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»R}ã imw r}mfb |kt |tkdbt b ikw n÷qmomw mo mwvm j}ofk fm |bgcmogcb s bwgk; »w÷ik htbacvvc; »tkge; »mwgm|vcgcwjk; vbjdcão imw r}mfb ok fmgct bjão ok fmnbt r}m imw jbvmo mi bjkt tmg}|mtbt mi `bdib s ib }vk|êb wmt n÷qmomw wco |tcwb s gko jmjktcb wcv}btwm mo }ob `cwvktcb r}m mw ib w}sb ok gkoqmtvctwm mo qcmnkw |tmjbv}tkw Jbtck Dmomfmvvc
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B ib i÷hcgb fmi fmwvcok) r}cmo mo w} gb|tcg`k jm `b `mg`k mwv}fcbt Gcmogcbw fm ib Gkj}ocgbgc÷o mo ib ]ocqmtwcfbf fmi Jbt/ B jcw |bftmw) fm r}cmo w÷ik `m tmgcdcfk gbtcòk s gkj|tmowc÷o/ B Jbtc s Atm) jcw `mtjbokw5 gkovtkqmtwcb ! g÷j|icgm/ B jc bd}mib s jcw vêbw) r}cmomw jm `bo mowmòbfk mi qbikt fm ib atbvmtocfbf s mi b|ksk j}v}k/ B r}cmo jm mowmò÷ b wkotmêtim bi fmwvcok qmohb gkjk qmohb) |kt w} bjkt s `}jcifbf) Jbtcv~b/ B J!M |kt w} gbtcòk s b|ksk cogkofcgckobi/ Bi Jvtk/ Jmomwmw) jc fctmgvkt fm vmwcw) fm r}cmo b|tmofê r}m ib gkowvbogcb mw mi cohtmfcmovm |tcogc|bi fm }o d}mo vtbdbnk/ Ãi jm `c~k mi ‟|btk‛ gko ib bovtk|kikhêb s vmtjcoã mobjktâofkjm fm miib/ B jcw wcokfbimw> Ftb/ Mtcgb Hko~âim~) Jvtb/ Qmt÷ocgb Dbtbnbw) Ft/ Nkwã Jbtêb Acih}mctbw s mi Jvtk/ Hbdtcmi H}vcãttm~) |kt w} vcmj|k s w}w bgmtvbfbw gkttmggckomw) ik r}m wco f}fb gkovtcd}s÷ |btb jmnktbt mi vtbdbnk fm vmwcw/ =
B Vmoktck) Jbtv`b) Tkftchk) Gib}fcb s Jbtêb Nkwã) r}cmomw jm mowmòbtko r}m ib bjcwvbf |}mfm gkj|btvct gibwm gko ib fkgmogcb/ B jcw gkj|bòmtkw fm ib icgmogcbv}tb) gko r}cmomw f}tbovm gcogk bòkw gkj|btvcjkw cfmbw) w}mòkw) mw|mtbo~bw s j}g`bw gk|cbw/ B Nbamv) Skbtc) Jbthbtcvb) Gãwbt) Sbq`ã) \cxc) Omts) Tbabmik) H}wvbqk) Icw) Okmjê) Ebtmj) Jbtimom) r}cmomw bfmjâw fm gkj|btvctjm w} bjcwvbf) vbjdcão jm |mtjcvcmtko gkokgmt w}w mttktmw s atbgbwkw) b qmgmw fm miikw wm b|tmofm jâw/ Bi gtmx fm N÷qmomw wco |tcwb> Mtceb) H}wvbqk) Gãwbt s Tkftchk/ \kt w} fmfcgbgc÷o fmwcovmtmwbfb |btb mi fkg}jmovbi) fmi g}bi wm kdv}qcmtko wkdtmwbivkw s vbjdcão d}mob mp|mtcmogcb/ B iLw g`bqLw fm Wbovb Jbtêb) ikw bgvktmw |tcogc|bimw fm mwvm vtbjb/ Mo mw|mgcbi b 31 htbfkw) gkj|tkjcwk s wkicfbtcfbf jm dtcofbtko wcmj|tm5 }obw gbh}bjbw fm qm~ mo g}bofk/ B ib gkj}ocfbf mo hmomtbi) r}m b |mwbt fm ikw w}wvkw r}m okw fcjkw) iimh}ã gko qcfb bi acobi/
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Êofcgm Covtkf}ggc÷o Gb|êv}ik C/ Bovmgmfmovmw) n}wvcacgbgc÷o s jmvkfkikhêb 2/2/ Mi gbjcok r}m wm tmgkttc÷ ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///2= 2/4/ N}wvcacgbgc÷o ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ 42 2/7/ Mi jãvkfk> fm ib gcmogcb bovtk|ki÷hcgb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//4= 2/7/2/ Ib movtmqcwvb mvokhtâacgb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡7< 2/7/4/ Ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///74 2/6/ Bih}obw gkowcfmtbgckomw mo vktok b ib coqmwvchbgc÷o ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/7= 2/=/ Ikw n÷qmomw gko r}cmomw wm gkoqcqc÷ s b ikw r}m wm movtmqcwv÷ ‡‡‡‡‡‡//78
Gb|êv}ik CC/ N}qmov}f) cfmovcfbf s gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk 4/2/ Ik r}m wm |cmowb s fcgm fm ib n}qmov}f ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///‡73 4/4/ N}qmov}fmw t}tbimw m cofêhmobw> }ob |mtw|mgvcqb ibvcokbjmtcgbob ‡‡‡‡‡//62 4/7/ Ib fcbiãgvcgb fm ib cfmovcfbf> cfmovcfbf qw bivmtcfbf ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//=< 4/6/ Bgvktmw wkgcbimw) gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk s jmfcbgckomw ‡/‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡=0
Gb|êv}ik CCC/ Ikw G`kovbimw s Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib 7/2/ Ikw G`kovbimw fm ib gkwvb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///14 7/4/ Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib> bovmgmfmovmw/// ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡11 7/7/ Coatbmwvt}gv}tb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡////13 7/6/ Mgkokjêb‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡8< 7/=/ Bhtcg}iv}tb) hbobfmtêb s |mwgb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///82 7/1/ Vtbdbnbt mo @}bv}igk ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//87 8
jâpcjb‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/86 ‡‡/86 7/8/ Bwbjdimb Hmomtbi> ‟ib b}vktcfbf jâpcjb‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ 7/0/ Mi vmr}ck> ‟vtbdbnbt gkjk }o wkik `kjdtm‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ `kj dtm‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/81 ‡‡/81
7/3/ Tmichc÷o ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//88 7/2 fm amicgcfbf s fm |mob ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡8 3 7/2
7/24/4/ Mi dmcwdki ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/2<< f m dt}nkw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//2<2 7/24/7/ Ibw acobimw > ‟}ob h}mttb fm 7/27/ Jchtbgc÷o> ‟|‛bi oktvm‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///2<4
7/26/ Jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡2<7
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Gb|êv}ik CQ/ N}qmov}f> ‟r}cmomw imw mg`bo hbobw hbo bw s r}cmomw imw qbim jbftmw‛
6/2/ Qcqct mo }o |}mdik ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡2<1 6/4/ N}qmov}f ‟ib bovmwbib fm ib jbf}tm~‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡2<8 6/7/ ‟Ib n}qmov}f fm b`ktb sb ok mw gkjk ib fm bovmw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡2<3
6/6/ N÷qmomw ‟wm fmfcgbo jâw bi movtmvmocjcmovk‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///22< 6/=/ N}qmov}f s tmichc÷o ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///22= 6/1/ N}qmov}f s mi gêtg}ik abjcicbt ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///228 6/8/ ‟\}mw b`ê sk `m qcwvk r}m wê) |btb ib mwg}mib wê‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡228 6/0/ ‟Gc}fbfbokw fm 20 bòkw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ bò kw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//24< ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//24< 6/3/ N÷qmomw ‟ok mwvâo vbo gkovbjcobfkw gko ikw qcgckw fm ib gc}fbf |mtk U‡Z sb qbo
|kt mwm t}jdk ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///244 6/2
6/22/ Ikr}cvbw) wmqmtcbobw) j}p`mw s |}vkw ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡24= 6/24/ ‟Ib dbofb fm ikw 31 htbfkw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ htbfk w‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///248 ‡‡‡‡‡///248
6/27/ »S r}ã fmdmtêbo `bgmt ikw n÷qmomw;///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////272
Gb|êv}ik Q/ Vmimqcwc÷o> mi tcv}bi fm gbfb vbtfm =/2/ VQ B~vmgb> ‟wmòbi gko qbikt‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡277 qbikt‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡277 =/4/ ‟Mo w} `bjbgb qcmofk vmimqcwc÷o‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/277 covmtmwbovm‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡27= ‡‡‡‡27= =/7/ VQ B~vmgb> ‟}o gbobi covmtmwbovm‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡
=/=/ ¶Ik r}m jâw jm h}wvb b jê b|btvm fm ibw okqmibw mw ibw okvcgcbw‛‡‡‡‡‡278 =/6/ Vmimqcwc÷o acnb s j÷qci ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡/‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ 273 =/1/ Vmimqcwc÷o> ‟jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o qw movtmvmocjcmovk ‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡26<
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=/8/ Vmimqcwc÷o) »okw fmnbjkw jboc|}ibt;//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////264 =/0/ Gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o> ocòkw) n÷qmomw s bjbw fm gbwb ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡///266 =/3/ Vmimqcwc÷o> ‟ib gbnb fm ikw w}mòkw‛‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡26= =/2 mi covmtomv s mi vmiãakok gmi}ibt ‡‡‡‡///260
Gkogi}wckomw‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡//2 =<
B|ãofcgm/ Ib n}qmov}f fm jcw |b|âw a}m‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ a}m‡ ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡21 ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡211
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Covtkf}ggc÷o Iimhbt bi acobi fm }o gbjcok gbwc wcmj|tm wchocacgb }ob qcgvktcb5 }o tmvk qmogcfk/ Wco mjdbthk) mwm |bwbnm wcmj|tm vcmom kdwvâg}ikw s fcacg}ivbfmw5 w}dcfbw s dbnbfbw vbjdcão/ Ok wm |}mfmo mo}jmtbt) b qmgmw) ib gbovcfbf fm cogkoqmocmovmw r}m icjcvbtko mi icdtm bqbogm fmi gbjcobovm/ B}or}m vbj|kgk wm |}mfm kiqcfbt g}bofk mi bctm atmwgk mwvbdb b abqkt s mi wmofmtk wm `bgêb bþo jâw |ibgmovmtk bofbt/ Fm vkfk miik r}cmtk gkovbt s wkdtm vkfk fm ik r}m b|tmofê g}bofk fmgcfê mj|tmofmt mi qcbnm/
Vkfbqêb ok mog}movtk mi jkjmovk mw|mgêacgk g}bofk fmgcfê gbjcobt `bgcb ’Qcqm ib vmim> n}qmov}f) cfmovcfbf s gkow}jk gk ow}jk vmimqcwcqk‚) jâw dcmo a}mtko ibw |mr}mòbw gkwbw> icvmtbv}tb)
mowbskw) btvêg}ikw) ibw g`btibw gko mi Jvtk/ Jmomwmw) ib qcfb jcwjb r}cmomw |kgk b |kgk fcd}nbtko mo jc jmovm mi tmgkttcfk r}m fmdêb `bgmt/ Vkfk miik `cgcmtko r}m jm b|bwckobtb |kt mi mwv}fck wkdtm ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw5 br}miikw r}m vbjdcão vcmomo qk~ |mtk gbwc obfcm ikw mwg}g`b/ G}bofk fctchê mi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb gkj|tmofê r}m fmdêb wmh}ct) gko jâw mov}wcbwjk s mo jbskt |tka}ofcfbf mi mwv}fck fm ikw n÷qmomw/
Ibw vmktêbw s ikw jãvkfkw |btb }ob coqmwvchbgc÷o wko qbtcbfkw/ F}tbovm }o vcmj|k wbdêb ik r}m r}mtêb mwv}fcbt |mtk fmwgkokgêb fm r}ã jbomtb bdktfbtik/ Bi acobic~bt fm immt ib vmwcw ’Mi tcv}bi fm ik `bdcv}bi‚ ib cfmb wm `c~k |tmwmovm/ Mi jãvkfk mvokhtâacgk tmw|kofêb jmnkt b
ibw omgmwcfbfmw fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o5 gkokgmt ib jbomtb mo ikw n÷qmomw wm b|tk|cbo fm ikw fcwg}twkw vmimqcwcqkw s ikw `bgmo w}skw mo ibw bgvcqcfbfmw gkvcfcbobw) mo w} qcfb jcwjb/ Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk) Hbtgêb Gbogicoc) Gbtimw Amcpb) movtm kvtkw ‟b|ksbdbo‛ ib cfmb r}m bwê fmdêb wmt/
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Bovmw fm bdktfbt fm jbomtb gkj|imvb mi mwv}fck fm ikw n÷qmomw s w}w |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw v}qm }o bgmtgbjcmovk ‟mp|mtcjmovbi‛ r}m jm |mtjcvc÷ |ibovmbtjm mi |b|mi fm coqmwvchbfkt/
Gkjk vtbdbnk acobi fm ib jbvmtcb k|vbv cqb ‟fkg}jmovbi‛ fmdêbjkw |tmwmovbt }ob gbt|mvb fm |tkf}ggc÷o/ Jkwvtã gkjk vtbdbnk jcw bqbogmw wkdtm ib vmwcw s a}m mimhcfk |btb iimqbt b gbdk ib htbdbgc÷o/ Mwvk jm iimq÷ b bgmimtbt }o |kgk ibw movtmqcwvbw |mtk }ob qm~ tmbic~bfbw jm fck }ob jmnkt cfmb wkdtm g÷jk moatmovbt mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k/ Fmw|}ãw fm ct s qmoct mo mi gbjcok5 }obw qmgmw bgmimtbofk mi |bwk s kvtbw fmvmocãofkjm b fmwgbowbt |kt aco iimh}ã bi acobi/ Mi tmw}ivbfk wm tmaimnb mo ikw gcogk gb|êv}ikw r}m gkj|komo mwvb vmwcw/
Mo mi |tcjmt gb|êv}ik bdktf÷ ib g}mwvc÷o fm ikw bovmgmfmovmw) ib n}wvcacgbgc÷o s mi jãvkfk/ Tmibvk ib jbomtb mo r}m a}c gkowvt}smofk ib coqmwvchbgc÷o) gko jcw bgcmtvkw s tmqmwmw/ N}wvcacgk mi vmjb fm coqmwvchbgc÷o b |btvct fm vtmw |ibovmbjcmovkw dâwcgkw> b# ib |kgb cj|ktvbogcb r}m wm imw fb bi vmjb fm ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw5 d# mi mwv}fck fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb g}iv}tbi s g# mi |}movm r}m |mtjcvm b ibw Gcmogcbw fm ib Gkj}ocgbgc÷o gkoqcqct gko kvtbw gcmogcbw) gkjk ib bovtk|ki÷hcgb/ Fmwgtcdk vbjdcão mi |b|mi fm ib movtmqcwvb mvokhtâacgb s ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm5 bjdbw vãgocgbw fmi jãvkfk mvokhtâacgk/ Mo}jmt÷ bih}obw gkowcfmtbgckomw r}m a}mtko |btvêgc|mw fmi mwv}fck s acobic~k |tmwmovbfk b ikw |tkvbhkocwvbw fm mwvb `cwvktcb/
’Qcqm ib vmim‚> n}qmov}f) cfmovcfbf s gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk mw mi okjdtm fmi wmh}ofk gb|êv}ik5
mo mi g}bi bdktfk ib g}mwvc÷o fm ikw gkogm|vkw gmovtbimw fmi vmjb fm vmwcw/ Bwê jcwjk |kohk mo bqcwk bi imgvkt wkdtm ib cfmb r}m wm vcmom fm ib n}qmov}f mo ib gkj}ocfbf s mp|icgk r}m ib n}qmov}f mw }ob gkowvt}ggc÷o gkowvt}ggc÷o `cwv÷tcgb s wkgcbi/ Bgibtk r}m ibw n}qmov}fmw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw mwvâo
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tmimhbfbw fm ikw mwv}fckw bovtk|ki÷hcgkw s wkgcbimw s r}m ibw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw qbo jkfcacgbofk |kgk b |kgk ibw mwvt}gv}tbw gkowvcv}cfbw/ Vbjdcão mp|kohk mi gkogm|vk fm cfmovcfbf b |btvct fm fcamtmovmw b}vktmw s vmtjcok mp|icgbofk ib g}mwvc÷o fm ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw) mi gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk s ibw jmfcbgckomw/
Ib fmwgtc|gc÷o mvokhtâacgb fmi i}hbt mwvâ }dcgbfb mo mi vmtgmt gb|êv}ik/ @bdik fm ikw G`kovbimw s w} vmttcvktck5 w}w gkwv}jdtmw s vtbfcgckomw/ Fmvbiik ib g}mwvc÷o fm ib coatbmwvt}gv}tb) ib mgkokjêb) ibw bgvcqcfbfmw mgko÷jcgbw) ib |kiêvcgb) ib tmichc÷o) ibw acmwvbw fm amicgcfbf s fm |mob) ibw bgvcqcfbfmw fm|ktvcqbw) ib jchtbgc÷o s ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o/ Mwvkw fbvkw |mtjcvmo }o bgmtgbjcmovk b ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw fm ikw w}nmvkw s fcd}nbo }o |boktbjb wkdtm g÷jk wm fmwmoq}miqmo kvtkw) gkjk ib tm*wchocacgbgc÷o fm ikw fcwg}twkw jmfcâvcgkw/
Mi g}btvk gb|êv}ik mwvâ moakgbfk b ib fmwgtc|gc÷o mvokhtâacgb fm ikw n÷qmomw fmi i}hbt) ib jbomtb mo r}m wm qcqm mo }o |}mdik fm ib tmhc÷o g`kovbi/ Fm ch}bi jbomtb wm mp|icgb ib tmibgc÷o fm ib g}iv}tb n}qmoci gko mi tmwvk fm ibw cowvcv}gckomw gkjk ib abjcicb) ib tmichc÷o) ib mwg}mib) ib |kiêvcgb s ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o/ Bfmjâw fm ikw w}mòkw) ibw abovbwêbw s ikw iêjcvmw fm qcqct ib n}qmov}f mo Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib/ Wm fmwgtcdm bi gkimgvcqk iibjbfk bwê jcwjk Ib dbofb fm ikw 31 htbfkw) tm*|tkf}gvktmw fm ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw/
Mi r}covk gb|êv}ik mwvâ moakgbfk b ib mvokhtbaêb fm qmt vmimqcwc÷o s vkfk ik r}m bitmfmfkt wm fmwmoq}miqm/ Ikw |tkhtbjbw r}m jâw wm qmo s r}cãomw ikw gkow}jmo/ Wm `bgm }ob vc|kikhêb fm vmimqcwc÷o acnb s vmimqcwc÷o j÷qci r}m vcmom r}m qmt gko ibw g}mwvckomw mgko÷jcgbw fm ib
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abjcicb s ib jbomtb fm gkow}jct vmimqcwc÷o/ Bwcjcwjk wm jmogckob ib cj|ktvbogcb fm kvtkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o gkjk mi covmtomv s mi vmiãakok gmi}ibt) bjdkw fm tmgcmovm |tmwmogcb mo mwvm gkovmpvk t}tbi/ Mi þivcjk gb|êv}ik mwvâ fmwvcobfk b ibw gkogi}wckomw) tmw|kofcmofk ibw covmttkhbovmw r}m jm |ibovmbtko ib coqmwvchbgc÷o/ Acobic~÷ gko bih}obw obttbvcqbw fkofm ikw n÷qmomw |ibvcgbo fm ib n}qmov}f fm w}w |b|âw5 coaktjbgc÷o r}m a}ogckob gkjk gkovtbwvm movtm ibw fcamtmovmw hmomtbgckomw/
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Gb|êv}ik C/ Bovmgmfmovmw) n}wvcacgbgc÷o s jmvkfkikhêb 2/2/ Mi gbjcok r}m wm tmgkttc÷ ‟Mj|m~bt |ktr}m wê) bgbdbt ok wã g}âofk‛ fcgm }ob fm ibw gbogckomw fm Motcr}m
D}od}ts5 s bwê a}m gkjk vkfk fck cocgck ‗ wco wco wbdmt g}âofk vmtjcobtêb* gko ikw fmwmkw fm gkokgmt jâw biiâ fm ik r}m jcw ‟|bcwbokw mwv}fcbovmw ‛ wbdêbo/ Wcmj|tm w}|m r}m fmdêb
dtcogbt dbtfbw) |bwbt atkovmtbw) i}g`bt |kt ik r}m wm r}cmtm/ Wcmj|tm wkòã) b}o fmw|cmtvk/ Mwvm vtbdbnk wchocacgb r}m `m ikhtbfk icdtbt dcmo ib dbtfb r}m bihþo fêb fmgcfê dtcogbt/ A}mtko j}g`kw ikw kdwvâg}ikw) ibw okg`mw fm fmwqmik5 gkj|mowbfk gko ikw bjchkw s ikw jkjmovkw fm bimhtêb) ibw vb~bw fm gbaã s ibw gmtqm~bw r}m wm }oêbo bi tmgkttcfk fm ib qcfb fm }o mwv}fcbovm/
Ok wbdêb dcmo ib tb~÷o |kt ib r}m jm mogkovtbdb mo ib ]ocqmtwcfbf fmi Jbt oc ibw jkvcqbgckomw fm `bdmt mimhcfk ib gbttmtb b}or}m wê gkokgêb jc bqcfm~ |kt gkovco}bt mwv}fcbofk/ Wco mjdbthk) ok vbtfã mo wbdmt r}m cdb |kt mi gbjcok gkttmgvk s wkdtm vkfk wmovct ibw mjkgckomw fm wbvcwabggc÷o gkoaktjm ikw wmjmwvtmw bqbo~bdbo/ Ikhtã movmofmt r}m |btvm fm ik r}m wm jm mogkjmofbdb vmoêb r}m qmt gkojchk) gko ‟jc |bwbfk r}m mw jc `cwvktcb ‛) gko mi i}hbt fm fkofm qmoêb s gko ib hmovm r}m gkoqcqêb/ Bwê jbov}qm ib cfmb fm `bgmt mwm ‟bihk‛ r}m wcmj|tm wkimjkw fmgct) ok wbdêb r}ã) |mtk wê r}m fmdêb `bgmtik/
N÷qmomw N÷qmomw wco |tcwb
S w}thc÷ ib cfmb |btb mwm ‟bihk‛ r}m sb vtbêb mo ib gbdm~b fmwfm `bgm bih}okw bòkw) mo ikw |tcjmtkw wmjmwvtmw fm ib }ocqmtwcfbf/ Mi Jbmwvtk Jmomwmw a}m r}cmo jm bs}f÷ b mwgkhmt ib wmjciib s ib k|vbvcqb fm fkg}jmovbi icj|c÷ mi vmttmok fkofm wm wmjdtbtêb ib cfmb |btb mi
2=
vmjb fm vmwcw/ N÷qmomw wco |tcwb mw }o fkg}jmovbi r}m bdktfb g÷jk ib n}qmov}f fm Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib gkoach}tb w} cfmovcfbf b |btvct fm ibw fcamtmovmw cowvcv}gckomw gkjk wko ib mwg}mib) ib abjcicb) ib tmichc÷o s) fmwvbgbofk fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ib vmimqcwc÷o/ A}m }ob |tcjmtb b|tkpcjbgc÷o b ik r}m fmw|}ãw wmtêb ib coqmwvchbgc÷o fm vmwcw/
\btb tmbic~bt mi fkg}jmovbi) |tcjmtk wm fmdêb movtmhbt }ob gbt|mvb fm |tkf}ggc÷o/ Mwvm vtbdbnk |mtjcvc÷ r}m tmbic~btb coqmwvchbgc÷o fkg}jmovbi wkdtm mi vmjb fm ib n}qmov}f) ib cfmovcfbf s mi gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o) ik r}m jm iimq÷ b fmacoct r}m mwm mtb mi vmjb r}m r}mtêb vtbdbnbt s wkdtm vkfk r}m `bdêb mogkovtbfk mwm ‟bihk‛ r}m fmdêb `bgmt mo jc gkj}ocfbf/
\ktvbfb |btb mi FQF N÷qmomw wco |tcwb 21
Bwê movtmqcwvã) |btb mi fkg}jmovbi) b g}bvtk n÷qmomw s vtmw |mtwkobw jbsktmw wkdtm ib `cwvktcb fmi |}mdik) ibw |tâgvcgbw n}qmocimw) ib cfmovcfbf s mi gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o/ A}m }o bgmtgbjcmovk }o |kgk b|tmw}tbfk b}or}m iimok fm mp|mtcmogcbw s b|tmofc~bnmw/ Mo bdtci fmi 4<2< wm gkjmo~÷ gko mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k s acobic~÷ mo n}ock fmi jcwjk bòk/ Ibw movtmqcwvbw wm iimqbtko b gbdk f}tbovm ikw acomw fm wmjbob/ Mwvb |tcjmtb b|tkpcjbgc÷o jm |mtjcvc÷ gkokgmt mi jãvkfk mvokhtâacgk s wkdtm vkfk b|tmofê ib jbomtb) |btb r}m ibw |mtwkobw bggmfbo b gkj|btvct w} gkokgcjcmovk/
Mwvk |}mfm |}mfm ok immtwm immtwm
Mw fm qcvbi cj|ktvbogcb jmogckobt ibw boãgfkvbw r}m okw w}gmfcmtko/ Tmw}ivb kdqck r}m g}bofk wm ctt}j|m mi wcimogck k wm qmbo |}ovkw omhtkw mo mi mw|bgck dibogk) ib gbijb wm cor}cmvb/ Mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw) mi |mtjcwk mw vtbwgmofmovbi5 ik vkjã mo g}movb s im bgibtã bi Bhmovm J}ocgc|bi ik r}m |ibomâdbjkw gko o}mwvtb qcwcvb gkjk coqmwvchbfktmw s tmbic~bfktmw fm }o fkg}jmovbi/ Wco mjdbthk) ok vkfk mi |}mdik wm fck |kt movmtbfk s b ib |tcjmtb) mo }ob bwbjdimb hmomtbi) mo mi gktvm fm gbnb fmi vmwktmtk) bih}cmo ctt}j|m) ¢Bhâttmoikw" ¢Jãvbikw b ib gâtgmi" ¢Wm r}cmtmo tkdbt o}mwvtk fcomtk |kt mwk mwvâo htbdbofk" ¢\kicgêb"
Bihk |bw÷ |kt o}mwvtbw jmovmw) jcmfk vbi qm~) wco mjdbthk) w÷ik tmr}mtêb bgibtbgc÷o s bwê a}m/ Kvtb okg`m) }o qcmtomw) mo r}m qmêbjkw g÷jk htbdbtêbjkw s ibw vkjbw r}m `btêbjkw) mwvbgckobjkw mi dkg`k bi acobi fm }ob gbiim wco i}~ s fmgcfcjkw `bgmt mi tmgkttcfk b |cm) mtbo gkjk ibw 22 fm ib okg`m/ G}bofk tmhtmwbjkw) }o ht}|k) gkjk fm 4= ÷ 7< |mtwkobw) tkfmbdbo mi dkg`k) gko bovktg`bw s jbg`mvmw mw|mtbdbo b ikw fmwgkokgcfkw/ ¢B`") wko ikw
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r}m mwvâo htbdbofk) fcnmtko bi qmtokw/ Mwgtcdk mwvk vbjdcão gkjk tmamtmovm fm ik mpvtbòk r}m wm |}mfm wmt g}bofk bih}cmo wm wbim fmi |b|mi vtbfcgckobi/
Ib |btvm acobi acobi
G}bofk ib tmbic~bgc÷o fmi fkg}jmovbi acobic~÷) ibw hbobw |kt gkovco}bt gko ib coqmwvchbgc÷o b}jmovbtko/ Ok kdwvbovm) fmdêb mw|mtbt b r}m vmtjcobtb gko bih}obw g}mwvckomw bfjcocwvtbvcqbw s bgbfãjcgbw fm ib }ocqmtwcfbf) wco mjdbthk) ib jctbfb fm coqmwvchbfkt wcmj|tm mwvbdb bimtvb g}bofk cdb b Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib 2/ Vtbvbdb fm movmofmt) fmwfm kvtb |mtw|mgvcqb) ikw n}mhkw) ibw |iâvcgbw) ibw mjkgckomw) ikw gkow}jkw) mo wê ib qcfb fm ikw n÷qmomw s vkfk ik r}m wm tmibgckobdb tmibgckobdb gko miikw) ok kiqcfbofk kiqcfbofk ib hmovm s mi gkovmpvk) mi i}hbt fm ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw r}m ikw `bgm wmt ‗ mo mo |btvm* r}cmomw wko/
Fmwmj|kiqã ibw movtmqcwvbw) mo bdtci fm 4<22 s ibw imê }ob s kvtb qm~ |btb tmvkjbt mi gbjcok/ Bwê gkovcoþm gko ib |btvm acobi fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o/ Movtmqcwvã b jâw |mtwkobw s jm bgmtr}ã b vkfk ik r}m mo ib gkj}ocfbf w}gmfêb/ Wcmj|tm ik `bdêb `mg`k) w÷ik r}m b`ktb vmoêb }ob covmogc÷o/ \kgk b |kgk cdb b}jmovbofk ib gbovcfbf fm coaktjbgc÷o) mwvbdimgcmofk tmibgckomw s movmofcmofk ibw |tâgvcgbw n}qmocimw/ B |mwbt fm `bdmt imêfk icvmtbv}tb bovtk|ki÷hcgb s mvokhtâacgb) |btb gkokgmt ib jbomtb fm bdktfbt mi vmjb mo g}mwvc÷o) ikw ‟dbg`mw‛ wm `cgcmtko |tmwmovmw5 g}mwvc÷o fm wbdmt mwr}cqbtikw/ Gkogi}ê gko ib tmfbggc÷o mo
wm|vcmjdtm fmi jcwjk bòk/
2
Gkjþojmovm jm r}mfbdb mo Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk vkfb ib wmjbob s ikw acomw b|tkqmg`bdb |btb ct b ib gkj}ocfbf) mo b}vkdþw gkjk b }ob `ktb s jmfcb/ Qmt jb|b) |âhcob 1=/
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Gbdm fmwvbgbt ib |kgb b|tkpcjbgc÷o r}m ikw mwv}fckw wkgcki÷hcgkw s bovtk|ki÷hcgkw vcmomo `bgcb ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw/ Qcwvbw ãwvbw þivcjbw gkjk bihk ‟|bwbnmtk‛/ Fmi ibfk k|}mwvk) ibw n}qmov}fmw }tdbobw) wm ibw `b mwv}fcbfk mo w}w fcamtmovmw mw|bgckw s tm|tmwmovbgckomw/ Bgmtgâofkwm gbfb qm~ jâw b ib tmbicfbf r}m ikw `bgm wmt s movmofmt ikw |tkgmwkw r}m mo miikw wm iimqb b gbdk/ Wco mjdbthk) vbjdcão ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw vcmomo bihk r}m fmgct) k bi jmokw wm imw fmdm fbt ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm mp|tmwbtwm/ Mo mwvm j}ofk hikdbic~bfk) fkofm vkfk |btmgm jâw j}ofcbi r}m ikgbi s fkofm ibw o}mqbw vmgokikhêbw fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ib coaktjbgc÷o covmovbo fmjkgtbvc~bt mi fmtmg`k fm mp|tmwc÷o) ok wm fmdm fmnbt a}mtb ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw n÷qmomw fm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw/
Mi |tkdimjb |tkdimjb gmovtbi fm fm coqmwvchbgc÷o coqmwvchbgc÷o
Bgv}bijmovm) ibw qkgmw fm ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw mwvâo gkjmo~bofk b tmwkobt mo fcamtmovmw mw|bgckw/ Ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ibw vmgokikhêbw fm ib coaktjbgc÷o n}mhbo }o |b|mi cofcw|mowbdim gkjk |ktvbqkgmw fm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw n}qmocimw/ Mwvkw bgvktmw) gkofcgckobfkw |kt ikw gkovmpvkw `cwv÷tcgkw s wkgcbimw mj|cm~bo b fmwbttkiibt w} |tk|cb `cwvktcb) gkowvt}cfb dbnk w} |tmjcwb dâwcgb> qcqct/
Wco mjdbthk) kvtbw qkgmw) ibw fm n÷qmomw r}m `bdcvbo mo ~kobw }tdbobw) `bgm j}g`k vcmj|k r}m wm imw mwg}g`b5 okw `bo gkovbfk w} aktjb fm qcfb) w}w |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw) w}w coai}mogcbw s vtbwgmofmogcbw) w}w |kiãjcgbw s vtc}oakw/ Wm `bo `mg`k |btvm fm ib `cwvktcb hmomtbi) bihk r}m ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw vkfbqêb ok `bo bigbo~bfk/
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Dbnk mwvbw bgibtbgckomw gmovt÷ jc vmjb fm coqmwvchbgc÷o> »mpcwvm ib n}qmov}f) gkjk mvb|b fcamtmogcbfb) mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw; Wc mpcwvm) »g}âimw wko w}w |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw; W} cfmovcfbf »b |btvct fm r}ã mimjmovkw+cowvcv}gckomw ib gkoach}tbo; Ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mo mw|mgcbi ib vmimqcwc÷o »vbjdcão aktjbo |btvm fm w} cfmovcfbf;
Ibw b|tkpcjbgckomw b mwvbw covmttkhbovmw jm iimqbtko b |mowbt r}m ib mvb|b fm ib n}qmov}f gkjmo~bdb b mjmthmt gkjk gkowmg}mogcb) mo |btvm) fm ib jbskt mwgkibtcfbf fm ikw n÷qmomw) fmi bggmwk b ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ib jchtbgc÷o `bgcb ib gb|cvbi fmi Mwvbfk s bi qmgcok |bêw fmi oktvm/ W}w |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw mwvbtêbo fmvmtjcobfbw |kt ikw o}mqkw bggmwkw b ib vmgokikhêb s ikw jmfckw) gkon}hâofkikw gko ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw fm ktchmo s vkfk miik aktjbdb |btvm fm w} cfmovcfbf/
Fm mwvb aktjb a}m r}m gkjmogã b mwv}fcbt b ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw s mo mw|mgcbi b ib n}qmov}f fm Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib/ @}bjmi}ib/ Mi vmjb ok mw o}mqk) wco mjdbthk) wm im `b fbfk }o hctk mo g}bovk b gkokgmt ib kvtb gbtb fm ib jkomfb> ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw/ Bi tmw|mgvk qbtckw b}vktmw qbo |kt mi jcwjk gbjcok gko vmjbw gkjk> ib wmp}bicfbf) ib jchtbgc÷o) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ibw dbofbw) mo wê ib aktjb fm qcfb/
Kdnmvcqkw
Mo }o |tcjmtk jkjmovk) wbdmt wc mpcwvm ib n}qmov}f) gkjk mvb|b fcamtmogcbfb) mo Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib5 i}mhk gkokgmt w} aktjb fm qcfb) g}iv}tb s vtbfcgckomw/ \kwvmtcktjmovm gmovtbt ib bvmogc÷o mo ib jbomtb fm b|tk|cbgc÷o fmi gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o s tmibgckobtik gko ib cfmovcfbf fm ikw jcwjkw/
4<
Mi |tk|÷wcvk mw |ibwjbt }ob tmbicfbf fm ibw s ikw n÷qmomw5 fm ibw gkogm|gckomw fm ktchmo) gkjk ib g}iv}tb vtbfcgckobi s fm ibw o}mqbw b|tkpcjbgckomw r}m wm fbo b vtbqãw fm |tkgmwkw gkjk mi gkow}jk fm jmfckw) mi bggmwk b o}mqbw `mttbjcmovbw vmgoki÷hcgbw) jbskt htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf s ib jchtbgc÷o/
2/4 N}wvcacgbgc÷o Fmwfm w} coqmogc÷o s w} iimhbfb b o}mwvtk |bêw ib vmimqcwc÷o wm gkoqctvc÷ tâ|cfbjmovm mo }o jmfck j}s b|tmgcbfk |kt ibw abjcicbw jmpcgbobw/ W} |kfmt fm wmf}ggc÷o mw vbovk r}m okw moq}miqm gbwc vkfkw ikw wmovcfkw fm jbomtb cojmfcbvb/ W} |tcjmtb a}ogc÷o gkjk jmfck jbwcqk a}m ib fm movtmvmomt ) wco mjdbthk) |kwvmtcktjmovm wm im bfn}fcgbtko tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw gkjk ib fm aktjbt m coaktjbt / B |mwbt r}m b`ktb mpcwvmo kthbocwjkw r}m tmh}ibo ib bgvcqcfbf fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mo mw|mgcbi ib vmimqcwc÷o) wm kdwmtqb }o dbnk g}j|icjcmovk mo ibw a}ogckomw fm ãwvb/ Mpgm|vk ib fm movtmvmomt/
@bs htbo gbovcfbf fm dcdickhtbaêb gko coqmwvchbgckomw tmibgckobfbw gko ib vmimqcwc÷o fmwfm |mtw|mgvcqbw gkjk> mi cj|mtcbicwjk g}iv}tbi) ibw ibw cof}wvtcbw g}iv}tbimw) mi cj|mtcbicwjk mgko÷jcgk/ Mwvkw mwv}fckw moakgbfkw jâw mo mi mjcwkt s bih}okw mo mi jmowbnm5 |kgk wm
`bdib fmi tmgm|vkt gkjk gkow}jcfkt fm ikw |tkf}gvkw g}iv}tbimw/ Ikw jãvkfkw mj|imbfkw gbwc wcmj|tm wko fm gbtâgvmt g}bovcvbvcqk gkjk> mi boâicwcw fm gkovmocfk |tcogc|bijmovm) r}m tbfcgb mo gkovbt ikw jmowbnmw) ibw |bibdtbw) ibw cjâhmomw) mvg/ Ik r}m mwvbw coqmwvchbgckomw |tmvmofmo fmjkwvtbt mw ib jbib gbicfbf fm ib vmimqcwc÷o s n}~hbtib gkjk }o jbi mo ib wkgcmfbf/ Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk |ibovmb bi tmw|mgvk> ’‡ibw `cwvktcbw fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o wch}mo fmfcgbfbw b mwv}fcbt ib ’mwvt}gv}tb mgko÷jcgb‚ k mi ’gkovmocfk
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cfmki÷hcgk‚ fm ikw jmfckw) wco |ibovmbtwm jêocjbjmovm mi mwv}fck fm ibw jmfcbgckomw b
vtbqãw fm ibw g}bimw ikw jmfckw bfr}ctcmtko jbvmtcbicfbf cowvcv}gckobi s mw|mwkt g}iv}tbi) s mo ibw ibw r}m wm kwgcib movtm |âttbakw r}m |btmgmo bvtcd}ct ib fcoâjcgb fm ikw gbjdckw `cwv÷tcgkw b ib coai}mogcb fm ikw jmfckw) s kvtkw mo ikw r}m ãwvkw wko tmf}gcfkw b jmtkw cowvt}jmovkw |bwcqkw‡‚ (2308>288#/
Mi b}vkt |ibovmb }ob |mtw|mgvcqb fcamtmovm |btb mi mwv}fck fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o/ Fmwichbfb fmi gbtâgvmt mgko÷jcgk *gkjk mj|tmwb fm |tkf}ggc÷o* s fm ib cfmkikhêb r}m |tmvmofmo mjcvct b |btvct fm ib |tkf}ggc÷o fm jmowbnmw/ Bwê jcwjk) |ibovmb gkjk kdnmvk fm mwv}fck ibw jmfcbgckomw r}m w}gmfmo movtm mi mjcwkt) tmgm|vkt s jmowbnm5 gkjk aktjb fm covmtgbjdck r}m w}gmfm mo }o mw|bgck ikgbic~bfk/
Wch}cmofk gko ib cj|ktvbogcb fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ibw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw5 Jbtcv~b ]tvmbhb (4<<0# tmgkokgm r}m mw cj|ktvbovm cogi}ct b ikw ocòkw s n÷qmomw cofckw mo ikw mwv}fckw bovtk|ki÷hcgkw s wkgcbimw) |tcogc|bijmovm/ Fm ch}bi jbomtb jmogckob r}m ib |tmwmogcb fm ikw jbww jmfcb s mi qêog}ik r}m `bs gko ’coqmogc÷o fm ib n}qmov}f‚ w÷ik mw okjdtbfk mo ikw mwv}fckw/ \ibovmb r}m vbovk ib vmimqcwc÷o gkjk ib tbfck katmgmo cjâhmomw g}iv}tbimw r}m a}ogckobo gkjk tmamtmovmw fm vmjbw gkj|imnkw gkjk mi jbvtcjkock) ib wmp}bicfbf) mi okqcb~hk) ibw tmibgckomw bjktkwbw s mi |b|mi fm ib j}nmt mo ib mtb fm ib hikdbic~bgc÷o) ik r}m |mtjcvm b ibw o}mqbw hmomtbgckomw hmomtbgckomw g}mwvckobt s omhkgcbt w} tmbicfbf) ik r}m ok kg}ttêb gko ibw hmomtbgckomw bovmtcktmw/
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Mwvbw `mttbjcmovbw r}m abgcicvbo ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o vmtjcobo wcmofk qm`êg}ikw gko ikw g}bimw ikw n÷qmomw covmtbgvþbo gkvcfcbobjmovm s gtmbo) b |btvct fm miikw) w}w |tk|ckw imoh}bnmw) aktjbw s mwgmokhtbaêbw5 wm gkj}ocgbo movtm wê s gko kvtbw hmomtbgckomw (]tvmbhb) 4<<0#/ Ib wmg}ofbtcb `b wcfk |btb j}g`bw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw }ob aktjb fm mwgb|bvktcb b ib |tkovb ’jbf}tm~‚ cj|}mwvb |kt ib aktjb fm qcfb fm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw/ Mwvm mw|bgck |mtjcvm }o fmwbttkiik fm ikw n÷qmomw) movtm miikw gkjk w}nmvkw wcjcibtmw) s gko ib gkj}ocfbf (Jmomwmw5 4<<4) ]tvmbhb5 4<<0#/
Wco mjdbthk) b ik ibthk fm ib `cwvktcb fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ãwvkw `bo wcfk cowvt}jmovkw cj|ktvbovmw |btb ib |kdibgc÷o s |btb mi Mwvbfk/ Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk (2308# `bgm }o tmg}movk wkdtm mi |b|mi fm ikw jbww jmfcb gkjk gkoach}tbfktmw fm ib cfmovcfbf mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob) |tcogc|bijmovm fm ib tbfck s ib vmimqcwc÷o/ Bþo mo o}mwvtkw fêbw mw cj|ktvbovm mi boâicwcw fm mwvkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o fmwfm fcamtmovmw |mtw|mgvcqbw s gko o}mqbw k tmokqbfbw vãgocgbw s jãvkfkw fm mwv}fck/
Vboc}w Ebtbj 4 mo w} btvêg}ik ]o g}btvk jkfmik fm ib mowmòbo~b mo ibw gcmogcbw fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o mwgtcdm) fm bg}mtfk gko Tbþi A}movmw Obqbttk) wkdtm ikw jkfmikw
a}ofbgckobimw mo ib mowmòbo~b fm ibw gcmogcbw fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ‗ ik ik jâw covmtmwbovm* mw ik r}m wm |tk|kom gkjk kvtk vc|k fm mowmòbo~b/ Mp|kom gkjk |tcjmt jkfmik (236<* 23=3# ib aktjbgc÷o fm |tkamwckocwvbw fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb cowvt}jmovbi) k ik jcwjk r}m }o b|tcmvb dkvkomw) bimnbfk fm ib tmw|kowbdcicfbf wkgcbi/
4
\tkamwkt m coqmwvchbfkt fm ib ]ocqmtwcfbf fm ib Gc}fbf fm Jãpcgk
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Mi wmh}ofk jkfmik w}thm g}bofk wm |k|}ibtc~b ib gbttmtb fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s hmomtb ib aktjbgc÷o fmi gkj}ocg÷ikhk k gkj}ocgbfkt gkjk }o covmimgv}bi) }o wbdmikvkfk5 sb r}m w} aktjbgc÷o |tkqcmom fm }o mpvmowk tbohk fm jbvmtcbw/ Wm }dcgb bi vmtgmt jkfmik mo ikw wmvmovb s mw fmi gkj}ocg÷ikhk gkjk gcmovêacgk wkgcbi) r}cmo wm bimnb fm ib aktjbgc÷o cowvt}jmovbicwvb s moabvc~b ib gkowvt}ggc÷o fm vkvbicfbfmw fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb gtêvcgb5 mw fmgct w} kdnmvcqk gkowcwvm mo fmo}ogcbt ikw mamgvkw fm ib hikdbic~bgc÷o fm ib coaktjbgc÷o k ib `mhmjkoêb fm ikw ht}|kw fm ibw cof}wvtcbw g}iv}tbimw/
Mi g}btvk jkfmik mw fmi d}t÷gtbvb fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s vcmom gkjk gbtbgvmtêwvcgb |tcogc|bi ib |tkovb cowmtgc÷o fmi |tkamwckocwvb mo ib jbr}cobtcb hikdbi fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o/ Ebtbj bfqcmtvm r}m b |btvct fm mwvkw jkfmikw `bs }ob mqcfmovm gtcwcw fm |mtw|mgvcqbw movtm ibw |tâgvcgbw) ikw cjbhcobtckw s ibw gkogm|gckomw/ Mi jkfmik r}m wm |ibovmb mw mi g}iv}tki÷hcgk) sb r}m wm vkjb bi |tkamwckocwvb gkjk }o jmfcbfkt wkgckg}iv}tbi s |tcqcimhcb mi fcâikhk movtm ibw gcmogcbw fm ib g}iv}tb s ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o / Mi gkj}ocg÷ikhk vcmom gkjk bgvcqcfbf
ok b ikw jmfckw (ibw mj|tmwbw# wcok mi gkon}ovk fm |tâgvcgbw wkgcbimw mo ibw r}m wm qmtcacgbo |tkgmwkw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o/
Mwvm |tkamwckocwvb vtbvb fm fmacoct) covmt|tmvbt s mwv}fcbt ib jbomtb mo r}m ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw qcqmo) gkoqcqmo) wm covmttmibgckobo) gkow}jmo) |tkf}gmo m covmt|tmvbo) ikw wchokw) jmowbnmw s }ocqmtwkw wcjd÷icgkw mo ikw fcamtmovmw mw|bgckw wkgckg}iv}tbimw) vbi gkjk Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk wmòbi÷ bihþo fêb r}m ib vbtmb fm ikw gkj}ocgbfktmw wmtêb |mowbt bovtk|ki÷hcgbjmovm wkdtm ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw fm ikw bgvktmw/ B |btvct fm mwvm mo}ogcbfk
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wm |ibovmb mi vmjb fm vmwcw fkofm ikw n÷qmomw) ib cfmovcfbf s mi gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk wko abgvktmw gibqmw |btb mi fmwbttkiik fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o/
2/7/ Mi jãvkfk> fm ib gcmogcb bovtk|ki÷hcgb \btb bdktfbt ib coqmwvchbgc÷o mw omgmwbtck fmacoct ibw vãgocgbw s mi jãvkfk r}m |mtjcvctâo bigbo~bt ikw kdnmvcqkw fmi vtbdbnk/ Mo mi fmwbttkiik fm ibw gcmogcbw wkgcbimw wm `bo qmocfk jbomnbofk fcqmtwbw aktjbw fm kdvmogc÷o fm fbvkw r}m) }ob qm~ bobic~bfkw) okw gkof}gmo b }o tmw}ivbfk/ Mwvm |tkgmwk) b qmgmw gkj|icgbfk |mtk omgmwbtck) mw cj|ktvbovm) sb r}m b vtbqãw fm ãi fmwgtcdcjkw ib jbomtb fm ib gkowmg}gc÷o fm ikw tmw}ivbfkw s fm bih}ob aktjb n}wvcacgbjkw o}mwvtb coqmwvchbgc÷o/ Mi jãvkfk) fm bg}mtfk gko ib Tmbi Bgbfmjcb Mw|bòkib) mw movmofcfk gkjk> ’mi |tkgmfcjcmovk r}m wm wch}m mo ibw gcmogcbw |btb `biibt ib qmtfbf s mowmòbtib‚/
Mwvb vmwcw a}m tmw}mivb gko ib bs}fb fm }o jãvkfk g}bicvbvcqk> ib mvokhtbaêb/ Mwvk |mtjcvc÷ gkokgmt) tmaimpckobt s fmwgtcdct mi jkfk fm qcfb fm ibw |mtwkobw s mo }o wmh}ofk jkjmovk jkwvt÷ ib tmibgc÷o r}m `bs movtm ib vmimqcwc÷o s ib cfmovcfbf fm ikw n÷qmomw/ B |mwbt r}m ib mvokhtbaêb wm gkowkicfb s fmwbttkiib mo mi âtmb fm ib bovtk|kikhêb) w} obv}tbim~b mw fm gbtâgvmt wkgcbi/
W|tbfims (gcvbfk |kt Bjmchmctbw) mo Qbwcibg`cw fm Hcbifcok (gkktf/#5 4<<8> 226# movcmofm |kt mvokhtbaêb ’bi vtbdbnk fm fmwgtcdct }ob g}iv}tb/ Vcmofm b gkj|tmofmt kvtb aktjb fm qcfb fmwfm mi |}ovk fm qcwvb fm ikw r}m ib qcqmo (‡# jâw r}m ’mwv}fcbt b ib hmovm‚) ib mvokhtbaêb wchocacgb ’b|tmofmt fm ib hmovm‚/
Mi kdnmvcqk |tcogc|bi fm ib mvokhtbaêb wmtêb
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movkogmw gb|vbt mi wchocacgbfk fm ikw w}gmwkw s fm ibw bggckomw fm ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw/ Mi b}vkt tmgkhm fm mwvb fmacocgc÷o vtmw mimjmovkw cj|ktvbovmw r}m |mtjcvmo bdktfbt mi vmjb fm mwv}fck/ \tcjmtk mog}movtb ib omgmwcfbf fm ’fmwgtcdct‚ }ob g}iv}tb5 b |btvct fm ib ’gkj|tmowc÷o fm wchocacgbfkw‚ fm ibw bggckomw s ikw w}gmwkw fm ib jcwjb s acobijmovm mwvb gkj|tmowc÷o fmdm `bgmtwm fmwfm ib ’|mtw|mgvcqb fm r}cmomw ib qcqmo‚/
Wch}cmofk gko mi jãvkfk) mw cj|ktvbovm jmogckobt r}m mi fm ib bovtk|kikhêb mw mi jâw gtcvcgbfk |kt `bgmt fm ib w}dnmvcqcfbf w} jbskt kdnmvcqcfbf5 wco mjdbthk) gkog}mtfk gko Nkthm Hko~âim~ (gcvbfk mo Jbtvêom~) 4<<8> 27#) bi |ibovmbt r}m ’ib gcmovcacgcfbf fm }ob coqmwvchbgc÷o ok fm|mofm vbovk fm ibw vãgocgbw k jãvkfkw r}m wm mj|immo) jâw dcmo fm|mofm fmi vc|k fm |tmh}ovbw gko ibw r}m |tmvmofmjkw ktfmobt }ob tmbicfbf‚/ ]ob tmbicfbf
