COMPLETE REPORT OF BASIC BIOLOGI TITLE : MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION
NAME
: MUHAMMAD TRI PRASETIA NUA
ID
: 1512441003
CLAS CLASS/G S/GRO ROUP UP
: ICP ICP OF PHYS PHYSIC ICS S EDU EDUCA CATI TION ON / 6TH
ASSISTANT
: RUSDIANTO NURMAN
LECTURER
: Dr! H! ABDUL MUIS" M!S#
BIOLOGY LABORATORY FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY STATE UNIVERSITY OF MA$ASSAR
2015 RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete Report of Basic Biology Practicum entitled "Microscopic Observation" created by: Name ! Class )roup
: Muhammad Tri Prasetia Nua : #$%%&&' : CP of Physics (ducation : * +,i-th.
/as been e-amined and consulted 0ith 1ssistant and 1ssistant Coordinator2 then declared acceptable3 Ma4assar2 !ecember 1ssistant Coordinator
$&#
1ssistant
Rusdianto Nurman ID: 1214041002
Rusdianto Nurman ID: 1214041002
5no02 Responsibility 6ecturer
Drs. H. Abdu !uis" !.#i ID: 1$%40$1& 1$$011 1 001
CHAPTER I INTROD'CTION A. (a)*+round ,tructurally2 the bodies of animals and plants are composed of various organs and tissues that support each other to carry out the functions and activities of life3 Tissue in animals and plants have differences due to the constituent organs of the body of animals and plants differ greatly3 Tissue in animals and plants have a function2 shape2 and location of different3 6iving things in this 0orld can not stand alone but there are preparing his body to become one and intact so that everything 0as going to do all the activities that can be run properly3 1ll living beings in this 0orld 0hether human2 animal2 and plant has a body made up of organs 7 organs2 from the organ 7 this organ is composed by a tissue3 n this tissue is not the same as organs 7 organs of living things that can be seen by na4ed eye li4e the feet2 hands2 leaves2 stems2 but ma4ing up the living body tissue can be seen through a microscope3 Tissue is a collection of cells that form and function the same3 Tissue on plant body consists of t0o tissues that meristem tissue +tissue young. and adult tissues3 n addition2 the plants divided into t0o groups2 namely the class of plant monocot and dicot plant group 0here2 t0o types of classifications of plants is characteri8ed by the structure and layout of each organ tissues that ma4e up the plant3 Tissue in animals are also divided into several main tissue epithelial tissue2 connective tissue 9 tissue bac4er2 muscle tissue2 and nerve tissue3 The main tissue is composed of other tissues and perform their function2 have characteristics2 location2 and different shapes3 Based on the difference of the tissue of plants and animals to learn more about the structure and 4ind of body tissues of animals and plants 0e perform microscopic observation3 There are more than t0o hundred the different 4ind of the cell that built our body2 and 0e never a0are that3 This cell arranged and had controlled to form in to four the basic of tissue for our body3
Tissue is a some of the cells collected that have tight relation 0ith each other of cell sand it has a same function and same structure for the certain purpose3 1t the organism in lo0 degree has that simple in the body have tissue2 as long as the life only one cell2 and in the organism high degree develop organism has so more appear for any arrange body organ3 ,cience 0hich is study about tissue called histology3
The tissue cannot be loo4ed 0ith a na4ed eye2 because it is too small or 0e can say it including into the microscopic thing3 ,o2 0e need the microscope to enlarge it for observe the structure of tissue3 hen 0e loo4ing the tissue for the microscopic step2 the capability to 4no0ing the e-istence and the location of four the basic of tissue that ma4e possible and enable to identification the organ that 0e found3 The basic 4no0ledge about the basic characteristic and cell composition from the tissues is important in the histology2 that science or 4no0ledge that study the tissues of the microscopic step3 This e-periment 0ith the title is ;microscopic observation<3 n the microscopic observation the university student 0ill observation some of the microscopic thing from the plant tissue and animal tissue3 =rom this e-periment the university student 0ill 4no0 about the structure of tissue that built the plant body and the animal body3
A. Pur,os-
The purpose of this practicum2 to ma4e the university students can e-plain and 4no0 about structure and a 4ind of tis sue that built up the organ of the plant and animal3 (. (-n-it Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum are: 3 The university student 0ill 4no0 and understand the 4ind of the tissue that built the plant and the animal3 $3 The university student 0ill 4no0 the function of the tissue that built the plant and the animal3
