUnioncavalryhavejust beenfinished,soby the rime Specifically theseare: youreadthisreviewtheseshouldbe available.(In€identally lhe A63 - An enlistedman in flat-toppedkepi and frock coat, rumourthatAnthonyisgoingto do a SevenYearsWar rangein marchingat slopearms,wearinglightequipment. thenearfutureisjustthat-a rumourl) A64 - an enlistedman, againmarchingat the slope,in frock coat,but in a completelydifferentpositionlvith hisgun on his left shoulderandwearinga deep-crowned kepi. A65 - an enlistedman, againmarching,againwearinga frock coatandagainin a completelydifferenrpositionto the others.
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WE'RE CELEBRATINGTHE NEIYYEARWITH OTJR NEW GREATVALUE ARMY PACKS At Connoisseur ue ale alutaJts looking for uaJ,s to seruelou as best we can ubile sat)ing lou monql in tbe prccess. Tbis is certainb) bue of our neu atml packs alailable fot irnmediate .teliuery. FRENCH,{RMY PACK:2 x Linei.fm.n (36 meneach).r x Lighrinfint.y (16 nen each),I x FootBaftery(4 guns.t6 qeu,), I x LineChasseur (2.1rn€n).Listprice:r,92.05.pack.t 78,00. BRITISH ARIVIY PACK2 x Linei.fa.rry (30 meneach),I x Rxlebrigade(lo men),1x Footba$eryG x guos,t2 cr€w), I x pack &5a.00. Hussr.egr ( 16men).Listprice:569.40. . RUS5IANAIMYPACKi2xMuskereer(32eich).lxcrenadier(l2nen),lxmititia(32rnen),txCavarry.€gr(32men),r x heai'],foor bartery(6 guns.2,1c.€w ). Listprice: i I 17.60.pack g99.oo. Order two pack andsavean addirional5%i order rhr€eor more pack andsa\€ an additional I O%. All p.ices include posrage andpackingandareposredwirhin2.(hrso.less.(No tunherdiscou.rsappt)) All ngur€sareavailable in singleunitsor indilidual\'.Prices:l5p foorandcaYal ,55pfo.ahorse.
SPREADOUT YOUR PURCIIASEWIfiI OUR THREE MONTH PAYMENT PIAN (caluor more details). sud SAE.lorfree tisting .t our rcnges CONNOISSEUR FIGURIS:20aCoastalRoad,Bumiston, Sca$orough, N. yo.ks yor3 oHR.T€t (0723) 870741. CONNOISSEUR FIGURES USA:P.OAox 229,6822-22Avenue North, St.p€.ersburg, rL 33710.rd & TeL at3-343-1191.
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MATCHLOCK MINIATURES 26Cliffsea Grove,LeighonSea/Ess€x SS91NQ Telephone & tax:070273986 10mm
PERSIANS & CREEKS; ROMANS,PALMYRANSj AMERICANCIVILWAR. 15mm ITALIANWARS;LANDSKNECHTS;30 YEARS W A R jE N C L I S H C I V I LW A R ;H I C H L A N D E R S j TATECl7th I FRENCH-INDIAN WARS:AMTRICAN
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FORSALE
The Barracks 325Underhill Road London SE229EA o8l-299-4200 New Wargamesshopjust openedin London. We n@k buildingsfromIan Weekley,ViuageGreenard Hovels,
NEW I'EAR BOOK CLtrAROUT: Most peiods, many out of K & M T r e e ' , H u m b ' o le n " m e l r n da r l i c p t ; n t \ .P e l . rP i gp r o d u c r s . fi eLresr,on Fanr.n ro,Ee andCiendii,e,.f,!ures b\Aixon print titles. SAE statinginterestsfor liststo: Mark Moon. 4 v,niaru,e\and Baule'Hono-urs M,nurure.. Dluibook,. rule,and HighfieldCrescent,Kettering,NorthantsNN156JS. painredarmies.Dice fion hobbyeanes,Napoleo.icshiF lrom WtrLL PAINTED lsmm EARLY SAMURAI AIMY. 154 Skytrex. . . this list getslongerall the rime. Ashigaru,34Archers,72Samurai,67MountedSamurai,1295 Do comeand visit - openinghours ono. Noman Snell, Flat 0/2, 12 SouthdeenAvenue,Drum, Mondav to Saturdav9am-5.30om chapel,Glasgowc15 7RH. URGENTSALE: Mainly Hinchliffe25mmSYW,500Foot,70 PREMIER EMPIRE PAINTING StrRI'ICES Cavalry,Gunsetc.Telephon€:0543-419436. Your wargamesfigurinespaintedto collectorsstandard. tEo 30mm HIINDRED YEARS WAX IIGURES, 90% well SendSAE for detailsand price list to: C. Klimczak,30 painted,bargainfl00for quicksale.Tel: cary 0733,68115 after CumbrianWay, Downley, High wycombe, Bucks HP13 6p'n. 5RY. Tel:0494474496. 