r}m mwvâ fbfb |kt ib covmtbggc÷o s mi fcwg}twk wkgcbi) fmi g}bi wm mpvtbm br}miik r}m okw covmtmwb s tmw|kofm b ibw omgmwcfbfmw fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o/
Ib mvokhtbaêb mw }ob vãgocgb mo ib g}bi wm tmr}cmtm }o htbo mwa}mt~k |kt |btvm fmi coqmwvchbfkt s }ob gkk|mtbgc÷o |kt |btvm fm ikw w}nmvkw bobic~bfkw/ B vtbqãw fm miib mi coqmwvchbfkt kdwmtqb s tmhcwvtb ib qcfb gkvcfcbob fm }ob g}iv}tb fcwvcovb) vtbvb fm bggmfmt bi wchocacgbfk fm ibw bggckomw s w}gmwkw/ Dkbw s Jbicokxwec wko gkowcfmtbfkw gkjk ikw a}ofbfktmw fm mwvm jãvkfk) |kt w}w fcqmtwkw b|ktvmw s fmwvbgbfkw vtbdbnkw mo ib gcmogcb bovtk|ki÷hcgb/
Bi `bdibt fm mvokhtbaêb `bgmjkw tmamtmogcb b }o |tkgmwk w}dnmvcqk r}m vcmom gkjk |tcogc|bi `mttbjcmovb mi fcwg}twk/ Gko fcwg}twk `bhk tmamtmogcb vbovk bi qmtdbi gkjk bi qcw}bi/ ]o
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fcwg}twk fkofm wm covmtbgvþb s wm kdvcmom fm ãi) br}miik r}m mi coqmwvchbfkt gkowcfmtb fm tmimqbogcb |btb mi vmjb |ibovmbfk/ \kt ib obv}tbim~b fmi jãvkfk) mi mvo÷htbak fmdm b|tmofmt b wbdmt g}âofk mw ãi (|mtwkob# s g}bofk mw mvo÷htbak mwvk wm gkowch}m b vtbqãw fm ib mp|mtcmogcb) mo mi moatmovbjcmovk gko mi gbj|k/
Jcmovtbw r}m Mwvmdbo Etkv~ vcmom fmacocfk ik r}m |btb ãi mw mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k) Jbtg B}hã fcwvcoh}m r}m mi vãtjcok ’vtbdbnk fm gbj|k‚ vbovk |}mfm tmamtctwm b }ob bgvcqcfbf
gkjk b }o i}hbt/ Wco mjdbthk) ik cj|ktvbovm br}ê ok wko ibw fcamtmogcbw wcok ib gkogktfbogcb r}m `bgmo fm ibw |bibdtbw ’vtbdbnk fm gbj|k‚) tmamtcfb b }ob bgvcqcfbf k vãgocgb cj|tmwgcofcdim |btb mi vtbdbnk mvokhtâacgk s fkofm Etkv~ wmòbib r}m mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k ’|tmvmofm cfmovcacgbt U‡Z }ob vê|cgb aktjb fm b|tkpcjbgc÷o hmomtbi b ikw amo÷jmokw wkgckg}iv}tbimw) r}m mohikdb s fb }o jbvc~ |mg}icbt b }ob j}ivc|icgcfbf fm vãgocgbw |btb ib kdvmogc÷o s mi boâicwcw fm coaktjbgc÷o‚ (2332> =2#/ Bwê gkjk wm `bdib fm ib cj|ktvbogcb s
gkofcgc÷o |tcjmtb fmi vtbdbnk mvokhtâacgk mo ib coqmwvchbgc÷o bovtk|ki÷hcgb) B}hã (4<<6# bi}fm r}m vbj|kgk |kfmjkw gkowcfmtbtib gkjk ib |bobgmb |btb ib tmwki}gc÷o fmi vmjb |ibovmbfk/
Mi qcbnm bovtk|ki÷hcgk) mi g}bi gkj|tmofm gbwc vkfb ib coqmwvchbgc÷o) vcmom }o kdnmvcqk gibtk) k bi jmokw mw ik r}m wm mw|mtb bovmw fm |btvct bi gbj|k sb r}m gko miik wm mw|mtb gkokgmt }ob tmbicfbf wkgckg}iv}tbi) k bi jmokw }ob |btvm fm miib/ Ãwvb w÷ik |}mfm wmt movmofcfb mo ib jbomtb mo r}m ikw `bdcvbovmw fm mwm gkovmpvk ib mp|tmwmo/ Mw fmgct) r}m ok mpcwvm bih}cmo jmnkt) r}m miikw jcwjkw) |btb gkovbtokw ik r}m qcqmo s ib jbomtb g÷jk ik qcqmo5 w}|kom
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movkogmw ib gkoatkovbgc÷o fm bi jmokw fkw g}iv}tbw/ Br}miib fm ib r}m |tkqcmom mi coqmwvchbfkt s ib kvtb) b ib r}m wm bggmfm |btb wmt mwv}fcbfb/
Fm ib |tkdimjâvcgb r}m mwv}fcbjkw ik r}m covmtmwb b ib mvokhtbaêb ok wko ikw gicjbw) |bcwbnmw) jmtgbogêbw k |mtwkobw gkjk vbi) covmtmwb ibw mwamtbw fm ibw bggckomw s ibw jkvcqbgckomw5 ikw wchocacgbfkw s ibw mp|icgbgckomw r}m fm mwbw bggckomw s jkvcqbgckomw tmw|kofbo) |tcjmtk) b ib gb}wb k mi ktchmo fm ib tmbicfbf k ib |tkdimjâvcgb |btb fmw|}ãw d}wgbt }ob wki}gc÷o k wcj|imjmovm gkokgmt mi `mg`k/ Bi acobi ik r}m tmwvb mw ib gkj}ocgbdcicfbf fm ikw `biib~hkw) ikw bgcmtvkw s ibw at}wvtbgckomw) fm miikw vbjdcão wm b|tmofm/
Bovmw fm bdktfbt ibw vãgocgbw fm ibw r}m wm qbim ib mvokhtbaêb) |}ov}bic~btã bih}obw gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw r}m mi mvo÷htbak fmdm |kwmmt |btb fmwbttkiibt mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k s wkdtm vkfk |btb ib kdvmogc÷o fm }o d}mo tmw}ivbfk/ \kfmjkw fmacoct bi bovtk|÷ikhk gkjk }ob |mtwkob gb|b~ fm tmgkokgmt ik r}m gcmovêacgbjmovm mw fm qbikt |btb ib coqmwvchbgc÷o s br}miik r}m w÷ik mw coaktjbgc÷o gkovmocfb mo mi fcbtck fm gbj|k/ Wco mjdbthk) vmomt mwvb gb|bgcfbf fm tmgkokgcjcmovk cj|icgb) |tcjmtk) `bdmt gbjcobfk |kt ikw wmofmtkw fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o bovtk|ki÷hcgb s wmh}ofk mwvbt bdcmtvk b g}mwvckomw jâw biiâ fm ibw covmtcktcfbfmw fmi mvo÷htbak gkjk |mtwkob/ ’Ib mp|mtcmogcb okw |mtjcvm fmgct r}ã qb b
|bwbt m cj|cfm r}m choktmjkw ibw tmhibw cj|iêgcvbw fm }ob g}iv}tb/ Ib imovb s |bgcmovm abjcicbtc~bgc÷o gko mi gbj|k |mtjcvm r}m mi bovtk|÷ikhk fmnm fm mwvbt vkvbijmovm b jmtgmf fm ib fcqmtwcfbf fm amo÷jmokw> wbdm fcwvcoh}ct ib coaktjbgc÷o fm ikw t}cfkw gctg}owvbogcbimw‚ (B}hã5 4<<6> 00#/
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G}bofk mi coqmwvchbfkt |tk|kom }o vmjb fm mwv}fck) ãwvm sb vcmom }ob gkogm|gc÷o) }ob cfmb) }ob b|tkpcjbgc÷o fm ik r}m d}wgb s |tkdbdimjmovm fm ik r}m mogkovtbtâ) |kt mwk mi bovtk|÷ikhk fmdm mwvbt wcmj|tm bvmovk b ikw fcwg}twkw s wmt gb|b~ fm jkfcacgbt w}w cfmbw s |tmgkogm|gckomw/ Fmdm mwvbt bvmovk b vkfk ik r}m qm) mwg}g`b s qcqm) fmdm wmt gb|b~ fm bgibtbt w}w covmttkhbovmw s f}fbw/ Vkfk ik r}m w}gmfm gkj}ocgb s |kt ik vbovk ok fmdm wkdtmqbiktbt ikw fbvkw) ibw tcwbw) ibw jêjcgbw) ikw wcimogckw/
Fm vkfb ib tmbicfbf r}m mi coqmwvchbfkt mwv}fcb w÷ik jkwvtbtâ br}miib r}m tmw|bifm ib vmwcw |ibovmbfb/ Gkowvt}ctâ }o fcwg}twk gb|b~ fm jkwvtbtwm bnmok b fcamtmovmw covmt|tmvbgckomw) w}wvmovbfk mo ibw b|ktvbgckomw r}m ikw w}nmvkw wkgcbimw `bo `mg`k bi vmjb/ Ãi fmdm wbdmt `bwvb r}ã |}ovk w}w kdwmtqbgckomw wko ibw bfmg}bfbw) fmdm bobic~bt br}miik r}m mwgtcdm s vbjdcão ik r}m kjcvm) sb r}m ib gkowvt}ggc÷o fm ib tmbicfbf fm|mofm fm w} |b|mi gkjk gcmovêacgk wkgcbi) fm mwk fm|mofm r}m ok `bsb mpbhmtbgckomw oc kjcwckomw/
Ib vtbqmwêb fmi coqmwvchbfkt |kt mi gbj|k fm mwv}fck gkowvcv}sm }o mog}movtk r}m vcmom r}m fbtwm mo ibw jmnktmw gkofcgckomw) sb r}m mwvb tmibgc÷o dcibvmtbi gkowvcv}ctâ htbo |btvm fmi vtbdbnk acobi/ Vcmom r}m wbdmt omhkgcbt mo ikw vcmj|kw s ikw mw|bgckw/ W} vtbdbnk gkowcwvm mo movbdibt ok }ob tmibgc÷o jkjmovâomb wcok ’}ob tmibgc÷o }ocibvmtbi w}nmvk gkhokwgmovm* kdnmvk |kt gkokgmt‚ (Etkv~5 2332#/
R}c~â fm vkfbw ibw gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw r}m fmdm |kwmmt mi coqmwvchbfkt) mi wbdmt gkj|tmofmt ikw fcwg}twkw) fm aktjb gkttmgvb) wmb mi jâw cj|ktvbovm/ \kt vbi tb~÷o ok |}mfm oc fmdm gkogi}ct }o vmjb b |btvct fmi vmwvcjkock fm }o wkik cofcqcf}k) b}or}m ib coaktjbgc÷o wmb j}s qmtb~)
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ok wm fmdm kiqcfbt r}m w÷ik mw }ob |mtw|mgvcqb fmi |tkdimjb/ Fm b`ê ib cj|ktvbogcb fmi fcbtck fm gbj|k) }o mw|bgck r}m w÷ik mi coqmwvchbfkt vcmom bggmwk s fmi g}bi |}mfm tmg}|mtbt br}miik r}m b|ktvm b ib coqmwvchbgc÷o) }o vmjb) }ob movtmqcwvb) }o gkjmovbtck) }ob b|tmgcbgc÷o/
Mo fmacocvcqb) mi `mg`k fm fmw|ib~btwm s gkokgmt i}hbtmw s |mtwkobw) gtmbofk ib~kw jâw biiâ fm ib wcj|im bjcwvbf) mi coqmwvchbfkt ok mw gb|b~ fm fmicjcvbt }ob g}iv}tb k vmttmok/ ]ob coqmwvchbgc÷o) s mi gkokgcjcmovk mo hmomtbi) ok |}mfmo wkwvmomtwm mo fmvmtjcobgckomw wcj|icwvbw s þocgbw) wm gkowvt}sm gko ib jctbfb fm fcwvcovkw mwv}fckwkw mo ibw fcamtmovmw tbjbw fmi gkokgcjcmovk/ \kt miik mw cj|ktvbovm gkokgmt ibw fcwvcovbw |kwv}tbw r}m wkdtm }ob coqmwvchbgc÷o wm `bsbo tmbic~bfk/
2/7/2/ Ib movtmqcwvb mvokhtâacgb ]ob fm ibw vãgocgbw jâw cj|ktvbovmw |btb ib kdvmogc÷o fm fbvkw mw ib movtmqcwvb mvokhtâacgb ’‡mw }ob mwvtbvmhcb |btb `bgmt r}m ib hmovm `bdim wkdtm ik r}m wbdm) |cmowb s gtmm‚ (W|tbfims) 2383>3#) mw }ob omhkgcbgc÷o fm coaktjbgc÷o r}m wm |tmwmovb movtm mi coqmwvchbfkt (movtmqcwvbfkt# s mi bgvkt k bgvktmw wkgcbimw (movtmqcwvbfk) tmw|kofmovm) coaktjbovm#/ Fcg`b cofbhbgc÷o |tkqcmom fm ib `cwvktcb fm qcfb fmi coaktjbovm) w}w k|cockomw) wmovcjcmovkw s mjkgckomw/
Ik cj|ktvbovm fm }ob movtmqcwvb wko ibw gkogi}wckomw b ibw r}m wm iimhb/ Ib tmbic~bgc÷o fm ib movtmqcwvb mw }o mw|bgck ’fkofm wm mog}movtbo fcwvcovbw tmaimpcqcfbfmw) fkofm wm |tkf}gm }ob o}mqb tmaimpcqcfbf‚ (H}dmt) 4<<2#/ \kt ik vbovk mi coqmwvchbfkt jbovcmom w} fcwvbogcb
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movtm w} |btbfchjb s ib fm w}w coaktjbovmw5 omgmwcvb |btb miik }dcgbtwm mo mi fmwgkokgcjcmovk s f}fb wcwvmjâvcgb fm w}w gmtvm~bw/ Mw |tmgcwk movkogmw ok fbt |kt `mg`k vkfk ik r}m wm fchb `bwvb `bdmtwm gkj|tkdbfk ib qmtbgcfbf fmi jcwjk/ Mwvk wm ikhtb jmfcbovm ib gkj|btbgc÷o fm ibw tmaimpcqcfbfmw/
\btb iimqbt b gbdk }ob movtmqcwvb mw |tcjktfcbi r}m wm |btvb fm }o |}ovk mw|mgêacgk/ Mw fmgct) `bdmt |tm|btbfk br}miik r}m wm |tmh}ovbtâ tmw|kofcmofk b }o vmjb gkogtmvk/ \kwvmtcktjmovm mwvbw vmjâvcgbw wmtâo gt}~bfbw |btb mogkovtbt |kwcdimw o}mqkw vmjbw k wcj|imjmovm gt}~bt ikw fbvkw/ Ik cj|ktvbovm mw mwvbt bvmovk b ibw tmw|}mwvbw sb r}m fm b`ê |}mfmo w}thct o}mqbw covmttkhbovmw) motcr}mgmt ib |iâvcgb b |btvct fm jkjmovkw k |tmh}ovbw gibqm/ Ibw movtmqcwvbw) fmovtk fm ib fcwgc|icob mvokhtâacgb) vcmomo gkjk kdnmvcqk kdvmomt coaktjbgc÷o fm |tcjmtb jbok) mw fmgct) |tkqmocmovm fm ibw |mtwkobw r}m qcqmo }ob wcv}bgc÷o/
Mw cj|ktvbovm jmogckobt r}m |btb mi fmwbttkiik fm ibw movtmqcwvbw) ãwvbw tmr}cmtmo vcmj|k s fmfcgbgc÷o) tmg}twkw r}m wm vcmomo r}m omhkgcbt gko mi coaktjbovm5 mwvk |mtjcvctâ r}m ib movtmqcwvb wm fmwbttkiiã mo }o bjdcmovm jâw bjbdim s mi coaktjbovm ok vcmofb b coaktjbtokw b |tcwb) ’}ob fm ibw |tmjcwbw gibqm gko tmw|mgvk b ib f}tbgc÷o fm ib movtmqcwvb mw ok gbowbt bi coaktjbovm ok bd}wbt fm w} vcmj|k s fcw|kwcgc÷o‡‚ (H}dmt) 4<<2#/ Ib movtmqcwvb vbovk
cofcqcf}bi gkjk ht}|bi |}mfm wmt }ob jbomtb macgb~ fm kdvmomt coaktjbgc÷o fm |tcjmtb jbok) |btb miik tmr}cmtm mj|imbt ikw mimjmovkw omgmwbtckw) fmwgtcvkw bovmtcktjmovm/
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Mo ib wcv}bgc÷o tmbi b qmgmw tmw}ivb jâw gkj|icgbfk k jâw g÷jkfk/ J}g`bw qmgmw ibw movtmqcwvbw ai}êbo gkjk mi bh}b s mwvk |mtjcvêb r}m o}mqbw vmjâvcgbw wm a}mtbo bdtcmofk |kt wê jcwjbw/ Mw fmgct) mi coaktjbovm mwvbdb fcw|}mwvk b gkj|btvct jâw fm ik r}m wm im |tmh}ovbdb) bgktfm gko mi vmjb r}m wm fcwg}vêb/ Kvtbw qmgmw) ib movtmqcwvb wm vktobdb }o covmttkhbvktck) wco obttbvcqbw) |btb miik `}dk r}m mg`bt jbok fm ib gtmbvcqcfbf s `bgmt r}m mi bgvkt okw gkovbtb mi h}c÷o fm w} qcfb s boãgfkvbw/ Ik jâw bhtbfbdim |btb j}g`kw mtb g}bofk wm mogkovtbdb ib dbofb n}ovk b miikw) wm wmovêbo jâw wmh}tkw fm ik r}m fmgêb) cogi}wk bih}okw tmakt~bdbo ibw cfmbw/
Kvtb jbomtb fm ct d}wgbofk o}mqkw gbjcokw mw mwg}g`bt ibw movtmqcwvbw fmvmocfbjmovm5 mwvk |mtjcvm bvmofmt o}mqbw cfmbw) r}m |kt ib obv}tbim~b jcwjb fm ib |iâvcgb b qmgmw wm mwg}ttmo/ ]ob cfmb) }o fbvk) bihk g}tckwk wm q}miqm cj|ktvbovm g}bofk |btmgm wmt ib þocgb |cwvb r}m okw |mtjcvctâ bfmovtbtokw `bgcb ik fmwgkokgcfk/ R}c~â ib movtmqcwvb mvokhtâacgb wmb ib `mttbjcmovb jâw wchocacgbvcqb bi jkjmovk fm cofbhbt }ob `cwvktcb fm qcfb) mo wê ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw) sb r}m |mtjcvm `bgmt ammfdbge g}bovbw qmgmw wmb omgmwbtcb/
2/7/4/ Ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm Kvtb aktjb fm kdvmomt coaktjbgc÷o) r}m b wcj|im qcwvb |btmgm jâw }o mnmtgcgck ktfcobtck) mw ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm/ Mw }o vc|k fm kdwmtqbgc÷o fkofm covmtqcmomo) bfmjâw fm ikw wmovcfkw gkj}omw) ib f}fb s mi dbhbnm g}iv}tbi fmi coqmwvchbfkt/ Gkjk `m jmogckobfk) ãwvm mw }o tmg}twk r}m okw |mtjcvm tmgbdbt fbvkw s vcmom gkjk kdnmvcqk ’‡fmvmgvbt ibw wcv}bgckomw mo r}m wm mp|tmwbo s hmomtbo ikw }ocqmtwkw g}iv}tbimw s wkgcbimw
mo w} gkj|imnb btvcg}ibgc÷o s q btcmfbf‚ (H}dmt) 4<<2> 44# Fm vkfk mwvm }ocqmtwk mi
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coqmwvchbfkt michm }o `mg`k mw|mgêacgk |btb mwv}fcbtik mo }o jkjmovk fmvmtjcobfk) s }ob qm~ bobic~bfkw vkfkw ikw `mg`kw r}m ib coqmwvchbgc÷o tmr}cmtb) wm gt}~bo ikw fbvkw fm gbfb jkjmovk `cwv÷tcgk/
Ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm mw }ob vãgocgb r}m cj|icgb fkw bggckomw) fcamtmovmw |mtk gkj|imjmovbtcbw5 |kt }ob |btvm wm fmdm kdwmtqbt wcwvmjâvcgb s gkovtkibfbjmovm vkfk ik r}m w}gmfb mo mi gkovmpvk fm ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw s |kt ib kvtb |btvcgc|bt mo }ob k qbtcbw bgvcqcfbfmw fm ib |kdibgc÷o/ Bjdbw vcmomo qmovbnbw s fmwqmovbnbw) wco mjdbthk) ib |tcjmtb bgvcqcfbf vcmom }o bw|mgvk |bwcqk) fkofm mi knk mw mi þocgk r}m mwvâ jkqcjcmovk/ B vtbqãw fm ãi s fmi wmovcfk gkjþo qbjkw tmibgckobofk ikw `mg`kw r}m wm |tmwmovbo bovm okwkvtkw/ @bgmjkw gkompckomw) fmaktjbjkw) gkowvt}cjkw) f}fbjkw) vkfk b vtbqãw fm ib kdwmtqbgc÷o/
Ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o mpchm }o mwa}mt~k |kt ’qcqct‚ fm ib jcwjb jbomtb mo r}m o}mwvtkw w}nmvkw
wkgcbimw qcqmo/ Gkowcwvm mo jm~gibtokw mo }ob tmbicfbf r}m ok mw ib o}mwvtb |mtk g}sb qcqmogcb wm `bgm omgmwbtcb ib qcqmogcb |btb gkj|tmofmt fm jmnkt jbomtb br}miik r}m kdwmtqbjkw/ Mw ib |btvm ‟bgvcqb‛ fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o) fkofm wm |}mfm wmovct jâw êovcjbjmovm ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw/
»G}âofk kdwmtqbt s g}âofk |btvcgc|bt; Ok mpcwvm }ob a÷tj}ib r}m wm |}mfb b|icgbt |btb wbdmt r}ã fêb k jkjmovk wmtâ jmnkt ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o k ib kdwmtqbgc÷o/ Gkjk Tkwbob H}dmt (4<<2> 47# wmòbib ’‡ib kdwmtqbgc÷o s ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o w}jcocwvtbo |mtw|mgvcqbw fcamtmovmw wkdtm ib jcwjb tmbicfbf) b}or}m mwvbw fcamtmogcbw wko jâw bobiêvcgbw r}m tmbimw ‚/ Wco mjdbthk) gbfb }ob vcmom w}w |btvcg}ibtcfbfmw s |tkqmmo coaktjbgc÷o |kt gbobimw
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bivmtobvcqkw/ Ik r}m wm fmdm ikhtbt mw r}m ib |tmwmogcb fmi coqmwvchbfkt ok bamgvm bi mwgmobtck s w}w bgvktmw/ Fm|mofm) mo htbo |btvm) fm ib wcv}bgc÷o s fm gkjk mi coqmwvchbfkt wm `bsb coqki}gtbfk gko ib gkj}ocfbf fm mwv}fck/
Jmogckoã r}m bihk j}s cj|ktvbovm mo ib coqmwvchbgc÷o fm gbj|k mw mi gkj|imnk wcwvmjb g}iv}tbi s wkgcbi r}m mi coqmwvchbfkt |kwmb5 sb r}m mwvk gkovtcd}sm vbjdcão ib jbomtb mo r}m wm h}êm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o/ B |mwbt r}m ib mvokhtbaêb vcmom |tkgmwkw mw|mgêacgkw s jãvkfkw b|tkdbfkw) ãwvkw wcmj|tm wko mnmg}vbfkw |kt }ob |mtwkob) r}m gkjk `bdcvbovm fm }ob gkj}ocfbf mw w}nmvk fm covmttmibgckomw wkgckg}iv}tbimw ibw g}bimw fmacomo ib jbomtb fm bgv}bt) |mowbt s b|tkdbt |btbfchjbw fcamtmovmw/
Gko ib kdwmtqbgc÷o |btvcgc|bovm wm bggmfm b }o j}ofk r}m) jctbfk fmwfm o}mwvtb |mtw|mgvcqb) gkowvt}cjkw }o fcwg}twk bgktfm b mwb qcwc÷o/ Fcamtmovm wc ib jctâtbjkw fmwfm }o vmtgmtk) |kt miik tmw}ivb cj|tmwgcofcdim ib |tmwmogcb fmi coqmwvchbfkt mo mi gbj|k/ W} jctbfb b |mwbt fm wmt }ob jctbfb w}dnmvcqb s gbthbfb fm qbiktmw) g}movb gko }o gbtâgvmt gcmovêacgk r}m ib `bgm fcamtmovm fm g}bir}cmt jctbfb gkjþo/
Mi coqmwvchbfkt bfk|vb fcwvcovkw |b|mimw fmovtk fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o> kdwmtqbfkt) |btvcgc|bovm) coqcvbfk) bjchk) mpvtbòk) gkoacfmovm) mvg/) |b|mimw fm ikw r}m wm |}mfm kdvmomt j}g`k wc wm imw vkjb |kt ib fctmggc÷o gkttmgvb) k |kt mi gkovtbtck) movkt|mgmt mi gbjcok/ B acobi fm g}movbw ib kdwmtqbgc÷o s ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm }o jkjmovk `cwv÷tcgk mo }o gkovmpvk fmvmtjcobfk gkowvcv}smo bgvcqcfbfmw fm }o jcwjk kdnmvcqk s fmdmo qmtwm gkjk vbi) jâw r}m gkjk |kikw k|}mwvkw) gkj|imjmovbtckw/ ’Gko w} vmowc÷o co`mtmovm) ib kdwmtqbgc÷o
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|btvcgc|bovm |mtjcvm tmgktfbt) mo vkfk jkjmovk) r}m wm |btvcgc|b |btb kdwmtqbt s r}m wm kdwmtqb |btb |btvcgc|bt) mwvk mw) r}m coqki}gtbjcmovk m coqmwvchbgc÷o ok wko k|}mwvkw wcok |btvmw fm }o jcwjk |tkgmwk fm gkokgcjcmovk wkgcbi‚ (H}dmt) 4<<2> 46#/
2/6/ Bih}obw gkowcfmtbgckomw mo vktok b ib coqmwvchbgc÷o Wcmj|tm) gkjk sb ik `m jmogckobfk) mo g}bir}cmt i}hbt) mo g}bir}cmt wcv}bgc÷o) w}thmo cj|tmqcwvkw) kdwvâg}ikw) `}mgkw r}m b qmgmw fmvcmomo mi bqbogm fm }o gbjcobovm/ Wco mjdbthk) mwk ok wchocacgb r}m wm vmohb r}m bdbofkobt mi gbjcok k fmvmomt mi qcbnm) mw |kwcdim mwr}cqbtikw) dtcogbtikw k |komt }o |}movm) mo gbwk jâw htbqm/ \btb mwvb coqmwvchbgc÷o `bdtâ r}m vkjbt mo g}movb bih}obw gkowcfmtbgckomw r}m b`ktb mo}jmtbtã/
Mwv}fcbtwm b }ok jcwjk5 wmt n}m~ s |btvm |kftêb tmw}ivbt gkovtbfcgvktck) wco mjdbthk) mw bihk r}m |kohk b vmib fm n}cgck/ Ok kdwvbovm gkowcfmtk r}m mw }ob omhkgcbgc÷o) mw fmgct) wbdmt g}bofk }ok mw coqmwvchbfkt s g}bofk mw kvtk `bdcvbovm jâw fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ B}or}m ok im tmwvk ibw gkovtkqmtwcbw r}m mwvk |}mfb gb}wbt wkwvmohk r}m vbjdcão |}mfm wmt bihk |kwcvcqk |btb ib coqmwvchbgc÷o) sb r}m wm |}mfm gkokgmt s gkj}ocgbt fm jmnkt jbomtb ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw fm ikw coaktjbovmw/ Mw wbdmt tmbijmovm ik r}m ikw w}nmvkw fmwmbo vtbowjcvct/ ]o mwvbfk jâw obv}tbi/ Ok gkowcfmtk mwvk gkjk }ob icjcvbovm wcok gkjk kvtb jbomtb fm gkokgmt) fm bj|icbt mi `ktc~kovm fm |kwcdcicfbfmw/
Bihk cj|ktvbovm fm jmogckobt s ok ik qmk vbovk gkjk icjcvbovm wcok gkjk }ob k|ktv}ocfbf |btb gkovco}bt b|tmofcmofk mw ib aktjbgc÷o r}m v}qm f}tbovm ib }ocqmtwcfbf *gkj}ocg÷ikhk* s ib obv}tbim~b fmi vtbdbnk ‗ bovtk|ki÷hcgk*/ bovtk|ki÷hcgk*/ \btb movmofmt mi jãvkfk mvokhtâacgk v}qm r}m
7=
immt s immt5 immt icvmtbv}tb s immt mnmj|ikw fm vmwcw r}m v}qcmtbo ib jcwjb mwmogcb mo ib jbomtb fm bdktfbtikw/ Wco mjdbthk) ibw bgmtvbfbw |}ov}bic~bgckomw fmi |tkamwkt Jmomwmw vbjdcão a}mtko fm j}g`b bs}fb/ Cogi}wk ik bgkj|bòã mo }ok fm w}w vtbdbnkw fm gbj|k) ik g}bi jm |mtjcvc÷ wbdmt mi t}jdk r}m fmdêb vkjbt }ob coqmwvchbgc÷o fm fcg`b obv}tbim~b/ S gkjk vkfk) bi acobi w}|m r}m }ob gkwb mw ib vmktêb s kvtb ‗ b qmgmw j}s fcamtmovm* ib |tâgvcgb/
]ob qm~ mj|tmofcfk mi qcbnm fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o |btmgmtêb r}m vkfk mwvbdb fmjbwcbfk g÷jkfk/ \mtvmomgcmofk b ib gkj}ocfbf r}m wm mwv}fcb) ibw movtmqcwvbw wmtêbo }ob aktjb aâgci fm kdvmomt coaktjbgc÷o) wco mjdbthk) ãwvb vbjdcão tmw}iv÷ wmt }o ‟dbg`m‛ |btb ib
coqmwvchbgc÷o/ @}dk qbtckw r}m vmoêbo mi vmjkt fm mp|tmwbt w}w cfmbw) jâw bþo gko ib |tmwmogcb fm bihþo b|btbvk vmgoki÷hcgk gkjk }ob htbdbfktb) }ob gâjbtb k }o gmi}ibt/ Ok abivbdb r}cmo tmgkjmofbdb b ikw g}bvmw |btb `bgmtim ib movtmqcwvb) ‟b ãi wc im h}wvb `bdibt mo |þdicgk‛/ Ik jmnkt mtb fkofm ikw bjchkw ok qcmtbo oc mwg}g`btbo obfb5 gkjk wc obfb
`}dcmtb |bwbfk/
Gko ibw movtmqcwvbw ht}|bimw mtb bþo jâw fcaêgci/ Bfmjâw fm ib vmgokikhêb |tmwmovm b`ktb wm fmdêb `bdibt atmovm b kvtkw) wchocacgbdb j}g`k mwa}mt~k/ \btb mwr}cqbt mwvb icjcvbovm wm k|v÷ |kt iimhbt b ikw ht}|kw fm bjchkw s gkoqmtwbt5 mwvbt bvmovk b ibw tmw|}mwvbw s kdwmtqbofk/ B}or}m |}fk `bdmtwm mwgb|bfk bihþo fbvk/ Ok kdwvbovm) bi acobi wm movtmqcwv÷ b ib ‟Dbofb 31 htbfkw‛/
Bgibtk r}m bi `bdibt fm n}qmov}f `bhk tmamtmogcb vbovk bi hãomtk amjmocok) jbwg}icok s `kjkwmp}bi/ Wco mjdbthk) bi acobi fm ib imgv}tb fm ib vmwcw |btmgcmtb r}m w÷ik `bhk
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tmamtmogcb b ikw `kjdtmw/ Ok kdwvbovm) wmòbik r}m }ob tb~÷o wm fmdm |tmgcwbjmovm b r}m ikw mw|bgckw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o s fcqmtwc÷o fm ikw qbtkomw wkdtmfcjmowckobo bi fm ibw j}nmtmw/ Ikw gbj|kw fm a}vdki s ib gbog`b j}ocgc|bi |btmgcmtbo r}m a}mtbo þocgbjmovm |btb ikw g`cgkw s mwvk) wm tmibgckob) wkdtm vkfk) gko ikw tkimw fm hãomtk/ Ib gkowvt}ggc÷o wkgcbi fm ib n}qmov}f wm jbocacmwvb gibtbjmovm gibtbjmovm fm bg}mtfk bi hãomtk r}m wm vtbvã/ Jbskt icdmtvbf s mwgkibtcfbf |btb ikw `kjdtmw) |bwcqcfbf s vtbdbnk fkjmwvcgk |btb ibw j}nmtmw5 qcfb ich`v ) dbcimw s gmtqm~bw |btb j}p`m¶w7/ @bdcmofk |tmqmocfk bi imgvkt fm ibw gkowcfmtbgckomw) |tkwchk/
2/=/ Ikw n÷qmomw gko r}cmomw wm gkoqcqc÷ s b ikw r}m wm movtmqcwv÷ Wco f}fb htbo |btvm |btb ib tmbic~bgc÷o fmi vtbdbnk a}m ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fmwcovmtmwbfb fm ikw n÷qmomw) bih}okw gko r}cmomw sb vmoêb bih}ob bjcwvbf s kvtkw) b r}cmomw jm a}c bgmtgbofk |kgk b |kgk/ Mo mi |}mdik gbwc vkfkw okw gkokgmjkw s jâw movtm n÷qmomw/ Ok abiv÷ r}cmo wm wmovbtâ mo ib jcwjb dbogb r}m sk s im b|tkqmg`btb |btb bih}ob |iâvcgb coaktjbi/ Vbj|kgk abiv÷ r}m fmw|}ãw fm mwvbt mo jc |b|mi fm coqmwvchbfkt v}qcmtb r}m aktjbt |btvm fm bihþo mr}c|k fm a}vdki tâ|cfk k fm qkimcdki/ Wco f}fb gtmk r}m mwb mw }ob d}mob jbomtb fm bgmtgbtwm jâw b ik r}m }ok r}cmtm gkokgmt/
Ikw n÷qmomw gko r}cmomw wm gkoqcqc÷ a}mtko j}g`kw/ Cogi}wk ib k|coc÷o fm qbtckw ocòkw wm vkj÷ mo g}movb5 bwê jcwjk ik r}m ikw bf}ivkw fmgêbo fm w}w n÷qmomw wchocacg÷ dbwvbovm/ Mo gbfb kgbwc÷o) mo gbfb vbtfm) mo ib gbiim k mo ‟ib jbr}cocvb‛) mo mi ‟qkic‛ k mo mi ‟a}v‛) mo mi
dbcim k mo mi wm|mick) vkfkw a}mtko i}hbtmw |btb bih}ob |tmh}ovb) |btb kdwmtqbt) |btb
7
Bwê wm imw gkokgm b ik w `kjdtmw `kjkwmp}bimw mo ib tmhc÷o fmi Cwvjk s G `kovbi/
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movmofmt ibw |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw/ Bwê r}m ok |kftêb mo}jmtbt ikw n÷qmomw gko r}cmomw |ibvcr}ã) tmê) r}cmomw jm gkovbtko boãgfkvbw) mp|mtcmogcbw s w}mòkw/
Wco mjdbthk) b ikw n÷qmomw r}m tmw|kofcmtko mi h}c÷o fm ib movtmqcwvb vmoêbo bih}ob gbtbgvmtêwvcgb |btvcg}ibt5 mwv}fcbovm) vtbdbnbfkt k br}miikw r}m ok vtbdbnbo oc mwv}fcbo) `kjdtmw) j}nmtmw s `kjkwmp}bimw/ Fm br}miikw r}m mwvbdbo mo mi a}v) mo mi qkic k mo mi dmcw) mo ib wmg}ofbtcb) ib |tm|btbvktcb k ib }ocqmtwcfbf/ Fm bih}okw r}m mjchtbtko/ Cogi}wk ib k|coc÷o fm n÷qmomw gko abjcicb) ‟gko jâw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw‛/ Vtbvã fm bdbtgbt ikw fcamtmovmw
vc|kw fm n÷qmomw r}m fcwvcoh}ê mo mi vtbdbnk fm gbj|k s vbjdcão a}m cj|ktvbovm ib k|coc÷o fm ikw ok vbo n÷qmomw) ikw bf}ivkw/ Vkfb mwvb fcqmtwcfbf fm k|cockomw) qcqmogcbw s mp|mtcmogcbw jm |mtjcvc÷ `bgmt mwvb coqmwvchbgc÷o r}m b`ktb imw gkj|btvk/
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Gb|êv}ik CC/ N}qmov}f) cfmovcfbf s gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk ’O}mwvtk |mowbjcmovk okw bvb vkfbqêb bi |bwbfk) bi j}ofk vbi gkjk mpcwvêb mo ib ã|kgb
fm o}mwvtb coabogcb s n}qmov}f) obgcfkw s gtcbfkw bovmw fm ib tmqki}gc÷o mimgvt÷ocgb) ib jbsktêb fm okwkvtkw ok movcmofm ik r}m ãwvb wchocacgb/ Ikw n÷qmomw fm ib o}mqb hmomtbgc÷o) mo gbjdck) wm bwmjmnbo b ikw jcmjdtkw fm ib |tcjmtb hmomtbgc÷o obgcfb mo }o |bêw o}mqk/ Fmdmjkw b|tmofmt n}ovk gko ikw n÷qmomw ib aktjb fm fbt ikw |t÷pcjkw |bwkw5 |mtk |btb |tkgmfmt bwê) fmdmjkw tm}dcgbt mi a}v}tk/
Jbthbtmv Jmbf (2382#
4/2/ Ik r}m wm |cmowb s fcgm fm ib n}qmov}f Mo jâw fm }ob kgbwc÷o wm `b mwg}g`bfk) mo ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ib jbomtb mo r}m wm gkj|ktvbo ikw n÷qmomw/ Ftkhbfcgvkw) dkttbg`kw) qbhkw) qckimovkw) cttmw|kowbdimw) wko bih}okw gbicacgbvcqkw r}m ib k|coc÷o |þdicgb) ikw |tk|ckw jmfckw s mi Mwvbfk vcmomo fm miikw/ Wco mjdbthk) bþo ok wm `bo acnbfk) ok `bo qkivmbfk b qmt r}m ikw n÷qmomw wko vbjdcão bgvktmw) r}m aktjbo |btvm fm }o gkovmpvk s gkjk vbi gbthbo mo w}w mw|bifbw w}mòkw s atbgbwkw5 ci}wckomw fm mogkovtbt }o i}hbt jmnkt) }ob wcv}bgc÷o cfmbi/ Ok wm fmdm kiqcfbt r}m ibw o}mqbw hmomtbgckomw wko tm*|tkf}gvktmw fm ibw |tâgvcgbw gkvcfcbobw) fm ib g}iv}tb) fm ibw vtbfcgckomw) fm ib qcfb jcwjb/
Mo ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi mpcwvmo fkw |bibdtbw r}m fmwchobo b ibw |mtwkobw gkjk j}g`bg`b) BxbxbvâZ k j}g`bg`k U Ij}iscZ wmhþo wmb mi gbwk/ Wco mjdbthk) ok mw }ob mvb|b gkjk vbi) U Bxbxbvâ
jâw dcmo wm |kftêb `bdibt fm }ob vtbowcgc÷o5 ib |tm|btbgc÷o |btb ib qcfb gkos}hbi/ F}tbovm mwvb vtbowcgc÷o) ib bfkimwgmogcb) b ibw j}nmtmw wm imw mowmòb b `bgmt vktvciibw) |tm|btbt ib gkjcfb) g}cfbt bi `mtjbocvk) ik dâwcgk |btb wkdtmqcqct s mwvbt bi |mofcmovm fm w} abjcicb/ B ikw `kjdtmw ikw |tm|btbo |btb btbt ib vcmttb) wmjdtbt) gkowvt}ct w} gbwb s jbovmomt b w}
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mw|kwb m `cnk/ ]ob qm~ fkjcobfb ib vãgocgb) wm fmgcfm w} a}v}tk/ Ikw |bftmw fm n÷qmomw r}m b`ktb vcmomo movtm 46 s 40 bòkw a}mtko mf}gbfkw fm mwvb aktjb/
‟Ib n}qmov}f sb ok r}cmtm vtbdbnbt) sb `bgmo b w} jbomtb U‡Z) ok `bs fcwgc|icob5 ib
hmomtbgc÷o fm `ks vcmom kvtb aktjb fm qcqct5 ikw n÷qmomw wkibjmovm wm fmfcgbo b n}hbt |mikvbw) ‟a}v‛) fm ‟dmcw‛‛ (Wt/ Tkftchk) 81#/ Bwê wm imw qm b ikw n÷qmomw mo ib gkj}ocfbf)
gkjk |mtwkobw cofcwgc|icobfbw) r}m ok imw h}wvb mi vtbdbnk s r}m w÷ik r}cmtmo fcqmtvctwm/ Mwvm vc|k fm k|cockomw |tkqcmom) |tcogc|bijmovm) |tcogc|bijmovm ) fm |mtwkobw fm ib vmtgmtb mfbf/ @bs r}m vkjbt mo g}movb r}m j}g`bw ‗ ib ib jbsktêb* fm ãwvbw |bwbtko fm ib ocòm~ b ib qcfb bf}ivb5 ok v}qcmtko ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm vmtjcobt dcmo w} |mtckfk fm ocòm~ s bibthbt mi |mtckfk fm wkivmtêb/
Wco mjdbthk) ok vkfk tmgbm mo bw|mgvkw omhbvcqkw) bi acobi wm qcw}bic~b jâw dcmo gkjk bihk |kwcvcqk5 gkj|btbfk gko kvtkw gkovmpvkw) gkjk mi fm ibw gc}fbfmw) |kt mnmj|ik5 ‟vmomjkw r}c~â |btvm |kwcvcqbw s omhbvcqbw) U‡Z ib |btvm |kwcvcqb fm ikw n÷qmomw |}mw
mwvâ moakgbfk jâw bi fm|ktvm U‡Z) ok wm `b qcwvk gko dbwvbovm bd}ofbogcb mi gbwk fm ib ftkhbfcggc÷o s mi bigk`kicwjk5 mo g}bovk b w} |btvm omhbvcqb U‡Z |}mw ikw `mjkw qcwvk) wê ib qmtfbf) }o |kgk mwvm) jmfck) |}mw) ‟aiknkomw‛) mo mi bw|mgvk fmi vtbdbnk
|ktr}m |}mw `bs bih}okw r}m sb ok r}cmtmo vtbdbnbt) fm|mofmo fmi |b|â) ib jbjâ k fm ib abjcicb‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk 6<#/
‟B ikw n÷qmomw |}mw sb ok vcmomo U‡Z r}cmo ikw jbofm‛ (Wt/ Tkftchk) 81#/ Mw bwê gkjk ibw
|mtwkobw jbsktmw wm mp|tmwbo tmw|mgvk fm ikw n÷qmomw) ok kdwvbovm r}mfb |kt gkokgmt ibw gctg}owvbogcbw wkgcbimw s g}iv}tbimw r}m |mtjcvmo }ob jbskt fcw|kwcgc÷o fm vcmj|k icdtm/ Gkjk `m jmogckobfk ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo jâw vcmj|k |btb fmfcgbtwm b wê jcwjkw) kvtkw) 6<
r}cmomw vtbdbnbo) kdvcmomo w}acgcmovm |kfmt mgko÷jcgk |btb ib gkj|tb fm bggmwktckw> vmiãakokw) b|btbvkw fm movtmvmocjcmovk) ‟ikw n÷qmomw fm `ks) bi jmokw ikw r}m sk `m qcwvk) wm imqbovbo) ik |tcjmtk mw w}
vmimqcwc÷o) w}w |miêg}ibw) w} jþwcgb jþwcgb vkfk mi fêb k sb gko mi gmi}ibt5 |ktr}m wc sb fmfcgbo jâw) b ik jmnkt wm fcgm bi mwv}fck |mtk ch}bi ok gtmk r}m ok vkfk mi vcmj|k mw mwv}fcbt5 wm fmfcgbo jâw bi movtmvmocjcmovk5 ib vbtfm |}mw qâjkokw b d}wgbt fkofm `bs }o dbi÷o s b |bwbtib dcmo |kt b`ê) ok) movkogmw mwvm) oc |kfmjkw fmgct r}m vkfkw wko aiknkw |mtk wc `bs bih}okw r}m wê) gkjk r}m wm g}mihbo‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Ik gcmtvk mw r}m wm gkjcmo~b b okvbt }ob mvb|b gko gcmtvb b}vkokjêb) fkofm ikw bf}ivkw qmo gko gbtbw mpvtbòbw ibw bggckomw fm ikw n÷qmomw/ B`ktb ãwvkw |}mfmo fcw|komt fm vcmj|k) bih}okw fm fcomtk s wkdtm vkfk icdtm fm tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw jbvtcjkocbimw) ik r}m |mtjcvm gcmtvb icdmtvbf |btb `bgmt ik r}m wm r}cmtb/ Gkwb mpvtbòb |btb ikw bf}ivkw) r}cmomw |bwbtko fm ib ocòm~ b ib mfbf bf}ivb wco fbtwm g}movb/
4/4/ N}qmov}fmw t}tbimw m cofêhmobw> }ob |mtw|mgvcqb ibvcokbjmtcgbob ’@bwvb g}âofk qbjkw b bh}bovbt gkjk n÷qmomw r}m
okw |mtwchbo |kt mi `mg`k fm wmt n÷qmomw5 r}m gtcvcr}mo o}mwvtb g}iv}tb) o}mwvtb aktjb fm wmt) o}mwvtb aktjb fm qmwvct5 `bwvb g}âofk qbjkw b bh}bovbt nkqmo wmb }o fmicvk r}m `bs r}m |mtwmh}ct‡‚ r}m wmt nkqmo
W}dgkjbofbovm Jbtgkw 6
]ob fm ibw fcacg}ivbfmw bi jkjmovk fm mwv}fcbt ik r}m wm `b iibjbfk ’ib n}qmov}f‚
mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob mw ib b}wmogcb fm mwvm |mtckfk fm qcfb/ Wco mjdbthk) mw cj|ktvbovm jmogckobt r}m mwvm mwvbfk mo gkowvt}ggc÷o `b qmocfk mfcacgâofkwm mo ikw þivcjkw bòkw/ ]o 6
Fcwg}twk fmi gkjbofbovm Jbtgkw mo \b|bovib) Qmtbgt}~) qcmtomw 72 fm momtk fm 4<<1/
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mwvbfk wkgcbi r}m fmacom w}w gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw fm bg}mtfk b }o gkovmpvk mw|mgêacgk/ \kt }o vcmj|k wm v}qk ib cfmb r}m ib n}qmov}f mtb gkjk }o }ocqmtwbi g}iv}tbi) }ob abwm obv}tbi fmi fmwbttkiik `}jbok r}m wm mogkovtbtêb mo vkfbw ibw wkgcmfbfmw s jkjmovkw `cw v÷tcgkw/ ’Ikw n÷qmomw ok `bo aktjbfk o}ogb }o vkfk `kjkhãomk `kjkhãomk wcok r}m) `bo tmaimnbfk ibw fcqcwckomw fcqcwckomw mgko÷jcgbw) wkgcbimw) |kiêvcgbw s g}iv}tbimw mpcwvmovmw mo ib wkgcmfbf‚ (Wk}vk5 4<<8> 7#/
Bgv}bijmovm mi oþjmtk fm n÷qmomw mo Jãpcgk wm b|tkpcjb b 71/4 jciikomw fm movtm 24 s 43= bòkw fm mfbf) fm miikw 20/6 jciikomw wko j}nmtmw s 28/0 jciikomw wko `kjdtmw) fm }o vkvbi fm 224)771)=70 1 `bdcvbovmw) fm bg}mtfk gko mi gmowk fm 4<2< r}m tmbic~÷ mo Cowvcv}vk Jmpcgbok fm ib N}qmov}f (Cjn}qm#/ Mo Kbpbgb mi oþjmtk fm n÷qmomw bwgcmofm b 4=<) 064 8/ Ib coqmogc÷o fm mwvm |mtckfk fm qcfb wm tmjkovb b ibw g}iv}tbw kggcfmovbimw (m}tk|mbw# mo }o jkjmovk gibqm |btb mi fmwbttkiik cof}wvtcbi/ Wm gkowcfmtb b ib n}qmov}f gkjk }ob ¥coqmogc÷oµ fm ib mtb fm ibw jâr}cobw s ibw aâdtcgbw) qcog}ibfb ãwvb b bih}obw cowvcv}gckomw fm ib jkfmtocfbf gkjk mi wmtqcgck jcicvbt kdichbvktck) ib mwg}mib |þdicgb s ib wkgcmfbf fm gkow}jk (Amcpb) Hko~âim~5 4<<1> 287#/ ’Ib `cwvktcb fmi wchik PP |}mfm qmtwm gkjk ib
w}gmwc÷o fm fcamtmovmw hmomtbgckomw fm n÷qmomw r}m ctt}j|mo mo ib mwgmob |þdicgb |btb wmt |tkvbhkocwvbw mo ib tmaktjb) ib tmqki}gc÷o) ib h}mttb) ib |b~) mi tkge) mi bjkt) ibw ftkhbw) ib hikdbic~bgc÷o k ib bovchikdbic~bgc÷o‚ 0 (Amcpb5 4<<1> 7#/
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B}or}m Mi Cowvcv}vk Jmpcgbok fm ib N}qmov}f fmacom gkjk n÷qmomw b ibw |mtwkobw fm 24 b 43 bòkw fm mfbf) |btb mwvm mwv}fck mi gkogm|vk fm n}qmov}f wm fmvmtjco÷ gko dbwm b }ob gkowvt}ggc÷o wkgcbi5 mw fmgct mw }ob mvb|b tmibvcqb b gbfb gkovmpvk mo |btvcg}ibt) bwê ik movcmofmo Gbtimw Amcpb) Jbtcv~b ]tvmbhb) Jmomwmw Gâtfmobw) movtm kvtkw/ 1 COMHC 4<2< 8 Cjn}qm 4<2< 0 \btb }o mwv}fck gkj|imvk fm ibw hmomtbgckomw fm n÷qmomw tmjêvbwm bi btvêg}ik fm Gbtimw Amcpb> Hmomtbgc÷o PP/ Vmktêbw wkdtm ib n}qmov}f mo ib mtb gkovmj|ktâomb/ gkovmj|ktâomb/
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Ikw |tcjmtkw covmovkw |kt mp|icgbt ikw amo÷jmokw gkogmtocmovmw b ib n}qmov}f wm tmjkovbo b ikw bòkw qmcovm fmi wchik PP/ Jbthbtmv Jmbf (230=# cocgc÷ }o mwv}fck wkdtm n}qmov}f mo Wbjkb) covmovbofk gkovtbfmgct ibw vmktêbw wkdtm ib bfkimwgmogcb fm @bii> omh÷ mi gbtâgvmt dcki÷hcgk fm ib bfkimwgmogcb s ib n}qmov}f s r}m ib |tcjmtb a}mtb omgmwbtcbjmovm }o |mtckfk
fm mwvtãw s vmowc÷o) s fmamofc÷ ib |tm|kofmtbogcb ‗ r}c~â r}c~â fm }ob aktjb
fmvmtjcocwvb* fm ikw abgvktmw g}iv}tbimw) wco mjdbthk mw }o |tcjmt bgmtgbjcmovk fkofm wm im fb cj|ktvbogcb b ib aktjb fm qcfb fm ibw |mtwkobw/
Tmh}ciik (4<<<# wkwvcmom r}m ib n}qmov}f mw }ob ’coqmogc÷o‚ fm ib |kwh}mttb/ Jbovcmom mwvb cfmb b |btvct fmi `mg`k r}m gko mi o}mqk ktfmo covmtobgckobi) ikw qmogmfktmw bggmfêbo b coãfcvkw mwvâofbtmw fm qcfb m cj|koêbo w}w mwvcikw s qbiktmw/ A}m ib wkgcmfbf r}cmo tmcqcofcg÷ ib mpcwvmogcb fm ikw ocòkw s n÷qmomw gkjk w}nmvkw fm fmtmg`k s mo mi gbwk fm ikw n÷qmomw vbjdcão gkjk w}nmvkw fm gkow}jk/ Mwvm o}mqk ht}|k wkgcbi gkjmo~÷ b |bwbt jâw vcmj|k mo cowvcv}gckomw mf}gbvcqbw/ Ib bj|icbgc÷o fm ikw tbohkw fm mfbf |btb ib cowvt}ggc÷o mwgkibt vcmom fkw imgv}tbw) |kt }ob |btvm mw }ob aktjb ’cokgmovm‚ fm tm|btvct mi gkokgcjcmovk
wkgcbi s ib kvtb) r}c~â ib jâw cj|ktvbovm) gkjk jmgbocwjk fm gkovtki wkgcbi s fm b}vkttmh}ibgc÷o (Tmh}ciik) 4<<<#/
Bwê |}mfm movmofmtwm b ib n}qmov}f gkjk ’mi |mtckfk fm qcfb fm ib |mtwkob mo mi r}m ib wkgcmfbf fmnb fm qmtim gkjk }o ocòk |mtk ok im fb }o mwvbv}w s a}ogckomw gkj|imvkw fm bf}ivk‚ (Wk}vk5 4<<8> 2#/ Mw }ob mvb|b mo vtbowcgc÷o5 fm ib fm|mofmogcb coabovci b ib
b}vkokjêb bf}ivb fkofm ib wkgcmfbf im fb a}ogckomw s tmwvtcggckomw) r}ã wm im |mtjcvm `bgmt) r}ã wm im |tk`êdm) k b r}ã wm im kdichb/ Mwvb mvb|b vcmom r}m qmtwm ok wkik b |btvct fm
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gkowcfmtbgckomw |wcgki÷hcgbw s+k aêwcgbw wcok fm ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fmi nkqmo mo ibw fcamtmovmw cowvcv}gckomw r}m gkoaktjbo ib wkgcmfbf/
Ib n}qmov}f gkjk amo÷jmok wkgcbi fm|mofm fm ib |kwcgc÷o r}m ib |mtwkob vmohb mo ibw mwvt}gv}tbw cowvcv}gckobimw gkjk ib abjcicb) ib mwg}mib) mi vtbdbnk s ikw ht}|kw fm mfbf/ Wm movcmofm movkogmw r}m ib n}qmov}f gkjk ht}|k fmacocfk ok mw }ob gbw}bicfbf fmi fmwvcok) w} aktjbgc÷o s mpcwvmogcb fm|mofmo fm gkowvt}ggckomw `cwv÷tcgbw s wkgcbimw5 sb r}m fm|mofmo fmi ktfmo mgko÷jcgk) wkgcbi) g}iv}tbi s |kiêvcgk fm gbfb gkimgvcqcfbf) mw fmgct) fmi jkjmovk `cwv÷tcgk s fm ibw gctg}owvbogcbw wkgckg}iv}tbimw mo r}m wm ib gkogcdb/
Vbovk Amcpb (4<<1# gkjk Tmh}ciik (4<<<# b|}ovbo r}m f}tbovm ib |kwh}mttb w}thc÷ }ob |kfmtkwb cof}wvtcb g}iv}tbi/ Ãwvb kamtvbdb |tkf}gvkw mpgi}wcqkw |btb mi ht}|k mo mjmthmogcb) ib n}qmov}f/ R}cmomw ‗ bih}okw* bih}okw* bþo gkovco}bdbo mo ibw mwg}mibw |mtk vbjdcão vmoêbo |kfmt bfr}cwcvcqk/ Ib jkfmtoc~bgc÷o vbjdcão |mtjcvc÷ b ikw n÷qmomw gcmtvb b}vkfmvmtjcobgc÷o) v}qk ib |kwcdcicfbf fm bggmwk b }ob gbwb s b }o jmtgbfk fm gkow}jk5 ib mimggc÷o fm }o mwvcik fm qcfb s ib gtmbgc÷o fm mw|bgckw mpgi}wcqkw |btb miikw/
]ob fm ibw cof}wvtcbw jâw cj|ktvbovmw a}m ib j}wcgbi) b}or}m ok ib þocgb/ B |btvct fm mwvkw `mg`kw wm |}mfm tmw}jct r}m ib qcwcdcicfbf fm ikw n÷qmomw mo ib þivcjb jcvbf fmi wchik PP wm fb htbgcbw> b# ’b ib tmkthboc~bgc÷o mgko÷jcgb |kt ib qêb fmi bgmimtbjcmovk cof}wvtcbi) gcmovêacgk s vãgocgk) r}m cj|icg÷ bn}wvmw mo ib kthboc~bgc÷o |tkf}gvcqb fm ib wkgcmfbf5 d# ib kamtvb s mi gkow}jk g}iv}tbi) s g# mi fcwg}twk n}têfcgk‚ (Tmh}ciik) 4<<<> 8#/
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@ks wm ikhtbo movmofmt j}g`kw |tkgmwkw fkofm wm qmo cj|icgbfkw ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ikw g}bimw a}ogckobo gkjk mpvmowckomw fm ikw wmovcfkw s bj|iêbo o}mwvtb qcwc÷o fmi j}ofk/ Mwvkw ’b|btbvkw cfmki÷hcgkw‚ jmfcbo movtm mi j}ofk vmttmobi s mi
cobigbo~bdim/ Mi qmwv}btck) ib jþwcgb) ikw fm|ktvmw) mi bggmwk b gcmtvkw kdnmvkw mjdimjâvcgkw gkowvcv}smo }ob |btvm cj|ktvbovm mo ib gkowvt}ggc÷o cfmovcvbtcb fm ikw n÷qmomw/ Mwvkw kdnmvkw m cfmbw wm qmofmo jâw r}m w÷ik gkjk jbtgbw qcwcdimw fm gcmtvbw bfwgtc|gckomw wcok) a}ofbjmovbijmovm) gkjk ik r}m ikw |}dicgcwvbw iibjbo) ’}o gkogm|vk‚ (Tmh}ciik) 4<<<#/ ]o
gkogm|vk r}m iimob jâw r}m ib }vcicfbf fm ikw kdnmvkw) fcamtmogcb) gtmb iêjcvmw m cj|kom gkofcgckomw/
Gko ib jkfmtoc~bgc÷o mi nkqmo vbjdcão wm `}dk mp|}mwvk) mo htbfkw gbfb qm~ jbsktmw) b }ob j}ivcv}f fm coai}mogcbw gkj|mvcvcqbw s k|}mwvbw b ikw jkfmikw mwvbdimgcfkw fmovtk fm ib abjcicb s mi ht}|k fkjãwvcgk fm ib gkj}ocfbf ikgbi vtbfcgckobi r}m mtbo }ocaktjmw s fbdbo }ob wmtcm fm bgvcv}fmw) oktjbw) cfmbw s `bwvb mp|mgvbvcqbw/ Bihk j}s okvktck bi jkjmovk fm mwv}fcbt mi fmwbttkiik `cwv÷tcgk fm ib n}qmov}f mw ib mpgi}wc÷o fm j}g`kw n÷qmomw fm mwvm |mtckfk fm qcfb/ R}cmomw *ib jbsktêb fm miikw* b|mobw mwvâo wcmofk vkjbfkw mo g}movb mo mi mw|bgck*vcmj|k fm ib gkovco}cfbf |mtwkobi/ Bimnbfkw fm ikw |tkdimjbw abjcicbtmw gkjk a}ofbfktmw fm ib jcwjb/
Ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw m cofêhmobw gkjcmo~bo b tmcqcofcgbt w} |b|mi gkjk jcmjdtkw fm }ob wkgcmfbf htbgcbw b fcamtmovmw cowvcv}gckomw gkjk ib mwg}mib) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s b |tkgmwkw gkjk ib mjchtbgc÷o/ Bih}okw abgvktmw r}m abqktmgcmtko mi fmwbttkiik fm ib n}qmov}f gkjk mvb|b gibtbjmovm gibtbjmovm fmacocfb a}mtko> ib tmh}ibgc÷o tmh}ibgc÷o fmi bggmwk bi jmtgbfk
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ibdktbi s ibw gkofcgckomw fm vtbdbnk |btb ocòkw s n÷qmomw5 ib mf}gbgc÷o kdichbvktcb r}m wm a}m bj|icbofk gbfb qm~ jâw s mi jbovmocjcmovk fmi mwvbv}w wkgcbi5 mi wmtqcgck jcicvbt kdichbvktck5 s ib tmh}ibgc÷o fmi fmtmg`k bi qkvk (Wk}vk5 4<<8#/ Fm mwvb aktjb mo j}g`bw |btvmw fm M}tk|b ib n}qmov}f w}thc÷ gkjk }o amo÷jmok }tdbok) sb r}m ibw qcqmogcbw s mp|mtcmogcbw r}m qcqêbo ikw n÷qmomw t}tbimw mtbo fcamtmovmw/ Mwvb mw }ob gb}wb fm r}m ib icvmtbv}tb s ikw mwv}fckw mo g}bovk b ibw n}qmov}fmw mwvão gmovtbfkw mo ibw htbofmw |kdibgckomw fm ibw }tdmw kggcfmovbimw/