CHAPTER II RE/IE OF ITERAT'RE
The tissue is a cell collected 0hich is connecting 0ith one and other cell that has the function and same structure3 The 4no0ledge that 0as studying or learning about the structure of the tissue is a histology3 +6ecture team2 $&&.3 The tissue that 0as built the plant body can be separated into pale tissue +meristematic. and old tissue 0hich is separated into protect tissue +epidermis.2 basic tissue2 transportation tissue2 and cor4 tissue3 The pale tissue +meristematic. consist of the cell 0hich is embryonic2 the 0all is to thin2 rich in plasma2 and has smalls vacuole3 This tissue has function to cleave and differentiation into old tissue of the cell +6ecture team2 $&&'.3 1ccording to 6ecture team2 $&&'2 from the location and beginning of meristematic tissue2 it can be separated into: 3 Primer meristematic $3 ,econdary meristematic There 0as a primer meristematic in the gro0th point in the edge of stem and root3 ,o2 it 0as said the apical gro0th point3 Because there is the gro0th point of apical so the apical of plant root and stem can be gro0ing +6ecture team2 $&&'.3 The shape of young tissue is bigger than a meristematic tissue2 the plasma only a fe02 the vacuole is bigger than the vacuole of meristematic tissue2 sometimes the young tissue had been died and 0as filled 0ith air and 0ater and the cell 0all has a 4ind of thic4ening3 Based on the structure and the function of young tissue 0as separated into four 4inds: . basic tissue +paren4im.2 $. cover tissue +epidermis.2 '. lasing tissue2 and %. transportation tissue +6ecture team2 $&&'.3 Paren4im is a live cell2 that has a thin 0all2 all 4ind of the cell shape3 Paren4im cells has functional activity li4e a photosynthesis2 respiration2 safe the food reserve2 and secretion3 Paren4im cell has crystals2 fat2 oil and other secretion2 and plastid3 Paren4im that has chloroplast be said a chloren4im3 Chloren4im 0as found in the leaf and stem surface 0hich is still young +6ecture team2 $&&'.3 Cover tissue +epidermis. is a cover that including all of the body of plant before 0ent into secondary gro0th3 1ctually epidermis cells only hav cell3 ,o2 sometimes it released li4e thin s4in3 The transportation of substance can>t reach 0ith fast into the all of plant body if ?ust use it the diffusion3 ,o2 it need the special tissue that has function to ma4e fast the transportation 0hich is sad the transportation tissue3 The differentiation cells in the animal body 0as formed into the tissue3 )enerally2 the tissue consists of some of type of differentiation cells +6ecture team2 $&&'.3
Plant body consists of units of morphology2 the cells are each covered by a cell 0all and ad?acent to other cells in the presence of intercellular substance3 ith the unification of the substance2 a particular group of cells can be distinguished from the others3 The cell group is tissue3 *ariations in the structure of tissue based on the differences in the components of the cell3 1nd the type of attachment to one another3 Relative simple tissue structure is composed of a type called a simple tissue3 The others are made up of more than one type of cell called a comple- tissue +,uradinata2 @@A.3 Broadly spea4ing differentiated plant tissue over meristem tissue and adult tissues3 Meristem is a tissue 0hose cells remain embryonic means capable of continuously dividing is not limited to increasing the number of cells of the body3 On the basis of the location of the body plant meristem tissue to differentiate into2 meristem apical meristem tissue that is found on the ends of the stems and branches of principal and roots3 ntercalary meristem tissue is meristem tissue that e-ists bet0een adult tissues2 for e-ample in the base of the stem segments3 6ateral meristem tissue is meristem tissue that is located parallel to the surface of the organ2 for e-ample cambium and cor4 cambium +,utarno2 et al2 $&&.3 On the basis of origin meristem tissue is divided into primary meristem tissue is meristem tissue cells are gro0n directly from embryonic cells so that a continuation of the gro0th of the embryo3 Then the secondary meristem tissue is gro0ing meristem tissue of a gro0ing tissue of adult tissues that have held differentiation +,utarno2 et al2 $&&.3 Phloem and -ylem are carrier tissue in plants3 ylem tissue serves to transport 0ater and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant3 Phloem tissue serves to transport the photosynthesis of the leaves to a bac4up storage of food and plant parts that need3 Cells ma4ing thic470alled -ylem tissue and hard2 0hereas cells ma4ing phloem tissue is softer and thinner2 primary -ylem and primary phloem pro4ambium formed by the end of the stem and roots2 then undergo differentiation +ahyuningsih2 @@@.3 1ccording to Philip (3 Pac42 $&&2 there are four categories of tissue from the animals: 3 (pithelium tissue $3 ,tring tissue '3 Nerve tissue %3 Muscle tissue (pithelium tissue 0as formed from the cells that 0as flatted or cube3 This tissue covering some of tube or canal3 this tissue 0as forming the s4in that 0rapping the body (pithelium tissue has function to carry the substance from and into the tissue and cavity 0hich it 0as separated +6ecture team2 $&&'.3