150 l5mn WWI METAL FIGURES/ARTILLERY. cerman. British,Russian(70 painted,80 unpainted),f15. Deactivated "Boer War" Webleyrevolv€r4" barrel andsix inertcartridges, SECONDHAND WARGAMESFIGT]RES no licenserequired,goodcondition,!100.Tel: 0978-357564. (CANNAE? YOU CAN!', Roman bougbt e sold RepublicLegion: Velites, Triarii, Principes,Hastati, Cavalry.Painredand based110 all sizes,various manufacturerc figures.f60ono. Tel: 071,701 2461.Also Byzantines. ancients thiough to fanlasy 25nm WATGAMES IOUNDRY FRANCO-PRUSSIAN. IIIE OI.D SOI"DIER French:13Mounted,97Foot,2 Guns.Prussian:13Mounted. TEL| o7o8 72o67a9arnro 7pm 133Foot, 2 cuns. Professionally painted,1300.Tel: Mark (0295\25766'7. COMPLETE WARGAMERS COLLECTION O[ T/3ofth WAYNES WARRIORS PAINTING SERVICE. All periods at SCALEMODELS.Includeswell over2.000Dieces for WWII compeaitive prices.ll chequeand SAE for sampleand list, Modern - Napoleonic/Fantasy and l/3000rh scate naval. payablero W. Millard, 2 WoodwardDrive, Longwellcreen, CompleteGeoHex TerrainSystemandtwosupplement packs, Bristol,Avon B Sl5 5HR. T el. 0272-326K)t. severalmilitarybooksand over50 rule setsandsupplements. For d€tailscallCraigWoodwardon 024i783455or writeto 163 OvingRoad,Chichester PO206Ac. CLUBS& SOCIETIES 2N'DQUEtrN'SROYAL REGIMENT.A new resimentwithin rheNapoleonic {ssociahon hasrecen!tybeenlor;edin Surrey. PLAY-BY-MAIL The 2nd (or Oueen\), recentlyamalgamated with the HampPLAY POSTAL DIPLOMACY - the classicboardsame. shireRegimentto fom the Princess of WalesResjnent.is o;e Negotiations.lies and inrrigue. from only oOp per monrh. of rhe oldesrregrmenrs in the BririshArmy. the regiment ContactStephenAgar,79 FlorenceRoad, Brighton, East servedwith distinctionunder the commandof the Duke of Sussex. BN1 6DL fordetails. Wellingtonduring the PeninsulaWar gaining many battle honours.As pan of the NapoleonicAssociation the 2nd takes part in recreations of the batrlesof the NapoleonicWarsnot FREEBIES onlyin thiscountryburalsoacrosstheworld.We aretookinsfor andramilres 'nlerested in helping FREE: LAX.GENIMBER lsnnn CASTINGS.Ring 081-519 individualr rorecreate lhatife ofWellington'ssoldiersboth on andoff the battlefield.Livinc 3489(EastLondon)to arrangecollection. hnloryis now\ery muchpdn ot rheactivitie\ot lhe Napoteonia Association with themembenlivingoutrhedailylife of soldiers and theirfamilies in campandin barracks. Anyoneinterested in SERVICES anyaspectof life duringthe Napoleonicperiodshouldwrite to TADBY'S PAJNTING SERVICE. Experienced painter, fast Georg€Brown, 16 Lilac Close,cuildford, Surreyfor tunher andefficient,supplierto largecompany,readymadeafiniesa details. speciality,Napoleonicsand Ancientsto collectorsstandard. S.A.E. and 11 for sample and list. 12 RidgeviewRoad, Noctorum,Birkenhead.MeneysideL439AB. FORTHCOMINGEVENTS COVENANTERPAINTING SERVICE hasnow moved. to aII SOUTH CHESHIRE MILITAIRE is againto be hetd at the our customersold and new, contact:Ian Ramage,47 Manor Victoria Centre, Crewe.28th February.10.00tilt 5.00pm. Park.Irwisham. LondonSE135RA. ModelDisplays. Re-en acrmen FREELANCE FIGURE DESIGNER. 15-30mm. all Deriods Wargames. r Socieries, Comjetrtions.TradeSlands. Bnngand Buy. Bar and Refreshminrs. considered. PhoneBarry Leeon 0Jb?-85507. anyrime QUALITY PAINTING SERVICE, quick and reliable. Send11 Followsignsfrom M6Junction16andin Crewe.ContactDavid for colourbrochureto BarryLee, I TheVillas,Southrop,clos. Taylor, 24 RosthemeWay, Sandbach.Cheshire.Tel: 0270, 765138. GL7 3PG.
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