]ok fm ikw |tk|÷wcvkw cojmfcbvkw fmi mog}movtk ¥B gtcboҥb m k nkqmo ob Bjmtcgb Ibvcobµ
(Jbtcicb) Dtbwci) okqcmjdtm 4<<2# a}m ib omgmwcfbf fm tm*gkogm|v}bic~bt ib coabogcb s ib n}qmov}f fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb |mtw|mgvcqb ibvcokbjmtcgbob ibvcokbjmtcgbob (gkjk âjdcvk hmkhtâacgk) hmkhtâacgk) bgbfãjcgk bgbfãjcgk s g}iv}tbi#) bdktfbofk o}mqbw aktjbw fm qmt s qcqct mwvbw mfbfmw r}m wm gkoach}tbo gko mi gbjdck fm wchik (Amcpb5 4<<4) gcvbfk mo Amcpb s Hko~âim~5 4<<1#/ Mo mwvm jcwjk mog}movtk ib jbsktêb fm ikw b}vktmw movmofcmtko b ib n}qmov}f gkjk ’}o tmwmtqktck jktbi) vbovk |btb ib gkowvt}ggc÷o fm }o ¥o}mqkµ s ¥nkqmoµ |tksmgvk gcqcic~bvktck mo ib tma}ofbgc÷o fm ib obgc÷o s ib cfmovcfbf ibvcokbjmtcgbob) gkjk ib mogbtobgc÷o fm ib jkfmtocfbf g}iv}tbi) ¥gcqciµ U‡Z s mwvãvcgb‚ (Amcpb5 Hko~âim~5 4<<1> 28=#/ \tmgcwbjmovm }thm }ob tm*
gkogm|v}bic~bgc÷o fmi vãtjcok r}m cj|icr}m ibw omgmwcfbfmw s vkjm mo g}movb ikw mw|bgckw fm ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw/ Ok w÷ik gkjk kdnmvkw fm gbjdck s gkovco}cfbf fm ib tb~b wcok gkjk w}nmvkw mo gkowvt}ggc÷o fm w} cfmovcfbf5 gko fmwmkw) w}mòkw s abvbicwjkw/
Mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob) ib bvmogc÷o `bgcb mi mwv}fck fm ibw n}qmov}fmw wm tmjkovb b ibw |tcjmtbw fãgbfbw fmi wchik PP (Amcpb5 4<<1#/ ’W} ctt}|gc÷o mo ib mwgmob |þdicgb gkovmj|ktâomb U‡Z
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|}mfm }dcgbtwm mo ib ã|kgb fm ikw jkqcjcmovkw mwv}fcbovcimw fm ib fãgbfb fm ikw wmwmovb‚ (Tmh}ciik5 4<<<> 6#/ Ikw n÷qmomw a}mtko qcwvkw jâw gkjk mwv}fcbovmw5 gkjk bgvktmw tmdmifmw gb|bgmw fm mg`bt bdbnk mi ktfmo mwvbdimgcfk) wco mjdbthk) qbtckw fm mwvkw jkqcjcmovkw mwv}fcbovcimw wmòbibtko ikw gkoaicgvkw ok tmw}mivkw mo ibw wkgcmfbfmw ’jkfmtobw‚ s |tmach}tbtko ik r}m wmtêb mi mwgmobtck |kiêvcgk fm ikw wmvmovb/
Mo ib fãgbfb fm ikw kg`movb ikw n÷qmomw bþo wmh}êbo coqcwcdimw mo mi vmttmok |kiêvcgk/ Gko ib iimhbfb fmi omkicdmtbicwjk a}mtko |mowbfkw gkjk ikw ’tmw|kowbdimw‚ fm ibw qckimogcbw mo
ibw gbiimw) w}dqmtwcqkw |kt mi gkow}jk fm ibw ftkhbw/ Ib n}qmov}f gkjmo~bdb b wmt qcwcdim |mtk w÷ik gkjk |tkdimjb wkgcbi/ Mi wchik PPC gkjcmo~b gko ibw gkowmg}mogcbw fm ikw bòkw bovmtcktmw5 h}mttbw) `bjdt}ob) ib |tmkg}|bgc÷o |kt mi gbimovbjcmovk fmi |ibomvb) ib tmf fm gkj|}vbfktbw wm bj|iêb gbfb qm~ jâw) ibw |tkjmwbw cog}j|icfbw fm ib jkfmtocfbf) gtcwcw wkgcbimw s |kiêvcgbw/
Ikw mwv}fckw moakgbfkw b ib coqmwvchbgc÷o mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw cofêhmobw) wkgcmfbfmw gbj|mwcobw s }tdbobw qcw}bic~btko b w}w w}nmvkw fm mwv}fck gkjk cofckw) gbj|mwcokw) gkikokw) `kjdtmw) j}nmtmw) d}th}mwmw) kdtmtkw5 |mtk ok gkjk ocòkw s j}g`k jmokw gkjk n÷qmomw/ n÷qmomw/ ]ob fm ibw mp|icgbgckomw mp|icgbgckomw b mwvb kjcwc÷o mw ib ok mpcwvmogcb fm ibw gbvmhktêbw gbvmhktêbw fm coabogcb s n}qmov}f mo ibw wkgcmfbfmw ibvcokbjmtcgbobw) mpgm|v}bofk br}miibw jcoktêbw d}th}mwbw s mo bih}obw ~kobw }tdboc~bfbw (Amcpb) Hko~âim~5 4<<1#/ Mwvkw w}nmvkw ok wm |mtgcdmo gkjk bgvktmw mo wê) wcok gkjk a}v}tkw bf}ivkw gbj|mwcokw) tmgtmbfktmw fm ibw vtbfcgckomw cofêhmobw s tm*|tkf}gvktmw fm w}w mwvcikw fm qcfb s w} wkgcmfbf) gkjk mo mi tmikn fm btmob/
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Mwvm jkfmik w}hcmtm r}m ikw gbjdckw r}m |}mfm `bdmt fm }ob hmomtbgc÷o b kvtb wko jêocjkw/ Ikw `cnkw tm|tkf}gmo mi gkj|ktvbjcmovk fm |bftmw s bd}mikw coacocfbf fm qmgmw/ Ib abjcicb s ib gkj}ocfbf wko ikw mogbthbfkw fm vtbowjcvct ibw cjâhmomw g}iv}tbimw b w}w |tkhmocvktmw fm bg}mtfk b ibw gkofcgckomw wkgcbimw fm ãwvkw/ Mo g}bovk bi tmikn bobi÷hcgk ib w}gmwc÷o fmi vcmj|k wm fb fm jbomtb icombi) fkofm ikw `cnkw b|tmofmo fm w}w gkmvâomkw) wkdtm vkfk mo ikw mw|bgckw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o n}qmoci/ Mi gkoaicgvk b|btmgm g}bofk mi |b|mi fm ib b}vktcfbf wm fca}jcob) mo mi tmikn fchcvbi) fkofm mi vcmj|k |btmgm bigbo~bt }o ocqmi hikdbi/ Ibw `mttbjcmovbw fm ib vmgokikhêb s fm ib coaktjbgc÷o wko ikw wêjdkikw |tcogc|bimw fmi vcmj|k qctv}bi/ Br}ê ikw |bftmw vbjdcão b|tmofmo fm w}w `cnkw/ Mi bigbogm hikdbi fm ibw vmimgkj}ocgbgckomw |mtjcvm gkokgmt o}mqkw |btbfchjbw gkjk> ib icdmtbgc÷o amjmocob) ibw vmofmogcbw `kjkwmp}bimw s mi gkog}dcobvk 3 b jbskt mwgbib mo n÷qmomw t}tbimw5 jkqcjcmovkw wkgcbimw r}m gkib|wbo mi |btbfchjb gkimgvcqk bf}ivk/
]ob fm ibw gb}wbw |kt ibw r}m ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw `bo gkjmo~bfk b mjmthmt s n}hbt }o |b|mi cj|ktvbovm mo ikw mwgmobtckw wkgcbimw mw htbgcbw b ib jkfmtoc~bgc÷o m `cdtcfbgc÷o g}iv}tbi (Amcpb) Hko~âim~5 4<<1#/ Mw cofcw|mowbdim movkogmw) |btb movmofmt b ib n}qmov}f) mwv}fcbt ikw gbjdckw s |mtjbomogcbw) ibw tmibgckomw fmovtk s movtm ikw ht}|kw fm mfbf) bwê jcwjk gkjk ibw fcqcwckomw wkgcbimw fm gibwm) hãomtk) tb~b s+k mvocb5 ibw fcamtmovmw cowvcv}gckomw mo ibw r}m |btvcgc|bo s ‗ fm fm ibw r}m wm imw mpgi}sm vbjdcão*/ Mw fmgct) r}m wko w}nmvkw gko gb|bgcfbf fm fcwg}twk s |kt vbovk |}mfmo b|tk|cbtwm s jkqcic~bt kdnmvkw vbovk wkgcbimw s wcjd÷icgkw gkjk jbvmtcbimw (Tmh}ciik5 4<<4#/ Wm fmdm qmt b ikw n÷qmomw gkjk bhmovmw bgvcqkw fm gbjdck jâw r}m gkjk ’tmdmifmw wco gb}wb‚/ \kt }ob |btvm mwvâ r}m ib
3
Movcmofk |kt gkog}dcobvk b ib tmibgc÷o jbtcvbi fm }o `kjdtm gko }ob j}nmt wco mwvbt gbwbfkw/
60
wkgcmfbf im fã b ikw n÷qmomw mi mw|bgck |btb ibw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw s |btb wmt nkqmo) wco mjdbthk) vbjdcão mwvâ ib g}mwvc÷o r}m ikw n÷qmomw vkjmo gkogcmogcb fm w} gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci s bgvþmo gkjk vbi/
Ibw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw `bo w}atcfk cj|ktvbovmw vtbowaktjbgckomw mo mi vcmj|k) wco mjdbthk) ikw tbwhkw fm fcamtmogcb wko mqcfmovmw sb r}m gkowvt}smo qbtcbfkw mwvcikw fm qcfb) |tkgmwkw s vtbsmgvktcbw / ’Mwvb gkj|imncfbf fm |tkgmwkw n}qmocimw fmjbofb bqbo~bt mo |mtw|mgvcqbw vm÷tcgbw r}m |mtjcvbo covmt|tmvbt ikw |tkgmwkw covmttmhckobimw) ibw mwvt}gv}tbw wkgck* g}iv}tbimw fm hãomtk) bwê gkjk ib tmibgc÷o gbj|k*gc}fbf fmwfm jctbfbw ok fcg kvkjc~bovmw‚ (Qbimo~}mib5 4<<3> =<#/ Mi tmvk fm ibw coqmwvchbgckomw mw ikhtbt covmt|tmvbt ibw mw|mgcacgcfbfmw s |btvcg}ibtcfbfmw fm ibw wkgcmfbfmw ibvcokbjmtcgbobw s ok |mtfmtwm mo ibw hmomtbic~bgckomw s fmwch}bifbfmw/ Ik cj|ktvbovm mw ib mjmthmogcb fm mwv}fckw n}qmocimw mo gkovmpvkw mw|mgêacgkw s gkokgmt w}w gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw s |btvcg}ibtcfbfmw) bimnbfkw fm ib jctbfb mwvt}gv}tbi s jbgtkwkgcbi (Amcpb5 Hko~âim~5 4<<1#/ Bwê wm `bgm cofcw|mowbdim bdktfbt b ibw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw fmwfm gkogm|vkw gkjk ib cfmovcfbf) mi gkow}jk) mi hãomtk) ib jchtbgc÷o/ Ib cfmovcfbf gkjk tmamtmovm |tcjmtk fm |mtvmomogcb s bf`mwc÷o b }o mw|bgck*vmttcvktck/
63
4/7/ Ib fcbiãgvcgb fm ib cfmovcfbf> cfmovcfbf qw bivmtcfbf Ib cfmovcfbf mw }ob gkowvt}ggc÷o r}m wm tmibvb/ Wm mwvbdimgmo bgkovmgcjcmovkw a}ofbfktmw) gbwc wcmj|tm tmamtcfkw b ib b|tk|cbgc÷o fm }o vmttcvktck |kt }o |}mdik k b ib cofm|mofmogcb ikhtbfb moatmovbfk b ikw mpvtbòkw/ Wm qbo w}jbofk ibw `b~bòbw mo r}m ikw `bdcvbovmw fmacmofmo mwm vmttcvktck) ktfmobo w}w gkoaicgvkw covmtokw s acnbo ikw jkfkw imhêvcjkw fm qcqct mo ãi |btb fcamtmogcbtwm fm ikw kvtkw/
Oãwvkt Hbtgêb Gbogicoc (2336#
@bdibt fm cfmovcfbf wchocacgb }o ct s tmhtmwbt |kt ib g}iv}tb fm ikw |}mdikw s fm ibw gc}fbfmw/ Mw bdtct mi |bwbfk s gkokgmt mi mw|bgck wkgcbi r}m f}tbovm j}g`k vcmj|k fck qcfb b ibw hmomtbgckomw/ @bdibt fm cfmovcfbf mw gkokgmt mi |tmwmovm s tm*gkokgmt mi |bwbfk/ Wchocacgb `bdcvbt }o jcwjk mw|bgck) mo }o jcwjk vcmj|k |mtk b ib qm~ vbjdcão mw tmgkokgmt r}m bih}cmo `bdcvb mo }o mw|bgck fcamtmovm bi o}mwvtk/ @bdibt fm cfmovcfbf mw `bdibt fm }ok jcwjk) fmi tmgkokgcjcmovk r}m wm ikhtb gko }o ht}|k fm |mtwkobw r}m wm fmacomo |kt }o wvkge fm gkwv}jdtmw) wmovcjcmovkw) |mowbjcmovkw gkj|btvcfkw |kt vkfkw/ @bdibt fm cfmovcfbf mw wmt gmikwk bovm ikw kvtkw r}m ok gkj|btvmo mwm jcwjk wvkge/
Hcidmtvk Hcjãom~ fmacom ib cfmovcfbf gkjk ib b}vk|mtgm|gc÷o fm }o ’okwkvtkw‚ fcamtmovm fm ’ikw kvtkw‚) gko dbwm mo bvtcd}vkw) jbtgbw k tbwhkw fcwvcovcqkw/ Mwvkw bvtcd}vkw k jbtgbw a}ogckobo gkjk wêjdkikw r}m fmicjcvbo ikw mw|bgckw fm ’ikw }okw‚ s ’ikw kvtkw‚ (2336> 28<#/ Tmh}ciik (2331# jbovcmom ib cfmb r}m ib cfmovcfbf mw wkdtm vkfk |mtvmomogcb s ãwvb vcmom gkjk }o mamgvk |tkf}gvcqk mo ibw tmibgckomw) sb r}m mi |mtvmomgmt b ¥}o bihkµ s gkj|btvct }o imoh}bnm) }o mwvcik k gcmtvbw t}vcobw) omgmwcvb omgmwbtcbjmovm fcamtmogcbtwm fm
=<
¥kvtk bihkµ/ \kt mwvb tb~÷o) ib cfmb a}ofbjmovbi fm ib cfmovcfbf mw ib fcamtmogcb s movtm jâw gibtb wmb ãwvb jâw oêvcfk tmw}ivbtâ mi okwkvtkw gkimgvcqk/
Bwê |btb `bdibt fmi mw|bgck cfmovcvbtck r}m mwvbdimgm ikw tbwhkw jâw k jmokw fmacocvktckw fmi ht}|k mw omgmwbtck fcamtmogcbtwm fm ikw fmjâw) ikw r}m ok movtbo mo mi mw|bgck gkjþo bovmw fmacocfk/ Kvtkw b}vktmw) movtm miikw Br}cimw G`c`} (4<<4#) movcmofmo b ib cfmovcfbf gkjk }o |tkgmwk fm gkowvt}ggc÷o wcjd÷icgb fm cfmovcacgbgc÷o*fcamtmogcbgc÷o iimqbfk b gbdk dbnk }o jbtgk fm tmamtmogcb gkjk |}mfm wmt }o vmttcvktck) }ob gibwm) }ob mvocb) }ob g}iv}tb) mi wmpk k ib mfbf/ Ib cfmovcfbf mw bihk r}m wm gkowvt}sm mo ib covmtbggc÷o gkvcfcbob d}wgbofk ib bgm|vbgc÷o s mi tmgkokgcjcmovk fm ib |tk|cb cfmovcfbf s w}atm fm bih}ob gtcwcw g}bofk mi w}nmvk ok vcmom ib |kwcdcicfbf tmbi fm |tko}ogcbtwm gko gmtvm~b wkdtm wê jcwjk/
\kt ik vbovk mw |kwcdim bth}jmovbt r}m ib cfmovcfbf wm tmacmtm b ’ |tkgmwkw fm cfmovcacgbgc÷o s fcamtmogcbgc÷o movtm mi cofcqcf}k s ib gkimgvcqcfbf) k mi ht}|k atmovm b ib wkgcmfbf jâw bj|icb‚/ Ib fcbiãgvcgb movtm mi cofcqcf}k s ib gkimgvcqcfbf wm |}mfm fmacoct gkjk }ob
tmibgc÷o r}m wm mog}movtb mo gkowvbovm fcobjcwjk) |kt ik vbovk mwvâ ’w}nmvk b vtbowaktjbgckomw‚/ \kt miik mw omgmwbtck |mowbt ’ib gkimgvcqcfbf fm ibw cfmovcfbfmw fmwfm w}w gbjdckw s tm*wchocacgbgckomw‚/ Mwvm fcobjcwjk vcmofm b gtmbt vtbowaktjbgckomw fmwfm
ikw jcmjdtkw fmi jcwjk ht}|k s mo gkovmpvkw jâw bj|ickw (Qbimo~}mib) 2330#/
Hcjãom~ (4<<4# bth}jmovb r}m ib cfmovcfbf fm ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw) wmbo mwvkw cofcqcf}bimw k gkimgvcqkw) tmw}ivb wcmj|tm fm }ob covmtbggc÷o) fm }o gkj|tkjcwk k omhbgc÷o movtm b}vkbactjbgc÷o s bwchobgc÷o cfmovcvbtcb) movtm ’b}vkcfmovcfbf‚ s ’mpkcfmovcfbf‚/ Fm b`ê r}m
=2
ib fcbiãgvcgb movtm |mtjbomogcb s gbjdck) movtm gkovco}cfbf s fcwgkvco}cfbf) mw ib gbtbgvmtêwvcgb r}m gkj|btvm o ibw cfmovcfbfmw |mtwkobimw s gkimgvcqbw/ ’Ãwvbw cfmovcfbfmw wm jbovcmomo s f}tbo bfb|vâofkwm bi movktok s tmgkj|kocãofkwm cogmwbovmjmovm) wco fmnbt fm wmt ibw jcwjbw/ Wm vtbvb fm }o |tkgmwk wcmj|tm bdcmtvk) s |kt mofm) o}ogb fmacocvcqk oc bgbdbfk‚ (Hcjãom~) 4<<4> 67#/ G}bofk ib cfmovcfbf mw bw}jcfb) ãwvb wm ¥gkj}ocgbµ) s bi
gkj}ocgbtwm mi ht}|k b|tmofm fm wê jcwjk s fm w} bivmt/ \kt miik mo mwvm |tkgmwk ib cfmovcfbf wm kdnmvcqb s bi kdnmvcqbtwm wm j}mwvtb s wm q}miqm ¥tmbiµ (Tmh}ciik) 2331#/
Gkoaktjm b ik bovmtckt wm |}mfm |mowbt r}m ibw cfmovcfbfmw w÷ik mpcwvmo gko tmibgc÷o b ibw fcamtmogcbgckomw/ Ib cj|ktvbogcb fm ibw kvtmfbfmw gkdtb wmovcfk g}bofk mi cofcqcf}k k mi ht}|k wm mog}movtb atmovm b }o ht}|k k b }o cofcqcf}k ’fcamtmovm‚ b ãi5 br}ãi r}m ok
gkj|btvm mi jcwjk wvkge fm gkwv}jdtmw s gkjk gkowmg}mogcb ok `bs bihk r}m |}mfb cfmovcacgbtikw gkjk |btvm fm }o jcwjk ht}|k k gkj}ocfbf/ Mw b`ê g}bofk ib gbthb wcjd÷icgb fm ibw fcamtmogcbw vkjb }o |b|mi tmimqbovm) wm iimhb b }o |tkgmwk fm b}vk* tmgkokgcjcmovk b vtbqãw fm ib jctbfb fm ikw kvtkw (Qbimo~}mib) 2330> 74#/ \kt miik Tmh}ciik
wkwvcmom r}m ’omgmwbtcbjmovm }ob cfmovcfbf tmr}cmtm |btb gkowvcv}ctwm fm }ob bivmtcfbf) }o okwkvtkw atmovm b ikw kvtkw/ Mo mwvb gkoatkovbgc÷o qbo vmncãofkwm coqcwcdimw mimjmovkw gkowvcv}vcqkw fm ib cfmovcfbf r}m) U Z qbo mpvmtcktc~âofkwm s vkjbofk aktjbw s gkovktokw |tmgcwkw‚ (2332> 74#/
Gkogm|v}bic~bt ib |bibdtb cfmovcfbf tmr}cmtm |mowbt fmi mw|bgck s fmi vcmj|k5 fm ibw tmibgckomw s gkovbgvkw gko ikw r}m wm movtb gko fcamtmovmw bgvktmw) movkogmw ib cfmovcfbf mw |tkf}gvk fm ibw tmibgckomw wkgcbimw/ Ib cfmovcfbf mw cofcqcf}bi) b ib qm~ r}m wkgcbi/ Ib
=4
cfmovcfbf cofcqcf}bi vcmom r}m qmt gko ikw |tkgmwkw |tcjbtckw5 mw fmgct) gko br}miikw gkovbgvkw r}m wm fbo) |tcjmtbjmovm mo ib abjcicb) ikw g}bimw |kt wmt ikw |tcjmtkw wko ikw jâw a}mtvmw s jâw tmwcwvmovmw bi gbjdck/ Ib cfmovcfbf wkgcbi mw mi tmw}ivbfk fm ib fcbiãgvcgb movtm br}miik r}m gtmm wmt mi bgvkt wkgcbi s ik r}m ikw fmjâw im fcgmo r}m mw/
\kfmjkw jmogckobt movtm ikw ’fmjâw‚ b kvtkw bgvktmw wkgcbimw) cowvcv}gckomw wkgcbimw gkjk
ib chimwcb) ib mwg}mib) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mvg/) r}m vcmomo }o gkovbgvk gbwc |mtjbomovm k |kt ik jmokw jmo kw f}tbovm }o vcmj|k |tkikohbfk |tk ikohbfk gko mi bgvkt wkgcbi/ w kgcbi/ ’Ib cfmovcfbf
wkgcbi mwvbtêb gkj|}mwvb |kt br}miibw gbvmhktêbw r}m fmokvbo ib jmjdtmwêb fm }ok gko tmw|mgvk b qbtckw ht}|kw wkgcbimw> wmpk) obgckobicfbf) bacicbgc÷o |kiêvcgb) tmichc÷o‚ (G`c`})
4<<4> 1#/ Qbimo~}mib (4<<3# wkwvcmom r}m vkfbw ibw cfmovcfbfmw wko gbjdcbovmw5 wco mjdbthk) mwvbdimgm bih}obw fcwvcogckomw movtm ibw cfmovcfbfmw mwvt}gv}tbfbw+mwvt}gv}tbovmw mwvt}gv}tbfbw+ mwvt}gv}tbovmw s ibw cfmovcfbfmw vtbowcvktcbw gkjk ibw r}m gkoaktjbo ikw n÷qmomw/ Ibw |tcjmtbw vbjdcão fmokjcobfbw gkjk ’cfmovcfbfmw |mtf}tbdimw‚) gbtbgvmtc~bfbw |kt a}mtvm iêjcvmw fm
bfwgtc|gc÷o) wko ibw fm gibwm) ãvocgbw) obgckobimw k fm hãomtk/
’Ibw cfmovcfbfmw g}iv}tbimw wm mwvbdimgmo jmfcbovm tmfmw wcjd÷icgbw fm wmovcjcmovkw)
|mowbjcmovkw s |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw gkj}omw r}m |kwcdcicvbo ib bwchobgc÷o fm wmovcfk b ibw bggckomw wkgcbimw) s gko miik ibw cfmovcfbfmw wm tmgkowvt}smo k tmgtmbo ‚ (Qbimo~}mib) 2330> 67#/ Mwvbw tmfmw tmjcvmo b }o |bwbfk) mo mi g}bi wm mog}movtb ib `cwvktcb s ikw jcvkw r}m |mtjcvmo fbt gkovco}cfbf s tmgkokgcjcmovk bi ht}|k/ Wco mjdbthk) mw |tmgcwk wmòbibt r}m vkfk miik w}gmfm mo }o mwgmobtck g}iv}tbi fkofm kg}ttmo |tkgmwkw hikdbimw fm `cdtcfcwjk k
=7
wcogtmvcwjk g}iv}tbi/ (Qbimo~}mib) 2330#/ Fm mwvb aktjb wm movcmofm r}m }ob |mtwkob qb
fmacocmofk w} cfmovcfbf wkgcbi b |btvct fm ibw cfmovcacgbgckomw wkgcbimw gko w}w wmjmnbovmw/
Jkovmwcokw (4<<4# fmacom b ib cfmovcfbf gkjk }o gkon}ovk fm g÷fchkw r}m |mtjcvmo mi covmtgbjdck jbvmtcbi s wcjd÷icgk movtm w}w jcmjdtkw) bth}jmovb r}m mwvm covmtgbjdck wm
fmwbttkiib mo ib mw|mgcacgcfbf fm gbfb wkgcmfbf) |kt vbovk tmjcvm b ib cfmovcfbf b }o amo÷jmok jâw gkj|imnk) ib g}iv}tb5 movmofcfb ãwvb gkjk mi ’gkon}ovk fm qbiktmw) ktcmovbgckomw) bgvcv}fmw) mp|mgvbvcqbw) oktjbw) gkof}gvbw s |tâgvcgbw fm }o wcwvmjb wkgcbi mw|mgêacgk/ Fm vbi jbomtb r}m wm bfqcmtvb g÷jk ibw tmibgckomw mo }ob g}iv}tb vkjbo gkjk tmamtmovm mwm gkon}ovk fm mimjmovkw w}dnmvcqkw s wcjd÷icgkw‚ (Jkovmwcokw) 4<<4> 212#/
Hbtgêb Gbogicoc (4<<3> 288# w}wvmovb r}m ’vmomt }ob cfmovcfbf wmtêb) bovm vkfk) vmomt }o |bêw) }ob gc}fbf k }o dbttck) }ob movcfbf fkofm vkfk ik gkj|btvcfk |kt ikw r}m `bdcvbo mwm i}hbt wm q}miqm cfãovcgk k covmtgbjdcbdim‚/ Br}ê ib cj|ktvbogcb fmi gkogm|vk mw ik tmamtmovm
b ib movcfbf ) r}m wmtêb br}mi mw|bgck*vmttcvktck `bdcvbfk |kt ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw/ R}cmomw bfmjâw fm gkj|btvct mi mw|bgck aêwcgk vbjdcão gkj}ocgbo mi jcwjk tmamtmovm `cwv÷tcgk) fkofm ikw wêjdkikw wkgcbimw gkdtbo cj|ktvbogcb |btb fmokvbt ib cfmovcfbf) s bi jcwjk vcmj|k) ib bivmtcfbf atmovm b kvtkw ht}|kw k cofcqcf}kw/
Mi vmttcvktck mw gkj|btvcfk mo ib jmfcfb r}m ikw `bdcvbovmw k cofcqcf}kw vtb~bo w}w atkovmtbw aêwcgbw) fmicombofk w} mw|bgck) mwvbdimgcmofk w}w wmòbw k jknkomtbw) tmamtmovmw fmi iêjcvm aêwcgk) r}m cofc gbo mi |bwk b }o mw|bgck bnmok/ ’Mo mwvm |tkgmwk fm gkowvt}ggc÷o fm cfmovcfbf) ikw ht}|kw mwvbdimgmo atkovmtbw r}m fmjbtgbo vmttcvktckw wkgcbimw movtm ikw
=6
fcwvcovkw ht}|kw/ Mwvbw atkovmtbw wm gtmbo |kocmofk fm tmicmqm ibw fcamtmogcbw movtm mi j}ofk |tk|ck s mi bnmok‚ (G`c`}) 4<<4> 0#/ Wco mjdbthk) jâw r}m fmicjcvbt mi vmttcvktck aêwcgk mw cj|ktvbovm fcwvcoh}ct ibw fcamtmovmw |tâgvcgbw wkgcbimw r}m wm tmbic~bo bi covmtckt fmi mw|bgck/ Ib gbtbgvmtêwvcgb jâw cj|ktvbovm) mw r}m fmovtk fm }o mw|bgck fmacocfk) |}mfmo kg}ttct fcwvcovbw |tâgvcgbw s mwvbdimgmt fcamtmovmw vc|kw fm atkovmtbw) gkjk gkowmg}mogcb mogkovtbt qbtcbfbw cfmovcfbfmw/
Qbimo~}mib moicwvb }ob wmtcm fm gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw fm ib cfmovcfbf) ibw g}bimw |mtjcvmo fbt }ob cfmb jmnkt wkdtm ib gkowvt}ggc÷o fm ib jcwjb s ikw |tkgmwkw r}m mo miib wm fbo/ B gkovco}bgc÷o wm kdwmtqbo bih}obw) fmwfm jc |}ovk fm qcwvb) ibw jâw cj|ktvbovmw/
2#‚Ibw cfmovcfbfmw wko |tkgmw}bimw) s |kt ik vbovk gbjdcbovmw mo mi vcmj|k) ik g}bi ocmhb ib mpcwvmogcb fm cfmovcfbfmw mwmogcb ic~bfbw‚/ 4#‚Ibw cfmovcfbfmw wko |tkgmwkw covmtw}dnmvcqkw fm tmgkokgcjcmovk gkoaktjbfkw mo tmibgckomw jâw k jmokw gkoaicgvcqbw fm b}vk s `mvmtk|mtgm|gc÷o‚)
7#‚Vkfk |tkgmwk fm cfmovcacgbgc÷o cogi}sm ib fcamtmogcbgc÷o gkjk bvtcd}vk gkogkjcvbovm‚) 6#‚Ibw cfmovcfbfmw tmacmtmo b ib gkoaktjbgc÷o fm }jdtbimw wmjbovc~bfkw fm bfwgtc|gc÷o+fcamtmogcbgc÷o‚)
=#‚Ibw cfmovcfbfmw wkgcbimw wko `cwv÷tcgbjmovm fmicjcvbfbw) |kt ik g}bi wm mog}movtbo gkoaktjbfbw mo gkovmpvkw wkgck`cwv÷tcgkw |btvcg}ibtmw‚)
1#‚Ibw cfmovcfbfmw wm gkoaktjbo mo covmtbggckomw wkgcbimw fmacocfbw mo âjdcvkw mw|mgêacgkw‚ (2330>78#/
==
Cofm|mofcmovmjmovm r}m mo mwvm b|btvbfk ik r}m wm |tmvmofm mw fmnbt gibtk mi gkogm|vk fm cfmovcfbf s w}w gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw) gkoqcmom `bgmt }ob tmibgc÷o |btvcg}ibt movtm cfmovcfbf s n}qmov}f) n}qmov}f) sb r}m bi `bdibt fm ibw g}iv}tbw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw n}qmocimw s vkfk ik r}m mo miib wm fmwbttkiib) fmwbttkiib) gkjk w}w |tâgvcgbw k mwvcikw fm qcfb) tmr}cmtm fm }ob bvmogc÷o moakgbfb b ikw |tkgmwkw g}iv}tbimw mo ikw r}m mwvâo cojmtwkw/ Wc dcmo wko }o ht}|k gko gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw jâw k jmokw fmacocfbw) w} gbj|k fm bggc÷o ok wm tmjkovb b }o mw|bgck icjcvbfk) wcok b }o gkovmpvk jbskt fkofm wm fmwmoq}miqmo coacocfbf fm |tâgvcgbw wkgcbimw/ Fkofm vbjdcão mwvâo w}w w}mòkw) w}w atbgbwkw s ibw |tkjmwbw cog}j|icfbw/ Bwê ik b|}ovb Qbimo~}mib bi jmogckobt r}m ’ibw cfmovcfbfmw n}qmocimw fmdmo }dcgbtwm fmovtk fm gkovmpvkw bj|ickw) |kt ik g}bi ok |}mfmo bobic~btwm fm jbomtb mw|mgêacgb b |btvct fm ib gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci) |}mw ãwvbw wm gkoaktjbo mo âjdcvkw tmibgckobimw s wm mog}movtbo bvtbqmwbfbw |kt |tkgmwkw fm cfmovcacgbgc÷o b mwgbib jâw bj|icb‚ (4<<3> 7=#/
\kt vkfk miik `bhk jmogc÷o fm ib cj|ktvbogcb fm gkokgmt ibw |tâgvcgbw wkgcbimw s g}iv}tbimw fm ikw n÷qmomw/ Fmdcfk r}m ib n}qmov}f tm|tmwmovb }o |mtckfk mo gkowvt}ggc÷o fm w} cfmovcfbf) fko fm ’mi cofcqcf}k wm wkjmvm b }ob fkdim |tmwc÷o wkgcbi mo ib jmfcfb r}m ib g}iv}tb im |tksmgvb fkw jkfmikw fm wmt5 }ok tm|tmwmovb b ib gkj|tmowc÷o fm ibw gkof}gvbw bf}ivbw) s kvtb b ikw |bvtkomw hmoãtcgkw) jbwg}icok k amjmocok‚ (Jkovmwcok) 4<<4> 286#/
Gbdm bgibtbt r}m ib g}iv}tb |tksmgvb cof}wvtcbw) |tâgvcgbw) jkfmikw) mwvcikw s aktjbw fm qcfb r}m gkowvcv}smo }o tmamtmovm |btb ib cfmovcfbf nkqmo mo aktjbgc÷o/ Wco mjdbthk) ok wm |}mfm fmnbt b }o ibfk kvtbw cowvcv}gckomw gkjk ib abjcicb) ib mwg}mib) ib tmichc÷o/ Qbimo~}mib mp|kom mi vãtjcok fm ’cfmovcacgbgckomw htmhbtcbw5 fkofm r}mfbo gkj|tmofcfbw mp|tmwckomw)
=1
mwvcikw s h}wvkw fmacocfkw |kt cjcvbgc÷o/ Mo mwvb gbvmhktêb wm mog}movtb }ob wmtcm fm gkof}gvbw fm bhtmhbfk) fkofm ikw n÷qmomw |btvcgc|bo fm mimjmovkw gkj}omw wco r}m omgmwbtcbjmovm mpcwvbo qêog}ikw movtm miikw/ (4<<3>62#/
Obvmtbw (4<<4# fcwvcoh}m b ib n}qmov}f gko ib mfbf wkgcbi fm ikw w}nmvkw) mo vbovk r}m ib bfkimwgmogcb gko ib mfbf dcki÷hcgk*|wcgki÷hcgb/ Jbovcmom ib cfmb r}m ikw n÷qmomw) vbovk `kjdtmw gkjk j}nmtmw) wko sb }o ht}|k wkgcbi mw|mgêacgk gko gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw |btvcg}ibtmw r}m ib `bgmo fcamtmovm) vbovk fm ikw bf}ivkw gkjk fm ikw ocòkw/ Wco mjdbthk) mwvb mw }ob gkofcgc÷o r}m mo bih}okw i}hbtmw) mwmogcbijmovm t}tbimw) b|mobw wm mj|cm~b b okvbt s gko gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw mpgi}wcqbw r}m vcmomo }ob mwvtmg`b tmibgc÷o gko mi gkovmpvk wkgcbi/
Mw cj|ktvbovm tmgkokgmt s mo wmh}ofk jkjmovk cogi}ct mo ikw mwv}fckw wkgcbimw s bovtk|ki÷hcgkw b ib n}qmov}f s b ib ocòm~/ Amcpb mp|kom r}m |btb mwvm wchik PPC ibw coqmwvchbgckomw wkdtm n}qmov}fmw wm vcmomo r}m fbt mo vtmw mnmw cj|ktvbovmw> 2# }ob gkowvt}ggc÷o `cwv÷tcgb s g}iv}tbi fm ibw n}qmov}fmw ) 4# ib tmimgv}tb fm ibw vmktêbw wkdtm ibw hmomtbgckomw fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb ibvcokbjmtcgbob s 7# ikw gbjdckw r}m `bo mp|mtcjmovbfk ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw mo ib mtb fm ib hikdbic~bgc÷o (4<<1> 21#/
Mo Jãpcgk s Bjãtcgb Ibvcob) ib fmwch}bifbf wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo }ok fm ikw |tcogc|bimw abgvktmw r}m fmvmtjcobo ib jbomtb mo r}m ikw n÷qmomw k|vbo |kt }o mwvcik fm qcfb) fcamtmovm wc a}mtb }ob mimggc÷o |tk|cb/ \kt }ob |btvm gko ib mpgi}wc÷o r}m mwvk hmomtb s |kt ib mp|}iwc÷o s mi fmw|ib~bjcmovk fm j}g`kw n÷qmomw fm w}w gkj}ocfbfmw fm ktchmo/ Mwvbw
=8
gctg}owvbogcbw fm k|ktv}ocfbfmw s mpgi}wckomw wko aktnbfktbw fmi fmwvcok s fm ibw vtbsmgvktcbw fm qcfb n}qmocimw (Qbimo~}mib) 4<<3#/
Mw |kt miik r}m ib tmbicfbf okw fmjbofb bqbo~bt `bgcb |mtw|mgvcqbw r}m vkjmo mo g}movb vkfbw ibw |tâgvcgbw wkgckg}iv}tbimw/ Ik cj|ktvbovm fm vkfk mwvk ok mw hmomtbic~bt wcok gkokgmt mo w} mw|mgcacgcfbf ibw covmtbggckomw wkgcbimw s |tk|komt mwvtbvmhcbw |btb bqbo~bt `bgcb }o gbj|k mo ch}bifbf fm gkofcgckomw/ Gkjk |btvm fm }ob wkgcmfbf ikw n÷qmomw wko (tm#|tkf}gvktmw)
(tm#gtmbfktmw s (tm#|tmwmovbfktmw5 |kt miik) ’ikw |tkdimjbw fm ikw
n÷qmomw‚ wm mog}movtbo bivbjmovm qcog}ibfkw gko ikw |tkdimjbw fm o}mwvtbw wkgcmfbfmw s
vmoftâo bvmogc÷o bfmg}bfb mo ib jmfcfb r}m ikw |tksmgvkw |kiêvcgkw s wkgcbimw ikw bdbtr}m gkjk |btvm fm }o gkon}ovk jâw bj|ick) gko vkfk ik r}m miik wchocacr}m) ibw fcamtmogcbw ‗ fm fm |mowbjcmovk) tbgcbimw) wmp}bimw) |kiêvcgkw s tmichckwkw* s ibw wcjcicv}fmw/
4/6/ Bgvktmw wkgcbimw) gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk s jmfcbgckomw G}bofk }ok coqmwvchb ok wcmj|tm iimhb bi gbj|k gko ibw jbokw qbgêbw) ib jmovm qb gbthbfb fm cfmbw) fm okgckomw/ \btb mwvb vmwcw wbdêb r}m ok |kfêb gkowcfmtbt b ibw |mtwkobw gkjk movmw |bwcqkw) w}jcwkw b ikw jmowbnmw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o) gkjk mo mi gbwk fm ib vmktêb fm ib bh}nb `c|kfãtjcgb 2<) vbj|kgk w÷ik moakgbtjm mo ikw }wkw s htbvcacgbgckomw 22/ Bovm mwvb wcv}bgc÷o wm `bgm omgmwbtck vtbvbt fm bdbtgbt vkfk mi |tkgmwk fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o (mwv}fckw g}iv}tbimw#) fmwfm ib mjcwc÷o fmi jmowbnm s ib jbomtb mo r}m mwvm wm gkow}jm s tm*wchocacgb 2<
Mwvb vmktêb wkwvcmom r}m ibw jbwbw) bi wmt dkjdbtfmbfbw gko jmowbnmw |kt ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) |}mfmo wmt jboc|}ibfbw sb r}m ok mpcwvm mimjmovk bih}ok fm tmwcwvmogcb) fm b`ê r}m wmb cj|ktvbovm gtmbt }o jmowbnm a}mtvm |btb r}m |}mfb cosmgvbtwm mo ib jmo vm fm gbfb jcmjdtk ’|bwcqk‚ fm ib wkgcmfbf/ 22 \kwvmtcktjmovm w}thm ib vmktêb fm ]wkw s htbvcacgbgckomw) ib g}bi jmogckob r}m ibw |mtwkobw gkow}jmo gcmtvk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o fm bg}mtfk bi h}wvk m covmtãw) fm b`ê r}m mi gkow}jk mwvm mo a}ogc÷o fm gcmtvb }vcicfbf/
=0
(Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk5 2308#/ Mw |kt miik r}m wm vkjb b ikw w}nmvkw gkjk bgvktmw) gko }ob cfmovcfbf) }ob `cwvktcb) }o vmttcvktck) }ob abjcicb s gko gb|bgcfbf |btb mimhct s gkow}jct/
Mwvkw bgvktmw) wcv}bfkw mo }o i}hbt mw|mgêacgk) im fbo }o wmovcfk b ik r}m w}gmfm gkjk ’ibw mwvt}gv}tbw fmi wmovct ) mo Xciicbjw) mi wmowktc}j mo Dmonbjêo) ib mp|mtcmogcb mo V`kj|wko
s mi `bdcv}w mo Dk}tfcm}‚ (I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<> 0<#/ ’Bi obgmt okw cowmtvbjkw mo }o j}ofk fm wmovcfk+w) |btb mi g}bi omgmwcvbjkw iimobt
}ob dtmg`b fm coaktjbgc÷o) gkjk fctêb Gicaaktf Hmmtv~/ S mwvb coaktjbgc÷o okw qcmom fbfb) mo }o |tcogc|ck) |kt o}mwvtb abjcicb) ib gbiim s mi dbttck mo r}m gtmgmjkw) ib mwg}mib b ib r}m bwcwvcjkw) ikw bjchkw gko r}cmomw n}hbjkw) ib jþwcgb r}m mwg}g`bjkw) ikw icdtkw r}m immjkw) ib vmimqcwc÷o r}m jctbjkw‡Vkfbw mwvbw coaktjbgckomw mwvt}gv}tbo o}mwvtb jctbfb) o}mwvtkw wmovcjcmovkw) fm }ob fmvmtjcobfb jbomtb/ Okw cowmtvbjkw) gkjk fmgêb) mo mwvt}gv}tbw |tmqcbjmovm mwvt}gv}tbfbw s r}m) mo mi vtbowg}ttct fm o}mwvtb qcfb) qbjkw jkfcacgbofk) b}or}m wmb fm jbomtb imqm/‚ (I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<> 0<#/
Mwvbw mwvt}gv}tbw wko gkj|btvcfbw |kt kvtkw b}or}m mo }o jcwjk i}hbt wm mog}movtmo }o wco oþjmtk fm fcamtmogcbw) mw ik r}m okw |mtjcvm |mtvmomgmt b }o dbttck s ok bi kvtk (I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<#/
H}ciimtjk Ktk~gk (2337> 414 ‗ 417# fmacom b ib tmgm|gc÷o vmimqcwcqb gkjk ’}o |tkgmwk fm gkow}jk g}iv}tbi kdnmvk fm jþivc|imw jmfcbgckomw) mo mi r}m ib b}fcmogcb fm ib vmimqcwc÷o |tkf}gm wmovcfk b |btvct fm w} w } mog}movtk gko ib |tkhtbjbgc÷o/ |tkhtbjbg c÷o/ Mog}movtk wcmj|tm wcv}bfk) fm ocoh}ob jbomtb) |tmfmvmtjcobfk) b}or}m vbj|kgk mw mw|kovâomk) vtbow|btmovm oc) |kt =3
gkowch}cmovm) mpmovk fm gkovtbfcggckomw‚/
Ktk~gk) (gcvbfk mo Jbtvêom~5 4<<8# b|}ovb r}m
mwvb jmfcbgc÷o vcmom r}m qmt vbovk gko ib |tkhtbjbgc÷o gkjk gko mi movktok wkgcbi mo mi r}m wm mog}movtb ib b}fcmogcb/ Tm*wchocacgbo ik qcwvk mo vmimqcwc÷o b |btvct fm w} mp|mtcmogcb gko ib qcfb fcbtcb/ Hbtgêb Gbogicoc (2332> 76# gcvbfk |kt Jbtvêom~ Kvmtk (4<<8> 43#) bi tmw|mgvk) movcmofm |kt gkow }jk ’mi gkon}ovk fm |tkgmwkw fm b|tk|cbgc÷o s }wkw fm |tkf}gvkw mo ik r}m mi qbikt wcjd÷icgk |tmqbimgm wkdtm ikw qbiktmw fm }wk s fm gbjdck) k fkofm bi jmokw ãwvkw þivcjkw wm gkoach}tbo w}dktfcobfkw b ib fcjmowc÷o wcjd÷icgb ‚/
Mwvb b|tk|cbgc÷o wcjd÷icgb fm ib r}m wm `bdib ‗ s jâw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o |kt wmt }o gkow}jk |mtwkobic~bfk* wm fb mo jþivc|imw imgv}tbw s |kt ik vbovk |}mfm tmw}ivbt gkj|imnb/ ’Ib vmimqcwc÷o |}mfm wmt qcwvb gkjk }o mw|bgck fm fcwg}twkw g}sbw jþivc|imw imgv}tbw |kwcdimw ok mwvâo fmvmtjcobfbw |kt mi jmfck wcok |kt ib |tkf}ggc÷o g}iv}tbi fm wchocacgbfkw ‚ (Tkvb) Ik~bok) 2336> 202#/ Mw |kt vkfk mwvk r}m mi jmfck ok |}mfm wmt mwv}fcbfk mo aktjb bcwibfb wcok fmwfm ib gkvcfcbocfbf s b |btvct fm ibw fcamtmovmw mwvt}gv}tbw> `cwv÷tcgbw) |kiêvcgbw s tmichckwbw5 mi coqmwvchbfkt fmdm gkokgmt gkjk ib vmimqcwc÷o mw qcqcfb) }vcic~bfb) tmgtmbfb m cogkt|ktbfb b ib qcfb gkvcfcbob fm ibw |mtwkobw(Tkvb) Ik~bok) 2336#/
Mi gkow}jk) mo fmacocvcqb) qcmom b kpchmobt mi b|btbvk gkogm|v}bi fm }obw gcmogcbw wkgcbimw b ibw r}m wm imw `bgm gbfb fêb jâw fcaêgci gkj|tmofmt ibw wkgcmfbfmw gkovmj|ktâombw/ Mw }ob gbvmhktêb) movkogmw) b vtbqãw fm ib g}bi wm |tmvmofm fbt g}movb fm |tkgmwkw wkgcbimw |btb ikw g}bimw sb ok wko qâicfbw ibw oêvcfbw fcqcwckomw movtm ik |tk|ck s ik bnmok) ik |þdicgk s ik |tcqbfk) ik obgckobi) tmhckobi k ikgbi/ Oc wko qâicfbw oc wko w}acgcmovmw/ \}mfm r}m ãwvbw) wco wmt fmi vkfk bgmtvbfbw) `bsbo wcfk þvcimw mo m i |bwbfk5 wco mjdbthk) `ks) ’g}bofk ib
1<
gctg}ibgc÷o gbfb qm~ jâw icdtm fm |mtwkobw) gb|cvbimw s jmowbnmw okw tmibgckob gkvcfcbobjmovm gko j}g`bw g}iv}tbw) o}mwvtb cfmb fm cfmovcfbf ok |}mfm fmacoctwm sb |kt ib |mtvmomogcb mpgi}wcqb b }ob gkj}ocfbf obgckobi/ Mi kdnmvk fm mwv}fck ok fmdm wmt movkogmw w÷ik ib fcamtmogcb) wcok vbjdcão ib `cdtcfbgc÷o‚ (Hbtgêb Gbogicoc) 233=> 33 mo I}cw) 4<2<>
231#/ Bwê wm movcmofm r}m ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ibw cof}wvtcbw g}iv}tbimw w÷ik |}mfmo wmt movmofcfbw fmwfm ib g}iv}tb k mi |kwcgckobjcmovk wkgcbi fm ikw bgvktmw wkgcbimw) fmwfm fkofm wko qcqêfkw) imêfkw) covmt|tmvbfkw) bgm|vbfkw) tmg`b~bfkw k jkfcacgbfkw (Tkvb) Ik~bok) 2336#/
Mnmj|ik fm ik bovmtckt wko ibw g}iv}tbw n}qmocimw)’ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo) j}g`bw qmgmw) jâw mo gkjþo gko w}w gkohãomtmw fm kvtbw |btvmw fmi j}ofk r}m gko w}w ’gkogc}fbfbokw‚ fm kvtbw mfbfmw‚ (I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<> 238#) mwvk |mtjcvm fbt g}movb r}m ib Cfmovcfbf g}iv}tbi) ok
|}mfm oc fmdm wmt |mowbfb gkjk gmttbfk s icj|ck) mw |kt miik) r}m mi gkow}jk wm |tmwmovb gkjk }ob gbvmhktêb fmwfm fkofm |mowbt ibw fcqmtwbw cfmovcfbfmw5 qcqbw) j÷qcimw (I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<#/
Gkokgmtmjkw b gkovco}bgc÷o mi gkovmpvk wkgcbi mo mi r}m wm fmwmoq}miqmo ikw w}nmvkw fm mwv}fck5 gkwv}jdtmw) vtbfcgckomw) mo hmomtbi mi wcwvmjb g}iv}tbi bi r}m |mtvmomgmo) ib mvocb g`kovbi/ Mwvk |mtjcvctâ b|tmgcbt jmnkt) fmwfm }o ~kkj co ) ibw |tâgvcgbw fm ktchmo s br}miibw r}m |kgk b |kgk `bo cfk gbjdcbofk gkjk tmw}ivbfk fm ib `cdtcfbgc÷o g}iv}tbi) 24 fkofm mi gkow}jk wm q}miqm |btvm a}ofbjmovbi/
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Hbtgêb Gbogicoc ik movcmofm movcmofm gkjk |tkgmwkw gkjk |tkgmwkw wkgckg}iv}tbimw mo ikw r}m mwvt}gv}tbw mwvt}gv}tbw k |tâgvcgbw fcwgtmvbw) fcwgtmvbw) r}m mpcwvêbo mo aktjb wm|btbfb) wm gkjdcobo |btb hmomtbt o}mqbw mwvt}gv}tbw) kdnmvkw s |tâgvcgbw/ (4<<3> CCC#
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Gb|êv}ik CCC/ Ikw G`kovbimw s Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib 7/2/ Ikw G`kovbimw fm ib Gkwvb Qbimtkwk g`kovbi) vkjb mwvbw btjbw |btb r}m fmac mofbw b o}mwvtk |}mdik s `bhbw htbofm b o}mwvtb obgc÷o/ Fmwfm b`ktb o}mwvtkw |}mdikw vm iibjbtâo Babom IboV~coco) r}m r}cmtm fmgct ’gkicdtê gko vtmw g}mtokw fm vtmw qctv}fmw‚5 g}bofk
wmbw htbofm wmtâw a}mtvm s wbdck) `}jcifm s qbimtkwk) fmamofmtâw b v} obgc÷o fm vkfbw ibw fm|tmfbgckomw r}m mo w} gkovtb kvtbw tmbicgmo |btb mpvmtjcobtib/
(Jbg`}gb) 2330> 1=# /
Ib tmhc÷o g`kovbi mwvâ gkoaktjbfb |kt gkj}ocfbfmw r}m |mtvmomgmo bi j}ocgc|ck fm Wbo \mftk @}bjmi}ib s bi j}ocgc|ck fm Wbovcbhk Bwvbvb/ ’Fm @}bjmi}ib wbicmtko |btb
|kdibt Wbovb Hmtv}ftcw Jctbjbt) ^bbg`cib) Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib) Têk Wmgk) Vb|bobiâ) Mi Gks}i) Jkttk Bs}v b) \ibsb Htbofm s G`bgbib|b‚ (Mwgbjciib) 4<<8> 3#/ Bgv}bijmovm Wbo \mftk @}bjmi}ib g}movb gko 28 bhmogcbw> Mi Vtb|cg`ciik) Wbo Atbogcwgk fm Bwêw) Mi Hbqciâo) Ikw Gkgkw) Têk \b|bsb) Wbovb Jbtêb) Mi H}bsbgâo) Mi \ktqmoct) Mi Dmn}gk) Vb|bobiâ) Têk Wmgk) \bnb Dibogb) Mi Icj÷o) Mi Gks}i) Jkttk Bs}vb) \ibsb Htbofm s Wbo Cwcftk G`bgbib|b/ Wbovcbhk Bwvbvb vcmom gkjk bhmogcbw b> Dbttb fm ib Gt}~) Têk ^cjbvâo) s ^b`bg`cibg/
Ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi |tkqcmom) gkjk bactjb Kwmh}mtb) fm ibw ibfmtbw fm ib Wcmttb Jbftm fmi W}t) `bgcmofk ib fcwvcogc÷o movtm ’ikw g`kovbimw fm ikw bivkw‚ s ’ikw g`kovbimw fm ib gkwvb‚
r}m `bdcvbo mo ib gkwvb fmi \bgêacgk W}t mo mi Cwvjk fm Vm`}bovm|mg/ Mwvbw fcwvcogckomw movtm ’g`kovbimw fm ikw bivkw‚ s ’g`kovbimw fm ib gkwvb‚ wm tmacmtmo b gkwv}jdtmw wkgcbimw)
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|kiêvcgbw s tmichckwbw fcamtmogcbfbw) wco mjdbthk) gkowmtqbo }o gkjþo fmokjcobfkt wkdtm mi ktchmo fm ikw jcwjkw (Kwmh}mtb) 4<<6> =#/
’Ikw g`kovbimw) U‡Z |tkgmfmo fm fkw gkttcmovmw jchtbvktcbw> ib fmi oktvm) |tkgmfmovm
fm Bwcb) r}m |bw÷ |kt mi mwvtmg`k fm fm Dmtcoh s gko mi vcmj|k vcmj|k wm covmto÷ mo ik r}m mo ib bgv}bicfbf mw o}mwvtb Tm|þdicgb Jmpcgbob5 ib kvtb qmtwc÷o mw r}m ikw g`kovbimw qcocmtko fm Bjãtcgb fmi W}t) s r}m vbi qm~ v}qcmtko w} bwcmovk mo mi \mtþ5 r}c~âw a}mtko |btcmovmw fm ikw cogbw) fm ikw g`cdg`bw k fm ikw j}cwgbw s gko mi vcmj|k) |kt bihþo gcwjb tmichckwk) wkgcbi k |kiêvcgk) ikw g`kovbimw a}mtko fmwbiknbfkw s mjchtbtko `bgcb mi oktvm fm fcg`k |bêw) s b w} |bwk |kt Gmovtkbjãtcgb (fkofm mo ib bgv}bicfbf wm gkowmtqbo qmwvchckw fm ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi) movtm kvtkw |bêwmw> @kof}tbw) Gkwvb Tcgb) Ocgbtbh}b) \bobjâ s H}bvmjbib#) fkofm wm jm~gibtko w} imoh}b) w}w gkwv}jdtmw s w} g}iv}tb gko kvtkw ht}|kw cofêhmobw U‡Z s a}mtko o}mqbjmovm fmwbiknbfkw s kdichbfkw
b mjchtbt `bgcb mi oktvm) mogkovtbofk b w} |bwk vcmttbw r}m bgv}bijmovm gkttmw|kofmo b ikw mwvbfkw fm Vbdbwgk) G`cb|bw) Kbpbgb s H}mttmtk‚ (Jbg`}gb) 2330> 28#/27
’@}bjmi}ib k @}bjcikiibo) gkjk ikw jmpcgbw ik iibjb dbo) wchocacgb i}hbt fm ibw
wmjmovmtbw fmi dimfk/ Mvcjki÷hcgbjmovm) @}bjcikiibo wm gkj|kom fm `}b}`vic (dimfk#) s jciic (gbj|k k wmjmovmtb#5 fm kvic(gbjcok# s fm vibo) (i}hbt fm#/ @}bjmi}ib vbjdcão |}mfm |tkqmoct fm G}b}`jcikiibo) gbjcok fm ibw wmjmovmtbw fmi âh}cib) k fm ib btdkimfb) r}m mvcjki÷hcgbjmovm wm gkj|kom fm g}b}`vic(âh}cib#) g}b}`cvi(âtdki#5 fm jciic(gbj|k) wmjmovmtb# s fm kvic(gbjcok#5 s fm vibo(i}hbt vibo(i}hbt fm#‚ (Jbg`}gb) 2330> 23#/
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\btb }ob tmqcwc÷o jâw fmvbiib wkdtm ib `cwvktcb fm ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi fm Kbpbgb tmjêvbwm b Jbtvêom~) Jbg`}gb Imboftk/ (2330#/ G}movkw s imsmofbw g`kovbimw / Jãpcgk> Mfcgckomw s Wmtqcgckw fm Gkow}ivktêb) W/B/ fm G/Q/ s b ^âtbvm) Mwgbjciib Nbcjm/ (4<<8#/ @}bjmi}ib) |}mdik fbo~bovm/ fbo~bovm / Jãpcgk> GFC/ (Vbjdcão mo iêomb> `vv|>++xxx/gfc/hkd/jp+fjfkg}jmovw+`}bjmi}ib[|}mdik[fbo~bovm/|fa #/ #/
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Ib gbdmgmtb j}ocgc|bi wm mog}movtb b 0< jwoj5 b }ob ibvcv}f 21¼ <4¶ O s b }ob ikohcv}f fm 3=¼ 6<‛ K/ Mi oþjmtk fm `bdcvbovmw r}m gkoaktjbo mi J}ocgc|ck mw fm 3 =36) 44/1 -
gkttmw|kofm b |mtwkobw fm 2= b 43 bòkw (COMHC) 4<2<#/ Mw cj|ktvbovm okvbt r}m ibw gkj}ocfbfmw fm @}bjmi}ib) Bwvbvb) Wbovb Jbtêb) Vb|bobiâ) Têk Wmgk s mi Gks}i wko ibw r}m jâw wkdtmwbimo mo bih}obw bgvcqcfbfmw mgko÷jcgbw fm ib tmhc÷o) gkjk ib qmovb fm |mwgbfk) gbjbt÷o) |bomw) vkvk|kw) s bih}obw at}vbw fm ib tmhc÷o fmdcfk b r}m gkogmovtbo jbskt gbovcfbf fm |kdibgc÷o/ Wbovb Jbtêb) Bwvbvb s Vb|bobiâ wm mog}movtbo mo }o mw|bgck j}s |t÷pcjk/ Mo b}vkj÷qci) ib fcwvbogcb movtm Bwvbvb s Vb|bobiâ) r}m wko ikw |kdibfkw mpvtmjkw) ok tmdbwb ikw fcm~ jco}vkw/ Cogi}wk `bs r}cmomw vkfbqêb `bgmo mi qcbnm b gbdbiik k mo dcgcgimvb/
Mwvbw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi gkj|btvmo }o gkjþo fmokjcobfkt r}m ok mw ib imoh}b jbvmtob/ @bo bfk|vbfk b w}w vtbfcgckomw mi vtbnm tmhckobi |btb ib j}nmt fm ib g}iv}tb ~b|kvmgb 26/ Mwvm vtbnm vbo gkiktcfk s mimhbovm wm i}gm mo gbwc vkfbw ibw acmwvbw) jâw b}o mo ibw acmwvbw fmi |}mdik/ Ib imoh}b g`kovbi mw `bdibfb movtm |mtwkobw fm ib vmtgmtb mfbf g}bofk ãwvbw wm mog}movtbo mo ib gbiim k g}bofk bih}cmo qb fm qcwcvb/ Ikw n÷qmomw w÷ik gkokgmo bih}obw |bibdtbw) gkovbt fmi }ok bi fcm~) ikw okjdtmw fm ikw bocjbimw s bih}okw gbovkw fm ib jcwjb g}iv}tb/ Mwvk wm b|tmofm mo ib mwg}mib |tm*mwgkibt s bgv}bijmovm mo ib mwg}mib Cocgcbi) }ob mw|mgcm fm h}btfmtêb bi r}m bwcwvmo ikw ocòkw jmoktmw fm vtmw bòkw/
26
’^b|kvmr}c~bgc÷o‚ gkjk mnmj|ik wkdtm ik r}m jmogckobdb mo iêombw bovmtcktmw> ib `cdtcfbgc÷o g}iv}tbi/
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Jb|b fm ib Tmhc÷o G`kovbi fm ib Gkwvb/ A}movm> Hkkhim Mbtv`/ Mfcvbfk |btb }ob jmnkt tmamtmogcb/ 1=
Vbjdcão ibw tmibgckomw r}m wm mwvbdimgmo mo ibw gc}fbfmw fm Wbicob Gt}~) N}g`cvâo) Vm`}bovm|mg s Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk wko fm htbo cj|ktvbogcb/ B ibw fkw |tcjmtbw) |kt ik hmomtbi) wm qb fm gkj|tbw) bi Vmgoki÷hcgk fm N}g`cvâo s bi Vmgoki÷hcgk fm Wbicob Gt}~) kvtkw jâw b vtbdbnbt s ok jmokw cj|ktvbovm bi @kw|cvbi Hmomtbi fm Wbicob Gt}~) fkofm wm tmjcvmo ikw |bgcmovmw fm ibw giêocgbw fm wbi}f fm ib tmhc÷o/ Ibw vmtjcobimw fm b}vkd}wmw mo Wbicob Gt}~ a}ogckobo gkjk |}movm movtm ibw |kdibgckomw g`kovbimw s mi tmwvk fmi |bêw/ B Vm`}bovm|mg wm bg}fm jâw b g}mwvckomw fm vtâjcvmw sb r}m mw mi fcwvtcvk fmi j}ocgc|ck/ B Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk wm qb jâw b vtbdbnbt mo ikw `kvmimw s AKOBV]T) b ib ]ocqmtwcfbf s kvtkw bi Cowvcv}vk Jmpcgbok fmi Wmh}tk Wkgcbi (CJWW#/
Vbjdcão ibw tmibgckomw r}m wm mwvbdimgmo mo ibw gc}fbfmw fm Wbicob Gt}~) N}g`cvâo) Vm`}bovm|mg s Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk wko fm htbo cj|ktvbogcb/ B ibw fkw |tcjmtbw) |kt ik hmomtbi) wm qb fm gkj|tbw) bi Vmgoki÷hcgk fm N}g`cvâo s bi Vmgoki÷hcgk fm Wbicob Gt}~) kvtkw jâw b vtbdbnbt s ok jmokw cj|ktvbovm bi @kw|cvbi Hmomtbi fm Wbicob Gt}~) fkofm wm tmjcvmo ikw |bgcmovmw fm ibw giêocgbw fm wbi}f fm ib tmhc÷o/ Ibw vmtjcobimw fm b}vkd}wmw mo Wbicob Gt}~ a}ogckobo gkjk |}movm movtm ibw |kdibgckomw g`kovbimw s mi tmwvk fmi |bêw/ B Vm`}bovm|mg wm bg}fm jâw b g}mwvckomw fm vtâjcvmw sb r}m mw mi fcwvtcvk fmi j}ocgc|ck/ B Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk wm qb jâw b vtbdbnbt mo ikw `kvmimw s AKOBV]T) b ib ]ocqmtwcfbf s kvtkw bi Cowvcv}vk Jmpcgbok fmi Wmh}tk Wkgcbi (CJWW#/
7/4/ Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib> bovmgmfmovmw/ Ibw gctg}owvbogcbw `cwv÷tcgbw mp|icgbo o}mwvtk gbtâgvmt mo ib jmfcfb r}m o}mwvtk gbtâgvmt vbjdcão ibw mp|icgb b mii bw/ Bjdbw wko ik jcwjk/ \kt mwk vkfb mp|icgbgc÷o |}tbjmovm `cwv÷tcgb mw cow}acgcmovm ‗ ik ik r}m ok mr}cqbim b fmgct r}m wmb abiwb*/
Kgvbqck \b~) 2302> 83*0<
Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib mw }ob gkj}ocfbf fmwgmofcmovm fm ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi/ Wm mog}movtb b 8< jwoj) b|tkpcjbfbjmovm (Hkkhim Mbtv`#) movtm mi j}ocgc|ck fm Wbovcbhk Bwvbvb s ib gkj}ocfbf fm Mi H}bsbgâo) |mtvmomgcmovm bi j}ocgc|ck fm Wbo \mftk @}bjmi}ib s ãwvm bi fcwvtcvk fm Vm`}bovm|mg/ Ib gkj}ocfbf ib gkoaktjbo bitmfmfkt fm 2)786 `bdcvbovmw/ Fm ikw g}bimw 744 vcmomo movtm 24 s 46 bòkw5 2= 2=2 wko `kjdtmw s 282 j}nmtmw) 068 wko |mtwkobw r}m vcmomo 20 bòkw s jâw (COMHC 4<2<#/
11
W} hmovm mw |tcogc|bijmovm gbj|mwcob s |tmwvbfktb fm wmtqcgckw) |kt w} gmtgboêb gko mi fmwbttkiik v}têwvcgk fm Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk/ Ib mwgkibtcfbf |tkjmfck mo bf}ivkw mw fm 1¾ htbfk21 fm |tcjbtcb) bgv}bijmovm ib gkj}ocfbf g}movb gko }ob wmg}ofbtcb s mo |kdibgckomw gmtgbobw `bs |tm|btbvktcbw/ Ibw |tcjmtbw wmòbimw fm vmimqcwc÷o wm fbo mo 233= qêb bovmob |btbd÷icgb/ Bgv}bijmovm mi |tkjmfck fm f m vmimqcwc÷o |kt abjcicb mw fm }ok gko bggmwk bg gmwk ’icdtm‚
b ikw gbobimw 27 s 8 28/
B gkovco}bgc÷o tm|tkf}~gk |btvm fmi fkg}jmovk r}m wm mwgtcdc÷ mi 2= fm okqcmjdtm fm 2334 gkjk bovmgmfmovm |btb gkowmtqbt ib `cwvktcb fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Mo ãi wm mp|kom ib tb~÷o fmi okjdtm s ibw amg`bw fm w} a}ofbgc÷o/ Gkibdktbtko mo mi wch}cmovm vmpvk ikw wmòktmw> Bfbidmtvk Im÷o 20) Btjbofk Hbtgêb Bqmofbòk) Amic|m Bdbf s Amic|m Wkwb/
Ib `cwvktcb fm o}mwvtk |}mdik) mw }o `mg`k wkgcbi) wc tmgktfbjkw r}m vkfkw ikw wmtmw `}jbokw) mo vkfkw ikw jkjmovkw fm w} qcfb) mwvâo w}nmvkw b miib) sb wmb mo mi wmok fm ib abjcicb mo ib gkj}ocfbf) mo ibw bgvcqcfbfmw wkgcbimw k mo br}miibw mo r}m covmtqcmomo ibw cowvcv}gckomw mf}gbvcqbw/
Mo mi bòk fm 23<= wm cocgc÷ b vtbqãw fm }o vmttbvmocmovm iibjbfk Tbj÷o Bh}cibt) r}m mtb mi f}mòk fm ibw vcmttbw s mnmtgêb fkjcobgc÷o vctbob mo mi |}mdik) mo miib mwv}qcmtko |mtwkobw hbobfmtbw fmi J}ocgc|ck fm @}bjmi}ib r}m wko ibw wch}cmovmw> Bobwvbgck Vkttmw) Gc|tcbok Tms) G}vdmtvk Vtcocfbf) 21
Kdwmtqbgc÷o fm gbj|k/ (1/=3 wmhþo COMHC 4<2<# Vbjdcão kdwmtqbgc÷o fm gbj|k/ Ib Mog}mwvb Obgckobi fm `âdcvkw) |tâgvcgbw s gkow}jkw g}iv}tbimw tmbic~bfb |kt mi GKOBG]IVB GKOBG]IVB mo 4<2< tm|ktvb r}m fmi 2<< - fmi ikw ikw mog}mwvbfkw mi 38- g}movb gko bi jmokw }o b|btbvk fm vmimqcwc÷o/ 20 B r}cmo im bhtbfm~gk ib abgcicfbf fmi fkg}jmovk/ 28
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Qcfbi \ãtmw) UwcgZ mvg/) mi |}ovk iibjbfk mi Jbsktb~hk a}mtko ikw fmwgmofcmovmw fm ikw mp|ikvbfkw |kt mi vmttbvmocmovm ) mwvk a}m gb}wb fm }ob tmqki}gc÷o Mwvbvbi mo mi bòk fm 2327 b 23265 mo mi vtbowg}twk fm ikw bòkw ib ikgbicfbf okjdtm s wmhþo ibw coqmwvchbgckomw movtm ikw jcwjk |kdibfktmw wm g}movb r}m |kt mi bòk fm 234= mi gc}fbfbok Amic|m Amtoâofm~ fm Wbovb I}gêb qcok b wmjdtbt smtdb) fm okjdtm Wbovb Jbtêb) ãi wbiêb b qmofmtib b ibw tbog`mtêbw gctg}oqmgcobw ) ib hmovm ik gkokgêb gkjk mi Wbovbjbtciimtk k wm fmgêbo biiê qcmom mi Wbovbjbtciimtk fm mwb aktjb obgc÷ mo ib ikgbicfbf mi okjdtm fm ’Wbovb Jbtêb‚/
Amg`b fm a}ofbgc÷o Fmw|}ãw fm `bdmt mogkovtbfk mi okjdtm fm ib |kdibgc÷o) ok wm omgmwcv÷ jâw vcmj|k |btb r}m bih}ok fm ikw |kdibfktmw |tk|}wcmtb b ikw |tcogc|bimw }ob amg`b fm a}ofbgc÷o a}ofb gc÷o fm f m ’Wbovb ’ Wbovb Jbtêb‚ s bwê r}mfbdb r}mfbd b bwmovbfk mo ikw btg`cqkw
hmomtbimw fm ib |kdibgc÷o s mo mi vtbowg}twk fm ikw bòkw gmimdtbt mwvb amg`b gko btjkoêb/
S bwê a}m) wm tm}ocmtko ikw |tcogc|bimw |btb bobic~bt ib |tk|}mwvb s fmw|}ãw fm fcwg}vctik ik b|tkdbtko mi 24 fm fcgcmjdtm fm 2348) bgibtbofk r}m mi fêb 2< mw bovmqêw|mtb) mi 22 ib qêw|mtb s mi fêb 24 ib acmwvb fm o}mwvtb |bvtkob r}m mw ib ’Qcthmo fm H}bfbi}|m‚/ \kt fkobgc÷o b ib acmwvb gkojmjktbvcqb vtbfcgckobi
fmi |}mdik) gkjk 24 fm fcgcmjdtm r}cmomw fkobtko a}mtko Ctmom Jmofk~b s N}bob Dmofm) fmwfm mwb amg`b a}mtko iimqbofk b gbdk mwvb acmwvb `bgcãofkwm
10
vtbfcgckobi/ Mo mi bòk fm 23==) fck cocgck ibw hmwvckomw wkdtm ib Bhmogcb fm \kicgêb s mo mwm jcwjk bòk r}mf÷ a}ofbfb gko ikw wmòktmw |tcogc|bimw r}m wko ikw wch}cmovmw> Amic|m Bdbf) Bj÷w Tkdimw) @c|÷icvk Vtcocfbf) Wciqck Wbovcbhk) Bovkock Bqmofbòk s Jbpcjcok Tms/
Mo mi bòk fm 2312 wm a}of÷ ib Gb|ciib fm ib Qcthmo fm H}bfbi}|m) ikw tmw|kowbdimw fmi vtbdbnk fm gkowvt}ggc÷o a}mtko> \tmwcfmovm> Fckocgck Wbovcbhk) Wmgtmvbtck> Bj÷w Tkdimw) Vmwktmtk> Nbgcovk Gbtvbw/
A}ofbgc÷o fm ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi Ib ikgbicfbf a}m gtmgcmofk s a}m omgmwbtck hmwvckobt ib a}ofbgc÷o fm }ob Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi |btb gkowmtqbt jmnkt mi ktfmo |þdicgk s qcmofk bwê r}m mtb fm qcvbi cj|ktvbogcb |btb ikw gkj}omtkw) mo mi bòk fm 231= wm a}of÷ ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi) cocgcbofk gkjk |tcjmt bhmovm j}ocgc|bi mi wmòkt @c|÷icvk Vtcocfbf) w} wmgtmvbtck mi wmòkt Bj÷w Tkdimw/
7/7/ Coatbmwvt}gv}tb Ib gkj}ocfbf fm Wbovb Jbtêb) mo w} jbsktêb) mwvâ gkowvcv}cfb |kt gbwbw fm gkogtmvk r}m vcmomo movtm fkw s vtmw g}btvkw/ Bih}obw ok vcmomo vmg`k fm gkogtmvk s mo w} i}hbt mwvâ ib vmnb k ibw iâjcobw fm gcog/ Ikw mw|bgckw fkofm mwvâ ib qcqcmofb wko htbofmw) fkofm |kt ik hmomtbi wm |bwmbo ikw |kiikw/ Vmomt }ob gbwb fm gkogtmvk wchocacgb j}g`k |btb ibw |mtwkobw fm ib gkj}ocfbf) b}or}m |kt mi gicjb mi gbikt wm q}miqm cowk|ktvbdim/
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Gbwc vkfbw ibw gbwbw g}movbo) gko bi jmokw }ob vmimqcwc÷o s }o mwvãtmk/ Kvtkw vbjdcão vcmomo tmatchmtbfkt s mwv}ab/ Ibw gbwbw fm bfkdm mwvâo gbwc fmwb|btmgcfbw s ibw motbjbfbw fm |bijb wm `b q}mivk jâw }o dcmo fm i}nk/ Mi bh}b mw |kvbdim) wm mpvtbm fm }o |k~k) gmtgb fmi têk/ \kt jmfck fm }ob dkjdb iimhb b }o vbor}m |btb r}m wm tm|btvb/ ]ob jcvbf fmi |}mdik vcmom bh}b }o fêb s ib kvtb jcvbf mi wch}cmovm/ Ib momthêb miãgvtcgb qcmom fm @}bv}igk/
Mo ib gkj}ocfbf `bs }o eêofmt) }ob mwg}mib fm ocqmi |tcjbtcb s }ob wmg}ofbtcb/ Bfmjâw) fm ib giêocgb fm wbi}f s mi mfcacgck fm ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi/ @bdêb }ob dcdickvmgb |mtk a}m fmwvt}cfb `bgm bih}okw bòkw/ @bs vtmw abtjbgcbw s qbtcbw vcmofbw fm bdbttkvmw) fkofm) mo bih}obw) `bgmo tmgbthbw |btb gmi}ibt s w÷ik mo fkw qmofmo vmiãakokw gmi}ibtmw/ ]o jkicok fm ocpvbjbi s }ob vktvciimtêb) bjdkw |tk|cmfbf fmi |}mdik/ Gcogk tmwvb}tbovmw fkofm wm mog}movtb gkjcfb fm ib tmhc÷o/ Fkw fkgvktmw |btvcg}ibtmw) }o jãfcgk hmomtbi s }o fmovcwvb/ ]ob gbwmvb fm vmiãakok r}m bgv}bijmovm gbwc obfcm }wb/ ]o |bovm÷o j}ocgc|bi) }o vmj|ik gbv÷icgk s vtmw |tkvmwvbovmw/
7/6/ Mgkokjêb Ib mgkokjêb fm ib gkj}ocfbf *s fm ib tmhc÷o mo hmomtbi* wm dbwb mo ib qmovb fm |tkf}gvkw dâwcgkw/ J}g`bw j}nmtmw qmofmo gkjcfb |tm|btbfb) bih}obw vktvciibw `mg`bw b jbok/ Kvtbw qmofmo gbtom fm |kiik k tmw/ Bih}obw fmgcfcmtko mwvbdimgmt }o omhkgck fm tk|b/ Kvtbw jâw `bgmo s qmofmo |bo/ Ib qmovb fm vbgkw s vibs}fbw) r}mwkw s kvtkw |tkf}gvkw iâgvmkw vbjdcão aktjbo |btvm fm ib mgkokjêb abjcicbt/ Ok abivb r}cmo k|vm |kt
8<
|komt }ob gbovcob/ Ib gtêb fm hbiicobw s h}bnkikvmw a}ogckob |btb r}cmomw qcqmo b ibw ktciibw fmi |kdibfk/ Bih}obw qmofmo |mwgbfk k gbjbtkomw/
Ibw j}nmtmw wko r}cmomw jâw vcmj|k fmfcgbo b ib qmovb fm w}w |tkf}gvkw/ Mi vt}mr}m vkfbqêb gkovco}b qchmovm mo ib tmhc÷o/ Wcmj|tm `bs bih}cmo r}m mwvâ fcw|}mwvk b gbjdcbt |bomw |kt `}mqkw) gkjcfb |kt jbê~ k atcnki/ Vktvciibw |kt |mwgbfk/ R}cmomw `bgmo gkjbimw s kiibw fm dbttk wko) wkdtm vkfk) j}nmtmw fm jbskt mfbf) ok jâw fm gcogk |mtwkobw/ Ib mgkokjêb tmhckobi wm movcmofm fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb fmi hãomtk amjmocok/ Wko miibw r}cmomw qmofmo) gkj|tbo k covmtgbjdcbo/ Mi `kjdtm w÷ik |}mfm qmofmt }o vktk) }ob qbgb) }o gbdbiik k }o d}ttk |mtk mwvk ok kg}ttm gkowvbovmjmovm/
7/=/ Bhtcg}iv}tb) hbobfmtêb s |mwgb Ib bhtcg}iv}tb mw ib bgvcqcfbf r}m |tmfkjcob mo ib tmhc÷o/ Wm mog}movtbo qbtckw mncfkw fkofm wm |}mfm wmjdtbt mo gbwc vkfk mi bòk) sb r}m g}movbo gko |k~kw fm bh}b s mimgvtcgcfbf/ Ik r}m jâw wm gkwmg`b mw jbê~) b}or}m bgv}bijmovm vbjdcão wm wcmjdtb |b|bsb) wbofêb s jmi÷o/ Mo ib vmj|ktbfb fm jbohkw wm |}mfmo gkowmh}ct fm qbtckw vc|kw) fmwfm ikw jâw mgko÷jcgkw `bwvb ikw jâw gbtkw/ Ib wcmjdtb mo ikw mncfkw wm fb) mo w} jbsktêb) gko vtbgvktmw s amtvcic~bovmw/ \kt kvtk ibfk vbjdcão mwvâo ikw vmttmokw fm vmj|ktbi r}m w÷ik wm wcmjdtbo mo ã|kgb fm ii}qcbw) biiê wm fbo mi jbê~) atcnki) bnkonkiê s wkthk/ F}tbovm ib vmj|ktbfb fm wcmjdtb ikw vmttmokw gkdtbo qcfb/ Ikw `kjdtmw iimqbo w}w s}ovbw s w}w `cnkw wcmjdtbo5 ibw j}nmtmw iimqbo mi fmwbs}ok/ Ikw ocòkw s n÷qmomw g}cfbtbo ib jci|b g}bofk ob~gb/ Mwvb bgvcqcfbf r}m f}tb fm wmcw b kg`k fêbw) fmwbhtbfb b ikw |mr}mòkw g}cfbfktmw/
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Fmwgbowk) Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb/
Ib gtêb fm hbobfk qbg}ok mw mi r}m |tmfkjcob mo ib tmhc÷o/ \btb j}g`kw vmomt }o |bt fm d}msmw k qbgbw wchocacgb j}g`k/ Bfmjâw r}m gkovtcd}smo b ib wcmjdtb) a}ogckobo gkjk }ob mw|mgcm fm b`kttk5 sb r}m g}bofk wm vcmom }ob }thmogcb mgko÷jcgb) wm qmofm }ok k mi |bt s bwê wm kdvcmom fcomtk/ Wko gkovbfbw ibw |mtwkobw r}m vcmomo jâw fm gcog}movb gbdm~bw fm hbobfk) wco mjdbthk) mjdbthk) fm bg}mtfk gko ib kdwmtqbgc÷o fm gbj|k) }o 6<- fm ib |kdibgc÷o vcmomo movtm gcogk s fcm~ k fkgm qbgbw/ F}tbovm ib vmj|ktbfb fm wmgbw) fmw|}ãw fm `bdmt tmgkhcfk ib gkwmg`b) ikw bocjbimw gkjmo mi |bwvk r}m r}mfb) g}bofk mw jkjmovk fm ib ã|kgb fm wcmjdtb) ãwvkw wko iimqbfkw b ‟mogcmttkw‛ mo mi gmttk k jkovbòb/
Fbfb w} gmtgboêb gko mi Kgãbok \bgêacgk) ib bgvcqcfbf |mwr}mtb `b gkdtbfk htbo cj|ktvbogcb/ Cogi}wk wm `biibo bih}obw gkk|mtbvcqbw fm |mwgb) ãwvbw wm aktjbo gko ib
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covmogc÷o fm fcwjco}ct ikw gkwvkw fm ikw jkvktmw) ibw tmfmw s ibw ibog`bw/ \kt ik hmomtbi wm |mwgb mo ibw okg`mw s jbft}hbfbw/ B ibw wmcw k wcmvm fm ib jbòbob mi |mwgbfk iimhb b ibw gkj}ocfbfmw s ibw |mtwkobw ‟bo}ogcbo‛ |mwgbfk atmwgk/ Gkjþojmovm wm |mwgb> gkgcomtk)
dbttcimvm) wbimjb) n}tmi) h}bg`cobohk) wcmttb) movtm kvtkw/ Vbjdcão katmgmo |mwgbfkw fm ibh}ob gkjk |k|kskvmw) icwbw) |bthkw s jknbttbw/ Mo ib vmj|ktbfb fm gbjbtkomw) r}m oktjbijmovm wm mog}movtbo mo ‟jb~gbigk‛ s ‟ib gkiktbfb‛) j}g`kw `kjdtmw qbo |kt
gbjbt÷o s ibw j}nmtmw ikw qmofmo |kt ecik/ Wc ib vmj|ktbfb mw d}mob qbtckw nmamw fm abjcicb gkj|tbo vtbwjbiik |btb bvtb|bt gbjbt÷o s kdvmomt fm b`ê mi w}wvmovk mgko÷jcgk/
Ikw `}mqkw fm vktv}hb iimhbo b vmomt }o |tmgck fm `bwvb 2=< |mwkw mi gcmovk/ Ib tmgkimggc÷o fm `}mqkw w÷ik ik `bgmo ikw `kjdtmw) n÷qmomw s bf}ivkw5 sb r}m |kt ik hmomtbi wm `bgm mo ibw okg`mw s mw }o qcbnm ibthk) b gbdbiik `ktb s jmfcb) b|tkpcjbfbjmovm/ Wco mjdbthk) gko ib |tkvmggc÷o r}m wm ib `b fbfk b ib vktv}hb hkiacob) bgv}bijmovm |kgkw wm bvtmqmo b ct |kt ikw `}mqkw fm vktv}hb/ Ok abivbo ibw `cwvktcbw fm |mtwkobw r}m `bo wcfk bvtb|bfkw |kt ikw ‟h}bg`kw‛ s fm j}g`kw jâw r}m ikhtbtko d}tibt ib qchcibogcb/
7/1/ Vtbdbnbt mo @}bv}igk Fm i}omw b wâdbfk j}g`kw `kjdtmw vtbdbnbo mo Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk) fmwbttkiik v}têwvcgk b `ktb s jmfcb fm Wbovb Jbtêb/ J}g`kw fm miikw wko mj|imbfkw mo mi Akofk Obgckobi fm Akjmovk bi V}tcwjk (AKOBV]T# gkjk dbttmofmtkw) nbtfcomtkw) |ikjmtkw5 kvtkw jâw wko gkovtbvbfkw mo ikw `kvmimw gkjk h}btfcbw fm wmh}tcfbf) jmwmtkw k jmwmtbw) gbjbtcwvbw k mo âtmbw |þdicgbw/ Bih}obw n÷qmomw vtbdbnbo mo gbwbw s kvtkw n÷qmomw jâw mo ibw ‟fcwgkw‛/ Bih}okw `kvmimw g}movbo gko vtbow|ktvm) fm mwvb jbomtb ikw vtbdbnbfktmw
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qcmomo vkfkw ikw fêbw b ib gkj}ocfbf) b}or}m `bs kvtkw r}m gkttmo gko jmokw w}mtvm s vcmomo r}m tmovbt }o g}btvk mo @}bv}igk/ Ikw vtbdbnbfktmw fm AKOBV]T vbjdcão vcmomo vtbow|ktvm/ Ibw mw|kwbw k jbjâw fm ikw vtbdbnbfktmw wm imqbovbo gkjk b ibw g}bvtk fm ib jbòbob |btb |tm|btbt mi fmwbs}ok r}m iimqbtbo w}w mw|kwkw k `cnkw) ãwvkw vkjbo mi gbjc÷o b ibw gcogk fm ib jbòbob) tmhtmwbo b ibw wmcw fm ib vbtfm/
\kgkw wko ikw baktv}obfkw r}m vcmomo }o vtbdbnk mo ib gkj}ocfbf k mo bihþo |kdibfk qmgcok/ Bih}okw |tkamwktmw s wmgtmvbtcbw r}m vtbdbnbo mo bih}ob mwg}mib gmtgbob) |tcjbtcb s wmg}ofbtcb) |tcogc|bijmovm/ Bgv}bijmovm mi oþjmtk fm |mtwkobw r}m vcmomo }o htbfk }ocqmtwcvbtck `b b}jmovbfk5 cohmocmtkw) icgmogcbfkw) }o fkgvkt) b}or}m mwvkw vtbdbnbo a}mtb s qcmomo b ib gkj}ocfbf mo fêbw fm fmwgbowk k mo qbgbgckomw/
7/8/ Bwbjdimb Hmomtbi> ‟ib b}vktcfbf jâpcjb‛ Ibw |kdibgckomw `bo mqki}gckobfk htbgcbw b ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o r}m wm mwvbdimgm mo w}w tmibgckomw gkvcfcbobw/ Ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw gc}fbfbokw s ib mp|kwcgc÷o fm w}w cfmbw mw }ob aktjb fm fbtim qcfb b ib fmjkgtbgcb/ Ib jbomtb jâw gkjþo fm `bgmt |btvêgc|mw b vkfb }ob |kdibgc÷o mw ib bwbjdimb ‟mo fkofm wm vkjbo ibw fmgcwckomw U‡Z fm r}m t}jdk qb vkjbt ib gkj}ocfbf‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk) 6<#/ Mo miib tmgbmo vkfbw ibw gkowmg}mogcbw r}m
|kftêbo w}thct fm ibw fmgcwckomw vkjbfbw/ B}or}m ib gkj}ocfbf g}movm gko }o Bhmovm J}ocgc|bi) r}m mw mi tm|tmwmovbovm fm ib |kdibgc÷o bovm mi j}ocgc|ck s fmjâw b}vktcfbfmw) ãwvm wcmj|tm fmdm coaktjbt s |mfct w}hmtmogcbw b ib Bwbjdimb |btb vkjbt bih}ob fmgcwc÷o/ Mi Bhmovm J}ocgc|bi f}tb fkw bòkw gko mi gbthk s w} mimggc÷o mw b vtbqãw fm vmtobw r}m fmwchob ib jcwjb Bwbjdimb/ G}bofk mw }thmovm vkjbt }ob fmgcwc÷o s mi vcmj|k |btb
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gkoqkgbt }ob bwbjdimb ok wm vcmom) wm iibjb b }ob ‟ n}ovb n}ovb fm |tcogc|bimw |tcogc|bimw ‛) bi r}m bg}fmo w÷ik ikw `kjdtmw jbsktmw) movtm ãwvkw bih}okw |tkamwckocwvbw fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Bwbjdimb
Bhmovm W}|imovm N}m~ Vmwktmtk
Gkjcvã vktvciimtêb s jkicok fm Gkjcvã Bh}b \kvbdim Gkjcvã Giêocgb fm Wbi}f
\kicgêb Vk|cimw Mwvt}gv}tb fm ikw gbthkw s gkjcvãw r}m `bs mo mi |}mdik /23
Ibw bwbjdimbw |tmfkjcobo mo j}g`bw fm ibw cowvcv}gckomw fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Mo ib mwg}mib |tcjbtcb) mo ib wmg}ofbtcb) mo ib giêocgb fm wbi}f) cogi}wk mo ibw bwkgcbgckomw tmichckwbw ikw bg}mtfkw ikw vkjb ib bwbjdimb) b}or}m b ãwvbw wkik bwcwvmo ikw covmtmwbfkw5 |bftmw fm abjcicb) |mtwkobw fmi \tkhtbjb K|ktv}ocfbfmw 4< s gtmsmovmw) tmw|mgvcqbjmovm/ B ib Bwbjdimb Hmomtbi bwcwvm vkfk mi |}mdik |ktr}m mo miib wm iimhbo b bg}mtfkw fm htbo vtbwgmofmogcb/
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Gbfb gkjcvã mwvâ gkoaktjbfk |kt }o |tmwcfmovm) }o wmgtmvbtck) }o vmwktmtk s vtmw qkgbimw/ Mi Bhmovm J}ocgc|bi s w} w}|imovm ikw fmwchob ib b wbjdimbw5 ikw kvtkw |}mwvkw ikw michm mi Bhmovm J}ocgc|bi/ 4< Vcmom gkjk jcwc÷o gkktfcobt bggckomw covmtcowvcv}gckobimw |btb gkovtcd}ct b ib w}|mtbgc÷o fm ib |kdtm~b) jmfcbovm mi fmwbttkiik fm ibw gb|bgcfbfmw dâwcgbw fm ibw |mtwkobw s w} bggmwk b jmnktmw k|ktv}ocfbfmw fm fmwbttkiik mgko÷jcgk s wkgcbi) qmt jâw mo xxx/k|ktv}ocfbfmw/hkd/jp
8=
Ik cj|ktvbovm mw ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fmi |}mdik vbovk mo ib vkjb fm fmgcwckomw gkjk mo mi vtbdbnk gkimgvcqk/ \btb miik wm vcmom ib ach}tb fmi vmr}ck) }ob gkovtcd}gc÷o fm vtbdbnk qki}ovbtck) mo mi g}bi vkfkw bs}fbo b vkfkw5 sb wmb |btb }o vtbdbnk |tk|ck k fm ib gkj}ocfbf/
7/0/ Mi vmr}ck> ‟vtbdbnbt gkjk }o wkik `kjdtm‛ Mi vmr}ck gkowvcv}sm mi jmgbocwjk |kt mi g}bi mi vtbdbnk wm `bgm jmokw |mwbfk) ‟vkfkw vtbdbnbjkw ch}bimw) gkjk }o wkik `kjdtm‛ (Wt/ Tkftchk) 81#/ Bwê wm gkowvt}smtko ib
Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi) ibw mwg}mibw) ib giêocgb fm wbi}f) ib |bqcjmovbgc÷o fm ibw gbiimw/ B}or}m bgv}bijmovm sb mwvâ ‟j}s akt~bfk ib gkwb‛ (Wt/ Tkftchk) 81#) ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw
`kjdtmw mw mwgbwb/ Wm |tmw}jmo fkw mp|icgbgckomw) |kt }ob |btvm) j}g`kw gc}fbfbokw wbimo b vtbdbnbt a}mtb fm ib gkj}ocfbf s w÷ik qcmomo ikw acomw fm wmjbob) tb~÷o |kt ib g}bi ok |}mfm `bdmt vmr}ck movtm wmjbob/ Ib kvtb mw r}m iimhbo ikw wâdbfkw s w÷ik mi fkjcohk vcmomo |btb fcqmtvctwm s mwvbt gko w} abjcicb s |kt mwk vtbdbnbo |kgk k obfb mo ikw fkjcohkw/
Ib hmovm jbskt bi}fm r}m bovmtcktjmovm wm vtbdbnbdb ibw kg`k `ktbw mo ikw vmr}ckw s r}m bgv}bijmovm w÷ik }obw `ktbw5 fkw k vtmw jâpcjk/ Wco mjdbthk) |kt tb~komw bovmw jmogckobfbw fcwjco}sm mwvb |btvcgc|bgc÷o/ Wco mjdbthk) mo ibw bwbjdimbw wm mwvâ fcw|}mwvk b gkk|mtbt gko bih}ob gbovcfbf fm fcomtk |btb r}m wm imw |bh}m b r}cmomw vtbdbnmo mo ib kdtb r}m wm qbsb b tmbic~bt/
Ikw r}m vkfbqêb fbo vmr}ck gkovco}bjmovm wko ikw |bftmw fm abjcicbw fm ibw mwg}mibw> mi eêofmt) ib |tcjbtcb s ib wmg}ofbtcb/ G}bofk wm icj|cb mi vmttmok fmi |bovm÷o vkfkw ikw
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gc}fbfbokw qbo/ Ikw n÷qmomw r}m fbo vmr}ck wko br}miikw r}m mwvâo mo mi wmtqcgck jcicvbt/ Bgv}bijmovm wm mwvâ qcmofk ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ibw j}nmtmw mo mi vmr}ck/ Gko mi |tkhtbjb K|ktv}ocfbfmw) miibw mwvâo kdichbfbw b icj|cbt ibw gbiimw s mi têk/ Tmh}ibtjmovm wko gkoqkgbfbw |btb r}m `bhbo ib icj|cm~b/
7/3/ Tmichc÷o Ib tmichc÷o r}m |tmfkjcob mo ib tmhc÷o mw ib gbv÷icgb/ Gbwc }o 0<- fm ib |kdibgc÷o bg}fm b mwvb tmichc÷o / B}or}m wcmj|tm wm mwg}g`bo gkjmovbtckw gkjk ‟fcgm r}m mw gbv÷icgk |mtk ok g}j|im gko w}w kdichbgckomw‛ k ‟wê wks gbv÷icgk |mtk ok qks b jcwb‛) ‟w÷ik qks b jcwb g}bofk `bs acmwvb‛/ Vkfkw ikw fkjcohkw) b ibw 20><< `ktbw) ibw |mtwkobw bg}fmo b jcwb
s wm kdwmtqb ib |kgb gbovcfbf fm bwcwvmovmw) gkj|btbfk gko mi oþjmtk fm |mtwkobw r}m wm fcgmo gbv÷icgkw/ \tcogc|bijmovm bg}fmo j}nmtmw) ocòkw s bih}okw n÷qmomw/ Wko gkovbfkw ikw `kjdtmw r}m tmh}ibtjmovm mwg}g`bo jcwb/ Ikw db}vc~kw) ibw |tcjmtbw gkj}ockomw s gkoactjbgckomw vbjdcão wko jkvcqk fm acmwvb/ Gkoqcqmogcb mo ib r}m wm gkjm s wm vkjb gmtqm~b/ Wm `bgmo gkj|bftmw vbjdcão/
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Chimwcb gbv÷icgb) wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb
Kvtbw tmichckomw r}m |tkamwbo w} am mo ib gkj}ocfbf wko ikw |movmgkwvbimw s ikw b|kwv÷icgkw/ Bjdkw g}movbo gko w} |tk|ck vmj|ik/ R}cmomw w÷ik qcmomo b |tmfcgbt mo bihþo fêb fm ib wmjbob wko ikw vmwvchkw fm Nm`kqâ s ikw jktjkomw/ Ikw vmwvchkw fm Nm`kqâ) wko ib kvtb tmichc÷o) r}m jâw acmimw vcmom mo ib tmhc÷o/
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7/2 ‟fm amicgcfbf s fm |mob‛ Mi wkicvbtck jmpcgbok bjb ibw acmwvbw s ibw tm}ockomw |þdicgbw/ Vkfk mw kgbwc÷o |btb tm}octwm/ G}bir}cmt |tmvmpvk mw d}mok |btb covmtt}j|ct ib jbtg`b fmi vcmj|k s gmimdtbt gko amwvmnkw s gmtmjkocbw `kjdtmw s bgkovmgcjcmovkw/ Wkjkw }o |}mdik tcv}bi/
Kgvbqck \b~ (2302#
Wm `bdib r}m bovmtcktjmovm ibw |mtwkobw mwvbdbo jâw gkj|tkjmvcfbw gko ibw acmwvbw s vtbfcgckomw fmi |}mdik/ Ãwvbw ok |}mfmo movmofmtwm wco mi gbtâgvmt jêvcgk*tmichckwk r}m ikw }ocacgb/ Bgv}bijmovm wko |kgbw ibw acmwvbw r}m vcmomo }o jbsktfkjk) sb r}m wmtik cj|icgb moktjmw hbwvkw s gkj|tkjcwkw/ Fm ch}bi jbomtb) }ob acmwvb mw }ob tm}oc÷o fm gkj}oc÷o s tmgc|tkgcfbf/
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|btb qmofmt bihþo |tkf}gvk) gkjk |}mfmo wmt> mikvmw) gbjkvmw) vbjbimw k vbjbicvkw) bih}obw `cmtdbw |btb ib gkjcfb) g`cgk~b|kvm) f}igm fm bijmoftbw) movtm kvtkw/ Oktjbijmovm ib f}tbgc÷o fm mwvb acmwvb mw fm }o fêb/
Mo ib jbòbob wm iimqbo jbòbocvbw bi wmòkt fm Mwr}c|}ibw) |kwvmtcktjmovm) |kwvmtc ktjmovm) bi jmfckfêb k mo ib vbtfm) wm iimqb b gbdk }ob jcwb) fkofm bg}fmo vkfkw ikw gtmsmovmw gbv÷icgkw/ \kwvmtcktjmovm gkjcmo~b mi dbcim fkofm wm tmþomo vkfk vc|k fm jbftcobw> ibw fm tmhbikw) ibw fm aiktmw) ibw fm gmtqm~b) ibw fm at}vbw s ibw fm dkvbobw/ Mi dbcim gkjcmo~b gkjk b ibw vtmw fm ib vbtfm s vmtjcob movtm wcmvm s 0 fm ib okg`m/ N}wvk bovmw fmi bokg`mgmt) ibw |mtwkobw qbo b 83
ib chimwcb b fmnbt ibw aiktmw s b`ê jcwjk ‟tcmhbo‛ ibw at}vbw/ Mwvm tcv}bi fm ibw aiktmw s ibw
at}vbw cofcgb r}m ib acmwvb f}tbovm mi fêb `b vmtjcobfk/
Mo ib okg`m) mi dbcim gkjcmo~b movtm ibw o}mqm s fcm~ fm ib okg`m/ Ikw ‟wmttbocvkw‛ vcmomo }o dbcim mw|mgcbi r}m mnmg}vbo movtm ibw kogm s fkgm fm ib okg`m/ Mwvb fbo~b f}tb b|tkpcjbfbjmovm }ob `ktb s wm `bgmo |b}wbw |btb r}m ikw gkjmtgcbovmw |}mfbo qmofmt w}w |tkf}gvkw/ G}bofk mi dbcim fm ikw ‟wmttbocvkw‛ vmtjcob) wm gkovcoþb gko ib acmwvb s ãwvb acobic~b gkjk b ibw g}bvtk fm ib jbòbob/
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Vbjdcão `bs jbftcobw s |bftcokw/ Ikw |bftcokw iimqbo gkgkw |btb bfktobt ib motbjbfb/ Kvtkw iimqbo gchbttkw) gk`mvmw s gmtqm~bw/ Vbjdcão ikw ocòkw wko |bftcokw/ Ibw jbftcobw i}gmo w} vtbnm tmhckobi) |btb bih}obw mw k|ktv}ocfbf |btb gkj|tbtwm }ok o}mqk/ Ikw `kjdtmw |kt w} |btvm ok vcmomo }ob tk|b mw|mgêacgb r}m |ktvbt |btb mi fêb fm ib acmwvb) ibw j}nmtmw wko ibw jâw mimhbovmw/
fcgcmjdtm 7/2
Acmwvb fmi Ocòk Fckw/ Mw kvtb fm ibw acmwvbw b ib r}m jbskt oþjmtk fm |mtwkobw bwcwvm) sb r}m |kt ik hmomtbi mo mwvbw amg`bw) j}g`bw |mtwkobw sb vcmomo qbgbgckomw s qcmomo fm qcwcvb b ib gkj}ocfbf/ Oktjbijmovm w} f}tbgc÷o mw fm fkw fêbw) b}or}m mo kgbwckomw wm `b bibthbfk `bwvb vtmw fêbw) fm|mofcmofk fm ibw |kwcdcicfbfmw fmi jbsktfkjk/ Mw ib kgbwc÷o |btb vtbmt }o ht}|k fm jbskt gbvmhktêb) movtm 28 s 4< jci |mwkw mi gkovtbvk fm gcogk `ktbw/ G}bofk mw bwê) ib acmwvb mw mw|mtbfb s gkjmovbfb |kt vkfkw) cogi}wk iimhbo |mtwkobw fm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw jâw imnbobw/
Vbjdcão |btvcgc|bo ibw jbftcobw s |bftcokw r}m `btâo fm ib acmwvb vkfb }ob gkj}oc÷o/ Cogi}wk `bs |bftcokw r}m |bhbo bi gkon}ovk j}wcgbi/ Ikw n÷qmomw vbjdcão bwcwvmo b ibw acmwvbw) |kt ik hmomtbi) ikw `kjdtmw) qbo mo ht}|kw) vkjbo gmtqm~b) bih}okw a}jbo gchbttk s gbwc ok dbcibo/ Ibw j}nmtmw qbo mo |btmnbw k bgkj|bòbfbw fm bih}ob vêb k jbjâ/ Miibw dbcibo jâw r}m ikw `kjdtmw s ok vkjbo/ Bgv}bijmovm wm mwvâ qcmofk ib |tmwmogcb fmi okqcb~hk jâw biiâ fm }o mog}movtk gibofmwvcok mo ib gbiim k mi |btr}m/ Wm mwvâ bdtcmofk ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm r}m ikw n÷qmomw qbsbo |kt w}w |btmnbw b w}w gbwbw s bwcwvbo bi dbcim k bih}ob
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kvtb acmwvb/ Mw }ob vtbowcgc÷o) sb r}m mwvb |tâgvcgb vkfbqêb ok mw bgm|vbfb |kt vkfb ib gkj}ocfbf/ Movtm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib tmhc÷o vbjdcão wm okvb ib fcamtmogcb/
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ctwm wco mi |mtjcwk fm w}w |bftmw/ G}bofk ib abjcicb fmi okqck wm fb g}movb fmi fmwabigk r}m ãwvm `b gkjmvcfk) qbo b bqcwbt b ikw |bftmw fm ib okqcb r}m w} `cnb wm mog}movtb dcmo s bgktfbt r}m mi |t÷pcjk wâdbfk wmtâ ib ‟gkoaktjcfbf‛42/
]ob qm~ bgktfbfb ib amg`b ‗ r}m r}m oktjbijmovm fmdmtâ wmt wâdbfk s fkjcohk* s mwvbofk fm bg}mtfk bjdbw |btvmw) gkjcmo~b mi |tm|btbvcqk 44/ \kt ik hmomtbi) ib mw|mtb f}tb fm gcogk b kg`k jmwmw) b}or}m `bs r}cmomw |tmacmtbo `bgmtik |kt }o bòk) |mtk ok mw j}s gkjþo/ F}tbovm mwvm vcmj|k wm d}wgbo b ikw |bftcokw s jbftcobw r}m bs}fbtbo b ib tmbic~bgc÷o fm ib dkfb/ Mi b|bftcobjcmovk jâw cj|ktvbovm mw mi fm ‟qmibgc÷o‛/ Ikw |bftcokw fm ‟qmibgc÷o‛ 42
Ib gkoaktjcfbf mw mi bgvk fm iimhbt b }o bg}mtfk |btb ib tmbic~bgc÷o fm ib dkfb fm ikw okqckw/ \kt ik hmomtbi wm `bgm ikw wâdbfkw s b|icgb mo bjdkw gbwkw5 g}bofk wm |cfm ib jbok fm ib okqcb k g}bofk wm ib tkdb/ 44 G}bofk wm coqcvb b ib gkj}ocfbf |btb ib acmwvb wm `bgm fm ib wch}cmovm jbomtb> ibw j}nmtmw wko coqcvbfbw fâofkimw }okw g}bovkw jbêgmw s b ikw `kjdtmw wm imw fb }o gchbttk/
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sb mwvâo fmwchobfkw fmwfm mi jkjmovk r}m b|bftcobo b }o ocòk mo w} db}vc~k/ Miikw gkj|tbtâo ib tk|b fm ikw okqckw s wc gbdm ib |kwcdcicfbf vbjdcão `btâo acmwvb5 cogi}wk b miikw wm bg}fm g}bofk ikw mw|kwkw vmohbo bih}ob fcacg}ivbf mo w} jbvtcjkock/
Mo gbwk fm ok vmomt |bftcokw fm qmibgc÷o k r}m ãwvkw ok ikhtmo gko mi gkj|tkjcwk) wm |}mfmo d}wgbt kvtkw k ikw |bftmw fmi okqck bdwktdmtâo ikw hbwvkw fm ib tk|b/ Wm d}wgbo vbjdcão |bftcokw fm |bwvmi) fm bfktokw) fm gmtqm~bw) fm dkvbobw) fm ibw dkvmiibw |btb mi dtcofcw) fmi vktok g}bofk ikw okqckw dbcibtâo mi qbiw) fm qcfmk s akvkhtbaêbw) fm jbovmimw |btb ibw jmwbw fm ikw coqcvbfkw) fm tmg}mtfkw) fm tmatmwgkw s kvtbw dmdcfbw bigk`÷icgbw) dkvmiibw fm jm~gbi) vmr}cib) tko k g}bir}cmt kvtk r}m wm gkikgbtâo mo ibw jmwbw fm ikw coqcvbfkw/
Vtmw k g}bvtk wmjbobw bovmw fm ib amg`b fm ib dkfb) ikw `kjdtmw fm bjdbw abjcicbw ctâo b vtbmt imòb r}m wm kg}|btâ mi fêb fm ib dkfb/ Mo ib wmjbob fmi fêb fm ib dkfb ibw j}nmtmw `btâo |bo s |tm|btbtâo g`kgkibvm |btb r}m wm tm|btvb b vkfkw ikw |bftcokw *mw }ob aktjb fm |bhk |kt mi abqkt r}m `btâo* s |btb r}m gkjbo mo mi fêb fm ib acmwvb/ Mw okvktck mi fêb mo r}m ibw abjcicbw `bgmo s g}mgmo mi |bo5 sb r}m j}g`bw fm ibw |mtwkobw fm ib gkj}ocfbf wm qmo coqki}gtbfbw) wkdtm vkfk ikw abjcicbtmw gmtgbokw/ Vbjdcão `bgmt s gkgmt |bo mw vkfk }o tcv}bi bi r}m bg}fmo w÷ik ibw j}nmtmw) wkdtm vkfk ibw jbsktmw/
Gkjþojmovm mi |bo ik `bgmo |kt ib vbtfm/ Vkfbw ibw j}nmtmw r}m bg}fmo iimqbo gkowchk bihþo cohtmfcmovm |btb mi |bo/ ]obw iimqbo `btcob) kvtbw) gbwciimtk fm `}mqkw) b~þgbt) jbovmgb) bgmcvm5 ocoh}ob bg}fm gko ibw jbokw qbgêbw/ Ibw wmòktbw bjbwbo ib `btcob s
07
`bgmo ikw |bomw) ibw jâw n÷qmomw bgbttmbtâo ikw |bomw b ibw gbwbw fm bih}obw wmòktbw r}m vcmomo `ktok) |btb r}m bi fêb wch}cmovm mi |bo wm g}m~b/
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\kt w} |btvm) bih}okw abjcicbtmw s bjcwvbfmw fmi okqck bg}fctâo b gbwb fm w} |t÷pcjb mw|kwb b icj|cbt s bfktobt w} gbwb/ B ib `ktb fmi fmwbs}ok) wm bgkwv}jdtb r}m }obw |mtwkobw) fm |btvm fmi okqck) qbsbo b fmnbt gkjcfb b gbwb fm ib okqcb/ Mwvm bgvk mw gt}gcbi sb r}m w÷ik vkjbo jm~gbi s gkjþojmovm tmhtmwbo dkttbg`kw ‗ `kjdtmw `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw* k |kt ik jmokw jbtmbfkw/ Ib dkfb |kt mi gcqci wm tmbic~b mo gbwb fm ib okqcb s oktjbijmovm wm iimqb b gbdk mo mi jmfckfêb/ Bi acobic~bt mi bgvk wm vt}mobo j}g`kw gk`mvmw s wm tm|btvm bh}b fm
06
`ktg`bvb s hbiimvbw/ B mwvm gbwbjcmovk gbwc ok wm qb fm jbomtb mimhbovm) cogi}wk ib okqcb |}mfm qmwvct kvtb tk|b) }o vtbnm tmhckobi) |kt mnmj|ik/ Wc ikw |bftcokw vcmomo |ibombfk bih}ob acmwvb |btb w}w b`cnbfkw) ãwvb wm tmbic~b fmw|}ãw fmi bgvk gcqci s vmtjcob movtm ibw wmcw s wcmvm fm ib vbtfm/ B ib `ktb fm ib gkjcfb) fm ch}bi jbomtb) wm qb b fmnbt gkjcfb b gbwb fm ib okqcb/ Mo mwvb kgbwc÷o bfmjâw fm tm|btvct jm~gbi vbjdcão tm|btvmo gmtqm~b/ R}cmomw tmgcdmo s r}cmomw iimqbo gkjcfb vmtjcobo mdtckw s mwvk wm vktobtâ vmjb fm |iâvcgbw mo ibw |t÷pcjbw `ktbw5 cogi}wk mo ibw |t÷pcjbw acmwvbw/ Wc ikw okqckw wm gbwbtâo |kt ib chimwcb) oktjbijmovm ik `bgmo movtm ibw gcogk s kg`k fm ib okg`m mo ib chimwcb fm ib gkj}ocfbf/
B ibw fcm~ fm ib okg`m gkjcmo~b mi dbcim mo gbwb fm ib okqcb/ B miib iimhbo ikw coqcvbfkw fm ib okqcb5 jcmovtbw mo gbwb fmi okqck wm tmþomo w}w abjcicbtmw |btb vtbwibfbtwm b gbwb fm w} b`ktb mw|kwb/ Vkfkw qcwvmo mimhbovmjmovm) mw ib kgbwc÷o |btb mwvbdimgmt ikw gkj|bftb~hkw gko ib o}mqb abjcicb/ Fmw|}ãw fm r}m mi ht}|k j}wcgbi `bsb vkgbfk bih}obw gbogckomw wm |cfm }o jkjmovk fm wcimogck |btb iimqbt b gbdk mi ‟tmgkokgcjcmovk‛/ Ãwvm mw kvtk tcv}bi j}s
cj|ktvbovm mo ikw gbwbjcmovkw/ Ikw abjcicbtmw jâw gmtgbokw fm bjdbw abjcicbw wm tmþomo mo mi g}btvk fkofm wm mog}movtb mi bivbt fm ib gbwb) b`ê `bs }ob |mtwkob fmwchobfb gkjk mjdbnbfkt r}m `bgm ibw qmgmw fm jmfcbfkt movtm ibw abjcicbw/ Wm michmo ibw |mtwkobw r}m dbcibtâo mo mi ‟h}bg`c‛/ Ib jbftm fm ib okqcb dbcibtâ gko mi |bftm fmi okqck s ib jbftm fmi okqck gko mi |bftm fm ib okqcb5 fm mwvb aktjb wm fmwchobtâo ibw |btmnbw fm vkfkw ikw abjcicbtmw/ Bfmjâw fmi dbcim vbjdcão wm mwvâo `bgcmofk gkj|bftmw/ Mwvm jkjmovk mw mi jâw cj|ktvbovm) sb r}m cofcgb ib qmtfbfmtb }oc÷o movtm bjdbw abjcicbw) jâw r}m ib }oc÷o fm ib |btmnb mo mi jbvtcjkock gcqci gmimdtbfk `ktbw bovmw/
0=
Fmw|}ãw fm dbcibt mi ‟h}bg`c47‛ wch}mo kvtkw dbcimw/ Mi qbiw |btb ikw okqckw s fmw|}ãw kvtk bjcicbtmw) ib ‟gkib‛) mi ‟jmfc}p`chb‛46) ib dkvmiicvb s mi dtcofcw5 bi |btb r}m dbcimo gko w}w a bjcicbtmw)
acobi ikw okqckw tm|btvctâo mi |bwvmi/ Mi ‟jmfc}p`chb‛ mw }o dbcim fm gkk|mtbgc÷o/ Ikw okqckw k mw|kwkw wm wcmovbo mo mi gmovtk fm ib |cwvb k motbjbfb jcmovtbw w}w |bftcokw fm qmibgc÷o imw gkikgbo }o dciimvm mo ib atmovm/ Mi |bftcok mo ib okqcb s ib jbftcob mo mi okqck/ Gkjcmo~b ib jþwcgb s wm coqcvb b ibw |mtwkobw b fmnbt w} gkk|mtbgc÷o gko ikw okqckw/ \kt ik hmomtbi wko ibw j}nmtmw r}m jâw |bwbo b gkk|mtbt/ Mo mi jkjmovk fm ib gkk|mtbgc÷o wm imw movtmhbo ‟gbovbtcvkw‛ k bihþo kvtk tmgc|cmovm fm dbttk/ Fmw|}ãw fmi ‟jmfc}p`chb‛ gkjcmo~b
kvtb jþwcgb s ibw j}nmtmw 4= dbcibtâo bitmfmfkt fm ikw okqckw s imw bqmovbtâo gkoamvcw) bi acobi fm ib jþwcgb ibw j}nmtmw tkj|mo ikw gbovbtkw gkovtb mi w}mik mo wmòbi fm r}m mi jbvtcjkock |tkw|mtm/
Vmtjcobfk mi ‟tmibnk fm ikw okqckw‛ gkovcoþb ib jþwcgb/ Mi ht}|k j}wcgbi vkgb
|tcogc|bijmovm g}jdcb) bih}okw wkomw fm ib tmhc÷o) g`cimobw) }ob r}m kvtb tbog`mtb |btb gkj|ibgmt s bih}ob gbogc÷o fm jkfb/ \btb mwvm jkjmovk ikw abjcicbtmw fmi okqck wm tmvctbo5 sb r}m fmdmtâo mwvbt icwvkw |btb jâw vbtfm qmoct b vtbmt b ib okqcb s gkovco}bt gko ib acmwvb/ \kt ik hmomtbi bi acobi fm ib acmwvb w÷ik wm r}mfbo ikw n÷qmomw) |mtwkobw r}m r}cmtbo fcqmtvctwm jâw s abjcicbtmw fm ib okqcb |btb tmgkhmt ibw wciibw s jmwbw }ob qm~ vmtjcobfk mi dbcim/ Oktjbijmovm wm qmofm gmtqm~b mo mwvm vc|k fm acmwvbw/
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\bibdtb fm ktchmo g`kovbi/ \bibdtb fm ktchmo ~b|kvmgk fmi Cwvjk fm Vm`}bovm|mg/ 4= ]obw hmomtbgckomw bvtâw w÷ik ibw n÷qmomw bgkj|bòbdbo b ikw okqckw mo w}w dbcimw/ B`ktb vbjdcão |btvcgc|bo ibw wmòktbw s ocòbw5 sb r}m ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ibw j}g`bg`bw mw |kgb/ 46
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Ikw okqckw q}miqmo b dbcibt w}w tmw|mgvcqbw tm|tmwmovbgckomw s o}mqbjmovm ibw |mtwkobw gkk|mtbo gko miikw/ Mw cj|ktvbovm jmogckobt r}m mo bjdbw acmwvbw) vbovk mo gbwb fm ib okqcb gkjk fmi okqck) wm gkikgb }ob jmwb gko tmhbikw s ib hmovm gkk|mtb fcomtk |btb bs}fbt b ibw abjcicbw gko ikw hbwvkw fm ib dkfb/ Mwvb gkk|mtbgc÷o mw tmgê|tkgb) wc ibw |mtwkobw gkowvbovmjmovm bs}fbo s |btvcgc|bo) tmgcdctâo ib jcwjb gkibdktbgc÷o) vbovk mo vtbdbnk gkjk mo fcomtk/
Ib acmwvb vmtjcob movtm ibw kg`k s o}mqm fm ib okg`m) mo bih}obw kgbwckomw wm mpvcmofm `bwvb ibw kogm fm ib okg`m/ Bi acobi j}g`kw abjcicbtmw vmtjcobo dkttbg`kw s mwvk wm q}miqm vmjb fm gkoqmtwbgc÷o) fm qmt r}cmomw vmtjcobo iiktbofk |kt ib `cnb k `mtjbob r}m wm a}m/ Ibw dkfbw mo ib tmhc÷o ok wm |}mfmo movmofmt wco ib }ocfbf fm vkfb ib gkj}ocfbf5 wco ib gkibdktbgc÷o fm `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw) ocòkw) n÷qmomw s bf}ivkw/ Mwvk r}mfb mqcfmogcbfk g}bofk `bs gbwbjcmovkw movtm |btmnbw r}m |mtvmomgmo b }ob tmichc÷o fcwvcovb b ib gbv÷icgb5 |kgkw wko ikw r}m bwcwvmo s |btb ib hmovm mw }ob dkfb wco ‟htbgcb‛/
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b j}nmt/ Fm ch}bi jbomtb mwvb acmwvb) gkjk vkfbw) w÷ik wm movcmofm s wm iimqb b gbdk gko ib bs}fb fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Ikw |bftcokw s jbftcobw gkibdktbtâo |btb r}m ib acmwvb |}mfb tmbic~btwm/
Mwvb acmwvb mw j}s gkjþo mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw) cogi}wk wm vtbmo ht}|kw j}s gkwvkwkw/ Mw ib tm|tmwmovbgc÷o jâw gmtgbob r}m wm qcqm fm fmnbt }ob mvb|b) ocòm~) s |bwbt b kvtb) ib n}qmov}f/ n}qmov}f/ B}or}m ãwvb w÷ik wchocacr}m wchocacr}m mi |bwk r}m wm fb s ok ib qcqmogcb fm ib jmtb mvb|b gkjk vbi5 sb r}m wm gkjmovb mi gbwk fm nkqmogcvbw r}m wm a}hbtko 41 gko w}w okqckw mi fêbw fm w}w PQ bòkw/ Ibw acmwvbw) |btb j}g`kw n÷qmomw) jâw r}m }ob k|ktv}ocfbf |btb dbcibt s fcqmtvctwm) wchocacgb }o ‟g`bogm‛ |btb qmt b ib okqcb k bi okqck) |btb `bdibtim b bih}cmo r}m
im h}wvb) |btb bibthbt mi vcmj|k mo r}m wm qmo5 fm }obw fkw k vtmw `ktbw gkjþojmovm b gbwc vkfb ib okg`m mo ibw acmwvbw) s mo jmokt htbfk) mi tkdk fm ib okqcb/
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Mwvb |tâgvcgb kg}ttc÷ mo kvtbw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib tmhc÷o/
00
mwvm bòk) 4<22) ok `}dk acmwvb s mwvk ok v}qk d}mokw gkjmovbtckw fm |btvm fm ikw |bftmw fm abjcicb s fm ib gkj}ocfbf mo hmomtbi/
Vkfkw bwcwvmo qmwvcfkw fm jbomtb mimhbovm) ikw bi}jokw r}m mhtmwbo qcwvmo mi jcwjk gkikt fm tk|b s qbo bgkj|bòbfkw |kt }ob jbftcob k |bftcok) wmhþo wmb mi gbwk/ R}m }ob nkqmo b|bftcom b bihþo mhtmwbfk ok hmomtb ocoh}ob gkovtkqmtwcb mo mi |þdicgk) wco mjdbthk) g}bofk }o nkqmo bgkj|bòb b }ob mhtmwbfb mw jkvcqk fm d}tibw s g`caicfkw |kt |btvm fm w}w bjchkw/
Ibw gib}w}tbw vcmomo }o htbfk fm cj|ktvbogcb wmhþo wmb mi gbwk fmi htbfk r}m wm vmtjcob/ Cogi}wk ibw acmwvbw wm `bgmo fm mwb aktjb/ Gkjþojmovm ibw |tcjbtcbw fm ib tmhc÷o wko ibw r}m gkjcmo~bo gko ib acmwvb fm gib}w}tb) i}mhk ik `bgmo ibw wmg}ofbtcbw s |kt þivcjk) gbwc mi fm jbskt cj|ktvbogcb ) ibw |tm|btbvktcbw/ Mwvbw acmwvbw cogi}wk gkdtbo jâw qbikt s vtbwgmofmogcb r}m g}bofk bih}cmo fm ib gkj}ocfbf tmgcdm }o vêv}ik fm icgmogcbv}tb) fkofm mo j}g`kw gbwkw w÷ik r}mfbo ikw gkjmovbtckw r}m vbi |mtwkob sb mw }o |tkamwckocwvb/
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Kgvbqck \b~) 2302> 1=
Ib j}mtvm vbjdcão mw jkvcqk fm tm}oc÷o s g}ivk b ib qcfb) fm ikw r}m wm r}mfbtko/ B gkwvb fmi acobfk ib hmovm vbjdcão gkoqcqm) gkjm s vkjb5 bi acobi movcmttbo bi fca}ovk/ Jâw r}m gkj}ihbt |btb r}cmo wm a}m) mi bgkj|bòbjcmovk mw |btb r}cmo wm r}mfb) wkib) wkik 03
k wkikw/ \btb ikw bohmicvkw mw fcamtmovm) b ikw ocòkw g}bofk j}mtmo wm imw vt}mobo gk`mvmw5 `bwvb ikw r}cogm bòkw vt}mobo gk`mvmw) ‟jcmovtbw ok wmbo gc}fbfbokw‛/
Mi fêb r}m ib |mtwkob fmnb fm mpcwvct) wm imw bqcwb b vkfbw ibw |mtwkobw fm ibw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib tmhc÷o) b vtbqãw fm ikw jmhâakokw/ Gkoqkgbofk b vkfkw) mo mw|mgcbi b ikw abjcicbtmw) b tm}octwm mo gbwb fmi acobfk/ Mwvm bqcwk gkjþojmovm qb bgkj|bòbfk fm bih}ob jbtg`b aþomdtm/ Vbjdcão wm gkj}ocgb b ikw `kjdtmw |btb mwgbtdbt ib akwb s ib `ktb fmi movcmttk/ movcmttk/ Bovmw fm iimqbtik bi |bovm÷o) mi abiimgcfk mw |bwmbfk |kt ibw gbiimw s ikw i}hbtmw r}m |tmamtêb) |kt mnmj|ik mi gbj|k fm dmcwdki) fmw|}ãw mw iimqbfk b ib chimwcb s wm kacgcb }ob jcwb (mo bih}okw gbwkw#) bi acobi vcmom r}m |bwbt atmovm b }ob gt}~) |kt fkofm fmwacibo vkfkw ikw fca}ovkw s i}mhk gkof}gcfk bi |bovm÷o/ F}tbovm mi tmgkttcfk s mo vkfk jkjmovk ib dbofb fm jþwcgb ok fmnb fm vkgbt/ ]obw qmgmw ik `bgm fm ibw gbogckomw tmichckwbw s kvtbw fm ibw r}m |tmamtêb mi fca}ovk/
Fmw|}ãw fmi movcmttk gkjcmo~bo ikw ‟o}mqm fêbw k okqmobtck ‛) }o tcv}bi mo mi r}m wm tm~b bi
acobfk |kt ibw vbtfmw) f}tbovm o}mqm fêbw s bi acobi wm im qb b fmnbt w} gt}~ s aiktmw/ Jcmovtbw mwvk w}gmfm fêb gko fêb) ib v}jdb fmi fca}ovk ok fmnb fm vmomt aiktmw s qmibfktbw/ Gkjk mo vkfb tm}oc÷o ib gkk|mtbgc÷o s ib wkicfbtcfbf mwvâo |tmwmovmw/ Mo mwvb kgbwc÷o bfmjâw fm iimqbt aiktmw s qmibfktmw) ibw |mtwkobw vbjdcão movtmhbo ‟icjkwob‛48 b ikw abjcicbtmw fmi fca}ovk/ Fmw|}ãw fm gbfb tm~k wm tm|btvmo bvkim s vbjbicvkw k gbaã s |bo/ Ibw tm~bfktbw)
48
Ib icjkwob mw }ob gkovtcd}gc÷o mgko÷jcgb qki}ovbtcb r}m qb fmwfm ikw qmcovm |mwkw `bwvb ikw gcmo |mwkw k jâw/ Gkjþojmovm ibw j}nmtmw ik movtmhbo b ib wmòktb fm ib gbwb s ikw `kjdtmw bi wmòkt/ Wc bih}ok fm miikw a}mtb mi fca}ovk wm d}wgb b }ob |mtwkob r}m ik tm|tmwmovm/
3<
r}cmomw gktmbo mi gbovk) |kt ik hmomtbi wko j}nmtmw jbsktmw s mi gbovkt 40 gkof}gm mi tm~k/ Mwvm tcv}bi vcmom gkjk acobicfbf bgkj|bòbt b ib abjcicb |kt ib |ãtfcfb r}m bgbdb fm |bwbt s ok fmnbtib wkib fm }o jkjmovk b kvtk/ Mw bgkj|bòbtikw b ib vtbowcgc÷o/
Vmtjcobfk ikw o}mqm fêbw) ib abjcicb fmi fca}ovk wm q}miqm b tm}oct |btb gmimdtbt ikw ‟g}btmovb fêbw‛/ Mwvm tcvk vcmom gkjk acobicfbf tmgktfbt bi acobfk s o}mqbjmovm `bgmtim
|tmwmovm b ib abjcicb r}m ib gkj}ocfbf mo hmomtbi mwvâ gko miikw/ Wm gkoqcqm) wm dmdm s wm vkjb mo mwvb tm} oc÷o fm ‟g}btmovb fêbw‛/ Bi acobi vbjdcão wm im katmgm }o tm~k) aiktmw s qmibfktbw bi fca}ovk/ Ikw ‟o}mqm fêbw‛ s ‟g}btmovb fêbw‛ wko ikw jâw gmimdtbfkw) b}or}m
vbjdcão bih}okw gmimdtbo ‟mi gbdk fm bòk43‛ s ikw ‟wcmvm bòkw‛) fkofm wm `bgmo ikw jcwjkw tcvkw r}m mo ikw ‟g}btmovb fêbw‛/
Ib jbomtb mo r}m bih}cmo j}mtm fmacom j}g`k ib gbovcfbf fm hmovm b ib r}m bwcwvm bi movcmttk s b ikw o}mqm fêbw/ Wc }ob |mtwkob j}mtm |kt bih}ob moamtjmfbf htbqm k |kt ib mfbf) mw bgm|vbfb gko abgcicfbf) cogi}wk wm fcgm r}m ‟a}m ik jmnkt‛) fm mwvbt w}atcmofk j}g`k b ‟ctwm b fmwgbowbt‛ |tkovk/ Wc ib |mtwkob r}m j}tc÷ a}m |kt gb}wb fm }o bggcfmovm fcaêgcijmovm wm bgm|vb s j}g`bw |mtwkobw bwcwvmo b w} movcmttk/ Gkjk mo ibw ‟acmwvbw fm amicgcfbf‛) mo ibw ‟tm}ockomw fm |mob‛ vbjdcão ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o g}movb j}g`k wc wm r}cmtm ib
tmgc|tkgcfbf/
40
’Mi gbovkt imqbovb mi mw|êtcv} fmi acobfk s jmfcbovm gmtmjkocb ik iimqb b ib r}m mtb w} gbwb |btb mi qmibvktck5 fmw|}ãw) ik bgkj|bòb b ib chimwcb s bi gbj|kwbovk mo ikw tcvkw a}omtbtckw/ Mo ib gbwb fmi fca}ovk) tm~bo s gbovbo f}tbovm o}mqm fêbw/ Movkogmw) mi gbovkt imqbovb ib gt}~) r}m tm|tmwmovb bi acobfk) s o}mqbjmovm gko }ob gmtmjkocb ib iimqb bi gbj|kwbovk) fkofm wm gkikgb wkdtm ib o}mqb akwb‚ (K–gkookt5 4<<1> 21#/ 43 Bi vãtjcok fm }o bòk/
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amwvmnk) gkjk mo vkfk Jãpcgk/ Mi 2¼ fm okqcmjdtm fmfcgbfk b ikw ocòkw) b}or}m mo ib gkj}ocfbf ok wm `bhb j}g`k `cogb|cã movtm mi 2¼ s mi 4 fm okqcmjdtm/ Mi 4 fm okqcmjdtm) |kt ib jbòbob wm tmbic~b }ob jcwb/ Mo ib vbtfm wm qb b r}mjbt ibw qmibw s b fmnbt aiktmw b ikw fca}ovkw/ Gkjk gbfb bòk vkfk gkjcmo~b g}bofk }o ht}|k fm jþwcgkw movkobo ib ‟qchcicb‛7
Wm|}iv}tb y Akvk> I}cw 7<
]o tm~k r}m vbjdcão ik |}mfm `bgmt mi gbovkt/
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Mwvm bòk ib dbofb j}wcgbi ok a}m vbo d}mob gkjk bth}jmovbo ikw bwcwvmovmw) ‟|btmgm r}m b|mobw mwvâo b|tmofcmofk‛ tmgibjb bih}cmo/ A}m covmtmwbovm qmt r}m mo ib movtbfb fmi
|bovm÷o mwvbdb gkikgbfb }ob motbjbfb |bvtkgcobfb |kt ib gmtqmgmtêb G}b}`vãjkg/ Biiê `bdêb }o mp|mofck fm gbh}bjbw) bh}bw s tmatmwgkw/ Mtb }ob k|ktv}ocfbf) |btb mi gkjcvã fm |bftmw fm abjcicb fm ib mwg}mib wmg}ofbtcb) |btb kdvmomt jâw akofkw/ Cogi}wk `bdêb kvtbw |mtwkobw r}m vbjdcão iimqbtko |tkf}gvkw |btb qmofmt) |mtk ib |tmamtmogcb mtb gko mi gkjcvã fm |bftmw fm abjcicb/
Mo mi gmovtk fmi |bovm÷o mwvbdb }ob gt}~) ib jâw htbofm/ Biiê `bdêb gkikgbfb }ob jmwb gko g}bvtk jbgmvbw fm aiktmw s }ob qmib mo mi gmovtk fm gbfb jbgmvb/ Gbwc vkfkw ikw r}m iimhbdbo fmnbdbo aiktmw s qmibw k qmibfktbw) mo mi i}hbt gkjþo) |btb ibw bijbw r}m ok mwvâo mo mwvm i}hbt/ @bdêb }ob |mtwkob mogbthbfb fm r}m ibw qmibw ok wm b|bhbtbo/
¢Mtb }ob acmwvb" Vkfkw |ktvbdbo tk|bw mimhbovmw |btb ib kgbwc÷o) mwvbdb ib dbofb fm jþwcgb) ib gmtqm~b) ikw tmatmwgkw s mi bjdcmovm |tk|cgck |btb ib acmwvb/ Ok abivbdb r}cmo qbgcibdb mo dbcibt bi tcvjk fm ib jþwcgb/ Mtb }o i}hbt fm mog}movtk) dbnk }o gkjþo fmokjcobfkt> mi f}mik/ Mi gkj|bftm wbi}fb b ib gkjbftm s |tmh}ovb |kt w}w `cnkw) gkjmovb kvtbw |bibdtbw s wm fmw|cfm/ Ib jbftm) ib `mtjbob) ib bd}mib) ib qmgcob k bih}ob kvtb j}nmt katmgmo aiktmw s qmibw b ibw v}jdbw fm ibw abjcicbtmw s bjchkw/ \btmgcmtb r}m mi bgvk fm bfktobt ibw v}jdbw a}mtb bw}ovk mpgi}wcqk fm ibw j}nmtmw5 ikw `kjdtmw jcmovtbw vbovk |ibvcgbo s vkjbo gmtqm~b/
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A}m okvktck qmt iimhbt bi |bovm÷o b }o ht}|k fm n÷qmomw/ Bovmw fm gt}~bt mi |ktv÷o) gkj|tbtko gbh}bjbw s wm ibw katmgcmtko) mo qm~ fm aiktmw s qmibw) b }o bjchk fca}ovk/ Wm r}mfbtko b`ê f}tbovm j}g`k vcmj|k) dmdcmofk) |ibvcgbofk s tcmofk/ Mtbo ikw fm ib dbofb 31 htbfkw 72/ Gkoaktjm mi wki wm kg}ivbdb) ibw i}gmw fm ibw qmibw s qmibfktbw wm `bgêb jâw okvktck/ B |btvct fm mwvk wm |kfêbo kdwmtqbt ibw v}jdbw r}m jâw qmibw s qmibfktbw vmoêbo) wm vtbvbdb fm ikw fca}ovkw jâw tmgcmovmw/ Gbwc vkfbw ibw |mtwkobw katmgmo qmibw s aiktmw bi r}m ‟b|mobw wm a}m‛/ Ib dbofb fm jþwcgb gkovcoþb vkgbofk/ Gbfb gbogc÷o v}qk }o |tmgck fm qmcovm |mwkw/
Ibw gbogckomw r}m wm vkgbo wko ibw r}m mi fca}ovk |tmamtêb s wm |}mfmo |mfct ibw r}m mi |tmw}|}mwvk bigbogm b |bhbt/
Gkoaktjm |bwb mi vcmj|k) ibw qmibw s qmibfktbw wm bhkvbo/ Bih}okw sb |cmowbo mo tmhtmwbt b gbwb) kvtkw) ikw jâw cj|}ov}bimw) b|mobw qbo iimhbofk/ R}cmomw dmdcmtko gmtqm~b gbfb qm~ wm okvbo jâw ‟bimhtmw‛/ Gbwc wko ibw 0><< fm ib okg`m) `ktb fmi tmhtmwk/ J}g`kw gkjmovbo ik `mtjkwk r}m wm qm mi |bovm÷o) ‟knbiâ bwê a}mtb vkfkw ikw fêbw‛/
7/22/ Mi têk Mi têk fm Wbovb Jbtêb mw mi r}m |kt ik hmomtbi jbovcmom mi bh}b |kt jâw vcmj|k/ Bih}obw |mtwkobw fm kvtkw |kdibfkw iimhbo b dbòbtwm s fcqmtvctwm/ Abjcicbw movmtbw wm r}mfbo vkfk }o fêb dbnk ibw wkjdtbw fm ikw âtdkimw) n}ovk bi bh}b/ Bih}obw j}nmtmw b|tkqmg`bo |btb ibqbt tk|b/ Wm kdwmtqbo ht}|kw br}ê s biiâ/ Ikw n÷qmomw wko r}cmomw bfmjâw fm dbòbtwm s |bwbt }o d}mo tbvk wcmj|tm iimqbo gkowchk gmtqm~b k g}bir}cmt kvtk
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Qmt mi b|btvbfk fmfcgbfk b miikw mo mi gb|êv}ik CQ/
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vc|k fm dmdcfbw bigk`÷icgbw/ Cogi}wk ikw n÷qmomw fm ibw mwg}mibw) wkdtm vkfk wmg}ofbtcb s |tm|btbvktcb) b|tkqmg`bo |btb ct bi têk/ Mi têk mw ib a}movm fm bh}b g}bofk `bs bihþo fmw|mtamgvk gko mi wcwvmjb fm bh}b |kvbdim/
Aco fm wmjbob y Akvk> I}cw
Kvtb bgvcqcfbf r}m wm tmbic~b mo vmj|ktbfbw) mw ib |mwgb fm g`bgbimw 74) r}m bd}ofb wkdtm vkfk mo ibw |tcjmtbw ii}qcbw a}mtvmw/ Gbwc wcmj|tm wm tmbic~b mo ht}|kw k |btmnbw/ Ibw j}nmtmw bf}ivbw qbo mo ht}|kw) bvtb|bo ikw g`bgbimw gko g`bgbijbvm) }o vc|k fm tmf |mr}mòb) mo }o mpvtmjk bvbfk gko }o ÷qbik fm dmn}gk/ Wkdtm vkfk bhbttbo g`bgbi |btb mi 74
Wko }ob mw|mgcm fm gt}wvâgmkw r}m qcqmo mo ikw têkw fm bh}b f}igm) |btmgcfb b ikw gbjbtkomw/ Vbjdcão wm imw iibjb bgkgcimw) g`bgbicomw k ibohkwvbw fm têk/
3=
bicjmovk/ G}bofk ibw wmòktbw tmhtmwbo bih}obw vtbmo imòb |btb mi a}mhk/ Ikw jâw n÷qmomw) `kjdtmw mo w} jbsktêb) qbo mo |btmnbw/ Ãwvkw mo gbjdck ikw bvtb|bo gko ib bs}fb fm }o qcwkt s bt|÷o s d}wgbo ikw g`bgbimw jâw htbofmw5 sb r}m wko qmofcfkw |kt fkgmob mo bih}okw tmwvb}tbovmw fm ib gkj}ocfbf/
7/24/ ‟Mi a}v‛ s ‟mi dmcw‛ ‟Ib |btvm |kwcvcqb fm ikw n÷qmomw U‡Z mwvâ moakgbfk jâw bi fm|ktvm‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk) 6<#/
Mi a}vdki s mi dmcwdki gkowvcv}smo ikw fm|ktvmw abqktcvkw fm ib tmhc÷o) vbovk) r}m wm `bo
cj|imjmovbfk fcwvcovkw vktomkw/ Fmwfm ikw coabovcimw `bwvb ib gbvmhktêb icdtm/ Mo mi a}vdki vbjdcão `b `bdcfk ichbw |btb j}nmtmw/ Bjdkw n}mhkw wm `bo gkoqmtvcfk mo ib fcqmtwc÷o |tmamtcfb |btb j}g`bw |mtwkobw> `kjdtmw jbsktmw) n÷qmomw ‗ j}nmtmw j}nmtmw s `kjdtmw* s bih}obw j}nmtmw jbsktmw/ Vkfk wm n}mhb f}tbovm mi aco fm wmjbob) wâdbfkw s fkjcohkw/ Gbdm jmogckobt r}m mo ib gkj}ocfbf `bs vtmw gbj|kw fm dmcwdki gko w}w tmw|mgvcqkw mr}c|kw s fkw mr}c|kw jâw fm a}vdki) vbovk mo ib ichb n}qmoci gkjk mo ib icdtm/ ]o mr}c|k fm a}vdki amjmoci s }o mr}c|k coabovci fm dmcwdki/
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\tbgvcgbofk dmcwdki y Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb/
Bgv}bijmovm mi qkimcdki vbjdcão mwvâ gkdtbofk jbskt cj|ktvbogcb/ Wm `bdêbo `mg`k |btvcfkw bovmtcktjmovm |mtk mwvk ok |bwbdb fm }ob wmjbob fm n}mhkw |kt ib vbtfmw/ B`ktb qcmomo mr}c|kw fm kvtbw gkj}ocfbfmw b n}hbt/ Wm im mwvâ fmfcgbofk jâw vcmj|k) wkdtm vkfk mo qbgbgckomw/ Mi mr}c|k tmvbfkt r}m jâw qmgmw `b fcw|}vbfk }o |btvcfk gko mi mr}c|k ikgbi *‟ibw wvbtw‛ 77* mw ‟ibw gtb~shctiw‛ ) }o mr}c|k fm ib gkj}ocfbf fmi Gks}i gkoaktjbfk mo w} jbsktêb |kt `kjkwmp}bimw/
R}cmomw n}mhbo jâw bi qkimcdki wko |mtwkobw r}m ok |tbgvcgbo kvtk fm|ktvm/ ]o ht}|k fm wmòktbw vbjdcão wm `b }ocfk b mwvm fm|ktvm) cogi}wk wm aktj÷ kvtk mr}c|k) Wbovb Gt}~) gko }o mw|bgck |tk|ck |btb mwm fm|ktvm/ Ikw |tcjmtkw n}mhkw vmoêbo mog}movtk mo ib gbog`b i kw fm ‟qkic‛ s ikw j}ocgc|bi) ib þocgb gko i}gmw/ Ok abivbtko ikw |imcvkw s ibw bjmob~bw movtm ikw 77
Okjdtm |tk|}mwvk) mo wmòbi fm wbtgbwjk) |kt kvtkw n÷qmomw r} cmomw n}mhbo jâw bi a}vdki/
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fm ‟a}v‛ tâ|cfk/ Cogi}wcqm mo }ob kgbwc÷o ikw fm ‟a}v‛ wmiibtko gko gmjmovk ikw bh}nmtkw
fkofm wm gkikgbo ikw |kwvmw |btb ib tmf fmi qkimcdki/ A}m }o vtbdbnk coþvci |ktr}m bi wch}cmovm fêb) ikw n÷qmomw fmi mr}c|k Wvbtw ikhtbtko fmwvb|btikw/
7/24/2/ ‟Mi a}vdki mw jâw |btb ikw n÷qmomw‛ Ib qcfb fm ib n}qmov}f mo ib tmhc÷o ok wm |}mfm movmofmt wco ibw ichbw fm a}vdki/ Bfmjâw fm vmomt }o fêb s `ktb mw|mgêacgkw |btb fcw|}vbt mi |btvcfk) vbjdcão wm mwvâ fmacocmofk mi vcmj|k mo r}m ikw n÷qmomw vmnmtâo tmibgckomw a}mtb fmi |btvcfk s a}mtb fmi mw|bgck abjcicbt/ ]o i}hbt fkofm gkjþojmovm w÷ik bwcwvmo n÷qmomw ‗ `kjdtmw `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw*/ Mw }ob k|ktv}ocfbf |btb wbict fm gbwb) |btb fcqmtvctwm) |btb ‟mg`bt fmwjbftm‛) sb r}m ocohþo
bf}ivk mwvbtâ b`ê |btb tm|tkg`bt bih}ob bggc÷o/ ‟Mi a}vdki mw ik jâpcjk‛) ‟mi a}vdki mw vkfk‛5 bwê mw gkjk ikw bf}ivkw qmo b ikw n÷qmomw) gkjk |mtwkobw fmwcovmtmwbfbw fm ikw |tkdimjbw wkgcbimw s w÷ik covmtmwbfbw mo mi fm|ktvm/
N}qmov}w) mr}c|k amjmoci fm Wbovb Jbtêb) hbob mi vktomk fm a}vdki/ Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb
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\kt ik hmomtbi mo gbfb gkj}ocfbf `bs fkw k jâw mr}c|kw fm a}vdki s gbfb }ok gko w}w |tk|ckw wmh}cfktmw/ Gbfb wâdbfk wm bo}ogcbo ‗ gkjk gkjk vkfk) b vtbqãw fmi jmhâakok* ikw |btvcfkw fm ib ichb n}qmoci) wc wbiftâo b n}hbt b kvtb gkj}ocfbf k |btb tm}octwm mo mi gbj|k fm a}vdki/ Mi n}mhk gkjcmo~b b ibw 21 `ktbw s vmtjcob b ibw 20 `ktbw) b|tkpcjbfbjmovm/ Mo gbfb |btvcfk wm fcw|}vbo) bfmjâw fm ikw |}ovkw) mi kth}iik fm |mtvmomgmt b ib gkj}ocfbf fm ktchmo5 sb r}m gbwc ok wm |tmh}ovb r}cão mr}c|k hbo÷) wcok r}ã gkj}ocfbf wbic÷ qcgvktckwb/
Mi fkjcohk) b ib jcwjb `ktb) n}mhbo ikw mr}c|kw fm ib ichb icdtm/ Br}ê mi mw|bgck s ibw tmibgckomw wm vmnmo fm jâw |mtwkobw) cogi}wk fm abjcicbw movmtbw5 sb r}m bih}okw jbtcfkw n}mhbo mo bihþo mr}c|k/ Bfmjâw wm fmdm b r}m bovmw fm gkjmo~bt mi |btvcfk fm a}vdki) acobic~÷ mi n}mhk fm dmcwdki/ Ikw jâw acmimw b ikw mr}c|kw kdwmtqbo mi |btvcfk n}ovk b ibw ‟dbogbw‛ r}m mw|mtbo bowckwbw |kt n}hbt5 s r}cmomw w÷ik qcmomo b fcqmtvctwm ik `bgmo dbnk ib
wkjdtb fm ikw âtdkimw/ Jcmovtbw wm qm mi |btvcfk) bih}okw vkjbo gmtqm~b) kvtkw |ibvcgbo gko bjchkw s ikw jâw |mr}mòkw fcw|}vbo vbjdcão }o |btvcfk b }o ibfk fm ib gbog`b kacgcbi/
Gkovtbfcggc÷o y Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb/
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7/24/4/ Mi dmcwdki Mw mi fm|ktvm r}m jâw wmh}cfktmw vcmom mo ib tmhc÷o) bi r}m wm im fmfcgb vkfk }o fêb fm tcv}bi/ Ikw |btvcfkw wm n}mhbo ikw fkjcohkw) gkjcmo~bo movtm ibw 22 s 24 `ktbw/ G}bofk ib ichb b|mobw gkjcmo~b w÷ik qbo ikw covmhtbovmw fm ikw mr}c|kw s bih}okw bacgckobfkw/ Ik covmtmwbovm mw g}bofk wm n}mhbo ikw |ibs*kaaw/ @bs abjcicbw r}m iimhbo bi gbj|k bovmw r}m mi n}mhk gkjcmogm/ Vtbmo fm vkfk/ Gkjcfb) gmtqm~b) bovkncvkw) wciibw) wkjdtciibw) cogi}wk bih}ob `bjbgb |btb r}m mi dmdã f}mtjb/
Mo mwvb mvb|b fm ib ichb j}g`bw |mtwkobw b|tkqmg`bo |btb qmofmt/ Gmtqm~b) wkdtm vkfk) gkjcfb s tmatmwgkw/ B}or}m wm |tk`cdc÷ r}m |btvcg}ibtmw qmofcmtbo gmtqm~b) sb r}m w÷ik mi mr}c|k ikgbi vcmom mwm fmtmg`k/ Wco mjdbthk) j}g`bw |mtwkobw bth}jmovbo r}m |tmacmtmo ‟jkfmikw‛ s ok ‟gbh}bjbw‛/ Ikw ikgbimw w÷ik qmofmo ‟gbh}bjbw‛/
Mo mwvkw |btvcfkw `bs jâw bacgckobfkw jbsktmw ‗ `kjdtmw `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw*/ Bih}okw n÷qmomw vbjdcão bwcwvmo |mtk mi oþjmtk ok w}|mtb bi fm ikw jbsktmw/ Ikw `kjdtmw wm n}ovbo gko bjchkw) vkjbo gmtqm~b s |ibvcgbo/ Ibw j}nmtmw vbjdcão wm tmþomo s gkjmovbo mi |btvcfk) mo kgbwckomw vbjdcão ‟wm mg`bo }o vtbhk‛/ R}cmomw n}mhbo bi dmcwdki wko |mtwkobw r}m mo
vkfb ib wmjbob vtbdbnbo s w÷ik |tbgvcgbo) bih}okw qcmtomw s wâdbfk) |mtk ib jbsktêb w÷ik ik `bgm ikw wâdbfkw/ \kt }o vcmj|k wm vmoêb |mtjcvcfk gkovtbvbt n}hbfktmw ‟mpvtbonmtkw ‛76|mtk b`ktb wm icjcv÷ b r}m w÷ik n}mh}mo |mtwkobw fm ib tmhc÷o/
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N}hbfktmw ‐Mpvtbonmtkw– mo mi wmovcfk r}m ok |mtvmomgmo b ib tmhc÷o g`kovbi s qmoêbo |tcogc|bijmovm fm Wbicob Gt}~) N}g`cvâo s Mw|cobi/
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Fmovtk fm ikw mr}c|kw vbjdcão `bs n÷qmomw) b}or}m wko |kgkw/ Wco mjdbthk) `}dk }ob ichb fm dmcwdki n}qmoci) ib g}bi ok |tkw|mt÷/ ‟Gmtqmgmtkw‛) ‟Nbtfcomtkw‛ s ‟Vcd}tkomw‛ wko ikw mr}c|kw fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Ikw r}m vcmomo jâw vcmj|k wko ‟Gmtqmgmtkw‛ s ‟Vcd}tkomw‛5
gkjk wm fcgm mo mi a}vdki* mw ‟Vcd}tkomw‛ qw ‟Nbtfcomtkw‛ mw jâw tmgcmovm/ Mi giâwcgk ‗ gkjk ‟Gmtqmgmtkw‛) fkofm bfmjâw fm fcw|}vbtwm }o n}mhk) wm |kom mo mqcfmogcb ib aktvbim~b s
fmdcicfbf fm ibw abjcicbw fm n}hbfktmw/ Mi oktvm qw mi w}t/ Mwvkw mr}c|kw fm dmcwdki wm covmhtbo jâw |kt abjcicbtmw/ Tcqbicfbf mo ib gbog`b r}m wm mpvcmofm mo mi |þdicgk gko cow}ivkw s htcvkw/ ‟Nbtfcomtkw‛ w}thc÷ fm }o mr}c|k fm ib ichb n}qmoci) covmhtbfk jmokw |kt jbsktmw/ d t}nkw‛ 7/24/7/ Ibw acobimw> ‟}ob h}mttb fm dt}nkw‛
Fcw|}vbtwm }ob acobi) sb wmb fm dmcwdki k fm a}vdki) vcmom w}w tcmwhkw/ Ibw gbog`bw gkdtbo jâw qcfb) jâw cow}ivkw) jâw omtqckwcwjk) ib qcfb gkjþo wm wm|btb s w÷ik wm qcqm |btb mwm jkjmovk) |btb b|ksbt bi mr}c|k fm ib gkj}ocfbf b ib r}m wm |mtvmomgm s fmamofmt mi kth}iik/ B}or}m mwvkw n}mhkw wm iimqmo b gbdk dbnk ibw oktjbw s gko mi mr}c|k tmr}mtcfk) gbfb ht}|k vcmom w} ‟dt}nk‛) }ob |mtwkob r}m mw gb|b~ fm fmdcicvbt bi mr}c|k gkovtbtck s `bgmt hbobt bi w}sk/ Ok abivbo ikw gkjmovbtckw) g}bofk mw }ob d}mob n}hbfb mo mi a}vdki k }o `kjm tko mo mi dmcwdki) r}m ‟mwk mw |kt mi dt}nk) miikw sb oc n}mhbo‛/
S bwê `b wcfk fmwfm `bgm j}g`k vcmj|k/ Mo gbfb acobi wm g}cfbo ibw gbog`bw) |btb r}m ocoh}ob |mtwkob `bhb vtbdbnkw fm dt}nmtêbw k ‟imqbovm vcmttb‛7=) wm gkj|tb gk|bi) hbiicobw)
`}mqkw) aiktmw s fmjâw gkwbw r}m qbsb b }vcic~bt mi dt}nk/ Wm im fmdm |bhbt dcmo) sb r}m mi mr}c|k gkovtbtck |}mfm katmgmtim jâw fcomtk/ Ib cfmb fmi jcwvcgcwjk) wbgtcacgck s
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Mwvb vcmttb |}mfm ‐vtbdbnbtib– mi dt}nk s fmdcicvbt bi mr}c|k gkovtbtck/
2<2
katmgcjcmovk) r}m mo j}g`kw |}mdikw wm `bgêb |btb r}m `}dcmtb d}mobw ii}qcbw) `b gt}~bfk ikw iêjcvmw/ Mo }o covmovk fm |mfct s katmgmt wm `b tmdbwbfk b ib cfmb fm ib dt}nmtêb/
Mo }ob kgbwc÷o) mo ibw wmjcacobimw fm ib ichb icdtm) jm mogkovtbdb mo }ob gkj}ocfbf gmtgbob b Wbovb Jbtêb s `bdcãofkwm `mg`k j}s okg`m) mw|mtbdb vbpc/ ]o nkqmo wm bgmtg÷ s jm |tmh}ov÷ b fkofm cdb) sk im tmw|kofê/ Ãi bjbdimjmovm jm fcnk> wc r}cmtmw b`ktcvb vm fbjkw }o ‟bqmov÷o‛ gko ib gbjckomvb/ Bhtbfmgcfk im gkovmwvã r}m wê/ Gkovco}bjkw gko ib
|iâvcgb s w}|m r}m mo ib gbjckomvb qcbnbtêb }o mr}c|k fm a}vdki m ctêbo b Têk Wmgk) kvtb gkj}ocfbf fm ib tmhc÷o) b r}ã) ok ik w}|m `bwvb r}m jm w}dê/
¢Gbwc jbvk b ib hbiicob fm }o |cwkv÷o g}bofk w}dê b ib gbjckomvb" Mwvbdb vctbfb mo mi |cwk/ Mi kikt fm ibw `knbw 71 s ibw |iâvcgbw movtm ikw covmhtbovmw fmi mr}c|k jm fcmtko ib cfmb fmi qcbnm/ G}bofk dbnã bih}cmo jâw w}dc÷ gko ikw `}mqkw fm hbiicob r}m vbjdcão imw |cfcmtko/ Mi g`kamt) }o gkokgcfk fmwfm ib |tm|btbvktcb) gkogmfc÷ qmtbgcfbf b jc |mowbjcmovk/
7/27/ Jchtbgc÷o> ‟|‛bi oktvm‛ Ib jchtbgc÷o mw }o |tkgmwk co`mtmovm b ibw wkgcmfbfmw/ ]o gbjcok fm cfb s q}mivb/ Mo ib bgv}bicfbf |btb j}g`kw wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo }ob k|ktv}ocfbf fm gbjdck) fm jmnktb/ ]o w}mòk/ Mo }o |tcogc|ck) bih}obw |mtwkobw fm ib gkj}ocfbf mjchtbtko jâw b Gc}fbf N}âtm~/ Gbfb fcgcmjdtm tmhtmwbdbo fm qcwcvb) vtbêbo tmhbikw s vkfkw ikw `bdcvbovmw fmi |}mdik wbdêbo r}cmomw mtbo/ Biiâ vtbdbnbdbo mo jbr}cibw5 gbfb qm~ jâw |mtwkobw) wkdtm vkfk n÷qmomw) n÷qmomw) wm cogkt|ktbdbo cogkt|ktbdbo b ib acib acib fm ib k|ktv}ocfbf/ k|ktv}ocfbf/
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Mtbo `knbw fm bidb`bgb/ Gkjþojmovm }wbfbw |btb mwvkw tcv}bimw/
2<4
G}bofk momtk iimhbdb) mi 4 ÷ 7) wm fmw|mfêbo s qkiqêbo bi vtbdbnk) b gkovco}bt gkowvt}smofk mi w}mòk/ Bih}okw wch}mo) bþo wco wbdmt |btb g}âofk tmhtmwbt) kvtkw qkiqcmtko s bdtcmtko bihþo omhkgck mo ib gkj}ocfbf/ Wco mjdbthk) mo }o ib|wk fm vcmj|k gktvk) j}g`bw |mtwkobw fmgcfcmtko ct jâw bttcdb) jâw ‟|‛bi oktvm‛/ Vkfb ib |kdibgc÷o wm movmtbdb fm r}cmomw wm cdbo) mo w} jbsktêb `kjdtmw) sb r}m ‟fcgmo r}m mwvâ dcmo fcaêgci |bwbt) `bs r}m gbjcobt j}g`k‛/ Fmw|}ãw bih}okw jbofbdbo iibjbt b w}w mw|kwbw) cogi}wk bih}okw `cnkw
obgcmtko biiâ/ Vbjdcão bih}obw j}nmtmw fmgcfcmtko mj|tmofmt mi qcbnm) b`ktb wm imw `bgm fcaêgci mi tmhtmwk) ‟vcmom r}m `bgmt |b|mimw |b‛ r}m w} `cnk |}mfb qcqct |kt bgâ‛/ Qbo b
Xbw`cohvko) Omx Nmtwms s Gbicaktocb) |tcogc|bijmovm) fkw `mtjbokw mwvâo mo Gbobfâ/
Kvtkw vbjdcão `bo vmocfk r}m mjchtbt |kt ib mwg}mib ‗ mwv}fcbt mwv}fcbt }ob gbttmtb* s `bo fmgcfcfk r}mfbtwm b qcqct biiâ) mo Kbpbgb/ Qbtckw n÷qmomw r}m mwv}fcbdbo biiâ) b`ktb w÷ik qcmomo mo qbgbgckomw) mi vtbdbnk ok |mtjcvm r}mfbtwm vbovk vcmj|k/ Kvtk ht}|k bofb |kt Jmpcgbic) vkfkw fm ib jcwjb abjcicb/ B|mobw wm a}mtko fkw jâw/ Gbwc wcmj|tm ib jkfbicfbf `b wcfk r}m }okw qbo b ‟|tkdbt w}mtvm‛ s wc ãwvb mw d}mob) jbofbo b iibjbt b jâw abjcicbtmw/
7/26/ Jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o Mi |tcogc|bi jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib tmhc÷o mw mi jmhâakok/ Cogi}wk mo bih}obw gkj}ocfbfmw wm bigbo~bo b mwg}g`bt ikw bqcwkw r}m wm fbo mo kvtbw |kdibgckomw/ Ib hmovm wm qkiqc÷ jâw b}fcvcqb/ @}dk }o ht}|k fm n÷qmomw r}m covmovbtko tmbic~bt }o gcom gi}d s r}cwcmtko gkj}ocgbt) b vtbqãw fm gbtvmimw) ik r}m |tmvmofêbo/ Ok a}ogcko÷/ \kgkw wm movmtbtko fmi fêb s `ktb fm ib a}ogc÷o/ Gbwk gkovtbtck g}bofk wm fmgcfc÷ bo}ogcbt) b vtbqãw fmi jmhâakok) ib |miêg}ib r}m wm |tksmgvbtêb/
2<7
Bovmob Vmigmi) wêjdkik fm ib jkfmtocfbf) mtchcfk n}ovk b ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi fm Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib/
Gkjk sb `m fcg`k ibw |tcjmtbw wmòbimw fm vmimqcwc÷o wm fbo mo mi bòk 233= qêb bovmob |btbd÷icgb/ Bgv}bijmovm mi |tkjmfck fm vmimqcwc÷o |kt abjcicb mw fm }ok g ko bggmwk ’icdtm‚ b ikw gbobimw 27 s 8/ B}or}m mo mi bòk 4<22 wm fb mi dkkj fm w}wgtc|vktmw fm QmVq fm Wes sb r}m ib gkovtbvbgc÷o ok vmoêb ocohþo gkwvk s ib jmow}bicfbf bwgmofêb b 213 |mwkw bi jmw/ Ik r}m ok r}cmtm fmgct r}m wm `bsb fmnbfk fm qmt Vq B~vmgb) wkdtm vkfk ib dbttb |tkhtbjâvcgb fm ib vbtfm s okg`m fmi gbobi 27/ Ib wmòbi fm vmimqcwc÷o mw mjcvcfb fm }ob bovmob r}m wm mog}movtb mo mi J}ocgc|ck fm Wbovcbhk Bwvbvb/ Mo j}g`bw kgbwckomw wm `bo r}mfbfk wco wmòbi |kt |tkdimjbw gko ib bovmob s mi |bhk) cogi}wk mi j}ocgc|ck `b |mfcfk }ob gkk|mtbgc÷o mgko÷jcgb b ikw vmimqcfmovmw fm Wbovb Jbtêb/
Mi covmtomv bttcd÷ gko w} tmbicfbf qctv}bi) mo mi bòk 4<<3 qêb wbvãicvm s ib wmòbi fmi vmiãakok gmi}ibt ik `c~k mo mi jmw fm jbt~k fmi 4<2
2<6
|}mfm gkow}jct mi covmtomv/ ‟Gcdmt Cofm|mofmogcb‛ s ‟Gcdmt Wbovcbhk‛/ Ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo
jbskt bggmwk b mwvkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o gkj|btbfk gko mi bggmwk r}m v}qcmtko w}w |bftmw/ Mw mo mwvm jkjmovk g}bofk ib mowmòbo~b vcmom }ob dc*fctmggckobicfbf) gkjk mp|icgb Amcpb (4<<7#) mo w} btvêg}ik Fmi tmikn fm btmob btm ob bi tmikn fchcvbi) bi `bgmt ib bobikhêb gko mi tmikn fchcvbi) fkofm ikw `cnkw a}ohmo gkjk mf}gbfktmw wkdtm ibw o}mqbw `mttbjcmovbw vmgoki÷hcgbw |btb ikw |bftmw5 vmgokikhêb cobggmwcdim s fmwgkokgcfb |btb ib jbsktêb fm ãwvkw/ Vbovk ikw |bftmw mf}gbo b w}w `cnkw) gkjk vbjdcão ãwvkw mf}gbo b w}w |bftmw/ J}s fcamtmovm gkjk w}gmfm gko mi tmikn fm btmob fkofm ikw fmwgmofcmovmw tm|cvmo bf coacocv}j mi gkj|ktvbjcmovk bovmtckt/
Ibw wmòbimw fm tbfck iimhbo fm Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk) Mwvãtmk @}bv}igk) 2<7/2 s Ib Qk~ fmi \bgêacgk W}t) 2<4/7) ib þivcjb fm jbskt b}fcmogcb mo ib gkj}ocfbf) b}or}m b`ktb wko |kgkw r}cmomw mwg}g`bo tbfck) |tcogc|bijmovm ibw |mtwkobw jbsktmw/ Tbfck Gkicdtê cocgc÷ vtbowjcwckomw mo mi bòk 4<22 mo mi j}ocgc|ck fm Wbo \mftk @}bjmi}ib/ Fmdcfk b w} dbnb |kvmogcb wko |kgkw r}cmomw wch}mo w}w mjcwckomw/
Fmw|}ãw fm gkokgmt mi gkovmpvk wkgcbi fm Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib s ib g}iv}tb fm ib tmhc÷o g`kovbi) jm gmovtbtã b`ktb mo ikw w}nmvkw fm mwv}fck> ikw n÷qmomw/ Jmogckoã r}m mwvb mvb|b mw tmibvcqb mo ib mfbf fmdcfk b r}m w} gkowvt}ggc÷o mw |tcogc|bijmovm fm ktchmo wkgcbi/ \kt vbovk ik fmwvbgbdim movkogmw wmtâ mi wchocacgbfk fm ibw bggckomw fm ikw n÷qmomw s ibw tmibgckomw r}m wm vmnmo fmovtk s a}mtb fmi mw|bgck wkgcbi/
2<=
Gb|êv}ik CQ/ N}qmov}f> ‟r}cmomw im mg`bo hbobw s r}cmomw imw qbim jbftmw‛ Ik r}m `bs fm o}mqk `ks mo ib n}qmov}f) s r}m wm `bgm sb |tmwmovm mo ib wmowcdcicfbf fmi bfkimwgmovm) mw ib |mtgm|gc÷o b}o kwg}tb s fmwgkogmtvbfb fm }ob tmkthboc~bgc÷o |tka}ofb mo ikw jkfmikw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o> oc ikw |bftmw gkowvcv}smo mi |bvt÷o*mnm fm ibw gkof}gvbw) oc ib mwg}mib mw mi þocgk i}hbt imhcvcjbfk fmi wbdmt) oc mi icdtk mw mi gmovtk r}m btvcg}ib ib g}iv}tb/
Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk (4<<4#
6/2/ Qcqct mo }o |}mdik J}g`k fm g÷jk wm qcqm mo }ob tmhc÷o fm|mofm) mo htbo |btvm) fmi mgkwcwvmjb r}m |tmqbimgm/ Fm ib tmibgc÷o k tmibgckomw r}m wm aktjmo movtm ibw jcwjbw |mtwkobw s ib obv}tbim~b/ ‟Ibw qmovbnbw fm qcqct mo }o |}mdik mw r}m vmomjkw j}g`b icdmtvbf) |kfmjkw bofbt br}ê) wc mw |kwcdim) vkfb ib okg`m s bjbomgmt) ok gkttmjkw |michtk‛ (Ib}tb) 47#/ Ib qcfb mo mi |}mdik w}gmfm jâw imovb r}m mo ib gc}fbf) ‟j}s vtbor}cib) fmjbwcbfk fctêb sk) ok
`bs j}g`bw gkwbw |btb fcqmtvctvm k bi jmokw fcqmtwc÷o gkjk wm mwvâ bgkwv}jdtbfk mo ib Gt}gmgcvb 78‛ (Miwb) 42#/
‟Mwvbjkw) k wmb) vkfk vtbor}cik) vkfk dcmo) ok `bs) mwvm) |}mw) `bwvb mi jkjmovk r}m wm
kchb r}m `}dk }o bwmwcobvk k `}dk }o bwbivk |kt |btvm fm |mtwkobw fm ib gkj}ocfbf) mwvbjkw `bwvb b`ktcvb) j}s vtbor}cikw) |kfmjkw |bwmbt icdtmw) g}bir}cmt |mtwkob r}m iimh}m |}mfm vtbowcvbt |kt vkfbw ibw gbiimw fm ib gkj}ocfbf s ok im w}gmfm) bdwki}vbjmovm) obfb |ktr}m sk gkowcfmtk b ibw |mtwkobw j}s bjbdimw‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk)
6<#/
‟Ib qcfb mw vtbor}cib) vkfk j}ofk wm gkokgm) `bs d}mob tmibgc÷o) `bs bjcwvbf gko ikw
qmgcokw s gko ikw ok qmgcokw‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
78
Bwê vbjdcão wm im iibjb bi fmwbttkiik v}têwvcgk fm Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk/
2<1
Ib fmwgtc|gc÷o fm ib tmibgckomw gko ‟ikw qmgcokw s gko ikw ok qmgcokw‛) mw fmgct) gko vkfb ib
gkj}ocfbf mw d}mob/ Gkjk wm bactjb gbwc vkfkw wm gkokgmo) jâw movtm n÷qmomw/ R}cmomw gkjþojmovm wbgbo fm f}fbw b ikw |bftmw wkdtm r}cão mw mi |bftm k mi bd}mik fm br}mi ocòk k nkqmo/ Ib tmibgc÷o r}m wm mwvbdimgm mwvbdimgm gko ikw bf}ivkw wm fb jâw mo mi bjdcmovm fm|ktvcqk/ \kt mnmj|ik mo ib ichb icdtm fm a}vdki s mo mi dmcwdki) fkofm ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw bf}ivkw mw jbskt/
6/4/ N}qmov}f> ‟ib bovmwbib fm ib jbf}tm~‛ Gkjk sb wm `b jmogckobfk ib mvb|b fm ib n}qmov}f mw }ob gkowvt}ggc÷o wkgcbi tmgcmovm) mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw |tâgvcgbjmovm b|mobw wm gkjcmo~b b qcqct/ Wco mjdbthk) wm vcmom ib cfmb r}m ib n}qmov}f mw }ob mvb|b fm |tm|btbgc÷o) fm |mowbt mo mwm a}v}tk ok vbo imnbok r}m mw ib jbf}tm~/ ‟Ib n}qmov}f mo Wbovb Jbtêb |btb ibw |mtwkobw mw
j}s gktvb) ikw g`cgkw mo g}bovk bgbdbo w} wmg}ofbtcb) vbi qm~ mi |ktgmovbnm r}m ib bgbdb) |}mw sb |cmowb mo ib |tm|b) vtbdbnbt k gbwbtwm U ‡Z ib n}qmov}f mw g}bofk b|mobw gkjcmo~b s wm |cmtfmo fm j}g`bw gkwbw) wko jbjâw i}mhk) |b|âw) aktjbo abjcicbw‛ (Miwb) 42#/ B}or}m
mwvb mw ib tmbicfbf fm j}g`kw n÷qmomw mo ib tmhc÷o) ok kdwvbovm wm tmaimnb ib |tmkg}|bgc÷o |kt ib tmw|kowbdcicfbf mo qbtckw fm miikw/
‟]ob mvb|b |kt ib r}m |bwbjkw vkfkw) bovmw fm ibo~btokw fm iimok gkovtb U‡Z mi j}ofk fm tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw r}m mw ib jbf}tm~ U‡Z wmtêb gkjk r}m ib bovmwbib fm) k ib |}mtvb
r}m mwvâ bovmw fm bfmovtbtokw fm iimok b vkfk mwk) vkfb mwvb bqmov}tb r}m mw ib qcfb) vkfk ik r}m gkoiimqb) ik d}mok) ik jbik) ibw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw) ibw kdichbgckomw) ibw fcqmtwckomw) wmtêb ib n}qmov}f }o j}ofk) }ob mvb|b fkofm }ok wm |kom b mp|mtcjmovbt s b mp|mtcjmovbt s b mp|mtcjmovbt) gkokgmt) gkokgmt) gkokgmt5 |tkdbt) |tkdbt) |tkdbt) wm qb fmacocmofk |btvm fm ik r}m) ik r}m qbjkw `bgmt mo mi a}v}tk‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
2<8
‟Fchbjkw mo aktjb aâgci) bdtct mi n}cgck s gkokgmt mi j}ofk) b`ê vm qbw fbofk g}movb
fm vkfk) fm vkfk v} bitmfmfkt) fm v} movktok) wkdtm r}m `bs s r}m ok `bs) mw g}bofk wm gkokgmo ibw |btmnbw U‡Z gkokgmw jâw) movcmofmw jâw b ikw bf}ivkw s jâw b ikw ocòkw5 ikw ocòkw |ktr}m vþ |bwbwvm |kt mwb mvb|b s ikw bf}ivkw |kt ik r}m qcmom‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/
Wm vcmom ib cfmb r}m ib n}qmov}f wmtêb ib mvb|b fkofm wm |t}mdbo ibw gkwbw/ Mi jkjmovk fkofm gbdmo ibw mr}cqkgbgckomw s wm |}mfm mj|m~bt kvtb qm~/ Mp|mtcjmovbt s |tkdbt) bovmw fm movtbt fm iimok bi j}ofk fm ibw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw> ib mvb|b bf}ivb/
Gkoqcmom) |btb movmofmt jmnkt) fcwvcoh}ct ibw mvb|bw) |tmqcb s bovmtckt fm ib n}qmov}f) fm }ob |mtwkob5 qcwvb fmwfm ib |mtw|mgvcqb ikgbi s wkdtm vkfk gkokgmt ib b}vk |mtgm|gc÷o fm wmt nkqmo) ‟]o nkqmo wm fcwvcoh}m kdqcbjmovm fm }o bf}ivk |kt mi `mg`k fm mwvbt mo gkovco}k
b|tmofc~bnm) mo gkovco}k) mi |tkdbt o}mqbw gkwbw) mi mwvbt wcmj|tm bgvcqk) mi vmomt mo wê tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw |mtk r}m ok iimqbo jâw biiâ fm w} |mtwkob) mi `mg`k fm r}mtmt mj|tmofmt o}mqbw gkwbw) fm |kfmtwm mr}cqkgbt s qkiqmt b tmvkjbt mi gbjcok k tmbo}fbt w}w |ibomw s }o bf}ivk sb mw) mo wê sb |cmowb gkjk) vcmom dbnk w} tmw|kowbdcicfbf kvtbw |mtwkobw s vcmom r}m |mowbt fkw qmgmw bovmw fm bgv}bt ok) ok gkjk }o nkqmo‛ (Miwb) 42#/
‟Mi ocòk |}mw qb b ib mwg}mib) wbim fm ib mwg}mib b ib gbwb) b ik jmnkt s wbim b |bwmbt |mtk
wcmj|tm) wcmj|tm ik vcmomo qchcibfk) }o nkqmo |}mw ok) }o nkqmo |}mw im qbim jbftm fctêb sk |ktr}m) d}mok ok vkfkw |mtk |}mw mw ik r}m |bwb j}g`k |bwb vkfk mi vcmj |k‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#) ‟}o bf}ivk ok qcqm ib qcfb vbo ich`v gkjk }o nkqmo‛ (Miwb) 42#/ ‟]o ocòk wm moakgb) ok wã) ibw gbtcgbv}tbw) wm moakgb mo ib jþwcgb mwvm) ok vbovk
coabovcimw wcok jâw) jâw vtbor}cib) jþwcgb ok wã) TDF) Dmicofb) ikw ocòkw fm 225 s sb }o nkqmogcvk) ok wã) sb im mj|cm~b b h}wvbt jþwcgb tkjâovcgb) sb mwvâ mobjktbfk) vcmom 2<0
}ob okqcb5 ‟ktb wê wks }o nkqmo) nkqmo) sb vmohk icdmtvbf fm wbict sk wkik) |ktr}m g}bofk mwvbw mwvbw
ocòk vm |komo v}w v}w tmhibw) *wbdmw r}m b vbi `ktb vm r}cmtk* s sb g}bofk mtmw nkqmo sb fcgmw }jj jm qks `bwvb ib }ob) fkw) vtmw fm ib jbòbob s sb ok jm cj|ktvb‛ (Gbtikw)
44#/
Mi htbfk fm tmw|kowbdcicfbf |btmgm wmt }ok fm ikw abgvktmw r}m fcwvcoh}m gibtbjmovm b ibw mvb|bw fm ocòm~) n}qmov}f s jbf}tm~/ Mi ocòk w÷ik qcqm mo n}mhkw s kdichbgckomw5 mi nkqmo mo |tm|btbtwm |btb ik r}m qcmom) r}c~â mwb wmtêb w} jbskt tmw|kowbdcicfbf s mi bf}ivk mo bw}jct w}w kdichbgckomw gkjk mw|kwk) |bftm fm abjcicb s gc}fbfbok fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ ‟sk vbi qm~ gibwcacgbtêb bwê) ok vbovk mo ibw mfbfmw wcok mo mi bw|mgvk fm ib tmw|kowbdcicfbf) mo mi bw|mgvk fm gkjk qcqm) |ktr}m w}|kohk r}m mw gkjk }ob aktjb fm qcfb k sb‛ (Miwb) 42#/
6/7/ ‟Ib n}qmov}f fm b`ktb sb ok mw gkjk ib fm bovmw‛ Gkjk wm `b jmogckobfk ib qcfb mo }ob ~kob t}tbi mwvâ iimob fm vtbor}cicfbf s mo btjkoêb gko ib obv}tbim~b) b |btvct fm miik mw r}m wm fmwmoq}miqmo ibw fmjâw bgvcqcfbfmw fm ibw |mtwkobw/ ‟Wm qcqm mo gkj}oc÷o gko ib obv}tbim~b) gko mi jmfck bjdcmovm) m`) mi qcqct mo
}ob gkj}ocfbf |}mw ok vbo htbofm) vkfkw okw gkokgmjkw) `bs) `bs wkicfbtcfbf) `bs b|ksk) wm qcqm fm jbomtb vtbor}cib) ok mw vbo bgmimtbfk gkjk mo kvtkw i}hbtmw‛ (Bovkock) 40#/ ‟‡|}mw ibw h}wvb wbict) k wmb r}m ok mw gkjk bovmw) r}m bovmw mtbo tmw|mv}kwkw s vkfk |mtk ‟`ktcvb sb ok) ‟`ktcvb imw qbim) wbimo |}mw) sb ib n}qmov}f ‟`ktcvb |}mw sb ok mw ib jcwjb‛
(Jbtv`b) 4<#/
Mo ib gkj}ocfbf `bs n÷qmomw r}m mwv}fcbo k vtbdbnbo s r}cmomw oc mwv}fcbo oc vtbdbnbo/ Ikw r}m mwv}fcbo iimqbo }ob qcfb jmokw gkj|icgbfb) qbo b ib mwg}mib) bs}fbo mo gbwb s wm fcqcmtvmo/ Ikw r}m vtbdbnbo wko ikw jâw gbwvchbfkw) imqbovbtwm vmj|tbok) vtbdbnbt dbnk mi wki 2<3
s fcqmtvctwm g}bofk wm vcmom vcmj|k/ Mi oþjmtk fm ikw r}m oc mwv}fcbo oc vtbdbnbo qb mo b}jmovk) vcmomo jâw vcmj|k |btb fcqmtvctwm s gkoqcqct gko ikw bjchkw/ ‟\btb ikw r}m mwv}fcbo jm cjbhcok r}m imw qb jmnkt s b ikw r}m ok) wm fmfcgbo gkjk ib jbsktêb fmi vcmj|k) bih}okw wm fmfcgbo bi gbj|k) j}g`kw vcmomo vmttmokw) b g}cfbt ikw bocjbimw s bih}okw wm wbimo b vtbdbnbt b fcamtmovmw i}hbtmw‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/ ‟Bi mwv}fck) bih}okw bi
mwv}fck) bih}okw bi gbj|k) r}c~âw v} |b|â) ikw r}m vcmomo vmttmok wm fmfcgbo bi gbj|k) b wmjdtbt) b icj|cbt jci|b k) kvtkw ikw n÷qmomw) ok wã) wm qbo bi têk b |mwgbt) g`bgbimw) vkfk s kvtkw |}mw fm n÷qmomw |}mw mj|cm~b o b vtbdbnbt‛ (Gbtikw) 44#/
‟\}mw ib jbsktêb) ib jbsktêb mwv}fcb) ok `bs vbovkw n÷qmomw |mtk U‡Z wm moakgbo jâw)
d}mok |}mw `bwvb b`ktcvb) mo mwvm vcmj|k) |}mw wm moakgbo jâw bi mwv}fck5 wcmj|tm vcmomo r}m bs}fbt mo gbwb ch}bi‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/ ‟]ob |btvm b ib mwg}mib) vcmom r}m g}j|ict gko ibw vbtmbw) ikw fmdmtmw s sb) mo ibw vbtfmw
|}mw wmtêb fm|ktvm) bi a}vdki) b`ktcvb r}m wm |}wk fm jkfb mi qkimcdki) vkfkw ikw fêbw `bs) vkfbw ibw okg`mw `bs |btvcfkw) vbjdcão b mwk wm fmfcgbo s mo |btvmw d}mok wm fcwvtbmo fm kvtbw gkwbw r}m ok wko vbo |tkf}gvcqbw s vbo wbi}fbdimw‛ (Bovkock) 40#/ ‟Fm
ikw r}m wm qbo b ib mwg}mib) |}mw qbo b ib mwg}mib mo ib jbòbob s ib jbsktêb wm n}ovb b }ob `ktb mw|mgêacgb r}m wko ibw 8) r}m mw g}bofk wm mj|cm~bo b jkqcic~bt) bofbo fm br}ê |btb ‟iiâ k bofbo mo n}mhkw k bofbo |ibvcgbofk k bofbo g`cwjmbofk) sk r}m wã ok)
wm bofbo gkovbofk w}w g k w c v b w" k wm bofbo `bgcmofk d}tib‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/
6/6/ N÷qmomw> ‟wm fmfcgbo jâw bi movtmvmocjcmovk‛ Ib fcqmtwc÷o s mi movtmvmocjcmovk gkowvcv}smo }ok fm ikw kdnmvcqkw fm ib n}qmov}f/ Gtmk omgmwbtck `bgmt okvbt ibw fcamtmogcbw movtm ibw |mtwkobw r}m b`ktb vcmomo 7<) 7= bòkw s
22<
ikw n÷qmomw fm b`ktb) g÷jk mwvkw `bo cfk tm|tkf}gcmofk ibw |tâgvcgbw fm w}w bovmgmwktmw s ib jbomtb mo r}m `bo cfk covmhtbofk o}mqbw/ ‟Bovmtcktjmovm U‡Z ib fcqmtwc÷o mtb ct) ctokw) ctokw bi têk) r}m mtb mi vcmj|k r}m vmoêb
bh}b |kt mnmj|ik) mtb ik a}mtvm fm ib fcqmtwc÷o |tâgvcgbjmovm) ok gkovâdbjkw oc gko }o |btr}m) oc gko vmimqcwc÷o) obfb) ctokw bi têk) n}hbt b`ê) bofbt gkttcmofk fm bgâ |b‛iiâ 5 ct |kt imòb) êdbjkw mo ht}|kw) vkfkw ikw g`bqkw s ikw g}bvmw okw êdbjkw U‡Z b tmgkhmt
imòb |}mw mtb vbjdcão |btvm fm) b}or}m mtb }o vtbdbnk |mtk ch}bi wc okw fcqmtvêbjkw |ktr}m ãtbjkw }o ht}|k |}mw5 br}ê wm bgkwv}jdtbdb mo mi têk) |kt mnmj|ik wm |mwgb g`bgbimw) mo mwm vcmj|k ch}bi gbwc vkfk mi ht}|k) ok ik `bgêbjkw |kt |mwgbt wcok mi bw}ovk mtb mwvbt n}ovkw s |bwbtib dcmo‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Mo mwvb obttbvcqb wm kdwmtqb gkjk ibw ibdktmw gkvcfcbobw wm gkoqcmtvmo mo fcqmtwc÷o |btb ikw n÷qmomw fm fm br}miib ã|kgb/ ã|kgb/ Vkfb ib bgvcqcfbf bgvcqcfbf iþfcgb mwvbdb mwvbdb bwkgcbfb gko gko ib obv}tbim~b ‗ mi mi têk) ib |mwgb fm g`bgbimw*) s mi vtbdbnk ‗ ct ct b vtbmt imòb) bgbttmbt bh}b*/ ‟‡mtb kvtb wcv}bgc÷o) `bdêb }ob jmovbicfbf jâw gmttbfb) fkofm imw vkg÷ fmwbttkiibtwm gko jâw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw |ktr}m fmwfm fmwf m ocòkw vmoêbo r}m jbft}hbt |btb gkibdktbt gkibdkt bt gko ibw vbtmbw fmi `khbt‛ `khbt ‛ (Bovkock)
40#/ ‟@mjkw cfk bi gmttk b d}wgbt ch}bobw) fm `mg`k okw `b vkgbfk) kgbwckomw r}m okw vkgb jbvbt qmobfk s vkfk (wkotêm# s wc gbwc jâw |kt fcqmtwc÷o (wkotêm#) ok mw omgmwcfbf) sk ik `bhk jâw |kt fcqmtwc÷o‛ (N}bo) 23#/
222
Mo ibw jbr}cocvbw y Akvk> I}cw
‟ Sb Sb iimh÷ mi a}vdki s gkjk r}m ib n}qmov}f mwvâ jâw jmvcfb‛
Mi a}vdki wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo mi fm|ktvm abqktcvk fm ikw n÷qmomw fm ib tmhc÷o/ @bs fkw ichbw fm a}vdki) }ob mo ib gbvmhktêb n}qmoci fm 2= b 20 bòkw5 ib kvtb mo ib gbvmhktêb icdtm jbsktmw fm 20 bòkw) b}or}m `bs bih}okw fm ib gbvmhktêb n}qmoci r}m n}mhbo mo ib ‟icdtm‛/ ‟Fcqmtvctwm mwk mw ik r}m d}wgbo) mi fcqmtvctwm5 fm|ktvmw) ikw fm|ktvmw k wbict gko ikw g}bvmw bi têk) b ib |ibsb) gbgmtêb) d}mok sb mw vbjdcão) wc fcqcmtvmo b w} jkfk (têm# (Bovkock) 40# / ‟\}mw |btb ikw r}m imw h}wvb mi fm|ktvm) br}ê mw mi a}vdki s mi dmcwdki ib fcqmtwc÷o) wâdbfkw s fkjcohkw) s b ikw r}m imw h}wvb ct U‡Z b ibw |ibsbw i}hbt cfmbi k ikw têkw) wko ib fcqmtwc÷o fm |kt bgâ‛
(Tkibofk) 4<#/
224
Qcmofk a}vdki y Akvk> I}cw
‟Bi ch}bi gkjk wm qm ikw n÷qmomw fm movtm 26 `bwvb 4= bòkw `bgmo U‡Z tmvb70 fm a}vdki)
`bgmo tmvbw fm a}vdki s n}mhbo mo ib gbog`b |ktr}m mi tmwvk fm ibw |btmnbw wm qbo bi |btr}m s ikw ocòkw wm r}mfbo n}hbofk jbr}cocvbw‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/ ‟Wm aktjbo ichbw n}qmocimw) ichbw fm
a}vdki) dmcwdki s mwvm) fm fkw gbvmhktêbw fchbjkw) fm ocòkw s fm bf}ivkw U‡Z s gbfb wâdbfk wm `bgmo vktomkw s wm fmfcgbo bi n}mhk) bi ch}bi r}m mi dmcwdki) br}ê gkjk mw gkokgcfk mo dmcwdki wm qb ib jbsktêb bi dmcwdki‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/ Gbdm jmogckobt r}m fm i}omw b qcmtomw
fmw|}ãw fm ibw vbtmbw bgbfãjcgbw s fm gbwb ikw n÷qmomw wm tmþomo mo ib gbog`b |btb n}hbt a}vdki tâ|cfk k qkimcdki s ikw wâdbfkw s fkjcohkw wm gkogmovtbo jâw ‗ bih}okw bih}okw |btb n}hbt s
70
Tmhckobicwjk }wbfk gkjk w}wvbovcqk mo mi r}m fkw mr}c|kw n}mhbo s }o vmtgmtk k jâw kdwmtqbo/ G}bofk }ok fm ikw fkw mr}c|kw |cmtfm) gmfm w} i}hbt bi vmtgmtk |btb gkovco}bt mi n}mhk/ Mo mwvm gkovmpvk wm }wb jâw mo mi a}vdki/ Ikw mr}c|kw wko fm gcogk covmhtbovmw (|}mfmo wmt jâw k jmokw# s wm n}mhb a}vdki tâ|cfk mo ib gbog`b r}m ktchcobijmovm a}m gkowvt}cfb |btb n}hbt dbwr}mvdki/
227
kvtkw gkjk mw|mgvbfktmw* mo ikw gbj|kw fm a}vdki wkggmt/ Bi acobi mi fm|ktvm wm gkoqcmtvm mo mi |tmvmpvk |btb ib tm}oc÷o fm ikw n÷qmomw/
N}hbofk a}vdki y Akvk> I}cw
¶Ikw `kjdtmw vcmofmo jâw b tm}octwm r}m ibw j}nmtmw‛
Fm vkfkw ikw fêbw s vbtfmw) |tcogc|bijmovm) wm okv÷ ib |kgb |tmwmogcb fm ibw j}nmtmw mo ikw mw|bgckw fm tmgtmbgc÷o gkjk mi |btr}m s ib gbog`b fm dbwr}mvdki/ Ibw j}nmtmw vcmomo r}m mwvbt mo gbwb j}s vmj|tbok) bovmw fm r}m kwg}tm~gb/ Gkjþojmovm movtm ibw = s ibw 8>7< qbo bi gcdmt) b ib vcmofb) b `bgmt vbtmb mo kvtb gkj}ocfbf/ Wko |kgbw r}cmomw |}mfmo iimhbt jâw vbtfm/ Mw j}s |tkdbdim r}m mwvk wm fmdb b r}m miibw
‟gbwc wcmj|tm iimobw fm tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw) fmwfm ib ocòm~ (têm# U‡Z fmwfm g}cfbt bi
`mtjbocvk) ibqbt ikw vtbwvmw) |tm|btbt ib gkjcfb k ct bi jkicok) r}m ibw vktvciibw) vcmomo r}m mwvbt jâw vmj|tbok mo gbwb) mi `kjdtm |}mw im qb fcamtmovm |}mfm iimhbt b ibw 0) 3 226
s ok `bs |tkdimjb |mtk wc }ob j}nmt iimhb b ibw 1) 8 s sb i}mhk im bofbo |covbofk (têm# bqmov}tbw |kt b`ê‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
Mwvb mw ib jmovbicfbf r}m wm vcmom tmw|mgvk fm ibw j}nmtmw/ Ok wm |}mfmo mp`cdct oc bofbt mo ibw gbiimw g}bofk sb mw okg`m/ Fmdmo |mtjbomgmt mo gbwb s wc vcmomo r}m wbict fmdmo `bgmtik gko kvtb |mtwkob) }o `mtjbok) |kt mnmj|ik/ ‟Bih}obw wko mpvtkqmtvcfbw |mtk ib jbsktêb wko) fchbjkw r}m) wm h}btfbo jâw) vbovk mo w} covcjcfbf gkjk miibw |ktr}m sk `m qcwvk r}m |kgbw g`cgbw wbimo w bimo s ibw r}m wbimo wko w ko ibw r}m wko ibw jâw mpvtkqmtvcfbw‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/ Ikw
g`cgkw ok) miikw |}mfmo mwvbt jâw vcmj|k a}mtb fm gbwb/ Wm kdwmtqb r}m ibw j}nmtmw ok vcmomo k ok wm imw fb mwm vcmj|k |btb gkoqcqct gko w}w wmjmnbovmw) g}bofk wbimo) mo ibw vbtfmw) gkjþojmovm ik `bgmo gko }o kdnmvcqk> `bgmt vbtmb) ct bi gcdmt k ct bi jbofbfk5 ikw `kjdtmw vbjdcão ik `bgmo wkik r}m miikw wm tmþomo gko ib covmogc÷o fm fcqmtvctwm g}bofk `bsbo vmtjcobfk w}w vbtmbw/
6/=/ N}qmov}f s tmichc÷o Gkjk wm jmogcko÷ }o bj|ick |ktgmovbnm fm ib |kdibgc÷o wm fcgm |mtvmomgmt b ib tmichc÷o gbv÷icgb) mi tmwvk wm fcqcfm mo fkw tmichckomw jâw/ Wco mjdbthk) ikw n÷qmomw wko r}cmomw jmokw bwcwvmo b mwvm vc|k fm tm}ockomw/ Vkfk fm|mofm fm ib abjcicb s fm ib cj|ktvbogcb r}m ãwvb im fã b ib tmichc÷o/ ‟Wc mi gêtg}ik abjcicbt mwvm) mwvâ jmvcfk mo mwm vmjb wm coai}sm mo ikw n÷qmomw |mtk wc ok |}mw fm jbomtb qki}ovbtcb ok) obfcm wm bgmtgb) gbwc obfcm wm bgmtgb) b jmokw r}m }ok wcmovb ib omgmwcfbf fm iimhbt s d}wgbt mi b|ksk mw|ctcv}bi |mtk hmomtbijmovm ok mw vbo gkjþo‛ (Bovkock) 40#5
‟‡ikw n÷qmomw fm|mofm vbjdcão ) |ktr}m `bs qmgmw r}m vm) ib gkwv}jdtm fm ikw) ikw
n÷qmomw g}bofk b }ob gcmtvb mfbf fm ikw 0) 3 bòkw v} jbjâ jbjâ wcmj|tm vm iimqb b ib chimwcb) 22=
vm iimqb) vm iimqb s sb wm vm `bgm gkwv}jdtm U‡Z im vkjbw cj|ktvbogcb U‡Z |mtk wc |kt
mnmj|ik fm ocòk o}ogb vm iimqbtko fm nkqmo jmokw r}cmtmw ct |ktr}m sb vcmomw kvtbw gkwbw r}m `bgmt) sb ok) ok wã k vm qbgcibo v}w bjchkw‛ (Gbtikw) 44#/
Mi r}ã fctâ mi ht}|k fm bjchkw vbjdcão cj|ktvb bi jkjmovk fm bwcwvct b }ob wmgvb tmichckwb) |mtk `bs kgbwckomw mo r}m mwk ok cj|ktvb vbovk) wkdtm vkfk wc qb |kt bih}ob nkqmo mo mw|mgcbi/ ‟Ib cj|ktvbogcb r}m im fbjkw b ib tmichc÷o mw) `bwvb r}m) `bwvb mo r}ã |}ovk okw
vtbmtêbo) b` ok wã) gcmtvkw) k ok wã) r}m okw dmomacgcm jâw mo ik |btvcg}ibt wco cj|ktvbt r}ã vbo fmqkvk wmbjkw) okw gkoaktjbjkw jâw gko mwvbt jmnkt r}m gko tmbijmovm wmovct bihk) bwê r}m ik r}m wm w}|kom fmdm wmt mi qmtfbfmtk jkvcqk ok s wcmovk r}m ikw g`bqkw wc mw r}m qbo s atmg}movbo bih}ob chimwcb mw jâw) d}wgbo vbi qm~ }ob wbicfb) ok wã) }o |}ovk fm vmomt mo gkjþo gko kvtkw g`bqkw U‡Z }o i}hbt k bihk mo gkcogcfmogcb gko ikw fmjâw |btb gkj|btvct) |btb b|tmofmt) ok wã) |btb n}hbt‛ (Miwb) 42#/
Mi gkj|btvct mw|bgck s n}mhkw gko kvtkw n÷qmomw |btmgm wmt ib gb}wb |tcogc|bi |kt ib r}m wm bg}fm b ikw mw|bgckw tmichckwkw/ Ikw n÷qmomw ‟w} tmichc÷o gbwc ok im vkjbo cj|ktvbogcb‛
(Tkibofk) 4<# 5 ‟|kgkw wko ikw r}m‡qbo b ib chimwcb‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/
Ikw Âohmimw fmi \btbêwk
Wko }o ht}|k fm n÷qmomw r}m |mtvmomgmo b ib chimwcb gbv÷icgb/ Wm n}ovbo |btb gbovbt mo jcwb) ct bi têk) vtbdbnbt |btb kdvmomt akofkw) bs}fbt b kvtbw |mtwkobw/ Vbjdcão gkoqcqmo gko n÷qmomw fm kvtbw gkj}ocfbfmw gkj}ocfbfmw fm ib tmhc÷o g}bofk ib |bttkr}cb |bttkr}cb ikw gkoqkgb) fm jbomtb mw|ctcv}bi s fm|ktvcqb/ Br}ê wm kdwmtqb r}cmomw qbo b jcwb ‗ |kgkw* |kgkw* s br}miikw r}m wkik wm b|}ovbo g}bofk `bdtâ gkoqcqmogcb fm|ktvcqb k tmgtmbvcqb/ Bgv}bijmovm mwvâo vtbdbnbofk
221
|btb r}m ibw acmwvbw fmi 24 s 46 fm fcgcmjdtm wm gmimdtmo) d}wgbo jbftcobw) |bftcokw s vkfk ik omgmwbtck |btb ib acmwvb/
6/1/ N}qmov}f s mi gêtg}ik abjcicbt Wm `b jmogckobfk ib jbomtb fm qcqct fmi |}mdik5 }ocfk) wkicfbtck s mo j}v}b gkk|mtbgc÷o/ Mwvb aktjb fm qcfb gkowvcv}cfb wm wch}m tm|tmwmovbofk mo ikw n÷qmomw/ Cogi}wk b ib cowvcv}gc÷o abjcicbt ik vkjbo gkjk }ob dbwm j}s cj|ktvbovm |btb w} fmwbttkiik s mi fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ ‟Vkfbqêb mo ikw |}mdikw |mr}mòkw) vkfbqêb mpcwvm mwm wmovcjcmovk) mwm) ok wã) |kftêb fmgct) vbo b}obfk) vbo |mhbfk b ib abjcicb‛ (Miwb) 42#5 s mwvm kth}iik fm wmt vbo }ocfkw
wm mp|tmwb cogi}wk mo mi ht}|k fm bjchkw/
Br}ê tmwbiv÷ ibw |tâgvcgbw fm ‟ib dbofb fm 31 htbfkw ‛73 r}m `b vtbwgmofcfk jâw biiâ fm ib wcj|im tm}oc÷o s gkoqcqmogcb/ Jâw r}m gkjk ht}|k fm bjchkw) wm `bo }ocfk mo `mtjbofbf s gkj}oc÷o ‟mo ibw d}mobw s mo ibw jbibw‛/ Wco mjdbthk) ok wm kiqcfb r}m movtm ikw g}bvmw wm |}mfm mg`bt ‟fmwjbftm‛ |mtk mo ib abjcicb wm fmdmo fm gkj|ktvbt/ ‟Br}ê wc mo ib abjcicb mw mi oþgimk k mw ik jâw cj|ktvbovm mo ib qcfb fm ikw n÷qmomw‛ (Miwb) 42#5 ‟d}mok mw }o
|}mdik gbwc }ocfk |ktr}m ok vkfkw wm iimqbo U‡Z |mtk ib jbsktêb mw }ocfb |}mw‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/
6/8/ ¶\}mw b`ê) sk `m qcwvk r}m wê) |btb ib mwg}mib wê‛ Ib mwg}mib mw mi mw|bgck fkofm jbsktjmovm wm `b qcwvk gkjk ikw n÷qmomw bibthbo w} wkivmtêb s jbovcmomo }ob tmibgc÷o jâw gmtgbob movtm hãomtkw (Jmomwmw) 4<<4#/ Gkj|btvmo
73
Qmt b|btvbfk 6/24 ‐Ib Dbofb fm ikw 31 htbfkw–/
228
b}ibw) w}mòkw) cfmbw) n}mhkw5 jbovcmomo tmibgckomw fm okqcb~hk s wm aktjbo ikw jmnktmw bjchkw s bjchbw/ ‟Wcmovk r}m mw gkjk mi þocgk jkvkt |btb j}g`kw ct b ib mwg}mib |ktr}m bi acobi fm
g}movbw jcmovtbw) g}bofk wm qcqmo mo }o |}mdik |mr}mòk) gkjk bgâ) movkogmw) b qmgmw ib qcfb hctb mo vktok b ib mwg}mib) |}mw) ibw bgvcqcfbfmw r}m `bgmw mo ib mwg}mib) ibw bgvcqcfbfmw r}m |}mfbo w}thct fm ib mwg}mib) b acobi fm g}movbw ikw ht}|kw wcmj|tm) k ikw bjchkw wcmj|tm wm aktnbo mo ib mwg}mib) movkogmw gkjk) wcmovk r}m mw gkjk mwm |}ovk fm) gkjk ib jbvtc~) gkjk mi |}ovcvk) mi oþgimk fm vkfk ib qcfb wkgcbi) wm |kftêb fmgct) fm ikw n÷qmomw‛ (Miwb) 42#/
Ib mwg}mib mw mi mw|bgck gkjþo fmi fêb b fêb fkofm wm tmbic~bo fcwvcovbw |tâgvcgbw n}qmocimw5 jâw mo ibw wmg}ofbtcbw s |tm|btbvktcbw |ktr}m mw b`ê fkofm wm tmþomo n÷qmomw fm fcwvcovbw gkj}ocfbfmw/
Ib aktjbgc÷o |tcjbtcb s wmg}ofbtcb wm `b q}mivk bihk fm ‟oktjbicfbf‛ |btb j}g`kw bfkimwgmovmw/ Bovmtcktjmovm ct b ib wmg}ofbtcb gkowvcv}êb }o hbwvk ‟moktjm‛ |btb ikw |bftmw
s wm gkoqmtvêb mo kth}iik |btb mi+ib nkqmo mwv}fcbt ib wmg}ofbtcb fmdcfk b r}m fcbtcbjmovm vmoêbo r}m vtbwibfbtwm b ‟@}bjmi}ib‛ k ‟Bwvbvb‛6
tmbic~bt w} mf}gbgc÷o wmg}ofbtcb/ Cogi}wk bih}okw r}m `bdêb fmnbfk fm mwv}fcbt qkiqcmtko b tmvkjbt mi gbjcok/ Fm ch}bi jbomtb qcmomo bi}jokw fm kvtbw gkj}ocfbfmw gkjk> Mi H}bsbgâo) Mi \ktqmoct) Vb|bobiâ) Têk Wmgk) Mi Gks}i s Jkttk Bs}vb/
6<
Bwê wko jâw gkokgcfbw mwvbw g kj}ocfbfmw
220
Ibw hmomtbgckomw fmi GMDMVB s fmi GMGSVM GMGSV M
Mwv}fcbt ib |tm|btbvktcb wchocacgb gkovco}bt gko jâw hbwvkw s bþo jâw mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw5 |kt mwvm jkvcqk ok vkfkw |cmowbo mo mpvmofmt w} |tm|btbgc÷o mf}gbvcqb/ Mi GMDMVB wm a}of÷ mo 2301) wm mog}movtb mo ib gkj}ocfbf fmi Gks}i/ Mi tmgkttcfk |btb iimhbt mw ibthk s |kgkw a}mtko r}cmomw v}qcmtko ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm mwv}fcbt b`ê/ Wco mjdbthk) gko ib a}ofbgc÷o) mo mi bòk 2331) fmi Gkimhck fm Mwv}fckw Gcmovêacgkw s Vmgoki÷hcgkw fmi Mwvbfk fm Kbpbgb mo ib gkj}ocfbf fm Bwvbvb w}thc÷ }ob mw|mtbo~b jâw |btb r}cmomw fmwmbo gkovco}bt mwv}fcbofk/ Wm gkowcfmtb b mwvb mwg}mib gkjk ib jâw mwvtcgvb s fkofm wm ‟tm|t}mdb ‛ jâw/ Bgv}bijmovm jâw n÷qmomw qbo bi GMDMVB |kt w} ‟abgcicfbf‛ |btb |bwbt ikw
mpâjmomw/
Bihk j}s okvktck movtm bjdbw mwg}mibw mw ib hmomtbgc÷o fm n÷qmomw r}m `bo wmh}cfk gko w}w mwv}fckw) b}or}m ok wko j}g`kw ‗ mo mo ib gkj}ocfbf* wê wm okvb ib gkovco}cfbf fm kvtbw hmomtbgckomw r}m `bo g}twbfk s g}twbo mi htbfk fm icgmogcbv}tb/ \tcogc|bijmovm ikw n÷qmomw fm ib hmomtbgc÷o fm 2304 `bgcb bgâ `bo |kfcfk gkovco}bt mwv}fcbofk/ Mo ib gkj}ocfbf wm okvb g÷jk ikw fm mwvb hmomtbgc÷o sb vcmomo }o htbfk fm icgmogcbv}tb s bgv}bijmovm vtbdbnbo mo fcamtmovmw i}hbtmw/ Bovmtcktjmovm r}cmomw vmtjcobdbo ib wmg}ofbtcb k cogi}wk ib |tm|btbvktcb ok wm mw|mtbdb j}g`k fm miikw) mi |tkgmwk vmtjcobdb b`ê) vtbdbnbt k gbwbtwm/ Wco mjdbthk) bihk mw wmh}tk) bi g}j|ict 20 bòkw fm mfbf) vkfkw ikw n÷qmomw wko coqcvbfkw b ibw bwbjdimbw gkj}ocvbtcbw5 jâw bþo wc sb mwvbw gbwbfk5 ib bwcwvmogcb wm q}miqm kdichbvktcb/
223
6/0/ ‟Gc}fbfbokw fm 20 bòkw‛ \kt ik hmomtbi) ibw bwbjdimbw wm iimqbo b gbdk ikw fêbw wâdbfkw |kt ib vbtfm/ B ãwvbw mwvâo coqcvbfkw vkfbw ibw |mtwkobw fm fcmgckg`k bòkw mo bfmibovm) `kjdtmw/ Mo ib icwvb fm bwcwvmogcb w÷ik b|btmgmo ikw okjdtmw fm ikw nmamw fm abjcicb) b}or}m j}g`bw j}nmtmw bwcwvmo sb r}m w}w mw|kwkw wm mog}movtbo vtbdbnbofk/ ‟Ikw n÷qmomw U‡Z) ikw |kgkw r}m qcmomo) qcmomo U‡Z obfb jâw b |bwbt icwvb‛ (Miwb) 42#) ‟wê wm qm ib |tmwmogcb |mtk ok |btvcgc|bo‛
(Ib}tb) 47#) ‟b ibw bwbjdimbw bwcwvmo }o 4<) 7<-) |mtk w} |btvcgc|bgc÷o mw) mw |kgb |}mw) gbwc ok wm qm) ok wm qm) mo ikw n÷qmomw fm 4<) 42) 44 k `bwvb 4= s 7< bòkw |}mw gbwc ok) ok fbo w} k|coc÷o mo ib bwbjdimb) b ik jmnkt vcmomo ib cfmb |mtk ok wã r}ã mw ik r}m ikw fmvcmom‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk) 6<#/
Ib cfmb r}m wm vcmom fm ikw n÷qmomw mo g}bovk b ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o mo ibw bwbjdimbw mw |kgb) mo bih}okw gbwkw o}ib/ ]ob g}mwvc÷o |kt ib r}m wm qmo kdichbfkw b ct mw ib j}ivb/ G}bofk mi okjdtm fm }o gc}fbfbok b|btmgm mo ib icwvb fm bwcwvmogcb s vcmom abivb) ãwvb wm wbogckob gko }o |bhk fm 2<< |mwkw/ Mw cj|ktvbovm bgibtbt r}m ikw n÷qmomw r}m vkfbqêb bwcwvmo b ib mwg}mib mwvâo mpmovkw fm bwcwvct b ibw bwbjdimbw/
Ib o}ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o s ib |kgb bwcwvmogcb fm ikw n÷qmomw b ibw bwbjdimbw wm mog}movtbo mo gkowvbov m fcbiãgvcgb/ \kt }ob |btvm ikw n÷qmomw |cmowbo r}m ‟ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw n÷qmomw ok wm vkjb mo g}movb U‡Z ibw k|cockomw r}m jâw wm vkjbo mo g}movb wko fm ibw |mtwkobw jâw bogcbobw fmi |}mdik‛ (Miwb) 42#/ \kt mwvb tb~÷o n}wvcacgbo mi wcimogck fm w}w cfmbw bovm ib bwbjdimb/ B}or}m ‟`bs kgbwckomw mo r}m jm h}wvbtêb |btvcgc|bt |mtk vbjdcão `bs gkwbw r}m sk ok wã fmi |bwbfk fmi |}mdik‛ (Ib}tb) 47#5 mwvb cfmb wm vktob cj|ktvbovm sb r}m wbdmt fm
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ikw bovmgmfmovmw fm ib gkj}ocfbf mw cofcw|mowbdim |btb mjcvct }o d}mo n}cgck tmw|mgvk fmi vmjb r}m wm vtbvm5 ‟ok wm fb) `bs jcmfk) ok `bs gkoacbo~b mo ik r}m qbo b fmgct) »ok;) b qmgmw wcmovmo r}m |kt ib n}qmov}f ok vcmomo mwm fmtmg`k‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
\kt kvtb |btvm mwv â ib cfmb r}m ikw ‟jbsktmw‛ vcmomo fm ikw n÷qmomw ‟s |cmowbo fm r}m ikw n÷qmomw qbo b qmoct obfb o bfb jâw b) U‡Z) U‡Z ) b fcwvtbmt ik r}m sb wm `c~k) k mg`bt b |mtfmt ik r}m sb wm `c~k‛ (\tka/ Hcidmtvk) 6<#/ Ib |kgb mp|mtcmogcb r}m ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo gkjk gc}fbfbokw
fmi |}mdik wm jbocacmwvb gkjk icjcvbovm |btb bggmfmt bi j}ofk fm ikw bf}ivkw5 bi j}ofk fmi vtbdbnk gkimgvcqk/ ‟Ikw jbsktmw r}m movtm miikw wm gcmttbo s ok fmnbo |bwbt gkwbw fm kvtk vc|k) fm |mowbjcmovkw jâw atmwgkw) fm kvtb aktjb fm |mowbt‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
Bovm mwvbw gctg}owvbogcbw mqcfmovmw fm ikw tkimw m cfmbw mwvbdimgcfbw w}thmo ibw k|cockomw s |mtw|mgvcqbw fm n÷qmomw r}m) mo bih}obw kgbwckomw) wm gkovtb|komo gko ik mwvt}gv}tbfk) gko ik cobjkqcdim/ ‟Wcmovk r}m ib cfmkikhêb ib vcmomo vkfbqêb j}s gmttbfb‛ (Miwb) 42#/ ‟Ibw gkwbw sb ok wko gkjk bovmw) ib hmovm hmovm qb mqki}gckobofk) mqki}gckobofk) ibw gkwbw) ib vmimqcwc÷o) vmimqcwc÷o)
ib tbfck) mi covmtomv qcmomo b coai}ct j}g`k mo okwkvtkw) gkwb r}m ok vkjbo mo g}movb s) s gko n}wvb tb~÷o wm movcmofm U‡Z |ktr}m ok gkokgmo ib vmgokikhêb vmg okikhêb r}m okwkvtkw) gkjk n÷qmomw) |kfmjkw vmomt b o}mwvtb o}mwvtb jbok‛ (Ib}tb) 47#/
Gkjk wm |}mfm b|tmgcbt ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo gibtk r}m mi abgvkt ‟fmwbgv}bic~bgc÷o‛ mw }ob fm ibw gb}wbw r}m ok |mtjcvm ib qcog}ibgc÷o s wkdtm vkfk ib covmhtbgc÷o fm ibw cfmbw o}mqbw s qcmnbw/ \btb miik mw cj|ktvbovm ‟vmomt r}m bgv}bic~bt b o}mwvtkw |b|âw) r}c~âw }okw ik `bgmjkw) |mtk ok ib jbsktêb s‡sk gtmk r}m bi mwvbt mwv}fcbofk U‡Z fmdmjkw fm bdtct o}mwvtk j}ofk |mtk vbjdcão cogi}ct b miikw‛ (Ib}tb) 47#/
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Wm b|tmgcb r}m ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo gibtk ikw abgvktmw r}m cogcfmo mo ib |kgb bvmogc÷o r}m wm imw fb mo ibw bwbjdimbw gkj}ocvbtcbw/ Cogi}wk iimhbo b wmt vkimtbovmw gko mwvbw g}mwvckomw s ok kiqcfbo r}m ‟wc vkfkw |btvcgc|âtbjkw) ikw qcmnkw s ikw n÷qmomw) wmtêb }ob jm~gib vkvbijmovm‡ okw iimqbtêb bi ãpcvk |ktr}m gkjdcobofk ib) ib mp|mtcmogcb gko mi gkokgcjcmovk bgv}bi vkfk mwvk jbtg`btêb dcmo) |mtk tmbijmovm ok w}gmfm bwê‛ (Ib}tb) 47#) ‟gbfb r}cmo wm gcmttb mo ik r}m vcmom s vkfkw vmomjkw) fm bih}ob jbomtb) jcmfk fm |kfmt
bdtctokw gko vkfk w‛ (Ib}tb) 47# / ‟Vkfk fm|mofm) w}|kohk r}m) fm okwkvtkw) »ok;‛ (Miwb) 42#/ ‟Gtmk r}m |kgk b |kgk wm qb b fbt ib |btvcgc|bgc÷o fm ikw n÷qmomw mo ib bwbjdimb) ikw |}mwvkw fm mimggc÷o s vkfk mwk‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
6/3/ N÷qmomw> ‟ok mwvâo gkovbjcobfkw gko ikw qcgckw fm ib gc}fbf |mtk U‡Z sb qbo |kt mwm t}jdk‛
Wm vcmom ib |mtgm|gc÷o r}m ikw n÷qmomw wko ‟vtbor}cikw vkfbqêb) ok mwvâo gkovbjcobfkw gko ikw qcgckw fm ib gc}fbf) |mtk |}mw) sb qbo |kt mwm t}jdk‛ (Bovkock) 40#/ Wco mjdbthk)
mi bigk`ki s mi gchbttk wm `bo gkoqmtvcfk mo ibw |tcogc|bimw bfcggckomw fm ikw n÷qmomw s ikw ok vbo n÷qmomw/ Fmw|}ãw fmi |btvcfk fm a}vdki s mo ibw acmwvbw mw kgbwc÷o |btb gmimdtbt s vkjbtwm bih}obw gmtqm~bw/ ‟\}mw r}m |}mfk fmgct fm ikw n÷qmomw‡|}mw fchbjkw) br}ê ib jbsktêb fm ikw n÷qmomw)
ib jbsktêb dmdmo s a}jbo) mwvm) |kgkw wko ikw n÷qmomw r}m ok vcmomo mwm vc|k fm qcgckw) fm dmdmt bigk`ki k fm a}jbt) `bwvb fkofm sk wã wko }okw g}bovkw obfb jâw) gkovbfcvkw |ktr}m mi tmwvk sb wm mg`b w}w g`mibw‛ g`mibw‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/
Mi bigk`ki mo ikw n÷q momw mw qcwvk gko oktjbicfbf) mo ibw acmwvbw vcmomo ‟fmtmg`k‛ b vkjbtwm bih}obw) wco mjdbthk) ok kg}ttm ik jcwjk gko mi gchbttk s kvtk vc|k fm ftkhbw/ ‟sb b`ktcvb
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sb wm qm bihk oktjbi r}m a}jmo) bihk oktjbi r}m vkjmo) sb ok mw vbovk gkjk g}bofk wm bfjctbo fm fmgct }o ftkhbfcgvk b r}m vkjm |ktr}m }o ftkhbfcgvk ib hmovm sb fcgm ‟bs ok r}m ftkhbfcgvk s mwvâ bgbdbofk gko w} qcfb ‛ mo gbjdck g}bofk qmo b }o nkqmo vkjbofk fcgmo ‟b ok mw gmtqm~b r}m mwvâ vkjbofk ‛) |mtk wê `bs r}cmomw vkjbo) `bs r}cmomw a}jbo
|mtk jâw wko ikw r}m vkjbo‛ (Jbtv`b) 4<#/ Mi bigk`ki mw ib ftkhb wkgcbijmovm bgm|vbfb wco ocohþo vc|k fm |tmn}cgckw mo ib tmhc÷o/ ‟]jj |}mw mi qcgck fm br}ê) |}mw jm cjbhcok r}m wê
|ktr}m ibw ftkhbw }jj ok wm qm vbovk) b ik jmnkt s wko hmovmw r}m gbwc ok wm fbo b gkokgmt |mtk wê `bs) |mtk ok) ok o k wm w m fbo b gkokgmt) gkokgm t) mi bigk`kicwjk wmtêb mi |tcogc|bi‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/
R}cmomw gkow}jmo kvtk vc|k fm ftkhbw gkjk jbtc`}bob wko |kgkw) cogi}wk wm imw cfmovcacgb aâgcijmovm5 ‟ikw `m gkovbfk r}m wko gkjk }okw 24 g`bqkw r}m sb im movtbo b ib jbtc`}bob‛
(Vkjâw) 23#/ Ikw g`bqkw wko r}cmomw jâw a}jbo s dmdmo5 ibw j}nmtmw ok) wko gbwkw mw|mgcbimw r}m g}bofk w}gmfmo wm q}miqmo vmjb fm gkoqmtwbgc÷o mo ib gkj}ocfbf/
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nkqmo b }o wmòkt b}or}m vmohbo 28) 20 bòkw |mtk sb |bwbw b wmt gc}fbfbok s |bftm fm abjcicb b`ê sb wm) gkjk Btv}tk |kt mnmj|ik) sb fmn÷ fm wmt nkqmo b}or}m vmohb |mowbjcmovk fm nkqmo5 b Btv}tk im fmgcjkw wmòkt sb) |ktr}m sb) b}or}m wmb }o bòk jmokt r}m sk |mtk sb mw }o wmòkt‛ (Gbtikw) 44#/ ‟Br}ê wê ) wc vþ vm gbwbwvm) sb vcmomw }o `cnk k ob‛jâw mwvãw gbwbfk |}mw sb) `bwvb v}w
jcwjkw bjchkw k vêkw sb vm iibjbo |kt wmòkt) sb ok mw ch}bi) |ktr}m jc `mtjbok |}mw bwê mw) ok wm `b gbwbfk |mtk sb qcqm gko ib j}nmt s |}mw sb im fcgmo wmòkt‛ (Jbtgkw)
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Mo ib tmhc÷o gkj|tkjmvmtvm k ok gkj|tkjmvmtvm mo mi jbvtcjkock cj|icgb }ob wmtcm fm k|cockomw fm ikw `bdcvbovmw/ Mwb vbjdcão mw }ob fcbiãgvcgb mo ib r}m wm vbjdbimbo ibw fmgcwckomw fm ikw n÷qmomw tmw|mgvk bi jbvtcjkock/ Wc bih}cmo ‟gkjmvm mi mttkt‛ jcmovtbw mwvâ
mwv}fcbofk fmdm gbwbtwm s ib hmovm bi tmw|mgvk k|cob r}m sb ‟mg`÷ b |mtfmt w} qcfb‛) ok kdwvbovm) wc kvtk fmgcfm bibthbt w} wkivmtêb vbjdcão gkjmovbo ‟sb wm r}mf÷ |btb qmwvct wbovkw‛/ ‟@ks mo fêb sb ok mw fm wkt|tmofmtwm) ok) |ktr}m j}g`kw n÷qmomw mo ib tmhc÷o wm gbwbo j}s n÷qmomw s mwvm) kdqcbjmovm) mi gkjmovbtck ‟qb b |mtfmt w} qcfb‛) ‟sb ib tmh÷ |ktr}m sb ok qb b mwv}fcbt‛) sb wm mg`÷ }ob dtkogkvb mogcjb) qb bw}jct kvtb
tmw|kowbdcicfbf) |mtk |cmowk r}m sb ok mw gkjk bihk r}m) r}m wkt|tmofb |}mw) |ktr}m `ks mo fêb wm qmo j}g`kw gbwkw) ok) b ik jmnkt mo mi |bêw) mo mi mwvbfk) ch}bi br}ê mo ib gkj}ocfbf wê wm mwvâ qcmofk) ok) `ks mo fêb) sb ok wkt|tmofmo |}mw) ok) fm r}m wm gbwmo) mi gkjmovbtck mwk fm r}m ‟sb wm atmh÷ fm gbthbt gko mwb tmw|kowbdcicfbf‛) ok5 wc }ob j}nmt ok) ok wm gbwb b d}mob mfbf) sb mw htbofm) ch}bi gbfb r}cmo vcmom w}w |ibomw) w}w jmvbw) ok) |mtk |kt mnmj|ik) wc mwv}fcbw ib hmovm fcgm ‟d}mok ok wm gbwb |ktr}m mwvâ mwv}fcbofk‛) ok) |mtk wc ok mwv}fcbw ob‛jâw) ok wã) v m gbwbwvm |kt mr}cw gkwb k ok vm `bw
gbwbfk kdqcbjmovm |}mw `bs j}tj}tbgckomw) ok) k wmb) fm r}m sb fmdmw gbwbtvm) sb mwvbw htbofm) mo mwm wmovcfkw wc `bs) `bs gkjmovbtckw omhbvcqkw `bgcb ib |mtwkob |}mw) iiâjmwm `kjdtm k iiâjmwm j}nmt) |}mw wc sb vcmomw 4=) 41 bòkw sb mj|cm~bo r}m g}bofk) sb mwvbw htbofm) vm mwvâw r}mfbofk) b}or}m vþ vmohbw v}w |ktr}mw) ok) kdqcbjmovm ib hmovm ok ik movcmofm‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Fm ch}bi jbomtb }ob qm~ gbwbfk ib gkj}ocfbf mw|mtb r}m ib |btmnb |tkovk vmohb }o `cnk) fm ik gkovtbtck ikw gkjmovbtckw bi tmw|mgvk ok wm `bgmo mw|mtbt) ‟mi |}mdik mwvâ bgkwv}jdtbfk fm r}m bi gbwbtvm vþ vcmomw r}m vmomt v}) v} `cnk i}mhk |}mw bi bòk) movkogmw wc vm qmo r}m) r}m) r}m |bwbo ikw bòkw s ok vcmomw `cnkw sb mj|cm~bo ibw j}tj}tbgckomw) r}m mwvm) |}mw r}m mtmw }o mwvãtci) k vm mj|cm~bo b gkvkttmbt) gkjmovbtckw |kt fkofm r}cmtb) |mtk ch}bi ib
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hmovm vkfbqêb ok ik qm) ok) gkjk r}m ok ik bgm|vb fm r}m) fm r}m }ok vcmom w}w |tksmgvkw) w}w cfmbw) ok‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Fm bih}ob jbomtb ibw gctg}owvbogcbw wkgcbimw s mi gkovmpvk covmtqcmomo mo mi a}v}tk fm ikw n÷qmomw) n÷qmomw) mo mw|mgcbi ik tmamtmovm b ib qcfb gkos}hbi fm ibw j}nmtmw/ W}gmfm r}m g}bofk fkw n÷qmomw |ibvcgbo a}mtb fmi gkovmpvk abjcicbt) ib hmovm wm |tmh}ovb |tmh}ovb »`bdtâ bihk jâw r}m bjcwvbf;) vbi qm~ qbsbo b gbwbtwm) »|kt ib chimwcb s |kt ik gcqci; Qcqct mo }oc÷o icdtm ok mw dcmo qcwvk) jmokw r}m ib j}nmt wmb jbftm wkivmtb/ Gbjdcbt mi |btbfchjb fmi jbvtcjkock s ib qcfb gkos}hbi vtbfcgckobi w}|kom }o moatmovbjcmovk fm cfmbw movtm bf}ivkw s n÷qmomw) wco mjdbthk mwvkw gbjdckw gkjcmo~bo b okvbtwm/
6/22/ Ikr}cvbw) wmqmtcbobw62) j}p`mw s |}vkw Ib `kjkwmp}bicfbf mo ib tmhc÷o) gkjk mo j}g`bw |btvmw fmi j}ofk) gbfb qm~ qb hbobofk vmttmok/ \btvcg}ibtjmovm) |kt mwvbt gmtgb fm ib gc}fbf fm N}g`cvâo
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s fmi Cwvjk fm
Vm`}bovm|mg mo hmomtbi) mwvm vc|k fm |tâgvcgbw wm `b vktobfk atmg}movm s wm qb hbobofk ib bgm|vbgc÷o ‗ k |kt ik jmokw ib vkimtbogcb* fm ib |kdibgc÷o/ Ibw jctbfbw wko fcwvcovbw) mo bih}obw kgbwckomw bjmob~bovmw/ Ikw n÷qmomw s ibw j}nmtmw mo hmomtbi) vcmofmo b wmt jâw vkimtbovmw) |ibvcgbo) têmo) bih}okw iimqbo }ob d}mob tmibgc÷o gko ibw |mtwkobw fmi vmtgmt hãomtk/ Ikw bf}ivkw s jâw ikw fm ib vmtgmtb mfbf k|komo tmwcwvmogcb b jctbt vbi gbjdck) bih}okw cow}ivbo b ibw ‟ikr}cvbw‛ g}bofk ikw qmo qmwvcfkw fm j}nmt/
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Gko mwvbw |bibdtbw ‐ikgbw s+k wmqmtcbobw– vbjdcão wm imw gkokgm b ikw `kjkwmp}bimw mo ib tmhc÷o/ Mi vãtjcok wmqmtcbob wm }wb gkjk wco÷ocjk fm ikgb/ 64 Mo ib gc}fbf fm N}g`cvâo ib `kjkwmp}bicfbf mw ’hãomtk‚ wkgcbijmovm bgm|vbfk/ Cogi}wk wm `bdib fm }o kth}iik vmomt }o `cnk j}p`m/
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Mr}c|k fm qkimcdki Ibw Gtb~s hctiw y Akvk> I}cw
Ikw n÷qmomw ok |bwbo fm ib d}tib movtm bjchkw s fmi fkdim wmovcfk g}bofk wm tmacmtmo b ikw j}p`mw67/ Cogi}wk mi ht}|k fm `kjkwmp}bimw fm Gks}i r}m qcmomo b n}hbt qkimcdki b Wbovb Jbtêb wko dcmo tmgcdcfkw/ Ikw hki|mw s ib bhtmwc÷o aêwcgb b mwvm ht}|k mo |btvcg}ibt ok wm `bo okvbfk) bi jmokw ok qcwvk gkjk `kjkakdcb/ Mo ib tmhc÷o `bs |mtwkobw jbsktmw `kjkwmp}bimw r}m vbjdcão iimqbo }ob d}mob tmibgc÷o gko mi tmwvk fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ Bih}okw qmofmo gkjcfb) kvtkw vcmomo bihþo omhkgck ‗ fm fm |bwvmimw k gbovcob*) }okw jâw `bgmo bfktokw |btb ibw acmwvbw) wm fcgm r}m miikw vcmomo jâw gtmbvcqcfbf/ Wco mjdbthk) ib fcamtmogcb mw r}m ãwvkw bþo |ktvbo tk|b jbwg}icob) |bovbi÷o k w`ktv s |ibsmtbw k gbjcwbw/ Ikw n÷qmomw `kjkwmp}bimw bfmjâw fm bocjbtwm b ‟wbict fmi gikwmv‛ `bo fmgcfcfk |ktvbt tk|b
fm mwm gikwmv s qcwvmo fm jbomtb amjmocob) wkdtm vkfk mo ibw di}wbw/ Wm `bo fmnbfk gtmgmt mi gbdmiik s ‟bih}obw‛ wm `bo `mg`k bih}ob k|mtbgc÷o/
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\btb }ob tmqcwc÷o jâw fmvbiibfb bgmtgb fmi vmjb qãbwm mi icdtk fm Jbtcomiib Jcbok Dktt}wk (4<<4#) @kjdtm) j}nmt s j}pm–/
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Vbjdcão gbdm fmwvbgbt ikw ‟wbgtcacgckw‛ r}m }o j}pm iimhb `bgmt |kt bih}ok fm w}w jbsbvmw665 |kt mnmj|ik hbwvbt mo gkj|tbtim tk|b) fbtim fcomtk mo mamgvcqk k |tk|ktgckobtim
mi mr}c|k omgmwbtck |btb n}hbt a}vdki k dmcwdki/ Mo ib tmhc÷o wm gkokgmo b ibw j}pmw r}m b|ksbo b ikw mr}c|kw) wkdtm vkfk fm a}vdki mo ib ichb n}qmoci/ Ok abivbo ibw okvcgcbw r}m bih}okw g`cgkw `bo fktjcfk mo ib gbjb fmi j}pm |kt bihþo abqkt/ Mwvm vc|k fm |tâgvcgbw wm `b gkoqmtvcfk ‗ mo mo bih}okw gbwkw* gkjk ib |tcjmtb mp|mtcmogcb wmp}bi fm bihþo nkqmo/
6/24/ ‟Ib dbofb fm ikw 31 htbfkw‛ Gkjþojmovm mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw `bs ht}|kw fm |mtwkobw gko covmtmwmw bacomw/ Mi fm|ktvm |}mfm wmt }o d}mo |tmvmpvk |btb tm}octwm s |bwbt }o tbvk bhtbfbdim/ Mo Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib }o ht}|k r}m wkobdb mo j}g`bw qkgmw fm g`bqkw s |mtwkobw bf}ivbw vbjdcão) mtb mi okjdtm fm ‟Ib dbofb fm ikw 31 htbfkw‛/ Mo bih}ob kgbwc÷o `bdêb mwg}g`bfk vbi
okjdtm) wco mjdbthk) fmwgkokgêb w}w bgvcqcfbfmw s mi jkvcqk fm w} tm}oc÷o/ Bovm vbi tm|}vbgc÷o) fmgcfê gkokgmtikw s) mo }o wmh}ofk jkjmovk) movtmqcwvbtikw/
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’Mw }o qbt÷o r}m wm b}vk|mtgcdm s mw wkgcbijmovm |mtgcdcfk gkjk `mvmtkwmp}bi) sb r}m |}mfm vmomt okqcb k mw|kwb) |mtk vcmom tmibgckomw gko |mtwkobw fm w} jcwjk wmpk |kt |ibgmt k |kt bihþo abqkt‚ (Jcbok Dktt}wk5 4<<4> 2=1#
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Gbj|k fm Ib Wbovb Gt}~) bih}okw covmhtbovmw fm 31 htbfkw y Akvk> I}cw
Ibw tmvbw fm qkimcdki a}mtko ibw r}m jm iimqbtko bi gbj|k fm ib ‟Wbovb Gt}~‛) i}hbt fkofm wm tm}oêb mi ht}|k/ \kgk b |kgk jm a}c bgmtgbofk b miikw) b}or}m b gbwc vkfkw ikw gkokgêb) ok vmoêb }ob tmibgc÷o gmtgbob gkjk |btb r}m jm `bdibtbo fm 31 htbfkw/ Vbtfm vtbw vbtfm wm fcw|}vbdbo ikw |btvcfkw s gko miikw vbjdcão wm gkovmofêb jc bgmtgbjcmovk b miikw/ Fmw|}ãw fm qbtckw fêbw fm wmt qcwcvbovm s bacgckobfk) fmgcfê r}m mtb jkjmovk fm n}hbt jc |tk|ck |btvcfk s kdvmomt ib coaktjbgc÷o r}m omgmwcvbdb/
Htcwmifb a}m jc ‟mjdbnbfktb‛) gkjk w}mim iibjâtwmim b ib |mtwkob r}m vm tm|tmwmovb/ Miib mp|}wk jcw covmogckomw bovm mi ht}|k s miikw h}wvkwbjmovm bgm|vbtko/ Bgktfbjkw mi fêb s ib `ktb5 mi wch}cmovm fkjcohk) gkjk gbfb fêb fm tm}oc÷o s n}mhk/ Iimh÷ mi vcmj|k bgktfbfk/ Gkjmo~bjkw mi h}c÷o fm ib movtmqcwvb/ @m fm bgibtbt r}m r}cmomw jâw `bdibtko a}mtko ikw g`cgkw s mo |kgbw kgbwckomw `bdibtko ibw j}nmtmw/ Mo }o |tcjmt jkjmovk w÷ik `bdêb }ob 240
j}nmt mo mi ht}|k) |kwvmtcktjmovm wm covmht÷ kvtb/ \btb mwvb tm}oc÷o `bdêb jâw j}nmtmw) |tcogc|bijmovm bih}obw mw|kwbw fm ikw covmhtbovmw fm ib dbofb/
Mi kdnmvcqk fm ib movtmqcwvb mtb gkokgmt ibw bgvcqcfbfmw fmi ht}|k s mi wchocacgbfk fmi okjdtm/ B}or}m mwvk þivcjk |btmgêb j}s mqcfmovm/ Jm mp|icgbtko r}m }ob fm ibw gb}wbw k gkowmg}mogcbw fm mwvbt tm}ocfkw mtbo ibw ‟gbh}bjbw‛/ Movkogmw fm b`ê |tkqmoêb 31 htbfkw 6=)
fm ib gbovcfbf fm bigk`ki r}m gkovcmomo bih}obw gmt qm~bw s a}m kg}ttmogcb fm ‟G`bttb‛) j}s gkokgcfk mo ib gkj}ocfbf) s iêfmt fmi ht}|k/ Wco mjdbthk) bihk r}m ibw |mtwkobw fmwgkokgmo) miikw ok wkibjmovm vcmomo ib covmogc÷o fm tm}octwm s vkjbt `bwvb mjdkttbg`btwm/
Jm mp|icgbtko r}m mi jkvcqk fm gkohtmhbtwm mwvbdb }o vbovk bimnbfk fmi wcj|im `mg`k fm cohmtct bigk`ki/ @bo aktjbfk }ob mw|mgcm fm wkgcmfbf fkofm vkfkw gkk|mtbo |btb vkfkw/ Mw fmgct) wc bih}cmo fmi ht}|k omgmwcvb fmi vtbdbnk fm kvtkw |btb gkibt mi vmg`k fm w} gbwb k `bgmt dikgew) vkfkw im bs}fbo/ Mwb tmf fm gkk|mtbgc÷o wm `b mpvmofcfk j}s dcmo r}m `bs qbtckw mnmj|ikw fm `khbtmw gkowvt}cfkw b |btvct fm mwvm jãvkfk fm vtbdbnk/ Cogi}wk bih}obw |mtwkobw fmi |}mdik tmgkokgmo mi vtbdbnk mo mr}c|k r}m `b fmwbttkiibfk 31 htbfkw/ Mwvb |tâgvcgb wm bwmjmnb bi vtbdbnk gkimgvcqk fmi vmr}ck/
Ok kdwvbovm) ikw gkjmovbtckw omhbvcqkw |kt |btvm fm ib gkj}ocfbf ok wm `bgmo mw|mtbt/ Qbhkw) dkttbg`kw) d}mokw |btb obfb) wko bih}okw fm ikw gbicacgbvcqkw r}m imw fbo b ikw covmhtbovmw fm 31 htbfkw/ Wco mjdbthk) mwvk b miikw ok imw gb}wb gkoaicgvk bih}ok) sb sb r}m
6=
Wco mjdbthk mwvm htbfk fm bigk`ki gkttmw|kofm bi bigk`ki mvêicgk obv}tbi/
243
mwvâo gkowgcmovmw r}m mi vtbdbnk mw bihk r}m wbdmo `bgmt dcmo/ Ibw gbh}bjbw wko |btb mi acobi fmi vtbdbnk/
Bih}okw covmhtbovmw jmogckobtko ibw fcacg}ivbfmw r}m `bo vmocfk gko w}w abjcicbtmw |kt mi `mg`k fm |mtvmomgmt b ib dbofb/ Gkjþojmovm wm tmþomo |btb vtbdbnbt mo fêbw fm fmwgbowk s mo i}hbt fm |bwbt mi aco fm wmjbob gko w} abjcicb) ib |bwbo vtbdbnbofk gko ikw fm ib dbofb5 bi acobi dtcofbo |kt mi ikhtk/ Wco mjdbthk) mwvâo gkowgcmovmw r}m wm fmdm |btvcgc|bt mo mi vtbdbnk sb r}m mo }o a}v}tk j}s gmtgbok omgmwcvbtbo fm ib a}mt~b ibdktbi fm w}w gkj|bòmtkw/
R}cmomw covmhtbo mwvm ht}|k wko |mtwkobw gbwbfbw s n÷qmomw wkivmtkw/ Gkjk mp|icgbtko w} covmogc÷o mw jâw dcmo ib fmi vtbdbnk mo mr}c|k b}or}m mwvk vtbchb gkjk gkowmg}mogcb mi gkoqcqct s mjdkttbg`btwm) ok vkfkw ikw covmhtbovmw oc mo vkfkw ikw vtbdbnkw) |mtk wê mo ib jbsktêb/ Vbj|kgk mi mjdtcbhbtwm mw bihk cofcw|mowbdim |btb mwvbt mo ib dbofb/ Mp|}wcmtko r}m |btb aktjbt |btvm fmi ht}|k) ib |mtwkob fmdm vmomt gkjk gbtbgvmtêwvcgb |tcogc|bi mi |mtwmh}ct mi jcwjk aco> mi vtbdbnk gkimgvcqk/ Ib a}ofbgc÷o fm mwvm ht}|k wm tmjkovb bi bòk 4<<1 s r}cmo a}m mi |tmvmpvk |btb gkjmo~bt b tm}octwm a}m mi acobfk Tkhmick) b r}cmo miikw vkfbqêb tmg}mtfbo s ik tmw|mvbo gkjk }o htbo bjchk/
27<
Mi |þdicgk kdwmtqb jcmovtbw wm fcw|}vb }o |btvcfk movtm mi mr}c|k fm 31 htbfkw s Têk Wmgk y Akvk> I}cw
6/27/ »S r}ã fmdmtêbo `bgmt ikw n÷qmomw; Movtm n}mhkw) mwg}mib) acmwvbw) vtbdbnkw fmi `khbt s fmjâw fcqmtwckomw s bgvcqcfbfmw wm `bgm omgmwbtcb ib |tmh}ovb »r}ã fmdmtêbo `bgmt ikw n÷qmomw |tcjktfcbijmovm; »D}wgbt bamttbfbjmovm }o a}v}tk jmnkt; »@bgmtwm |bftmw |tmjbv}tbjmovm; »Mwv}fcbt; ‟\}mw fm jc |btvm‡ok wã) fcwat}vbt mi jkjmovk) fcwat}vbt v} qcfb) `bgmt vkfk ik r}m vþ |}mfbw `bgmt s ik r}m vm |mtjcvm `bgmt ib qcfb) mp|mtcjmovbt gkwbw‛ (Gbtikw) 44# 5 ‟|}mw wm fmdmtêbo moakgbt mo
mwv}fcbt) mo mwv}fc bt s wbict bfmibovm‛ (Jbtv`b) 4<#5 ‟mwv}fcbt s fmw|}ãw abjcicb (têm#‡ wc r}cmtmo (Miwb) 42#/
Wco mjdbthk b}or}m wm vmohbo d}mobw covmogckomw fm w}|mtbgc÷o b vtbqãw fm ib mwg}mib ok wm |}mfm kiqcfbt mi movktok s ibw gctg}owvbogcbw wkgcbimw r}m fêb b fêb wm qcqmo/ Ikw fmwmkw fm ib bo`mibfb qcfb jmnkt) gko k|ktv}ocfbfmw fm tmbic~bt ikw w}mòkw wm gkovtb|komo gko ibw 272
icjcvbovmw wkgcbimw) |kiêvcgbw s g}iv}tbimw/ R}cmomw mwv}fcbo gkokgmo r}m vbjdcão fmdmo covmtqmoct mo ibw ibdktmw fmi `khbt/ ‟]jj ok |}mw |btb jê ik r}m fmdmtêb `bgmt }o nkqmo mw jâw r}m obfb vmomt |ibombfk
}ob qcfb a}v}tb s mwvm) wbdmt ik r}m r}cmtm wmt fm htbofm s ok vbovk r}m wm vtbvm b mwv}fcbt) b mwv}fcbt) mwv}fcbt) bamttbfk b }ob mwg}mib mwg}mib k b |}tk fcqmtvctwm) fcqmtvctwm) wcj|imjmovm wcj|imjmovm wbdmt fcwvtcd}ct w}w `ktbw gkjk mwv}fcbovm) gkjk `cnk k gkjk b|ktvbfkt fm bihk mo ib abjcicb‛ (Jbtgkw) 21#/
Ib |mtw|mgvcqb wkdtm r}ã fmdmtêbo `bgmt ikw n÷qmomw mwvâ mojbtgbfk |kt ib wcv}bgc÷o mo r}m gbfb }ok wm mog}movtb> mwv}fcbovm) vtbdbnbfkt k oc*oc/ B}or}m iimhbo b ib gkogi}wc÷o r}m mi kdvmomt }o vêv}ik }ocqmtwcvbtck mw ib jmnkt `mttbjcmovb |btb b|bgch}bt ikw tm~bhkw mgko÷jcgkw s vmomt bwê mi tmgkokgcjcmovk fm ib gkj}ocfbf/ ‟gkokgmtwm) wc ok vm qbiktbw ok |}mfmw `bgmt jâw) mwvâw dikr}mbfk) mwvâw mogmttbfk mo
v} jcwjk gêtg}ik s ok |}mfmw wbict fm b`ê) covmovmw ik r}m covmovmw ok qbw b iimhbt b ocohþo ibfk) wmtêb gkjk r}m ik |tcjktfcbi gkokgmtwm) gkokgmtwm s qbiktbtwm) sb fm b`ê |}w wc vm qbiktbw vkfk ik fmjâw fmjâw w}thm‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
\tm|btbtwm |btb ik r}m qcmom) bwê iibjbjkw bi a}v}tk r}m okw mw|mtb5 fm mwb jbomtb ibw |mtwkobw bf}ivbw wm tmacmtmo b ikw `cnkw s jâw tmw|mgvk bi vmjb fm ib abjcicb/ Wbdmt gkgcobt) `bgmt vktvciibw) ibqbt ib tk|b s g}cfbt b ikw `cnkw wko ikw gkokgcjcmovkw dâwcgkw r}m g}bir}cmt j}nmt fmdm gkokgmt/ Jbovmomt b ib abjcicb s w}wvmovbt mi `khbt mw mi fmdmt fmi `kjdtm/ Wco mjdbthk) wm `bgm omgmwbtck tmaimpckobt wkdtm ib wcv}bgc÷o mo mi r}m wm mog}movtbo s fmi tki r}m wm fmwmj|mòb mo ib gkj}ocfbf/
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Gb|êv}ik Q/ Vmimqcwc÷o> mi tcv}bi fm gbfb vbtfm =/2/ VQ B~vmgb> ‟wmòbi gko qbikt‛ Vq B~vmgb61 mw }ob vmimqcwktb jmpcgbob bfr}ctcfb |kt mi Ht}|k Wbicobw) icfmtbfb |kt Tcgbtfk D/ Wbicobw \icmhk/ Gkjcmo~b b k|mtbt mo 2337 gko ikw gbobimw 27 s 8/ Mo w} gkj|mvmogcb |kt mi jmtgbfk) bfk|vb ib jcwjb dbttb fm |tkhtbjbgc÷o r}m w} `kj÷ikhb) Vmimqcwb/ Fm bg}mtfk gko mi mwv}fck fm Gib}fcb Hbtgêb (4<<0# ib kamtvb fmi gbobi 27 |tmwmovb =< `ktbw fm movtmvmocjcmovk b ib wmjbob jcmovtbw r}m mi gbobi 8 |tmwmovb 17 `ktbw fm acggc÷o b ib wmjbob/ Bjdkw gbobimw ok |tmwmovbdbo ocoh}ob mjcwc÷o fctchcfb b ocòkw k n÷qmomw/ n÷qmomw/ Bgv}bijmovm g}movb gko }ob dbttb jbv}vcob) fctchcfb b ocòkw s n÷qmomw mo mi gbobi 8) gko wmtcmw s gbtcgbv}tbw |tcogc|bijmovm/
=/4/ ‟Mo w} `bjbgb qcmofk vmimqcwc÷o‛ Mo ib gkj}ocfbf ib |tâgvcgb fm gkow}jct vmimqcwc÷o wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo gbwc }ob omgmwcfbf/ Fcbtcbjmovm ibw |mtwkobw mogcmofmo mi vmimqcwkt s jctbo f}tbovm qbtcbw `ktbw ikw |tkhtbjbw vmimqcwcqkw/ F}tbovm ib jbòbob |kgb hmovm vcmom mi vcmj|k |btb wmovbtwm s qmt vmimqcwc÷o/ Ikw wmòktmw wbimo b vtbdbnbt) ikw `cnkw b mwv}fcbt s ibw bjbw fm gbwb `bgmo ikw vtbdbnkw fmi `khbt/ Wco mjdbthk) ok abivbo bih}okw r}m ok mwv}fcbo oc vtbdbnbo s kg}|bo w} vcmj|k mo qmt vmimqcwc÷o/
F}tbovm ib vbtfm) g}bofk ikw ocòkw s n÷qmomw wbimo fm ib mwg}mib) ikw vmimqcwktmw gkjcmo~bo b gkdtbt qcfb/ Wm mwg}g`bo ikw okvcgcbtckw fm @mg`kw jmtcfcbok mo mi gbobi 275 ibw dbvbiibw r}m wm icdtbo mo ibw gbtcgbv}tbw s Fktb ib mp|iktbfktb wm `bgmo |tmwmovm mo ibw |bovbiibw fm 61
Mw ib þocgb vmimqcwktb r}m vcmom gkdmtv}tb mo ib |kdibgc÷o) b}or}m bgv}bijmovm mi oþjmtk fm w}wgtc|vktmw fm wes mwvâ wes mwvâ b}jmovbofk/
277
ibw gbwbw jâw ‟bgkjkfbfbw‛/ Mw ib `ktb fm ib gkjcfb s fmwfm mwm jkjmovk gkjcmo~b mi
fcbtck movtmvmomt fm ib vmimqcwc÷o) b}or}m kvtkw ik `bhbo fmwfm ibw 24>7< gko mi |tkhtbjb fm Ib qcfb mw }ob gbogc÷o wmh}cfk |kt Ik r}m gbiibjkw ibw j}nmtmw/
Qcmofk vmimqcwc÷o) wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb
Gkovcoþbo mo ib icwvb fm ib dbttb |tkhtbjâvcgb) fmw|}ãw fm @mg`kw jmtcfcbok r}m vcmom mi `ktbtck fm ibw 4><<) Qmovbombofk) B gbfb r}cmo w} w } wbovk wb ovk) Ik r}m gbiibjkw ibw j}nmtmw68 s ibw vmimokqmibw fmwfm ibw 1>7< `bwvb ibw 2<>7<) `ktb mo r}m gkjcmo~b @mg`kw okg`m/ Bfmjâw r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o mwvâ coqcvbfb b ib gkjcfb) mo ib okg`m vbjdcão |btvcgc|b mo ib gmob/ Jcmovtbw wm kdwmtqbo b ibw wmf}gvktbw bgvtcgmw wm vkjb }o wktdk fm gbaã bgkwvbfk mo ib `bjbgb/ 68
F}tbovm mi vcmj|k fm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o mwvm |tkhtbjb vmoêb }ob wmh}ofb mjcwc÷o/
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=/7/ Vq B~vmgb> ‟}o gbobi covmtmwbovm‛ Wm `b jmogckobfk r}m mo ’Bjãtcgb Ibvcob mw mo ibw cjâhmomw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o (s ok mo mi icdtk# fkofm ib tm|tmwmovbgc÷o fm ib jkfmtocfbf wm `bgm gkvcfcbobjmovm bggmwcdim b ibw jbsktêbw‚ (Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk s Tms) 2333> 7< mo I}cw Tm|kii) 4<2<> 284#5 mw b vtbqãw fm mwvb
qmovbob fkofm wm kdwmtqbo s wm jmfcbo }o wcoaêo fm mwvcikw fm qcfb) qbtcbfkw imoh}bnmw s aktjbw fm mp|tmwc÷o g}iv}tbi/ Fm mwvb jbomtb ib vmimqcwc÷o ‟‡wê mw j}s cj|ktvbovm U‡Z |ktr}m okw bdtm b j}ofkw fmwgkokgcfkw r}m okwkvtkw |kt mwvbt mogmttbfkw br}ê ok |kfmjkw qmt oc kdwmtqbt‛ (Ib}tb) 47# ‟‡br}ê w÷ik vmomjkw wmòbi fm Vq B~vmgb s b jê mo ik |mtwkobi jm |btmgm }o gbobi covmtmwbovm U‡Z mwvks gkovmovb gko mwm gbobi |ktr}m |tksmgvbo |tkhtbjbw fm gkwbw
covmtmwbovmw) |kt mnmj|ik) b jê jm iibjb ib bvmogc÷o mi |tkhtbjb ‟Mpvtboktjbi‛ k ‟Fcaêgci fm gtmmt‛ r}m
|tmwmovbo gbwkw fm coqmwvchbgc÷o r}m }ok ok wbdm b f÷ofm
ktcmovbtwm |ktr}m br}ê mo mi |}mdik wm vcmomo gtmmogcbw fm r}m mpcwvmo ikw jbikw mw|êtcv}w‛ (Ib}tb) 47#/
Wm `bgm mqcfmovm movkogmw r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o a}ogckom gkjk ‟h}êb‛ fm ibw gtmmogcbw s aktjbw
fm qcfb/ Bompbjkw b o}mwvtk fcwg}twk gkvcfcbok |btvm fm ib fcwmtvbgc÷o vmimqcwcqb s bovm ib |kgb kamtvb fm gbobimw w÷ik r}mfb mwgkhmt movtm fkw k|gckomw ‟Jc abqktcvk |btb ibw okvcgcbw wmtêb mi 27 s |btb fcqmtvctvm gko ibw |miêg}ibw) gko mi fm|ktvm wmtêb gko mi gbobi 8‛ (Tkibofk)
4<#/ ‟‡ok vmomjkw qbtcmfbf fm gbobimw) |ktr}m ch}bi wc v}qcãtbjkw r}cmo wbdm b ik jmnkt
`bs qbtckw |tkhtbjbw fcamtmovmw) |kt mnmj|ik }o vcmj|k mwv}qm qcqcmofk mo ib Gt}~60 }o vcmj|mgcvk s mwvâ b`ê mi Gbdimqcwc÷o s vcmomw g}btmovb gbobimw) ok wã) qmw |miêg}ibw) qmw Fcwgkqmts) qmw gkwbw r}m wê vcmomo }o |kgk fm covmtãw |mtk br}ê ok `bs jâw) k qmw mi gbobi 27 k qmw mi gbobi 27) ok `bs |kt fkofm‛ (Nkwã) 71#/ 60
Bdtmqcbfk fm Gt}gmgcvb k Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk/
27=
@bs }ob mw|mgcm fm omhkgcbgc÷o fm ik r}m wm gkow}jm 63 mo ib vmimqcwc÷o) }ob tm* wchocacgbgc÷o fm wmovcfkw b |btvct fm ib covmtbggc÷o gko ib qcfb gkvcfcbob/ Ib vmimqcwc÷o a}ogckob gkjk }ob qmovbob |kt mi g}bi kdwmtqbt `mg`kw ‗ wêjdkikw wêjdkikw m cjâhmomw* |btb fbtim qbikt bi t}fcjmovbtck ai}nk fm bgkovmgcjcmovkw) r}m |kt mwvbt ‟mogmttbfkw‛ mo mi |}mdik s |kt ok |kfmt wbict b gkokgmt kvtkw i}hbtmw) ok wm kdwmtqbo/ Vq B~vmgb wm gkoqcmtvm mo ib þocgb k|gc÷o fm movtmvmocjcmovk mo ib vmimqcwc÷o bdcmtvb) gkjk gkowmg}mogcb mi abqktcvk fm j}g`kw/ ‟B jê wê jm h}wvb qmt vmim/ Mo mi 27 s mo mi 8/ \}mw jm h}wvb jâw mi 8 |ktr}m b`ê |bwbo jâw |miêg}ibw r}m mo mi 27) mo mi 27 wko gbwc mwvm) okqmibw s mwv m s‡g`cwjmw) mo gbjdck mo mi 8 wko |miêg}ibw s |tkhtbjbw‛ (Jbtv`b) 4<#/
Nkqmo s VQ y Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb/
Gkjk wm `b jmogckobfk mo ib gkj}ocfbf w÷ik wm vcmom bggmwk b ikw gbobimw 8 s 275 |kgkw wko ikw r}m vcmomo vmimqcwc÷o fm |bhb/ F}tbovm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o w}gmfc÷ bihk cj|ktvbovm bi 63
Qmt mi gkogm|vk fm gkow}jk r}m |tk|kom Hbtgêb Gbogicoc |âhcob =1 s ik r}m mp|kom I}cw Tm|kii tmw|mgvk b ib jbomtb mo g÷jk im qbjkw fbofk wmovcfk b ib qcfb) |âhcob ==/
271
tmw|mgvk) j}g`bw |mtwkobw wm w}wgtcdcmtko b ib vq wbvmicvbi gko ib |tkjkgc÷o fm Qm Vq fm Wes b 213 |mwkw bi jmw5 ik r}m |mtjcvc÷ r}m mi bggmwk b kvtkw gbobimw wm bj|icbtb/ Vmomt vmimqcwc÷o fm |bhb s ok vmomtik wm `b q}mivk }o wchok fm |kfmt s i}nk) sb r}m ok vkfkw vcmomo ib |kwcdcicfbf fm |bhbt ib jmow}bicfbf/ Qmo kvtkw gbobimw) ikw ocòkw jctbo kvtbw gbtcgbv}tbw) ikw n÷qmomw bggmfmo b gbobimw fm fm|ktvmw s jþwcgb/
Mi ‟ok) ok) ok) ok) okkkkkk) ¢fêhboim r}m ok b mwb |mikvb"‛ fmi gkjmovbtcwvb fm dmcwdki fmi
gbobi fm MW\O =< `bgmo mgk mo gbfb |btvcfk r}m wm fcw|}vb movtm ocòkw n}hbofk mo ib gbiim/ Wco mjdbthk) bihk r}m ok gbjdc÷ a}m mi gkow}jk fm vmimokqmibw/ Bi gbjcobt |kt ibw gbiimw wm kdwmtqbdb s mwg}g`bdb mi |tkhtbjb fm ‟Gkwbw fm ib qcfb‛ ) ‟B gbfb r}cmo w} wbovk‛ s ibw vmimokqmibw fmi gbobi 27/ \kgkw mtbo r}cmomw qmêbo kvtk gbobi f}tbovm mwm vcmj|k/
ok vcgcbw‛ =/6/ ‟Ik r}m jâw jm h}wvb b jê b|btvm fm ibw okqmibw mw ibw okvcgcbw‛
Ibw vmimokqmibw =2 wko ikw |tkf}gvkw jmfcâvcgkw r}m jâw wm gkow}jmo |btb mwvm gbwk fm mwv}fck/ B}or}m j}g`kw fcgmo r}m ok imw bhtbfb s r}m |tmacmtmo kvtk vc|k fm |tkhtbjbw vmtjcobo gkow}jcãofkik n}ovk b w} jbjâ) w} `mtjbob k n}ovk b vkfb ib abjcicb/ ‟\}mw `bs qbtckw |tkhtbjbw |mtk gbwc ok) okqmibw k ikw |btvcfkw fm a}vdki r}m wko ikw wâdbfkw k fkjcohkw r}m vbjdcão okw jmvmjkw b qmtikw }o tbvk‛5 ‟jc mw|kwb im h}wvb ibw okqmibw s jm moakgk b`ê }o tbvk) |mtk |}mw) mw r}m fmnbo mo
gbfb qm~ mo w}w|mowk s `bs r}m mwvbt |mofcmovm bi kvtk fêb s b qmgmw ok jm h}wvb |kt mwk) |ktr}m sb vm q}miqmw gkjk fm|mofcmovm fm mwk) ok) sb mwvâw |mowbofk mo r}m qb b
=<
Gbobi mw|mgcbic~bfk mo fm|ktvmw r}m w÷ik |}mfm qmtwm |kt gbobi tmwvtcohcfk/ Fm bg}mtfk gko ib Mog}mwvb Obgckobi fm `âdcvkw) |tâgvcgbw s gkow}jk g}iv}tbimw tmbic~bfb mo Jãpcgk mo mi bòk 4<2<) ikw okvcgcbtckw s ibw vmimokqmibw wko ikw |tkf}gvkw vmimqcwcqkw jâw gkow}jcfkw/ Fmi 3<- r}m gkovmwvk qmt vmimqcwc÷o) 47- |tmacmtm ikw okvcgcbtckw s 42- ibw vmimokqmibw/ \btb }ob tmqcwc÷o fmvbiibfb wkdtm mwvm hãomtk qmt Ib cof}wvtcb fm ib vmimokqmib ib |tkf}ggc÷o fm acggc÷o mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob (2331# Oktb Jb~~ckvvc/ =2
278
mj|m~bt ib okqmib s `bs r}m mwvbt b`ê) b qmgmw mwvks gko ikw gkj|bòmtkw r}m fcgmo ‟ok |}mw sb jm qks sb qb mj|m~bt ‟Ib Ikdb‛‛ k sb qb mj|m~bt mwvk sb sb jm qks‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Gkjk sb ik `bdêb gkjmovbfk bgm|vbt bdcmtvbjmovm r}m }o `kjdtm qmb vmimokqmibw vcmom w}w gkowmg}mogcbw) gbwc wcmj|tm wko d}tibw fm w}w bjchkw) wco mjdbthk) g}bofk wm mog}movtbo mo }o ht}|k tmf}gcfk) gko jbskt gkoacbo~b) wm `bgmo |tmwmovmw ikw gkjmovbtckw wkdtm gcmtvk |tkhtbjb vmimqcwcqk) cogi}wk bih}ob vmimokqmib5 ‟‡wc movtm ht}|k `bdibw fm vmimokqmibw kdqcbjmovm vkfk j}ofk vm qb b gkvkttmbt) ok)
|mtk `bs bih}okw r}m wê) ok) k mwvâo gkttcmofk k `bgcmofk mnmtgcgck) ok |}mw qb mj|m~bt ib) ib okqmib) |mtk mw tbtk) ok) fm r}m j}s |kgkw bgm|vbo fm r}m qmo okqmibw |}mw k `bs bih}okw r}m wê) r}m wê |kt mnmj|ik b ik jmnkt wc qmjkw |mtk |kt mi vmjkt bi gkvkttmk fm) fmi gkj|bòmtk ch}bi ok ik fcgmw) ok) |mtk bih}okw wê) |kgkw wko ikw r}m ik fcgmo bdcmtvbjmovm‛ (Nkwã) 71#/
Abjcicb s VQ y Wvcii fmi fkg}jmovbi N÷qmomw wco |tcwb/
270
Mo ib gkj}ocfbf s mo ib tmhc÷o mo hmomtbi wm vcmom ib cfmb r}m ibw j}nmtmw wko r}cmomw ’fmdmo qmt vmimokqmibw ‚=45 wmtêb gkjk }o |tkf}gvk mpgi}wcqk |btb miibw) |kt mwvb tb~÷o
j}g`kw ok bgm|vbo r}m qmo okqmibw b}or}m mo tmbicfbf ik `bhbo/ Qbgcibtwm j}v}bjmovm gko mi okjdtm fm ‟okqmimtk‛ mw ik gkjþo/ Ok w}gmfm ik jcwjk gko ibw j}nmtmw) sb r}m miibw vcmomo ‟|mtjcvcfk‛ qmt vmimokqmibw) wm qm gkjk bihk oktjbi) cogi}wk bihk r}m fmqcmom |kt w}
hãomtk/ Gkjþojmovm j}g`kw mogcmofmo mi vmimqcwkt ‟fm ibw wcmvm `bwvb r}m mj|cmgm ib okvcgcb‛ jcmovtbw r}m kvtkw ik `bgmo fmwfm mi okvcgcmtk fm ibw vtmw fm ib vbtfm ‟@mg`kw jmtcfcbok‛ `bwvb r}m vmtjcom ‟@mg`kw fm ib okg`m‛/
=/=/ Vmimqcwc÷o acnb s j÷qci Mi i}hbt fkofm fmwgbowb ib vmimqcwc÷o mo }o `khbt fm|mofm fmi vbjbòk fm ib gbwb/ Gkjþojmovm ikw `khbtmw mwvâo gkowvt}cfkw fm fkw k vtmw g}btvkw) }ok gkovco}bjmovm wm }vcic~b gkjk wbib s mi tmwvk gkjk fktjcvktckw5 ib gkgcob gbwc wcmj|tm wm mog}movtb wm|btbfb) ib tb~÷o mw mi `}jk r}m mjbob ib imòb bi r}mjbtwm/ Kvtkw `khbtmw mwvâo aktjbfkw w÷ik |kt }o g}btvk s ib gkgcob/ R}cmomw vcmomo }o ‟g}btvk fm mwvbt ‛ mw b`ê fkofm gkikgbo ib vmimqcwc÷o n}ovk bi FQF s mi mwvãtmk5 mo }o j}mdim mpgi}wcqk mpgi}wcqk |btb mwkw b|btbvkw b|btbvkw fm movtmvmocjcmovk) movtmvmocjcmovk) bgkj|bòbfkw fm akvkhtbaêbw k tmg}mtfkw fm bih}ob acmwvb fmi |}mdik k dkfb/ Ib vmimqcwc÷o r}m mwvâ mo mwvm vc|k fm `khbtmw jm bvtmqk b iibjbtib ‟vmimqcwc÷o acnb‛ sb r}m wcmj|tm wm mog}movtb mo mi jcwjk wcvck s mw b`ê fkofm fêb b fêb wm qm vmimqcwc÷o/
Ok w}gmfm ik jcwjk gko ikw `khbtmw r}m w÷ik vcmomo }o g}btvk5 sb r}m mwvkw ok vcmomo }o j}mdim mpgi}wcqk |btb ib vmimqcwc÷o s gkjþojmovm mi b|btbvk mw jâw |mr}mòk) 26 |}ihbfbw/ =4
Bwê vbjdcão ik fmgibtb \bfciib fm ib Vkttm mo w} btvêg}ik Wmt j}nmt wm b|tmofm) mowmòb) fcwat}vb s w}atm/ Vmimokqmib) g}iv}tb m cfmovcfbf fm hãomtk (4<<=#/
273
Mwvm vc|k fm vmimqcwc÷o ib iibjbtêb ‟vmimqcwc÷o j÷qci‛ fmdcfk b r}m bgkj|bòb b ib abjcicb
fkofm qbsb/ Wc mwvâo mo ib gkgcob) ib vmimqcwc÷o ikw bgkj|bòb wmovbfb mo }ob wciib5 wc mwvâo mo mi |bvck vbjdcão qb gko miikw/ Wm q}miqm }ob covmhtbovm jâw/ Mo mi gbwk fm ib ‟vmimqcwc÷o acnb‛ wko ibw |mtwkobw ibw r}m fmdmo vtbwibfbtwm fkofm ãwvb wm mog}movtb) g}bi tmcob iibjb b
w}w wþdfcvkw/
Mo mi gbwk fm ib ‟vmimqcwc÷o j÷qci‛ |mtjcvm r}m ibw |mtwkobw |}mfbo `bgmt bih}ob bgvcqcfbf r}m cj|icr}m bihþo vc|k fm jkqcjcmovk) |kt mnmj|ik> `bgmt vktvciibw) ibqbt tk|b5 bfmjâw fm mwvbt qcmofk+mwg}g`bofk ib vmimqcwc÷o/ \btb mi gbwk fm ib ‟vmimqcwc÷o j÷qci‛ cj|icgb mwvbt
jâw bvmovk bi fcwg}twk vmimqcwcqk) |kt ik jmokw bwê ik tmacmtm mi gkovmpvk5 }o mw|bgck mpgi}wcqk |btb mi movtmvmocjcmovk) ik g}bi ok |mtjcvm `bgmt kvtbw bgvcqcfbfmw r}m cj|icr}mo }o fmw|ib~bjcmovk/ Ok kdwvbovm) ib vmimqcwc÷o vbjdcão |}mfm a}ogckobt gkjk b|btbvk |btb mwg}g`bt jþwcgb/
=/1/ Vmimqcwc÷o> jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o qw movtmvmocjcmovk Mo |btvm ik r}m fmacom r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o wm im jctm gkjk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o k gkjk wcj|im movtmvmocjcmovk fm|mofm fmi tki r}m mi nkqmo n}mh}m mo ib gkj}ocfbf5 mwv}fcbovm) vtbdbnbfkt) oc*oc/ ‟\}mw mo jc |mtwkob) |}mw sk b ib vmimqcwc÷o im |kohk gkjk }o jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ok) |ktr}m) k wmb) b`ê wm |}dicgb vkfk ik r}m mw bih}ob jkfb) bih}ob jþwcgb m` ik r}m mw ib okvcgcb s |}mw) wê gkj}ocgb‛ (Jbtgkw) 21# / ‟Gkjk jmfck fm
gkj}ocgbgc÷o) `bs |tkhtbjbw r}m vm ktcmovbo dcmo |mtk vbjdcão mpcwvmo |tkhtbjbw r}m ok) |}mw) m` mo mwkw gbwkw wmtêb ib vmimqcwc÷o wmtêb okvcgcbw fm ik r}m |bwb mo vkfk mi j}ofk)
26<
g÷jk qb mqki}gckobofk) mo r}m |tkdimjbw okw `mjkw jmvcfk k gkjk `mjkw gkovbjcobfk mi |ibomvb) }ok wm fb g}movb k tmgcdm coaktjbgc÷o‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/
Wco mjdbthk) vbjdcão mwvâ ib gkovtb|btvm fm jctbt vmimqcwc÷o w÷ik gkjk fcwvtbgvkt) ‟|ktr}m ok `bs kvtb gkwb r}m `bgmt‛/ ‟Aênbvm r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o ok ik qmk gkjk fcgmw vþ) ok) gkjk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o
wcok gkjk |bwbvcmj|k) |ktr}m) |ktr}m sk jm fmfcgk b qmt gbtcgbv}tbw) mwvm |}mw sk ik qmk fm kvtb aktjb |ktr}m b jê ok jm h}wvbo ibw okqmibw) ok jm h}wvbo ibw okvcgcbw) b jê jm h}wvbo ibw gbtcgbv}tbw) ibw |miêg}ibw fm vmttkt k gbtcgbv}tbw s |miêg}ibw o}mqbw r}m iibjbo j}g`k i‛bvmogc÷o‛ (Vkjâw) 23#/
‟‡|mtk ok mw vbovk fm r}m qmt ib vmim) wcok |kt fcwvtbmtvm |ktr}m gbwc ok `bs mo r}m
fcwvtbmtvm br}ê wcok r}m b qmgmw ok `bs n}mhkw) ok `bs bwê gkjk }o gmovtk fm fcqmtwckomw s |}mw obfb jâw vm moakgbw mo qmt ib vmimqcwc÷o‛ vmimqcwc÷o ‛ (Jbtv`b) 4<#/
Wm kdwmtqb r}m mo ikw mwv}fcbovmw wm mog}movtb }ob |tmkg}|bgc÷o |kt vmomt jmnktmw |tkhtbjbw s qmo b ib vmimqcwc÷o gkjk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o r}m coaktjb s r}m vbjdcão |}mfm mf}gbt5 mo ikw oc*oc‛w s ikw n÷qmomw vtbdbnbfktmw qmo jâw b ib vmimqcwc÷o gkjk ib qmovbob fm ib fcwvtbggc÷o s mi movtmvmocjcmovk/ ‟D}mob s jbib) bwê gkjk vm |}mfm bs}fbt bwê vm |}mfm |mtn}fcgbt) wê vm fmfcgbw b |komt
gkwbw d}mobw |}mfmw b|tmofmt j}g`k) wc vm |komw b qmt gkwbw g}iv}tbimw |}w vm bs}fb dbwvbovm |mtk |}mw bwê gkjk vm bs}fb vm |}mfm |mtn}fcgbt) vtbm w}w fkw acikw) }o acik d}mok s }o acik jbik) mi acik d}mok |}mw vm |}mfm bs}fbt b wmt jâw covmichmovm) b wmt jmnkt |mtwkob) mi kvtk ibfk |}mw) mi kvtk acik |}mw) mi r}m vm vtbm gkwbw coomgmwbtcbw) qcgckw) gkow}jk) mw jc |}ovk fm qcwvb fm ib vmim‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
262
Wco mjdbthk) ok wm |}mfm hmomtbic~bt ib mg}bgc÷o wkdtm b jbskt htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf jâw vmimqcwc÷o gkjk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o+mf}gbgc÷o k qcgmqmtwb) b jmokt htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf jâw gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o gkjk wcj|im movtmvmocjcmovk/ Ik r}m wm wmòbib mw r}m mo bih}okw mwv}fcbovmw ib |tmkg}|bgc÷o |kt jmnktbt ikw gkovmocfkw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o mw gkowvbovm) ok kdwvbovm vbjdcão w}gmfm ib jcwjb cor}cmv}f mo bih}obw |mtwkobw bf}ivbw/
\btb }o boâicwcw gkj|imvk wkdtm ik r}m wm kdvcmom fmi gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk mwvâo kvtkw abgvktmw gkjk mi covmtãw) mi h}wvk) h}wvk) qbtcbdimw bfmjâw fmi htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf/
Ik
cj|ktvbovm mw jctbt fmwfm }o |}ovk fm qcwvb gtêvcgk mi gkovmocfk vmimqcwcqk/ Ib k|coc÷o bovmtckt bwê ik fmwgtcdm bi jmogckobt r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o mjbob coaktjbgc÷o wkdtm g}bir}cmt obv}tbim~b) ib g}mwvc÷o tbfcgb mo ik r}m gkow}jcjkw/
Bovm vbimw gctg}owvbogcbw mw cj|ktvbovm ib |tmh}ovb »|}mfm ib vmimqcwc÷o jboc|}ibt b ikw gkow}jcfktmw; Mw cj|ktvbovm fmwvbgbt r}m mi jmfck) |mt wm) w÷ik mw mwk) }ob qêb |kt mi g}bi wm gkof}gm }o jmowbnm s) mo vkfk gbwk) ik g}mwvckobdim wmtêb mi fcwg}twk r}m wm okw |tmwmovb k qmofm/ Wco mjdbthk) ikw w|kvw |}dicgcvbtckw w} kdnmvcqk |tcjmtk mw qmofmt/
=/8/ Vmimqcwc÷o) »okw fmnbjkw jboc|}ibt; Ib vmimqcwc÷o mw }o jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o r}m `b iimhbfk b j}g`kw tcogkomw fmi |ibomvb) mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob w} cj|ktvbogcb gkjk jmfck mf}gbfkt `b wcfk cj|tmwgcofcdim/ Wco mjdbthk) gkjk b|btbvk |kt wê jcwjk ok wm im |kftêb n}~hbt) jâw dcmo wmtêb b vtbqãw fm ibw covmogckomw gko r}m wm ib }wm/ Mo ibw gkj}ocfbfmw t}tbimw wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo mi þocgk b|btbvk r}m vtbm d}mobw o}mqbw> cfmbw) jkfb) |tkf}gvkw) mwvâofbtmw) n}hbfbw) |mtwkobw) gbogckomw) okvcgcbw/ 264
‟@ks |}mw wê) ok) gtmk r}m vþ |tmofmw v} vmimqcwc÷o) vm dkjdbtfmbo fm r}m wcmj|tm `bs
r}m mwvbt gkj|tbofk) bdwktdmw vkfk mwm vc|k fm gkwbw) k wmb gkjk r}m vm jboc|}ibo fm bihþo jkfk) ok) movkogmw ib jbsktêb fm ikw n÷qmomw k `bwvb ib hmovm bf}ivb wm qb |kt ik r}m qm mo ib vmim U‡Z okw fmnbjkw jboc|}ibt fm bihþo jkfk |kt ib vmimqcwc÷o) |kt vkfk
ik r}m okw jmvm) movkogmw wê wm tmaimnb mo) br}ê mo ib gkj}ocfbf wê wm `b tmaimnbfk) ok) fmwfm) fmwfm |kt mnmj|ik r}m bi fêb mwvâ mi gmi}ibt qmo }o Dibgedmtts) qmo k wmb jbtgbw r}m im mwvâo jmvcmofk b ib vmimqcwc÷o s sb vm iimhbo) ok) |kt mnmj|ik r}cmtk mwvm gmi}ibt gko mwvb) gko mwvbw gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw) gko mwvm jkfmik) ok) s vkfk wbim fm b`ê‛
(Nkwã) 71#/
Wco mjdbthk) b qmgmw ok w÷ik wko ikw |tkf}gvkw ik r}m okw katmgmo) vbjdcão okw fbo cfmbw) okw mowmòbo gkwbw r}m ok wbdmjkw s r}m ibw qbjkw bompbofk b o}mwvtk ‟wvkge‛ g}iv}tbi/
‟‡|}mw wê `m b|tmofcfk j}g`k fm ãi) fm ib vmimqcwc÷o U‡Z gkjk ktcmovbt b ikw `cnkw) mo
|tmqmoct moamtjmfbfmw) r}m mwvm) gkjk tmibgckobtvm gko ibw fmjâw |mtwkobw) wmt jâw wkgcbdimw |}mw k gkj|mvmovm mo bihk k gkjk wbict bfmibovm k gkjk `bgmt |tksmgvkw‛ (Tkibofk) 4<#/
‟(Têm# fm ib vmimqcwc÷o |}mw `m b|tmofcfk ik r}m mw) |kt ikw |tkhtbjbw r}m qmk (w}
|tmamtcfk mw ib Tkwb fm H}bfbi}|m fmi gbobi 4#) |}mw gkjk qbiktbt }ob abjcicb) gkjk mwvbt bovm }ob wkgcmfbf) wbdmt mwg}g`bt b ikw fmjâw kdqcbjmovm s |}mw wmt gkj|tmowcqk‛ (Jbtgkw) 21#/
‟\}mw b|tmofmt bihk covmtmwbovm |}mw ok) bihk fm r}m vm movmtbw fm g÷jk mwvâ }o
|mtwkobnm s im qmw bihk |btmgcfk b kvtk |}mw wê) b|tmofmw b d}tibt |mtk ok b|tmofmw bihk covmtmwbovm r}m fchbjkw `bs) bi jmokw ibw okvcgcbw |}mw bihk covmtmwbovm‛ (Jbtv`b) 4<#/
I}cw Tm|kii (4<2<# okw `bdibdb r}m |kgk b |kgk o}mwvtb qcfb im qbjkw fbofk wmovcfk b |btvct fm ib covmtbggc÷o gko ib gkvcfcbocfbf/ \tcjmtbjmovm mo ib abjcicb) mi dbttck) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ib mwg}mib) mvg/) |kgk b |kgk mwvm bdbocgk fm k|gckomw wm qb 267
`bgcmofk jâw htbofm/ Bwê kdwmtqbjkw mo ibw fmgibtbgckomw bovmtcktmw r}m wm gbwc wcmj|tm wm b|tmofm ik r}m wm qm mo ib vmimqcwc÷o s mwb mowmòbo~b wm gkovtbwvb gko mi fcwg}twk vmimqcwcqk/ Cogi}wk) gkjk mo mi gbwk fm Jbtv`b) g}mwvckob mi gkovmocfk fm ib vmimqcwc÷o bi jmogckobt r}m ’ok b|tmofmw bihk covmtmwbovm‚) þvci gkjk mi `mg`k fm mwvb coaktjbfk/
=/0/ Gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o> ocòkw) n÷qmomw s bjbw fm gbwb Mi `ktbtck) ikw |tkhtbjbw s `bwvb ikw gbobimw fm vmimqcwc÷o vcmomo }o |þdicgk jmvb/ Bwê jcwjk ibw |mtwkobw gkow}jmo |tkhtbjbw fm vmimqcwc÷o fm bg}mtfk b w}w h}wvkw) covmtmwmw k w÷ik |kt fcwvtbmtwm/ F}tbovm ib coqmwvchbgc÷o wm kdwmtq÷ r}m ikw ocòkw) ikw n÷qmomw s ibw bjbw fm gbwb mtbo r}cmomw jâw vmimqcwc÷o gkow}jêbo =7) gkj|btbfk gko mi ht}|k fm ikw `kjdtmw bf}ivkw/ Ãwvkw) ib jbsktêb) wm mog}movtbo a}mtb fm ib gkj}ocfbf) w÷ik qcmomo ikw acomw fm wmjbob b fmwgbowbt) qmt mi dmcwdki) b ib abjcicb) vkjbtwm bih}obw gmtqm~bw s |kgkw wko r}cmomw qmo vmimqcwc÷o/
Fm ikw vtmw mwvtbvkw ‗ ocòkw) ocòkw) n÷qmomw s bjbw fm gbwb* ikw ocòkw gkow}jmo vmimqcwc÷o |kt jbskt vcmj|k) sb r}m fcw|komo fm jâw vcmj|k icdtm r}m ikw mwv}fcbovmw fm ib wmg}ofbtcb s ib |tm|btbvktcb/ Ibw gbtcgbv}tbw wko w}w |tkhtbjbw abqktcvkw b}or}m vbjdcão qmo vmimokqmibw f}tbovm ib vbtfm s okg`m/ Bfmjâw fm fcw|komt fm jbskt vcmj|k) ikw ocòkw w÷ik wm fmfcgbo b ib mwg}mib) bih}obw ibdktmw fmi `khbt s b fcqmtvctwm/ Ok abivb r}cmomw |tmacmtbo n}hbt a}vdki mo ib gbog`b k dmcwdki mo bihþo gbj|k fm|ktvcqk f}tbovm ibw vbtfmw/ =7
Ikw ocòkw gkjmo~bdbo b qmt vmimqcwc÷o fmwfm r}m wbiêbo fm ib mwg}mib) 24>7< |j ikw fm ib |tcjbtcb) |tcogc|bijmovm gkow}jmo gbtcgbv}tbw r}cmomw vcmomo Wes s bihþo |tkhtbjb fm Vq B~vmgb |btb mi tmwvk/ Ikw n÷qmomw gkjþojmovm iimhbo fm ib |tm|btbvktcb b ibw 2= `ktbw5 ibw bjbw fm gbwb (s bih}okw `kjdtmw jbsktmw vbjdcão# |kt ik hmomtbi gkjcmo~bo b qmt vmimqcwc÷o fmwfm ibw 21 `ktbw/ Ok kdwvbovm ib vmimqcwc÷o |mtjbomgm mogmofcfb fmwfm ibw 26>7<) `ktb mo r}m gkjcmo~b mi okvcgcbtck) `bwvb ibw 2<>7< g}bofk gkjcmo~b @mg`kw gko Nbqcmt Bibvkttm/
266
Ikw n÷qmomw wko r}cmomw vcmomo jmokt vcmj|k r}m ikw ocòkw sb r}m w}w gibwmw vmtjcobo jâw vbtfm/ Vbjdcão w}w bgvcqcfbfmw wm qbo `bgcmofk jbsktmw/ Vkfkw `bgmo vbtmbw) bg}fmo bi ‟gcdmt‛) bih}okw qbo b kvtb gkj}ocfbf b `bgmt vbtmb mo mr}c|k) qmo bi okqck k b ib okqcb)
|tbgvcgbo a}vdki) kvtkw |tmwvbo w} wmtqcgck wkgcbi mo ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi) ib giêocgb fm wbi}f k mo ibw mwg}mibw/ Mi vcmj|k |btb qmt vmimqcwc÷o mw f}tbovm ib okg`m) sb vcmomo |tkhtbjbw fmacocfkw ‗ wmtcmw) wmtcmw) |miêg}ibw) |tkhtbjbw fm|ktvcqkw) |btvcfkw fm a}vdki) okqmibw s okvcgcbw*/ Fmdcfk b r}m j}g`kw fm ikw n÷qmomw wko fm|ktvcwvbw wcmj|tm kdwmtqbo |btvcfkw fm a}vdki s |tkhtbjbw fm|ktvcqkw/
Ibw bjbw fm gbwb qmo vmimqcwc÷o f}tbovm ib okg`m) fmw|}ãw fm vmtjcobt gko ibw ibdktmw gkvcfcbobw fmi `khbt/ \tcogc|bijmovm qmo vmimokqmibw s jcmovtbw ik `bgmo bih}obw dktfbo }ob jbovb) icj|cbo mi atcnki) mi jbê~ k mi bttk~) |ibvcgbo gko bih}ob qmgcob k `mtjbob) bvcmofmo w} omhkgck fm bdbttkvmw) qmofmo gmob k mwvâo |mofcmovmw fmi mw|kwk r}m iimh÷ fm vtbdbnbt/ Sb wm fcnk r}m mi dmcwdki vbjdcão mw }o fm|ktvm r}m wm fcwat}vb j}g`k mo ib tmhc÷o s b`ktb gko mi wcwvmjb fm vmimqcwc÷o fm Wes j}g`kw bacgckobfkw qmo ib wmtcm fm dmcwdki fm Mwvbfkw ]ocfkw) |tcogc|bijmovm `kjdtmw jbsktmw/
=/3/ Vmimqcwc÷o> ib gbnb fm ikw w}mòkw J}g`k wm `b `bdibfk fmi |kfmt ib vmimqcwc÷o s fm ik r}m |}mfm ikhtbt gkjk cowvt}gvktb fm mowmòbo~bw/ Ik cofcwg}vcdim mw mwm |kfmt gkjk jmfck fm mf}gbgc÷o5 ik g}mwvckobdim wmtêb ik r}m okw mowmòb/ Gkjk sb jmogckoã mi jmfck |kt wê jcwjk ok vcmom ocoh}ob gb|bgcfbf) ib jbomtb mo r}m wm ib k|mtb mw ik r}m wm |koftêb b fcwg}wc÷o mo ib jmwb
26=
fm fmdbvmw/ Bi acobi r}cmo fmgcfm ib dbttb |tkhtbjâvcgb s ib mfcvktcbi fmi jmfck mw mi f}mòk k ikw wkgckw/ Mo ib vmimqcwc÷o kdwmtqbjkw }o wcooþjmtk fm cjâhmomw) |tk|}mwvbw) cfmbw) jkfbw s jkfmikw/ Cj|kom tmhibw fm dmiim~b s ib d}mob qcfb/ Bwê qmo ikw n÷qmomw b ib vmimqcwc÷o/ R}cmomw wm fmfcgbo bi fm|ktvm ‗ a}vdki) a}vdki) dmcwdki* mw b vtbqãw fm miib fkofm wm |}mfmo qmt ibw n}hbfbw) ibw vâgvcgbw) ib tk|b s ikw ‟vbgkw‛=6/ Mo jâw fm }ob kgbwc÷o mwg}g`ã r}m ikw a}vdkicwvbw fm ib tmhc÷o |tmacmtmo }vcic~bt ‟vbgkw‛ fmi wmiik Ocem k Bfcfbw) ‟jbtgbw r}m
|mwbo‛*»mi |tmgck;) »ib tm|}vbgc÷o;*/ \}mfmo iimhbt b vmomt }o gkwvk mimqbfk |mtk mwk cj|ktvb |kgk) k gbwc |kgk) g}bofk mi qbikt wcjd÷icgk w}|mtb bi qbikt fm }wk/
Bwê vbjdcão kg}ttm gko ibw g`cgbw s g`cgkw gko mi mwvâofbt fm dmiim~b/ ‟Jm gkj|tã ibw
~b|bvciibw s ib dkiwb fm Jêb ==‛ (Miwb) 42# 5 ‟`bs r}cmomw vcmofmo b vkjbt k r}cmtmo vmomt ib |mtwkobicfbf fm w} btvcwvb abqktcvk m cogi}wk gk|cbo w} jbomtb fm qmwvct) fm `bdibt) `bwvb mi |mcobfk‛ (Ib}tb) 47 #/ \btb mwvbw ‟gkoamwckomw‛ mwvâ mi gkovtbwvm fm k|coc÷o fm ikw bf}ivkw ‟ok
wã wc mo mi bw|mgvk mgko÷jcgk `mjkw jmnktbfk k ok wã g÷jk im `bgmo) mw ik r}m b jê jm wkt|tmofm |ktr}m qcwvmo jmnkt‛ (Nkwã) 71#/ Ok wkibjmovm qcwvmo jmnkt) vbjdcão vtbmo bggmwktckw gkwvkwkw gkjk }o vmiãakok gmi}ibt) tm|tkf}gvktmw fm jþwcgb) qcfmkn}mhkw/ Ib gkj|}vbfktb b}or}m vcmom }o |tmgck mimqbfk wm n}wvcacgb |ktr}m mw }ob `mttbjcmovb |btb mi mwv}fck =1/
=6
Gko mwvm okjdtm vbjdcão wm im gkokgm b ikw ~b|bvkw |btb n}hbt a }vdki/ \tkvbhkocwvb fm ib vmimokqmib TDF) vtbowjcvcfb |kt mi gbobi 4 fm Vmimqcwb/ Bi tmw|mgvk qmt mi vmpvk fm H}ciimtjk Ktk~gk Ib vmimokqmib mo Jãpcgk> »fm }ob mp|tmwc÷o g}iv}tbi b }o wcj|im |tkf}gvk |btb ib jmtgbfkvmgocb;) mi g}bi `bgm tmamtmogcb b ib vmimokqmib Tmdmifm (4<<1#/ =1 Gkjþojmovm r}cmomw vtbdbnbo gkjk bidbòci k mo ib bhtcg}iv}tb hbobo movtm 24< s 2=< |mwkw bi fêb/ Ikw r}m vtbdbnbo mo AKOBV]T kdvcmomo jmokw fm 4<<< |mwkw gbvktgmobimw/ Gmtgb fmi 3<- fm ib |kdibgc÷o vbjdcão mw|mtb mi |bhk fmi |tkhtbjb K|ktv}ocfbfmw/ ==
261
Ikw |tkf}gvkw fm gkgcob s icj|cm~b wko mi ‟w}mòk‛ fm ibw bjbw fm gbwb/ ‟Jm `b vkgbfk fm r}m mo ib okg`m qmw) wbim }o gkjmtgcbi fm fbxos=8 ok wã r}ã) }o btkjb o}mqk) iimhb ib wmòktb r}m r}cmtm mwm |tkf}gvk‛ (Nkwã) 71#/ Bi acobi) mo kgbwckomw) ib tmbicfbf |}mfm wmt gt}mi ‟ik fm `ks |}mw wmtêb qmofmt (têm# mw ib) ib vq bdcmtvb) sk gtmk r}m vkfbw ibw vmimqcwckomw
fm mwk qcqmo) fm qmofmt) sb fmw|}ãw mwvbtêb ik fmjâw5 movtmvmomt) coaktjbt) gkibdktbt) `bs fm vmimqcwc÷o b vmimqcwc÷o‚ (Bovkock) 40#/ Ik cj|ktvbovm wmtêb }o n}cgck gtêvcgk wkdtm ib
aktjb fm qmt vmimqcwc÷o) bihk r}m mw|mtk iimh}ã |tkovk/
W}hcmtk mwvk |ktr}m mog}movtk }ob |tmkg}|bgc÷o fm |btvm fm ib jbsktêb fm ikw n÷qmomw bi fmjbofbt }o jmnkt gkovmocfk vmimqcwcqk/ Gkovmocfk mogbjcobfk b gkovtcd}ct gko ikw kvtkw fkw |mofcmovmw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o gkjk jmfck fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o wkgcbi> aktjbt s mf}gbt/ Bi |tcogc|ck mp|}wm ibw vbtmbw mogkjmofbfbw b mwvm jmfck) fm ikw g}bimw movtmvmomt mw ik r}m jâw `bgm/ Bfmjâw fm mwvk) }o n}cgck gtêvcgk fm |btvm fm ikw vmimqcfmovmw wmtêb mi gkj|imjmovk |mtamgvk/ Movcmofk mwvk gkjk ib gb|bgcfbf fm bobic~bt ikw gkovmocfkw vmimqcwcqkw s mogbjcobtikw `bgcb ib gkowvt}ggc÷o fm }o dbhbnm g}iv}tbi jâw bj|ick/ W}hcmtk r}m mwvk wmtêb |kwcdim gko }o htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf jbskt/ ’Omgmwcvbjkw }ob mf}gbgc÷o r}m ok fmnm b ikw gc}fbfbokw comtjmw atmovm b ibw |kfmtkwbw mwvtbvbhmjbw fm r}m `ks fcw|komo ikw jmfckw jbwcqkw |btb gbj}aibt w}w covmtmwmw s fcwatb~btikw fm k|coc÷o |þdicgb‚ (Jbtvêo
Dbtdmtk) 4<<4#/
Ok kdwvbovm) mo ib mwgmob wkgcbi qbo bdtcãofkwm |bwk o}mqkw bgvktmw vmgoki÷hcgkw r}m vtbwvkgbo mi movktok) vbovk mo ibw bgvcqcfbfmw gkjk mo ib aktjb fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o fm ikw
=8
Jbtgb fm }o w}bqc~bovm fm tk|b
268
`bdcvbovmw/ Wm `bgm |kt miik cofcw|mowbdim }o mwv}fck r}m |mtjcvb movmofmt g÷jk mwvkw o}mqkw tm|tmwmovbovmw aktjbo |btvm k ok fmi movtbjbfk wkgcbi) g÷jk gbjdcbo k w}hcmtmo bihþo gbjdck/ Ok mw mi gbwk fm mwvm vtbdbnk) wco mjdbthk) mg`mjkw }o qcwvb~k/
=/2 mi covmtomv s mi gmi}ibt Mi covmtomv s mi vmiãakok gmi}ibt gkowvcv}smo kvtkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o r}m |tkovk wm `bo bfb|vbfk b ib qcfb fm ikw n÷qmomw5 sb r}m wko miikw ikw |tcogc|bimw gkow}jcfktmw fm mwvkw jmfckw/ Mi covmtomv ik }wbo |tcogc|bijmovm ikw mwv}fcbovmw fm ibw fcamtmovmw mwg}mibw5 fmwgbthbo coaktjbgc÷o) g`bvmbo) tmqcwbo w} g}movb mo Abgmdkke s immo w} gkttmk mimgvt÷ocgk/ Ikw ‟gcdmt‛w‛ ‗ fkw* fkw* wm wbv}tbo sb r}m ikw }w}btckw wko j}g`kw5 `bs
r}cmomw vcmomo r}m mw|mtbt w} v}tok) kvtkw fmgcfmo ct b Bwvbvb =0) b`ê vbjdcão `bs kamtvb fm covmtomv/
Gbwc vkfkw ikw n÷qmomw vcmomo }o gmi}ibt) cogi}wk n÷qmomw r}m ok wbdmo immt vcmomo }ok) mi g}bi w÷ik ik }wbo |btb `bgmt iibjbfbw) b}or}m mi jbskt }wk r}m wm im fb mw gkjk tm|tkf}gvkt fm jþwcgb/ G}bofk ikw g`cgkw fmwmbo gkj|tbt }o vmiãakok gmi}ibt d}wgbo bih}ok gko gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw gkjk mi tm|tkf}gvkt fm jþwcgb) ib gâjbtb |btb akvkhtbaêb s qcfmk s mi di}mvkkv`/ Mi wbgtcacgck fm b`kttbt qbim ib |mob g}bofk wm |tmw}jm mi gmi}ibt) `bs r}cmo vtbdbn÷ mo ibw qbgbgckomw ‗ wmjdtbofk wmjdtbofk jbê~) g}cfbofk s icj|cbofk jci|b* bi acobi |}fk vmomt mi gmi}ibt r}m fmwmbdb/
=0
Gkj}ocfbf qmgcob/ Qmt jb|b/
260
Bfmjâw fmi gkow}jk fm jþwcgb r}m wm |}mfm `bgmt mo mi gmi}ibt) vbjdcão mwvâ fm jbomtb cojmfcbvb fmi gkow}jk fm akvkhtbaêbw s qcfmk/ Gkjþojmovm ikw g`cgkw covmtgbjdcbo qcfmkw |ktokhtâacgkw k bih}obw gbogckomw/ Mwvkw hbfhmvw wm `bo gkoqmtvcfk mo }ob mpvmowc÷o fm ikw wmovcfkw/ ‟B`ktb ikw n÷qmomw |btmgmo vkfkw ikgkw) `bdibo wkikw mo ibw gbiimw‛) ikw bf}ivkw ikw
qmo gkjk wmtmw mpvtbòkw/ Mo g}bir}cmt jkjmovk s |btb g}bir}cmt bgvcqcfbf ikw b}fêakokw mwvâo mo ikw kêfkw/ Ct bi gcdmtgbaã vbjdcão vcmom kvtbw imgv}tbw bfmjâw fm `bgmt ib vbtmb5 mw ib k|ktv}ocfbf |btb qmt b ikw bjchkw) b ib okqcb) n}hbt) r}mfbtwm `bwvb jâw vbtfm) mo mi gbwk fm ibw j}nmtmw/ Wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo }o |}ovk fm tm}oc÷o jâw gkog}ttcfk |kt ib n}qmov}f) bfmjâw fm ibw gbog`bw fm|ktvcqbw s mi |btr}m/
263
Gkogi}wckomw S }ob qm~ bofbfk |kt mwvkw gbjcokw) acobic~bfk mi qcbnm jbw ok bwê mi fmwmk fm gkovco}bt mwv}fcbofk) r}mfk wbvcwamg`k fmi gkokgcjcmovk r}m bfr}ctê5 b coqmwvchbt w÷ik wm b|tmofm mo ib |tâgvcgb/ B jbomtb fm gkogi}wckomw vtbvbtã fm gkovmwvbt b ibw covmttkhbovmw r}m jm |ibovã bi |tcogc|ck fm mwvb vmwcw/ R}cmtk bovmw tmgktfbt ibw |tmh}ovbw>
»Mpcwvm ib n}qmov}f) gkjk mvb|b fcamtmogcbfb) mo Wbovb Jbtêb @}bjmi}ib;
Wc mpcwvm) »g}âimw wko w}w |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw;
W} cfmovcfbf »b |btvct fm r}ã mimjmovkw+cowvcv}gckomw ib gkoach}tbo;
Ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mo mw|mgcbi ib vmimqcwc÷o »vbjdcão aktjb |btvm fm w} cfmovcfbf;
Jmogckoã r}m mo ib g}iv}tb g`kovbi mpcwvmo fkw |bibdtbw r}m fmwchobo b ibw |mtwkobw gkjk j}g`bg`b) U BxbxbvâZ k j}g`bg`k U Ij}iscZ wmhþo wmb mi gbwk/ B}or}m ok wm `bdim fm }ob mvb|b gkjk vbi) |btmgm jâw dcmo r}m a}ogcko÷ gkjk |tm|btbgc÷o |btb ib qcfb gkos}hbi/ Bgv}bijmovm mwvb |tm|btbgc÷o |btb ib qcfb bf}ivb wm jbomnb gko jmokt tchkt/ @bs j}nmtmw n÷qmomw r}m ok wbdmo `bgmt vktvciibw) |kt mnmj|ik) s fmgcfmo vtbdbnbt mo bihþo kvtk i}hbt k mwv}fcbt |btb kdvmomt }o vêv}ik fm icgmogcbv}tb/ Ibw bgvcqcfbfmw |tm*gkos}hbimw sb ok wko |tcjktfcbimw) b}or}m b qmgmw ibw w}mhtbw |tmqcmomo b w}w smtokw r}m w} `cnb ok wbdm `bgmt vktvciibw/ B ikw `kjdtmw sb ok wm imw |tmwckob gko mi `mg`k fm wbdmt btbt ib vcmttb k g}cfbt ib s}ovb/
2=<
\kftêb `bdibtwm r}m }ob fm ibw tb~komw |kt ib r}m ikw bf}ivkw qmo b ikw n÷qmomw gkjk tmdmifmw) fmwkdmfcmovmw) covmtmwbfkw w÷ik mo ib fcqmtwc÷o) bi vc|k fm wcv}bgc÷o r}m imw vkg÷ qcqct/ Mi gbjdck fm mp|mtcmogcbw s qcqmogcbw) mi gkovmpvk jcwjk) gkovtcd}sm fm jbomtb wchocacgbvcqb mo ibw |mtw|mgvcqbw fm jctbt ib tmbicfbf/ Mi |tkgmwk fm bibthbt ib mvb|b fm wkivmtêb) fm gbwbtwm n÷qmomw |mtk gko }ob jmovbicfbf fcamtmovm b ib fm w}w bovmgmwktmw) g}movb |btb wbdmt r}m ibw aktjbw fm b|tk|cbgc÷o) tmibgc÷o s aktjb fm qcfb mwvâo gbjdcbofk/ Tmvkjk ik r}m Amcpb mp|kom mo w} vmpvk Fmi tmikn fm btmob bi tmikn fchcvbi ) fkofm mp|icgb) b jbomtb fm jmvâaktb) ikw gbjdckw wkgcbimw r}m `bs fmi tmikn fm btmob) mi jmgâocgk k bobi÷hcgk s mi fchcvbi/
B |btvct fm ik bovmtckt wm mwvbtêb `bdibofk movkogmw fm }o vcmj|k qctv}bi jmfcfk gko mi tmikn fchcvbi) fkofm ikw n÷qmomw tkj|mo gko ib obv}tbim~b fm |tkgmwk (Jmbf) 2382#) }o gbjdck ok tbfcgbi) fkofm ik o}mqk tmj|ib~b ik qcmnk k qcgmqmtwb) wcok jâw dcmo }ob mjchtbgc÷o `bgcb mi vcmj|k fmwfm fcamtmovmw vmj|ktbicfbfmw/ Ib gkogm|gc÷o fm ib icombicfbf) fm hmomtbgc÷o mo hmomtbgc÷o) gbjdcb/ Mwvk ok wchocacgb r}m ikw bd}mikw w÷ik gkovmj|imo mi tmikn fm btmob) ikw |bftmw mi tmikn bobi÷hcgk s ikw n÷qmomw mi tmikn fchcvbi) wm vtbvb jâw dcmo fm ’gbjdckw‚ fm|mofcmofk fm ib wcv}bgc÷o k cowvcv}gc÷o/ Sb Amcpb (4<<7# tmvkj÷ fm Jbthbtmv Jmbf tmw|mgvk b ib tmibvcqcfbf fmi vcmj|k mo mi tmikn fchcvbi) ik g}bi `bgm tm|mowbt mi wchocacgbfk fmi vcmj|k wkgcbi) fkofm mi |kfmt r}mfb fca}jcobfk) s ibw mfbfmw wm j}mwvtbo gkjk tmamtmovmw wcjd÷icgkw/
2=2
Fm mwvb jbomtb qcw}bic~k mo ib gkj}ocfbf fm mwv}fck bih}obw gbtbgvmtêwvcgbw fm ibw |mtwkobw bf}ivbw s iLw =3 n÷qmomw gko ibw o}mqbw hmomtbgckomw/ Ikw bf}ivkw `bdcvbo s wm fmwbttkiibo mo }ob gkj}ocfbf fkofm `bs tkimw wkgcbimw mw|mgêacgbw |btb w} wmpk) mfbf) gibwm s hãomtk/ B}or}m b`ktb w}w cjâhmomw g}iv}tbimw vbjdcão |tkqcmomo fm kvtbw a}movmw gkjk ikw jmfckw mimgvt÷ocgkw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o jbwcqb) w} ktchmo |tcogc|bi tbfcgb mo ib gkj}ocfbf jcwjb/ Ibw o}mqbw cjâhmomw s fcwg}twkw gbwc wcmj|tm wko tmg`b~bfkw/
Ok kg}ttm bwê wkdtm vkfk gko ikw n÷qmomw) bih}okw bf}ivkw s ibw o}mqbw hmomtbgckomw/ \btb mwvm ht}|k mo mw|mgêacgk ibw gkofcgckomw wkgcbimw m cjâhmomw g}iv}tbimw wm bj|iêb b }ob mwgbib hikdbi) cofm|mofcmovmjmovm fm ibw gkofcgckomw ikgbimw/ Bfmjâw fm tmibgckobtwm m covmtgbjdcbt wchocacgbfkw g}iv}tbimw mo mi mw|bgck aêwcgk) vbjdcão ik `bgmo mo mi mw|bgck qctv}bi5 mo ibw tmfmw wkgcbimw) wkdtm vkfk/ Ib gkogm|gc÷o fmi vcmj|k s mw|bgck gbjdcb/ Wco mjdbthk) mwvm |tkgmwk ok |}mfm movmofmtwm fm aktjb bcwibfb) mwvâo mo gkowvbovm gkompc÷o ib jchtbgc÷o) mi bggmwk b ibw o}mqbw vmgokikhêbw s mi htbfk fm mwgkibtcfbf gbfb qm~ jbskt/
Ok kdwvbovm) `bs bf}ivkw r}m vbjdcão mwvâo b|tmofcmofk b gkoqcqct gko ibw o}mqbw vmgokikhêbw/ Mw fmgct) mwvâo b|tmofcmofk b }wbtibw/ W}w jctbfbw mwvâo gbjdcbofk fm |mtw|mgvcqb5 b}or}m wm imw qmb tbtk |kt br}miikw r}m wm r}mfbtko mo mi tmikn fm btmob/ ]o gibtk mnmj|ik mw mi }wk fmi vmiãakok gmi}ibt k ib gkj|}vbfktb s) wkdtm vkfk) wc wm vtbvb fm bih}ob wmòktb/
=3
Amcpb mp|icgb) mi wêjdkik L mw }vcic~bfk |kt j}g`kw n÷qmomw mo w} mwgtcv}tb gkvcfcbob |btb wchocacgbt mi hãomtk om}vtk) gkjk cfmovcacgbfkt fm w} gkttmk mimgvt÷ocgk |mtwkobi) s gkjk tmamtmovm mw|bgck *vmj|ktbi fm w} qcog}ibgc÷o b }o mw|bgck hikdbi (qêb g`bvw |kt covmtomv) qcbnmw |kt covmttbci) k b}fcgckomw |kt ib JVQ# (4<<7> 4=#
2=4
Ib n}qmov}f) gkjk mwvbfk wkgcbi r}m hk~b fm gcmtvb b}vkokjêb) gkjcmo~b b okvbtwm/ ]ob fm ibw gb}wbw r}m |mtjcvm mwvm mwvbfk) mw) gkjk b|}ovb Jmomwmw (4<<4#) }ob jbskt mwgkibtcfbf/ Wco mjdbthk) vbj|kgk |kfmjkw wmòbibtib gkjk ib þocgb) jâw dcmo mw }ob gkjdcobgc÷o fm fcamtmovmw gb}wbw/ Kvtk mimjmovk r}m wm w}jb b ibw gctg}owvbogcbw r}m |mtjcvmo mi bibthbjcmovk fm ib mvb|b fm wkivmtêb mw ib jchtbgc÷o/
Bgv}bijmovm j}g`kw n÷qmomw) `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw) mwvâo bqbo~bofk `bgcb mw|bgckw fmwgkokgcfkw/ Ibw j}nmtmw |kt ik hmomtbi vtbdbnbo gmtgb fm ib gkj}ocfbf) mo Db`êbw fm @}bv}igk k Wbicob Gt}~/ Ikw `kjdtmw) mjchtbo `bgcb ib gc}fbf fm Kbpbgb) mi oktvm fmi |bêw k `bgcb Mwvbfkw ]ocfkw/ Mwvkw fmw|ib~bjcmovkw |mtjcvmo gkokgmt o}mqkw j}ofkw) cfmbw) tmbicfbfmw s |btbfchjbw) ik r}m kgbwckob ib `cdtcfbgc÷o fm ib g}iv}tb ikgbi gko ib hikdbi/
Wm |}mfmo fcwvcoh}ct mo mwvm mwv}fck vtmw vc|kw fm n÷qmomw> mi mwv}fcbovm) mi r}m vtbdbnb s mi r}m oc mwv}fcb oc vtbdbnb/ \btb ãwvm þivcjk mi oþjmtk fm `kjdtmw w}|mtb bi fm ibw j}nmtmw) s b}or}m bih}obw j}nmtmw ok wbihbo b vtbdbnbt wê ik `bgmo mo ibw ibdktmw fmi `khbt/ Ikw n÷qmomw r}m r}m wcmj|tm mwvâo mo gbwb) gbwb) qmo vmimqcwc÷o) vmimqcwc÷o) mwg}g`bo jþwcgb) jþwcgb) qbo bi têk k bi gbj|k s mo ibw vbtfmw |tbgvcgbo a}vdki k bihþo kvtk fm|ktvm/ Mo mi gbwk fm ikw n÷qmomw mwv}fcbovmw }ocqmtwcvbtckw vkfb ib wmjbob mwvâo a}mtb) mo N}g`cvâo) Wbicob Gt}~ k @}bv}igk/ Gbfb qcmtomw k wâdbfk tmhtmwbo b gbwb/ @bs kvtkw) ib jcoktêb) r}m mwv}fcbo mo bih}ob gc}fbf jâw imnbob s w÷ik qcmomo mo qbgbgckomw/ R}cmomw vtbdbnbo tmhtmwbo mo fêbw fm fmwgbowk) b}or}m `bs kvtkw r}m qcbnbo vkfkw ikw fêbw/
2=7
Mo mi gbwk fm ibw j}nmtmw) ib acmwvb fm PQ bòkw a}ogckob gkjk ib kgbwc÷o |btb bo}ogcbt r}m ib ocòb wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo j}nmt/ Wco mjdbthk) mwvk ok qb jâw biiâ fm }o |tkvkgkik sb r}m movtm gkjmovbtckw wm b|tmgcb r}m ib amwvmnbfb fmn÷ fm wmt ocòb g}bofk gkokgc÷ b w} okqck/ Vmomt }ob |btmnb gkjk okqcL) mo mi gkovmpvk fm mwv}fck) mw ik r}m gbtbgvmtc~b) mo |btvm) mi |bwk fm ib ocòm~ b ib n}qmov}f5 g}bofk wm iimhb bi jbvtcjkock wchocacgb ib qcfb bf}ivb5 ib gc}fbfboêb/ Cogi}wk mi htbfk mwgkibt vbjdcão gkovtcd}sm b fcamtmogcbt mwvbw mvb|bw/ Ib wmg}ofbtcb mw ib cowvcv}gc÷o fm vtbowcgc÷o) ib |tm|btbvktcb ikw fmacom sb gkjk n÷qmomw/
Mo mi gbwk fm ikw `kjdtmw) mi dmdmt bigk`ki s ib icdmtvbf fm iimhbt vbtfm b gbwb vbjdcão fbo |cwvbw |btb wmòbibt ib |tmwmogcb fm ib n}qmov}f/ Mo mi gbwk fmi a}vdki) ibw gbvmhktêbw fm n}qmoci s icdtm ok wko jâw r}m gbvmhktêbw fm mfbf) sb r}m `bs n}hbfktmw fm ib n}qmoci r}m
n}mhbo mo ib ib icdtm) ok bwê fm ib icdtm b ib n}qmoci/ Wco mjdbthk) gkoqcmom tmwbivbt r}m r}cmomw n}mhbo mo bjdbw bjdbw gbvmhktêbw gbvmhktêbw fmdmo vmomt vmomt }ob d}mob vãgocgb vãgocgb s ok omgmwbtcbjmovm omgmwbtcbjmovm gkofcgckomw gkofcgckomw wkgcbimw mw|mgêacgbw) wkdtm vkfk tmamtmovm b ib mfbf/
B gkovco}bgc÷o |tmwmovk fkw g}bftkw r}m tmw}jmo ib n}qmov}f vtbfcgckobi s ib r}m mwvâ mjmthcmofk gkjk gkowmg}mogcb fm ibw vtbowaktjbgckomw r}m vcmomo ibw cowvcv}gckomw mo ib mtb hikdbi5 bfmjâw fm ib cog}twc÷o fm o}mqkw bgvktmw r}m |mtjcvmo kdwmtqbt+qcqct ib tmbicfbf fm jbomtb fcamtmovm bi fm `bgm |kgkw bòkw/
2=6
Hãomtk Amjmocok
Tkimw Mwv}fcbovm
N}qmov}f vtbfcgckobi> Bxbxbvb‛ ! Ij}isc . Bgvcqcfbfmw |tcogc|bimw Gkovmpvkw Cfmovcfbf *Vtbdbnbt mo gbwb) W} cfmovcfbf wm gkoach}tbdb b bgbttmbt bh}b) vtbmt imòb) \tcjbtcb |btvct fm ibw cowvcv}gckomw `bgmt vktvciibw/ tmichckwbw) |kiêvcgbw s abjcicbtmw/ * Ct b ib mwg}mib (w÷ik Ib mwg}mib b|mobw gkjmo~bdb b |tcjbtcb# \k~kw fm okvbtwm/ Mi |tcogc|bi jmfck fm *N}hbt mo ikw |k~kw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o mtb ib gbttmvmtb) bh}b bh}b) têk |kwvmtcktjmovm ib tbfck/ *G}cfbt b ikw `mtjbocvkw *G}cfbt ib jci|b @bs }ob jbtgbfb fcamtmogcb fm Têk ib cfmovcfbf b |btvct fm ikw tkimw *Ct b ib mwg}mib (w÷ik fm hãomtk/ Ibw j}nmtmw gko ibw |tcjbtcb) wmg}ofbtcb ibdktmw |tk|cbw fmi `khbt s bih}okw# Gmttk g}cfbfk fm ikw `cnkw) bih}obw ok *Btbt ib vcmttb) wmjdtbt mwv}fcbtko ib |tcjbtcb/ Ikw jbê~/ `kjdtmw fmdêbo wbdmt vtbdbnbt ib *G}cfbt s icj|cbt ib Gbiim vcmttb/ jci|b *Vtbmt imòb) |mwgbt Ok `bs icdmtvbf |btb fmgibtbtwm g`bgbimw) vtbmt `}mqkw fm Chimwcb `kjkwmp}bi) icjcvbovmw wkgcbimw vktv}hb s tmichckwbw/ Tm|tkf}ggc÷o fm ibw *Gb~bt ch}bobw) qmobfkw gkofcgckomw wkgcbimw*g}iv}tbimw *N}hbt mo mi têk) |k~kw Dbcim fm ib jcwjb aktjb r}m w}w fm bh}b) gmttk/ bovmgmwktmw/
Jbwg}icok
Vtbdbnbfktb
Bjb fm gbwb
Mwv}fcbovm
Vtbdbnbfkt
Ok `bs jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o jbwcqkw/ Ib cfmovcfbf wm gkoach}tbdb mo vktok b |bvtkomw wkgcbimw) ok `bs fcwvcogc÷o fm ht}|kw mw|mgêacgkw fm n}qmov}f) w÷ik ib ocòm~ s ib bf}ivm~/ .Bxbxbvb‛ : J}g`bg`b y Ij}isc: J}g`bg`k
2==
Hãomtk Amjmocok
N}qmov}f t}tbi b`ktb Tkimw Bgvcqcfbfmw |tcogc|bimw Gkovmpvkw+Bgvktmw *Mwv}fcbovm *Gkow}jk jmfckw (ikgbi+mjchtbovm# *Mwv}fcbt \tcjbtcb *Vtbdbnbt Wmg}ofbtcb *Vtbdbnbfkt *Bs}fb mo gbwb \tm|btbvktcb (ikgbi+mjchtbovm# *Fcqmtvctwm ]ocqmtwcfbf *Mw|mgvbfkt fm *Oc*Oc.+Bjb fm a}vdki+dmcwdki Têk gbwb *N}hbt a}vdki
Jbwg}icok
* Mwv}fcbovm *Fm|ktvcwvb (ikgbi+mjchtbovm# (a}vdki+dmcwdki# *Ct bi gbj|k+vmttmok *Vtbdbnbfkt wcmjdtb (ikgbi+mjchtbovm# *Gkow}jk jmfckw *Fcqmtvctwm *Oc*oc *Mwv}fcbt
@kjkwmp}bi *Mwv}fcbovm *Vtbdbnbfkt
*Mw|mgvbfkt fm a}vdki+dmcwdki (|kttcwvb# *Mowmòbo b dbcibt qbiw |btb r}cogmbòmtbw+gib}w}tbw *Mwv}fcbo *@bgmo bfktokw) |bwvmimw/ *Qmofmo gmtqm~b *\bvtkgcobo n}hbfktmw
Gbog`bw
\btr}m
Chimwcb
Covmtomv
Jbr}cocvbw
Gbovcobw
Gbiim
Dbcim (vtbfcgckobi+fcwgkw#
Gmi}ibt
Fmwevk|+Ib|vk|
Hbsw+Imwdcbobw..
Cfmovcfbf Ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o gkjcmo~bo b a}ogckobt gkjk tmamtmovmw fm |bvtkomw g}iv}tbimw/ Wco mjdbthk) vbjdcão vcmomo }o htbo |mwk ib abjcicb) mi wcwvmjb |kiêvcgk s ib tmichc÷o/ Ok kdwvbovm wm kdwmtqb ib cj|ktvbogcb r}m qbo bfr}ctcmofk mi gkow}jk fm jmfckw gkjk ib vmimqcwc÷o) mi covmtomv s mi vmiãakok gmi}ibt/ Wch}m `bdcmofk tkimw |btb gbfb hãomtk) b}or}m `bs }ob jbskt vkimtbogcb) ibw j}nmtmw n}mhbo a}vdki) ikw `kjdtmw ibqbo tk|b/ Mi hãomtk `kjkwmp}bi gkjcmo~b b wmt jâw qcwcdim/ Cogi}wk qcwvmo gko tk|b amjmocob s bg}fmo b ibw acmwvbw gko vtbnmw fm ib g}iv}tb ~b|kvmgb/ Ib jchtbgc÷o vbjdcão wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo abgvkt fm gbjdck/ Ib n}qmov}f gkjcmo~b b qmtwm s b gbtbgvmtc~btwm gko mimjmovkw |tk|ckw/ Jbskt vcmj|k fm kgck) ib mwg}mib) ib jchtbgc÷o s ib wkivmtêb wko bih}okw cofcgbfktmw fm mwvm wmgvkt/
. ]wk mwvm vãtjcok w÷ik |btb g}mwvckomw fm fcamtmogcbgc÷o fm tkimw/ ..Wko |kgbw r}cmomw wm `bo fmgibtbfk bdcmtvbjmovm/
2=1
Wm |}mfm kdwmtqbt g÷jk ibw bgvcqcfbfmw) ikw gkovmpvkw `bo gbjdcbfk fm ib n}qmov}f t}tbi vtbfcgckobi b ib n}qmov}f t}tbi bgv}bi/ Mi vmiãakok gmi}ibt) ib gkj|}vbfktb s mi covmtomv gbjdcbo w}wvbogcbijmovm ib jbomtb fm qmt) bgv}bt s qcqct mo mi mw|bgck t}tbi/ Ikw bgvktmw hbsw+imwdcbobw vbjdcão movtbo mo mwgmob wco b|btmovmw tmwvtcggckomw/ Ikw gkovmpvkw mwgkibtmw wko jâw) ik r}m |mtjcvm }ob jbskt |tm|btbgc÷o mwgkibt s gkowmg}movmjmovm }o oþjmtk gtmgcmovm fm |tkamwckobimw/
Mo mi âjdcvk mf}gbvcqk) ãwvm gkdtb htbo cj|ktvbogcb |btb ikw |bftmw fm abjcicb/ B |mwbt r}m `bs wmg}ofbtcbw a}ofbfbw fmwfm acobimw fmi wchik |bwbfk mo gkj}ocfbfmw gmtgbobw) |kgkw vmoêbo ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm mwv}fcbtib) mi abgvkt mgko÷jcgk coai}sm j}g`k/ \kwvmtcktjmovm gko ib a}ofbgc÷o) mo 2331) fmi Gkimhck fm Mwv}fckw Gcmovêacgkw s Vmgoki÷hcgkw fmi Mwvbfk fm Kbpbgb) ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm gkovco}bt mwv}fcbofk iimh÷/ Gkowcfmtk r}m ib hmomtbgc÷o 2338* 4<<<) mw gko ib r}m wm cocgcb }ob qmtfbfmtb mvb|b fm b}vkokjêb n}qmoci/ Ok b|icgb |btb vkfkw ikw n÷qmomw |mtk wê |btb br}miikw r}m gkovco}btko mwv}fcbofk s `ks vcmomo }o vêv}ik fm icgmogcbv}tb/
Mi gkovmpvk s ib mw|mgcbicfbf fm coaktjâvcgb r}m b|tmofcmtko mwvkw n÷qmomw bs}fbtko vbjdcão |btb r}m wm bj|icbtbo ikw gbj|kw fm qcwc÷o/ Ibw gkj|}vbfktbw gkjmo~btko b okvbtwm mo mi gbj|k mf}gbvcqk) wm mj|m~÷ b `bdibt fmi covmtomv s fm `bgmt vbtmbw gko }o wkik gicg) cogi}wk `bdêb r}cmomw cdbo b Wbicob Gt}~ k b @}bv}igk |btb ‟gkomgvbtwm‛/ Vkfk miik mtb
okqmfbf) wco mjdbthk) mwvk `bdtêb ib |kwcdcicfbf fm gkokgmt mi wkavxbtm s mi `btfxbtm/ Bwê jcwjk b|tmofmt kvtk cfckjb) mi cohiãw/ B |mwbt r}m mi GMDMVB k|mtbdb j}g`k bovmw) w} vtbowgmofmogcb mo ikw mwv}fcbovmw fm ib gkj}ocfbf a}m |kgb/
2=8
Ikw o}mqkw mw|bgckw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o) gkjk ib mwg}mib) mi |btr}m s ibw gbog`bw fm a}vdki) |tkgmwkw gkjk ib jchtbgc÷o) mi gkow}jk fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ibw vmgokikhêbw fm ib coaktjbgc÷o |mtjcvcmtko r}m ikw n÷qmomw gkjmo~btbo b fbtim wmovcfk b ib tmbicfbf fm jbomtb fcamtmovm b w}w |tkhmocvktmw/ Fm n}hbt a}vdki wco cj|ktvbt ib jbtgb fm ikw ~b|bvkw b`ktb ik `bgmo gko jbtgbw r}m }wbo ikw a}vdkicwvbw |tkamwckobimw/ Vkfk vcmom }o |tmgck s }ob jbtgb/ Ikw n}mhkw s ib aktjb fm qcfb vtbfcgckobi wm `bo jm~gibfk gko mi cobigbo~bdim w}mòk fm ibw vmimokqmibw) b}obfk b ikw bggmwktckw vmgoki÷hcgkw s bi covmtomv/
Cogi}wk ibw jkfbicfbfmw fm qcfb mo |btmnb gkjcmo~bo b okvbtwm fcamtmovmw/ Mi oþjmtk fm |btmnbw mo gkog}dcobvk qb mo b}jmovk/ Gkoaicgvk covmt*hmomtbgckobi/ Ib abjcicb fmwb|t}mdb ib fmw`kotb/ Ib vtbfcgc÷o fcgvb fkw fêbw fm acmwvb) mi dbcim fmi ‟h}bg`c‛ s mi ‟jmfc}p`chb‛) ib
gkoqcqmogcb5 |mtk wkdtm vkfk r}m ok wm |}mfm katmgmt ib qcthcocfbf fm ib `cnb/ Br}mi bgvk fkofm wm bo}ogcb ib |}tm~b fm ib okqcb) |mtk wkdtm vkfk fmi g}cfbfk r}m v}qcmtko w}w |bftmw/ Ib wkib cfmb fm qcqct mo }oc÷o icdtm |tkqkgb }o gbvbgicwjk mo ib jmovm fm ikw |bftmw/
Ik jâw mqcfmovm fm ib }oc÷o icdtm mw ib cj|kwcdcicfbf r}m ibw abjcicbw wm }obo/ Mo }o jbvtcjkock vtbfcgckobi) bfmjâw fm ib |btmnb) vbjdcão wm gtmbo ib~kw abjcicbtmw s fm gkj|bftb~hk) sb r}m ik jâw cj|ktvbovm ok mw ib dkfb mo wê) wcok ib tm|tmwmovbgc÷o fm ibw bicbo~bw gko mi dbcim fmi ‟h}bg`c‛/ Ik r}m ok kg}ttm mo mi gkog}dcobvk/ Mi vtâowcvk fm ib
n}qmov}f b ib qcfb bf}ivb ik fmacom mi jbvtcjkock/ Wmòkt) wmòktb) gc}fbfbok) gc}fbfbok) |bftm) jbftm wko gbicacgbvcqkw |btb r}cmomw |bwbtko ‟mi |kfmtkwk }jdtbi r}m |tkf}gm }ob vtbowcgc÷o cttmqmtwcdim‛ (Tkftêh}m~) 4<<<> 430#/
2=0
Wco mjdbthk) ok wm fmdm kiqcfbt r}m ikw n÷qmomw gkoqcqmo fmovtk fm }o gkovmpvk mw|mgêacgk s tm|tkf}gmo ibw |tâgvcgbw fm w}w bovmgmwktmw/ ]ob fm ibw cowvcv}gckomw fkofm `bs jbskt |tmkg}|bgc÷o mw mo ib |kiêvcgb ikgbi ‗ bwbjdimb*/ bwbjdimb*/ Ibw s ikw n÷qmomw mwvâo mo gkowvbovm ‟i}g`b‛ |kt k|cobt s `bgmt qbimt w} k|coc÷o fmwfm w} gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci/ Ibw |mtwkobw
jbsktmw tmw}miqmo ikw gkoaicgvkw/ Miikw vkjbo ibw fmgcwckomw s fcw|komo mi a}v}tk fmi |}mdik/ Ib mvb|b fm n}qmov}f b|btmgm gkjk fmwqmovbnb atmovm b ib vkjb fm fmgcwckomw gkj}obimw/ Ib |kgb mp|mtcmogcb s mi `mg`k fm wmt ‟ nkqmo nkqmo tmdmifm‛ wm k|kom b r}m ikw gc}fbfbokw im fmo ib cj|ktvbogcb gkttmw|kofcmovm/ Wmt nkqmo |btmgcmtb wmt }o fmicvk r}m `bs r}m |bhbt/ Wm `b `mg`k fm ib gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci }ob mvb|b wco a}v}tk) mogbwciibfb mo ikw |tmn}cgckw fm ftkhbfcgvkw) dkttbg`kw s qbhkw/ Ok wã vbi qm~ qcqbjkw bþo mo }ob wkgcmfbf vkfbqêb gko gcmtvbw gkwbw r}m fmwhtbgcbfbjmovm ok okw dmomacgcbo k ok |kftêbo) ok vtbchbo) mwm htbo |bwk mo r}m ikw n÷qmomw tmbijmovm b|ktvmjkw vkfk ik d}mok d}mok r}m vmomjkw r}m b|ktvbt s mwb momthêb r}m wm w}|kom bd}ofb mo okwkvtkw wmb }vcic~bfb s mo dcmo ok wkibjmovm |tk|ck wcok `bwvb fm o}mwvtb |tk|cb gkj}ocfbf (Miwb) 42#/
Mo g}bovk b ib tmichc÷o) mi oþjmtk fm n÷qmomw acmimw qb fmgbsmofk) ib jctbfb wm `b qkigbfk wkdtm ib mwg}mib) mi vtbdbnk s ib fcqmtwc÷o/ \kt ik hmomtbi wko ikw bfkimwgmovmw r}cmomw wm covmtmwbo mo ib tmichc÷o s mwvk w}gmfm jcmovtbw f}tm ib mvb|b/ Bih}okw bg}fmo jâw |kt tb~komw fm gkoqcqmogcb s ok |kt gkoqcggc÷o fm mw|ctcv}bicfbf/ Ib mwg}mib mw |btb j}g`kw mi |bwm |btb }ob qcfb jmnkt s bgv}bijmovm mi oþjmtk fm n÷qmomw r}m bwcwvmo b ib }ocqmtwcfbf qb mo b}jmovk) bgv}bijmovm wko b|tkpcjbfbjmovm 2= mwv}fcbovmw }ocqmtwcvbtckw gkj|btbfk gko 6 vcv}ibfkw fm ibw |tcjmtbw hmomtbgckomw r}m v}qcmtko bggmwk b mwv}fcbt }ob icgmogcbv}tb/
2=3
Ikw vcmj|kw mwvâo gbjdcbofk) ibw cfmbw mwvâo tmqki}gckobofk s ibw |mtwkobw) mo mw|mgcbi ib n}qmov}f) n}qmov}f) mwvâo gkon}hbofk gkon}hbofk ik mpvtbòk gko ik gkvcfcbok) gkvcfcbok) ik |t÷pcjk gko ik imnbok/ Vkfk gkdtb ocvcfm~ fm hikdbi gko mi bggmwk b o}mqbw a}movmw fm coaktjbgc÷o) fkofm wm katmgmo kvtbw |mtw|mgvcqbw) cfmbw) oktjbw s |b}vbw/ Mi tkjbovcgcwjk mo mi okqcb~hk wm `b w}wvcv}cfk |kt d}wgbt mi oþjmtk fm vmiãakok s moqcbtim }o jmowbnm b ib j}nmt fm w}w w}mòkw/ Ikw |bftmw fm r}cmomw b`ktb vcmomo movtm 46 s 40 bòkw) gkjdcobdbo mi vtbdbnk gko mi okqcb~hk/ Mo ikw |k~kw fm bh}b k mo mi têk) bfmjâw fm ct |kt mi qcvbi iêr}cfk vbjdcão b|tkqmg`bdbo |btb qmtwm b mwgkofcfbw5 }o okqcb~hk gko ‟vbovbw icdmtvbfmw‛ gkjk b`ktb ok mwvbdb
|mtjcvcfk/
Ibw gkofcgckomw fm hãomtk mwvâo vbjdcão wcmofk vtbwvkgbfbw |kt ibw cjâhmomw s fcwg}twkw r}m b fcbtck wm gkow}jmo/ Mi vtbdbnk fcamtmogcbfk) j}s wmòbibfk mo bòkw bovmtcktmw) mwvâ gkjmo~bofk b gkj|btvctwm mo ikw `khbtmw/ B}or}m vkfbqêb `bs }o jbg`cwjk jbtgbfk) wkdtm vkfk mo ikw |bftmw s bd}mikw fm ikw n÷qmomw/ Ib mwg}mib) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ibw |iâvcgbw mo ib giêocgb fm wbi}f gkovtcd}smo |btb hmomtbt }ob mr}cfbf fm hãomtk/
Ikw j}p`mw mwvâo vbjdcão gkowvt}smofk w} cfmovcfbf gkjk ht}|k fcamtmogcbfk fm ikw hãomtkw jbwg}icok s amjmocok/ Gkjk jmogckoã) ib coai}mogcb fm ib g}iv}tb ~b|kvmgb mo mwvm vmjb) mw okvktcb/ Ib tmibgc÷o gko ikw fmjâw n÷qmomw mw gktfcbi) ok |bwb fm ibw dtkjbw s ikw g`cwvmw/ B}or}m ib d}tib) fm |btvm fm ikw bf}ivkw jbsktmw) |btmgm wmt ib aktjb jâw tmg}ttmovm fm bhtmfct b mwvm ht}|k) miikw ok |btmgmo kamofmtwm/ W} |b|mi mo ib tmhc÷o mwvâ mogbwciibfb mo vtbdbnbfktbw5 `bgcmofk gkjcfb) jbo}bicfbfmw s ‟ikr}cvbw‛ |kt ibw acmwvbw/ B}or}m b`ktb gkjcmo~bo b okvbtwm ibw r}m r}cmtmo ikhtbt }ob gbttmtb }ocqmtwcvbtcb/
21<
Bgv}bijmovm ib gbog`b s mi |btr}m) r}m wm mog}movtbo n}ovk b ib Bhmogcb J}ocgc|bi) mwvâo qbgêkw mo fêbw fm gibwm/ Gbwc vkfkw ikw n÷qmomw s bfkimwgmovmw wm imw mog}movtb mo ibw gbwbw r}m katmgmo wmtqcgck fm covmtomv/ Vbjdcão ikw ocòkw mj|cm~bo b ct/ Mo mwvm mw|bgck gkjcmo~bo b fmwbttkiibtwm ikw okqcb~hkw) ibw gcvbw gko ikw bjchkw5 wm `b gkoqmtvcfk mo mi |tmvmpvk |btb wbict fm gbwb) sb r}m bth}jmovbo bt h}jmovbo ‟vkfk mw jâw aâgci mo covmtomv‛/
Bwê gkjk ib tmichc÷o) ib mwg}mib) ib abjcicb s ib gkj}ocfbf wko cowvcv}gckomw cj|ktvbovmw mo ib qcfb m cfmovcfbf fm ikw |kdibfktmw) fm jbomtb wcjcibt ikw n÷qmomw mwvâo vkjbofk b ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mo mw|mgcbi ik tmamtmovm b ib vmimqcwc÷o s jâw tmgcmovmjmovm mi covmtomv s mi gmi}ibt/ Mi mwvtbvk n}qmoci s ibw o}mqbw hmomtbgckomw gtmgmo gko ibw cjâhmomw s |tâgvcgbw r}m wm fmwmoq}miqmo mo vktok b ibw vtbfcgckomw s g}iv}tb ikgbi fmi |}mdik |mtk vbjdcão qbo wcmofk |btvêgc|mw fm aktjbw fm qcfb imnbobw s bnmobw/
Ib |kwcdcicfbf r}m katmgmo ibw o}mqbw vmgokikhêbw fm jctbt jâw biiâ fm ikw gmttkw mw bj|icb/ Ib vmimqcwc÷o fmwfm acobimw fmi wchik PP) mo |btvm) gkjmo~÷ b gbjdcbt mi mwvcik fm qcfb fmi |}mdik) fmwfm ib aktjb fm qcqct) qmwvct) vtbdbnbt) fcqmtvctwm) `bwvb ib jbomtb fm tmibgckobtwm/ Mi jkfmik fm qcfb r}m katmgm mw bvtbgvcqk/ W}mòkw g}j|icfkw fm ib gmocgcmovb g}bofk mi aco fm ib vmimokqmib wm bgmtgb/ Wco mwa}mt~k bih}ok mi |kdtm iimhb b vmomt tcr}m~bw/ Mwm mw mi |tksmgvk r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o gkjmtgcbi `b katmgcfk s mo htbo |btvm wm im `b gkj|tbfk/ Wê) wê mw cj|ktvbovm) vcmom w} cj|ktvbogcb |}mw) bwê gkjk vm mf}gb bwê vm mowmòb5 bwê gkjk vm mowmòb gkwbw d}mobw bwê vm mowmòb gkwbw jbibw) ok wã mw g}mwvc÷o fm ktcmovbtik) vmomt ib vmimqcwc÷o cfmbi r}m ok mwvã iimob k gkovbjcobfb fm vbovbw gkwbw) b`ê ok |kfmjkw `bgmt obfb) wko kvtkw vmttmokw (têm# (Bovkock) 40#/
212
Ikw covmtmwmw fm ikw n÷qmomw wko ikw r}m fmacomo mi gkow}jk fm ikw |tkhtbjbw/ Ibw vmimokqmibw gkjmo~btko wcmofk }o |tkf}gvk mpgi}wcqk |btb ibw j}nmtmw ok kdwvbovm b`ktb mi gkow}jk wm `bgm mo abjcicbw/ Wco mjdbthk) ikw |tkhtbjbw fm|ktvcqkw s mi a}vdki gkttmw|kofmo jâw bi h}wvk fm ikw `kjdtmw) mo mw|mgcbi n÷qmomw/ Vbjdcão ibw wmtcmw fmi gbobi 8 wko |tkf}gvkw jmfcâvcgkw gkow}jcfkw |kt n÷qmomw) `kjdtmw s j}nmtmw/ Ibw |miêg}ibw s ikw vbie w`kx vbjdcão wm qmo mo abjcicb) fkofm bfmjâw fm qmt vbjdcão wm gkjmovb/ Mi }wk fm ikw FQF¶w movtm n÷qmomw mw j}s gkjþo) wkdtm vkfk fm gkovmocfk |ktokhtâacgk/
Mo ib coqmwvchbgc÷o r}m Hbdtcmib Tkftêh}m~ iimq÷ b gbdk) gkogi}s÷ r}m ’ikw n÷qmomw w÷ik vkjbo br}ãiibw cfmbw fm ikw jmowbnmw fm ib jþwcgb s ib vmimqcwc÷o r}m jâw wm bn}wvb b w}w mjkgckomw s b w}w qcqmogcbw gkogtmvbw‚ (4<<2> 4==#/ Mwm jcwjk fcwg}twk jbomnbo ikw
n÷qmomw fm Wbovb Jbtêb wkdtm mi gkow}jk) mi imoh}bnm) ib mwvãvcgb s mi jkfk fm qcfb wko bih}okw bw|mgvkw r}m jâw vkjbo mo g}movb/ Ibw mwvtmiibw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o s fmi gcom wko |ktvbfktbw fm cjâhmomw jkfmikw r}m ikw n÷qmomw cjcvbo k r}cmtmo bigbo~bt/ Fmwfm mi |mcobfk `bwvb ib tk|b) ikw hmwvkw s ib acwckokjêb) wcmj|tm mwdmivb/ Ikw n÷qmomw a}vdkicwvbw ‟w}mòbo‛ gko ibw n}hbfbw fm Jmwwc) Ebeâ) Gtcwvcbok Tkobifk) ach}tbw fm ibw ichbw m}tk|mbw5
ibw j}nmtmw gko mi g}mt|k fm ibw bgvtcgmw fm vmimokqmib/
Wco mjdbthk) mo mi gkovmpvk fm mwv}fck fm Hbdtcmib Tkftêh}m~ ’ik r}m kg}ttm mo ikw |tkhtbjbw fm ib vmimqcwc÷o k mo mi gcom vcmom }ob gkookvbgc÷o fm kvtmfbf) mwk r}m kg}ttm ¥
biiâ ok |bwb bgâ ) wm gkowvt}sm }o cjbhcobtck b |btvct fm ik r}m qmo cfmovcacgâofkik gkjk µ
fcwvcovk) b}or}m vkjbo cfmbw s gkwv}jdtmw wmimgvcqbjmovm‚ (4<<2> 4==#) gbwk gkovtbtck mo 214
jc gkovmpvk fm mwv}fck) sb r}m movtm jâw wm ikhtm mi |btmgcfk gko mi jkfmik fm ib vmimqcwc÷o jmnkt qcwvk wmtâ/ Ib ‟d}mob cjbhmo‛ ik fcgvbo ikw jmfckw) wc qbw mo t}jdk fcwvcovk mwvbw k}v /
Mw |kt miik r}m gcvk ik r}m Oãwvkt Hbtgêb Gbogicoc |tk|kom gkjk omgmwcfbf fm mwv}fck> mi gkow}jk 1
(233=>23 mo I}cw Tm|kii5 4<2<> 231*238#/
Ib qcfb n}qmoci mo ib gkj}ocfbf) s fm ib tmhc÷o mo hmomtbi) mwvâ gkdtbofk jbskt tmimqbogcb/ Ikw abgvktmw r}m `bo cfk gkowvt}smofk mwvb mvb|b mwvâo bwkgcbfkw b ibw cowvcv}gckomw mf}gbvcqbw) ib mimggc÷o fm qcfb 12) mi fm|ktvm) ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) ib jchtbgc÷o s ibw o}mqbw vmgokikhêbw fm ib coaktjbgc÷o s ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o/ Vkfk qb |kt }o jcwjk gb}fbi fmi têk r}m wm iibjb qcfb s fmi bh}b r}m ikw bd}mikw s |bftmw r}cwcmtbo dbòbtwm fkw qmgmw/ \}mw r}m wmtêb‡|}mw ikw n÷qmomw) wmt nk qmo mw j}s dkocvk) »ok;) sk gtmk r}m wm `bdib fm r}m wc `ks mo fêb wko }o |kgk jâw aiknkw U‡Z |mtk mw fm|mofcmofk fm ib ã|kgb r}m
mwvmjkw qcqcmofk) »ok;) k wmb ok wm |}mfm wcmj|tm r}mtmt r}m miikw qcqbo gkjk qcqêbjkw bovmw) »ok;) fm r}m |}mw) gkjk vm fcnm mwm fêb) `ks vcmomo jâw k|ktv}ocfbfmw) hk~bo fm jâw k|ktv}ocfbfmw (Nkwã) 71#
Mw |tkdbdim r}m mo ib bgv}bicfbf `bsb jâw k|ktv}ocfbfmw) wco mjdbthk) gkowcfmtk r}m bþo `bgm abivb j}g`k |kt `bgmt mo mwvm vmttmok r}m b|mobw gkjcmo~b b okvbtwm> ib n}qmov}f
1< 12
Qmt b|btvbfk 4/6/ Bgvktmw wkgcbimw) gkow}jk vmimqcwcqk s jmfcbgckomw Mimhct }oc÷o icdtm atmovm b ik r}m jbtgb ib vtbfcgc÷o> dkfb |kt ib chimwcb s |kt ik gcqci/
217
t}tbi/ Gkoqcmom |btb miik gtmbt ibw gkofcgckomw omgmwbtcbw |btb w} jmnkt fmwmoqkiqcjcmovk/ Ib n}qmov}f ok mw }o a}v}tk) mw }o |tmwmovm r}m qcqm s d}wgb) mw }o vkttmovm fm momthêb r}m omgmwcvb kg}|btwm/ Ibw g}mwvckomw fm hãomtk) mr}cfbf) wbi}f tm|tkf}gvcqb) `kjkwmp}bicfbf s ftkhbfcggc÷o wko vmjbw r}m vbjdcão omgmwcvbo wmt bdktfbfkw fmwfm ib gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci s ib |mtw|mgvcqb fm ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o) gkjk wm `b qcwvk) ãwvkw gbfb fêb wm imw fbo jbskt cj|ktvbogcb/
\kt vkfk ik bovmtckt mog}movtk r}m ib vmimqcwc÷o) ik jcwjk r}m ibw kvtbw cowvcv}gckomw gkjk ib abjcicb) ib mwg}mib) ib tmichc÷o) mi wcwvmjb |kiêvcgk gkj}ocvbtck ‗ bwbjdimb*) bwbjdimb*) |btvcgc|b mo ib cfmovcfbf fm ikw n÷qmomw) fmdcfk b r}m |mtjcvm+w}hcmtm b vtbqãw fmi fcwg}twk qcw}bi+b}fcvcqk jkfmikw fm qcfb s mwvãvcgb/ Mi gkow}jk fm mwvm jmfck mw fm ikw jâw tmg}ttcfkw s ib b|tk|cbgc÷o fmi jmowbnm wm fb |tcogc|bijmovm mo ikw bw|mgvkw fm gkow}jk) tmibgckomw |mtwkobimw s ikw tkimw fmi hãomtk amjmocok s jbwg}icok/
\kt ik bovmtckt w}hcmtk r}m }ok fm ikw vmjbw fm ib bhmofb |þdicgb obgckobi vmoftêb r}m bdtct mw|bgck b ib fcwg}wc÷o wkdtm mi gkovmocfk fm ikw jmowbnm vmimqcwcqkw) jbw bþo ikw fm gbtâgvmt |þdicgk s) mo }o wmh}ofk jkjmovk) ib gtmbgc÷o s b|icgbgc÷o fm |kiêvcgbw |þdicgbw fcwmòbfbw b jmnktbt mi gkovmocfk fm ikw jmowbnmw) mo mi wmovcfk r}m mi fcwg}twk wmb |mfbh÷hcgk wco fmnbt fm wmt iþfcgk/ Ik jcwjk b|}ovk b ib b|mtv}tb fm |kiêvcgbw |þdicgbw mogbjcobfbw b ib jmnktb wkgcbi fm ib gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci) fkofm ok w÷ik wmbo qcwvkw gkjk w}nmvkw fmicog}movmw s ftkhbfcgvkw wcok gkjk w}nmvkw gb|bgmw fm jmnktbt ib wcv}bgc÷o wkgcbi/
216
Atmovm b }ob wkgcmfbf r}m jbwcacgb mwvt}gv}tbijmovm) r}m vcmofm b `kjkhmomc~bt cogi}wk g}bofk gtmb |kwcdcicfbfmw fm fcamtmogcbgc÷o) ib |kwcdcicfbf fm wmt gc}fbfbokw mw fctmgvbjmovm |tk|ktgckobi bi fmwbttkiik fm ikw n÷qmomw gkjk w}nmvkw b}v÷okjkw) vbovk covmtcktjmovm gkjk mo w}w vkjbw fm |kwcgc÷o/ S icdtm wchocacgb n÷qmomw gb|bgmw fm wbdmt immt+fmwgcatbt ib |}dicgcfbf s ok fmnbtwm jbwbnmbt mi gmtmdtk) n÷qmomw gb|bgmw fm vkjbw fcwvbogcb fmi btvm fm jkfb) fm ikw icdtkw fm jkfb) r}m |cmowmo gko w} gbdm~b s ok gko ibw cfmbw r}m gctg}ibt b w} bitmfmfkt (Jbtvêo Dbtdmtk) 4<<4#
Bovm mwvk omgmwcvbjkw g}mwvckobtokw wc ib vmimqcwc÷o |ibovmb ib cjbhmo fmi nkqmo t}tbi s ib jbomtb mo r}m mwvkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o jbwcqb ik fmwgtcdmo) »Mi gkow}jk fm vmimqcwc÷o) s ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o mo hmomtbi) n}mhbo bihþo |b|mi wkdtm ib mvocgcfbf) wmp}bicfbf s+k hãomtk fm ibw s ikw n÷qmomw;) »G}âi mw mi fcwg}twk (k fcwg}twkw# r}m |ibovmbo ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o s ib vmimqcwc÷o mo |btvcg}ibt wkdtm ib wmp}bicfbf s mi hãomtk fm ibw n}qmov}fmw t}tbimw;
Ib cfmovcfbf n}qmoci qb fcamtmogcâofkwm fm ikw ocòkw s bf}ivkw/ Qbo gkowvt}smofk w} |tk|ck gbjcok |btbimik b w} gkj}ocfbf fm ktchmo) w} abjcicb) w} movktok aêwcgk |t÷pcjk s imnbok/ Ikw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o |mtjcvmo gkokgmt ik fcwvbovm s mi gkow}jk |mtjcvm }ob |btvcgc|bgc÷o jâw êovcjb/ Ib vmimqcwc÷o fmdmtêb qmtwm fmwfm }ob |mtw|mgvcqb |mfbh÷hcgb s ktcmovbt mi gkovmocfk `bgcb mwm gbjcok wco kiqcfbt ib |btvm iþfcgb/ Ib qmtmfb fm ib gkofcgc÷o n}qmoci wm mwvâ `bgcmofk `bgcmofk okvbt) mo mo mi a}v}tk wm mw|mtb r}m r}m wmb }o gbjcok gbjcok icdtm fm fm bofbt/
21=
B|ãofcgm Ib n}qmov}f fm jcw |b|âw a}m‡
B gkovco}bgc÷o wm vtbowgtcdmo ikw tmibvkw fm n}qmov}f fm ikw |bftmw fm ikw coaktjbovmw gko ib covmogc÷o fm fbtokw }ob cfmb jmnkt fm ikw gbjdckw s |mtjbomogcbw/ Gbdm jmogckobt r}m ibw obttbvcqbw wko gktvbw |mtk wê fbo }ob cjbhmo fm ik r}m miikw qcqcmtko s wkdtm vkfk a}ogckob j}s dcmo gkjk gkovtbwvm fm fbvkw/
‟Fm jcw |b|âw) |kgk) ok ) wê jm `bo gkovbfk |mtk |mt k |}w mtb fcamtmovm) ok vmoêbo mimgvtcgcfbf)
ok `bdêb vbovkw jmfckw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o gkjk b`ktcvb) mwvâ ib gbttmvmtb) m` ib mwg}mib ch}bi mtb fcamtmovm) ok vmoêbo jbmwvtkw bwê gkjk ikw vmomjkw b`ktcvb mo mi wcwvmjb r}m vmomjkw b`ktcvb) mtb) mtb fm kvtk jkfk) mtb) vmoêbo ikw jbmwvtkw r}m |bhbdb mi j}ocgc|ck s mowmòbdbo b w} jkfk) vkfkw mo }o jcwjk wbi÷o (têm# `b gbjdcbfk) dbwvbovm s |}w fm ik r}m jm gkov÷ mi bd}mik |}mw vkfbqêb mtb jâw fcaêgci) mtb) mtb kvtb wcv}bgc÷o) `bdêb }ob jmovbicfbf jâw gmttbfb) fkofm imw vkg÷ fmwbttkiibtwm gko jâw tmw|kowbdcicfbfmw |ktr}m fmwfm ocòkw vmoêbo r}m jbft}hbt |btb gkibdktbt gko ibw vbtmbw fmi `khbt‛ (Bovkock) 40#/
‟‡g}bofk wm a}m b vtbdbnbt) b ikw 28 bòkw) wm a}m b Wbicob Gt}~) fcgm miib r}m vtbdbn÷ fm
ikw 28 b ikw 44 bòkw) b ikw 44 bòkw wm mogkovt÷ gko jc |b|â) jc |b|â mw jbskt 2< bòkw b jc jbjâ) mwvm |}mw fcgm miib r}m wm gkokgcmtko s‡wm fmgcfcmtko b qcqct s wm mwvbdimgcmtko fm q}mivb fm mwvm ibfk g}bofk) g}bofk mwvm) g}bofk wm mjdbtb~÷ jc jbjâ s jc |b|â wmh}êb vtbdbnbofk biiâ mo Wbicob Gt}~) fcgm r}m jc |b|â vtbdbnbdb mo ib Gktkob s r}m jc jbjâ vtbdbnbdb mo gbwb s |}mw) fmwfm b`ê mj|m~btko b aktjbt }ob abjcicb s |}mw mwk a}m ik r}m jm gkjmov÷ jc jbjâ‛ (Vkjâw)
23#/
211
‟Ok) }a) vbi qm~) |mtk) ok) ok vkfk) |mtk wê wã r}m a}m) ok qcqc÷ j}g`k w} n}qmov}f |kt ik r}m
v}qk b ikw 28 bòkw w} |tcjmtb `cnb s b ikw 4< r}m a}c sk) sb ok fcwat}v÷) vtbdbn÷) ok v}qk jbtcfk) mwv}qk wkib) okw wbg÷ bfmibovm okwkvtkw wkik) ok) ok v}qk }ob n}qmov}f r}m fchbjkw bibthbfb) |ktr}m fmwfm ikw 24 bòkw mj|m~÷ b vtbdbnbt‛ (Gbtikw)
44#/
‟Jc jbjâ jm gkjmov÷ r}m |kt mnmj|ik miib w} n}qmov}f a}m vbjdcão j}s gkt vb vb |ktr}m wm
gbw÷ j}s nkqmo) m` jc |b|â v}qk }ob n}qmov}f wþ|mt fcamtmovm b ib fm jc jbjâ) |ktr}m jc |b|â v}qk r}m vtbdbnbt fmwfm j}s |mr}mòk s b}or}m wm gbw÷ gko jc jbjâ s mtb gbwc 1 bòkw jbskt r}m jc jbjâ |mtk |}mw mtb }ob |mtwkob r}m iimqbdb j}g`k vcmj|k sb vtbdbnbofk) movkogmw tmbijmovm w} n}qmov}f a}m jâw mo ibdkt) vtbdbnbofk r}m |}mw fcwat}vbofk) ok) r}m vbjdcão v}qk w}w jkjmovkw) w}|kohk) |mtk jc jbjâ jm gkjmovb r}m vbjdcão miib fmwfm j}s |mr}mòb) gkjk mtbo j}g`kw) ib jbsktêb fm ibw |mtwkobw k fm v}w bd}micvbw br}ê wc |tmh}ovbw v}qk 24 `cnkw s vbjdcão mw `cnb fm }okw 2<) 22) movkogmw j}g`b abjcicb) wm mpvcmofm) ok) o k) movkogmw movkog mw gkjk mtbo vbovkw ikw jcmjdtkw fm }ob abjcicb s |}mw mi cohtmwk ok mtb ik w}acgcmovm |btb jbovmomtikw b vkfkw mo }o ocqmi d}mok k r}m vkfkw |}fcmtbo vmomt ik omgmwbtck) omgmwb tck) ok o k wã w ã wc ik omgmwbtck omgmwb tck k) k ) wê ik omgmwbtck fm `mg`k k `bwvb `b wvb bihk j}g`k jmnkt |}mw ok) movkogmw qbtckw fm miikw movkogmw fmwfm r}m sb mwvbdbo 27 bòkw movkogmw ikw jbofbdbo) wcmj|tm b vtbdbnbt a}mtb s sb tmhtmwbdbo s) s bih}okw tmhtmwbdbo s wm gbwbdbo k gkwbw) j}s) j}s) j}s nkqmo |}mw |} mw b acobi fm g}movbw sb mtb bwê gkjk r}m w}w |b|âw vbjdcão bihþo |}ovk vmoêbo r}m d}wgbt sb) sb ok fm|mofcmtbo fm miikw) ok) mtbo j}g`kw) movkogmw) |kt ik hmomtbi ibw wmòktbw wm gbwbdbo) d}mok wmòktbw b`ktcvb) ocòbw mo br}mi movkogmw wm gbwbdbo fm 2=) 26) 21) jc jbjâ wm gbw÷ fm 2=) |mtk fmwfm ikw 27 bòkw mwv}qk vtbdbnbofk a}mtb s sb jcw kvtbw vêbw sb wm `bdêbo gbwbfk ch}bi mo mwb jcwjb mfbf
218
|mtk jbsktmw r}m jc jbjâ) jcw vêkw mwvbdbo vtbdbnbofk s }okw }ok w vbjdcão sb vmoêbo mw|kwb) movkogmw mtbo bwê gkjk r}m j}s) j}s gktvb w} n}qmov}f) ok) s mtb bwê jâw fm r}m vm gbwbw s sb ok fm|mofmw fm v} gbwb s sb vcmomw r}cmo vm qb jbovmomt) wm |kftêb fmgct (têm# ) ) a}mtb fm) |ktr}m |}mw | }mw mtb }o gbthk gbt hk k }ob tmw|kowbdcicfbf r}m vbi qm~ w}w |b|âw ok |kfêbo fmi vkfk jbovmomtib‛ (Miwb)
42#/
‟\}mw bovmw jcw |b|âw jm `bo gkovbfk r}m bovmtcktjmovm w} n}qmov}f fm miikw ok mtb gkjk
b`ktcvb) |ktr}m miikw ok cdbo b ib mwg}mib) cdbo }ok k fkw) vtmw fêbw b ib wmjbob) |}mw ok wã) ok `bdêb }o |btr}m fm fcqmtwc÷o k }o fm|ktvm mw|mgêacgk r}m miikw |tbgvcgbdbo m` ik r}m miikw jâw im fcqmtvêbo) |}mw mtb ct b ikw |k~kw) jm fmgêbo r}m b`ê wm tm}oêbo b n}hbt gko mi bh}b b g}dmvb~kw) d}mok) r}m b`ê wm qmêbo g`bqkw r}m vmoêbo okqcbw) ok) b`ê wm qmêbo mo ikw |k~kw fm bh}b) r}m bgbttmbdbo bh}b bi têk) r}m cdbo b vtbmt imòbw) r}m wm cdbo b ikw vmttmokw |ktr}m cdbo b wmjdtbt k b g}cfbt jci|b s |}mw ok) ok) jm g}movbo fm r}m ok vmoêbo }ob n}qmov}f gkjk ib r}m qcqcjkw b`ktb r}m) r}m mwvm }o nkqmo sb wm|b ik r}m mw mi bigk`kicwjk k r}m gkjk b`ktcvb) ok) ib gcmogcb `b bqbo~bfk s br}ê `b iimhbfk ik r}m mw mi gmi}ibt r}m bovmw |}mw ok `bdêb oc mwk) ok wbdêbw oc r}m mtb ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o (têm# s |}mw vmoêbo r}m gbjcobt |btb ct b kvtkw i}hbtmw) |btb ct |}mw) fm `mg`k jc jbjâ gkjk mtb j}nmt |}mw ok |kfêb ct b ib wmg}ofbtcb |kt ik r}m vmoêbo r}m gbjcobt fm br}ê b Bwvbvb) vmoêbo r}m gbjcobt s ok) |}mw a}m }ob n}qmov}f j}s) gkjk fcgm miib) j}s f}tb) r}c~âw) |ktr}m qcqêb fm fcamtmovm jbomtb s ikw |b|âw |}mw ok gkj|tmofêbo |ktr}m mtbo |mtwkobw gko jmovbicfbfmw jâw bovch}bw r}m mtbo jâ w) fcnmtb miib) jâw gmttbfbw) r}m mtb ob ‛jâw w} qcfb bi hki|m s gko mwm movmofêb movmofêb }ob |mtwkob |mtk |}mw/ B ikw 28 bòkw‡j}s g`cgkw (wm
gbwbtko#‛ (Jbtgkw) 21#/
210
‟Ib n}qmov}f fm jcw |b|âw) }jj) m``) ib fm jc jbjâ |}mw) |bt b jê ib fm jc jbjâ a}m
vtbor}cib) v}qk d}mokw |b|âw) fctêb sk |ktr}m |}mw wcmj|tm ib r}cwcmtko) wm tmibgckobdb dcmo gko w}w `mtjbokw s jc |b|â |}mw) jm cjbhcok r}m ok) |mtk a}m |btb) |btb ãi a}m }o |kgk jâw fcaêgci) jm cjbhcok) |btb jê wm mg`÷ b |mtfmt }o vcmj|k) |ktr}m wm jmvc÷ bi bigk`kicwjk) }o qcgck) wm qkiqc÷ bfcgvk) s |ktr}m |}mw ãi) b ik jmnkt |kt ikw |tkdimjbw abjcicbtmw |kt mwk) ik r}m |bw÷ vkfk mwk/ Vmoêbo) gtmk r}m jc jbjâ vmoêb 28 s jc |b|â vmoêb }okw 21) jm cjbhcok) d}mok a}m jâw k jmokw |kt mwb mfbf (g}bofk wm gbwbtko# ‛
(Tkibofk) 4<#/
Ibw obttbvcqbw fbo g}movb fm ikw gbjdckw) fmwfm ibw coatbmwvt}gv}tbw fm ib gkj}ocfbf `bwvb ikw i}hbtmw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o/ Ib mimgvtcgcfbf) mi bh}b |kvbdim) ibw qêbw fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o wko ikw r}m coaktjbo fm ib jkfmtocfbf mo ib gkj}ocfbf/ Ikw i}hbtmw fm wkgcbic~bgc÷o `bo gbjdcbfk) fm ikw |k~kw fm bh}b b`ktb wm tmþomo mo ikw gcdmt¶w) mi |btr}m) ib gbog`b j}ocgc|bi s ikw gbj|kw fm a}vdki/ Ib mwg}mib vbjdcão gkovtcd}s÷ fm jbomtb wchocacgbvcqb |btb r}m ikw ocòkw gkovco}btbo wkivmtkw s wkgcbic~btbo gko w}w |btmw/ Ib mvb|b fm n}qmov}f tmbijmovm ok mpcwvêb) movmofcfb gkjk }ob mvb|b fkofm wm hk~b fm gcmtvb b}vkokjêb s gko |tâgvcgbw g}iv}tbimw mw|mgêacgbw) wm |bwbdb fm ib ocòm~ b ib bf}ivm~/ Wm fmdm bgibtbt r}m b`ktb vbjdcão `bs r}cmomw |bwbo fm wmt ocòkw b |bftmw fm abjcicb |mtk mwk fm|mofm sb fm kvtbw gctg}owvbogcbw) ib k|ktv}ocfbf fm ok wmt ‟qcmnk |tmjbv}tk‛ mwvâ fbfb/
213
Dcdickhtbaêb
Amcpb) \bj|kiw Gbtimw/ (4<<7#/ Fmi tmikn fm btmob bi tmikn fchcvbi/ Wkdtm ibw vmj|ktbicfbfmw
n}qmocimw/
Btvêg}ik
tmqcwbfk
<1
kgv}dtm
4<2<
mo
`vv|>++xxx/|bwb/gi+gkj}ocfbf+acim/|`|+2+jkffbvb+fbvb+73+620+41<3+Wkdtm[ibw[vmj|ktbicf bfmw[n}qmocimw/|fa
Amcpb) \bj|kiw Gbtimw/ (4<<1#/ Hmomtbgc÷o PP/ Vmktêbw wkdtm ib n}qmov}f mo ib mtb gkovmj|ktâomb/
Btvêg}ik
tmqcwbfk
<1
kgv}dtm
4<2<
mo
`vv|>++}jboc~bimw/mf}/gk+tmqcwvbgcofm+qki6+Gbtimw-4
Amcpb) \bj|kiw Gbtimw/ (o/f#/ Hmomtbgc÷o L ib n}qmov}f mo ib mtb fchcvbi/ Btvêg}ik tmqcwbfk
<1 kgv}dtm 4<2< mo `vv|>++xxx/}g `vv|>++xxx/}gmovtbi/mf} movtbi/mf}/gk+OKJBFBW+o}o /gk+OKJBFBW+o}ojm*bovm+2 jm*bovm+22* 2*
2=+|fawOkjbfbw-4<27+1*hmomtbgcko/\FA
Amcpb) \bj|kiw Gbtimw5 Hko~âim~) Gbohbw Sboek/ (4<<1#/ Vmttcvktckw dbifêkw> cfmovcfbfmw n}qmocimw cofêhmobw s t}tbimw mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob/ Btvêg}ik tmqcwbfk mi <1
kgv}dtm 4<2< mo `vv|>++xxx/tbgk/gbv+cofmp/|`|+|b|mtw+btvcgim+qcmxAcim+=2040+=8==8
Hbtgêb) Gbogicoc Oãwvkt/ (2303#/ G}iv}tbw `êdtcfbw) Mwvtbvmhcbw |btb movtbt s wbict FMDKIWCIIK/ fm ib jkfmtocfbf / Jãpcgk) F/A/> FMDKIWCIIK/
Hbtgêb) T}dck) Gib}fcb C/ (4<<0#/ \btb movmofmt ib vmimqcwc÷o mo Jãpcgk) }o boâicwcw r}m fmwgcatb ib |bovbiib/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> Atbh}b Wbo \bdik/ 28<
Hci) Kijkw Nkwã/ (4<2<#/ Ikw ococw jmpcgbokw/ Tmqcwbfk mi <1 kgv}dtm 4<2< mo `vv|>++xxx/|tkgmwk/gkj/jp+tq+jkf@kjm+fmvbiimMpgi}wcqb+81283
Hcjãom~) Hcidmtvk/ (2334#/ Ib cfmovcfbf wkgcbi k mi tmvktok fmi w}nmvk mo wkgckikhêb/
Hcjãom~) Hcidmtvk/ (2336#/ Gkj}ocfbfmw |tcjktfcbimw s jkfmtoc~bgc÷o mo Jãpcgk/ Mo Hcjãom~) Hcidmtvk s \k~bw) @/ Tcgbtfk (Mfw#/ Jkfmtoc~bgc÷o m cfmovcfbfmw wkgcbimw (||/ 263*207#/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> ]ocqmtwcfbf Obgckobi B}v÷okjb fm Jãpcgk/
H}dmt) Tkwbob/ (4<<2#/ Ib mvokhtbaêb jãvkfk) gbj|k s tmaimpcqcfbf/ Mf/ Oktjb/ Fkg}jmovk fchcvbi/
Ebtbj) Vboc}w/ ]o g}btvk jkfmik fm ib mowmòbo~b mo ibw gcmogcbw fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o) mo Tmqcwvb Jmpcgbob fm gkj}ocgbgc÷o mo iêomb) oþj/ 22<) jbsk) Jãpcgk/
Fcw|kocdim mo> `vv|>++xxx/jmpcgbobfmgkj}ocgbgcko/gkj/jp+Vbdimw+tjpg+mowmobo~b/`vj gkow}ivbfk> 2= jbsk 4<<0/
I}cw) Tm|kii Nmt÷ocjk/ (4<2<#/ Btr}mkikhêb fm ikw mwv}fckw g}iv}tbimw fm b}fcmogcb/ Jãpcgk> ]ocqmtwcfbf B}v÷okjb fm ib Gc}fbf fm Jãpcgk ]BGJ/
Jbchtmv) M/ (4<<=#/ Wkgckikhêb fm ib gkj}ocgbgc÷o s fm ikw jmfckw/ Dkhkvâ> Akofk fm G}iv}tb Mgko÷jcgb/
282
Jbtvêo) Dbtdmtk Nmwþw/ (2308#/ Fm ikw jmfckw b ibw jmfcbgckomw) gkj}ocgbgc÷o) g}iv}tb s `mhmjkoêb/ Dbtgmikob> H}wvbqk Hcic) W/B/
Jbtvêo) Dbtdmtk Nmwþw (4<<4#/ N÷qmomw> gkj}ocgbgc÷o m cfmovcfbf mo \mowbt Cdmtkbjãtcgb Tmqcwvb fm g}iv}tb) oþj < ‗ amdtmtk 4<<4/ Tmqcwbfk mo iêomb `vv|>++xxx/kmc/mw+|mowbtcdmtkbjmtcgb+tcg<
Jbtvêom~) Jbg`}gb Imboftk/ (2330#/ G}movkw s imsmofbw g`kovbimw/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> Mfcgckomw s wmtqcgckw fm gkow}ivktêb) W/B/ Fm G/Q/
Jbtvêom~) Kvmtk Btv}tk/ (4<<8#/ Mi tcv}bi fm ib `bdcv}bi> cfmovcfbfmw) n÷qmomw s abjcicbw jbsbw/ Jãpcgk> Vmwcw jbmwvtêb/ MOB@/
Jb~~ckvvc) Oktb/ (2331#/ Ib cof}wvtcb fm ib vmimokqmib ib |tkf}ggc÷o fm acggc÷o mo Bjãtcgb Ibvcob/ Bthmovcob/ \bcf÷w Mwv}fckw fm Gkj}ocgbgc÷o/
Jmbf) Jbthbtmv/ (230=#/ Bfkimwgmogcb) wmpk s g}iv}tb mo Wbjkb/ Dbtgmikob) Mw|bòb/ \ibomvb*Fm Bhkwvcoc/
Jmomwmw) Gâtfmobw Nkthm Bidmtvk/ (4<<4#/ N}qmov}f) wmp}bicfbf s gktvmnk mo }ob gkj}ocfbf cofêhmob fm Kbpbgb/ Jãpcgk> Vmwcw icgmogcbv}tb MOB@/
284
K‛gkookt) Iktmvvb/ (4<<1#/ W/V/ Gkimggc÷o fm fkg}jmovkw r}m ib icohùcwvb Iktmvvb `b mwgtcvk mo w}w o}mqm bòkw r}m vtbdbn÷ mo ib G`kovbi|b fm Jãpcgk/
Ktk~gk H÷jm~) H}ciimtjk/ (4<<1#/ Ib vmimokqmib mo Jãpcgk> »fm }ob mp|tmwc÷o g}iv}tbi b }o wcj|im |tkf}gvk |btb ib jmtgbfkvmgocb; mo Gkj}ocgbgc÷o s Wkgcmfbf ) n}ick*
fcgcmjdtm) oþjmtk <<1) ]ocqmtwcfbf fm H}bfbibnbtb/ H}bfbibnbtb) Jãpcgk || 22*7=/ Tmqcwbfk mo> `vv|w>++fkgw/hkkhim/gkj+qcmxmt;}ti:`vv|>++xxx/tmfbisg/kth+tmfbisg+|fa+761+761<<1<4/|fa!g`t kjm:vt}m
Kwmh}mtb) Boftãw/ (4<<6#/ G`kovbimw fm Kbpbgb) Jãpcgk> GFC5 \O]F/
\bfciib fm ib Vkttm) Jbtêb Tmdmgb/ (4<<=#/ Wmt j}nmt wm b|tmofm) mowmòb) fcwat}vb s w}atm/ Vmimokqmib) g}iv}tb m cfmovcfbf fm hãomtk mo G}iv}tbimw) momtk*n}ock) bòk+qki/ 2)
oþjmtk <<2 ]ocqmtwcfbf B}v÷okjb fm Dbnb Gbicaktocb) Jmpcgbic) Jãpcgk ||/ 267*281/ Tmqcwbfk mo iêomb> `vv|w>++fkgw/hkkhim/gkj+qcmxmt;}ti:`vv|>++xxx/tmfbisg/kth+tmfbisg+|fa+136+1362<2<8/|fa!g`t kjm:vt}m
\b~) Kgvbqck/ (2302#/ Mi ibdmtcovk fm ib wkimfbf / Jãpcgk) F/A/> Akofk fm G}iv}tb Mgko÷jcgb/
287
Tkftêh}m~) Hbdtcmib/ (4<<2#/ ’\mtfcmofk ikw mwvtcdkw‚ mjkgckomw s tmibgckomw fm |kfmt mo mi gktvmnk) mo Fmwbgbvkw) oþj/ <<1 |tcjbqmtb*qmtbok/ Jãpcgk) F/A/ Qmtwc÷o
mimgvt÷ocgb> `vv|>++xxx/gcmwbw/mf}/jp+fmwbgbvkw+<1-4
Tkftêh}m~) Tbjêtm~ Hbdtcmib/ (4<<<#/ Ib wmp}bicfbf mo ikw |tkgmwkw fm gktvmnk> gkovtbwvmw fm hãomtk s hmomtbgckobimw mo }ob gkj}ocfbf t}tbi/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> Vmwcw
jbmwvtêb MOB@/
]tvmbhb) Gbwvtk \k~k Jbtvc~b/ (4<<0#/ Ik n}qmoci mo ik ãvocgk/ Jchtbgc÷o n}qmoci cofêhmob mo ib wkgcmfbf gkovmj|ktâomb jmpcgbob/ Btvêg}ik tmqcwbfk mi <1 kgv}dtm 4<2< mo
`vv|>++xxx/|}gw|/dt+|kovk*m*qcth}ib+o6+fkwwcm+|fa+BTV3Jbtcv~b]G\k~k/|fa
Qbimo~}mib) Btgm Nkwã Jbo}mi/ (4<<6#/ B ib dtbqb mwm> cfmovcfbfmw n}qmocimw mo Jãpcgk> g`kikw) |}oew s g`bqkw dbofb/ Jãpcgk/ F/A/> Mi Gkimhck fm ib Atkovmtb Oktvm/
Qbimo~}mib) Btgm
Nkwã Jbo}mi/ (2330#/ Mi gkikt fm ibw wkjdtbw) g`cgbokw)
cfmovcfbf s tbgcwjk/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> Mi gkimhck fm ib Atkovmtb Oktvm) ]ocqmtwcfbf
Cdmtkbjmtcgbob s \ib~b s Qbifãw/
Qbimo~}mib) Btgm Nkwã Jbo}mi/ (4<<3#/ Mi a}v}tk sb a}m) wkgckbovtk|kikhêb fm iLw n÷qmomw mo ib jkfmtocfbf/ Jãpcgk) F/A/> Mi Gkimhck fm ib Atkovmtb Oktvm) Gbwb N}bo
\bdikw/ ^âtbvm) Mwgbjciib Nbcjm/ (4<<8#/ @}bjmi}ib) |}mdik fbo~bovm/ Jãpcgk> GFC/
286