(pithelium tissue has some general characteristic as follo0: . (pithelium consist 0ith the cells 0hich is so close2 that form into a thin3 $. the tissue 0as avascular or 0ithout blood vessel2 the nutrient change 0as happened plough 0ay through the string tissue 0hich is near it 0ith diffusion3 '.the surface of epithelium is free or opened for outside part of body or body space in outside3 %. cell fission 0as continued to change a death cell +Philip2 $&&.3 (pithelial tissue consists of cells that are compact so that there is no space bet0een cells3 (pithelial cell layer resting on a membrane 0hich is called the basement membrane3 Based on the number of layers of epithelial tissue to differentiate into epithelial layer and multilayer2 0hile based on the shape can be divided into flattened epithelium2 cube and cylindrical +ahyuningsih2 @@@.3 Bonding tissue is a tissue that consists of cells that are relatively far apart and located in the intercellular space containing matri-3 Connective tissue serves to bind tissue or organ 0ith tissue or other organs3 rap7pepul organ2 replacing damaged tissue and neutrali8e to-ins +ahyuningsih2 @@@.3 ,tring tissue consist of the cell 0hich is planted 0ith some of e-tracellular that secretion by that cell from protein fiber had planted in the compound of amorf protein7polisacaridamolecul +1nonym2 $&&.3 Nerve tissue had formed by the cell 0hich is called a neuron2 0hich the function is to bring the nerve electrochemist nerve impulses3 (ach neuron consists of cell body that has a nucleus2 has t0o or more cytoplasm2 nerve fiber that passed by impulse3 There are t0o 4ind of nerve fiber: . Nerve fiber !endrite 0hich is bringing the impulse into the cell body2 $. 1cson 0hich is continuing to 4eep a0ay the impulse from cell body +6ecture team2 $&&'.3 Nerve tissue consist of: . nerve cell 0hich 0as called neuron2 and $. glial cell3 Central of nerve system has some of mi)ro+ia7 cellular cell +macrofag. 0hich is to response the damage +e-p2 from infection. by : . engulfing cell debris2 $. secreting inflammatory cyto4ines li4e tumor necrosis factor +TN=7D. and interleu4in7 +67.+1nonym2 $&&.3 Muscle tissue 0as separated into: . smooth muscle 0hich is to cover the hollo0 organ in the body2 li4e intestines and venous3 The contraction to shrun4 the si8e of the organ hollo02 $. s4eletal muscle 0hich is consist of long fiber that contraction to ma4e the movement and also the body motion2 '. cardiac +heart. muscle 0hich is ma4ing the heart3 =rom the histology cardiac +heart. muscle same 0ith s4eletal muscle2 but from the physiology it>s too different +6ecture team2 $&&'.3
CHAPTER III PRACTIC'! !ETHOD A. Pa)- and Dat3 !ay9!ate $3 Time '3 Place
: Monday9 !ecember $st $&# : &3& p3m3 until &'3& p3m3 : 6aboratory of Biology Mathematics and ,cience =aculty ,tate Eniversity of Ma4assar
(. Toos and !at-rias 3 =or plant tissue a3 Tools . Microscope $. Rough cloth and soft cloth '. Ob?ect glass b3 Material . Preserved Preparate of root tissue2 steam tissue2 and leaf 0hich is from monocotylclass and dycotyle class3 $3 =or animal tissue a3 Tools . Microscope $. Rough cloth and soft cloth '. Ob?ect glass c3 Material . Preserved Preparate of monolayer cube ephitel on medulla renalis $. Preparate of rub solid bone on pipe bone '. Preserved preparate of blood 0ith giemsa %. Preserved preparate of smooth muscle2 seletal muscle and cardiac muscle #. Preserved preparate of Pur4in?e cell on small brain C. or* Pro)-dur3 =or plant tissue a3 Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure3
b3 Preparate 0as ta4en 0hich is the preparate represent 0ith monocotyl and dycotyle3 c3 Observedthe characteristic of the structure and location from each tissue 0hich is built the root2 stem and leaf3
d3 The magnificent of ob?ective lens is % to see the totally of preparate2 and then change the magnificent & to observe the part of tissue clearly3 e3 !re0 the part of tissue3 f3 Compared the observation result 0ith picture3 g3 ,tudied the function from each of the tissue that built the plant organ3 $3 =or animal tissue a3 Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure3 b3 Too4 the lasting preparate of animal tissue3 c3 Observed the characteristic of the structure of each animal tissue d3 Esed of ob?ective magnificent % - to see the totally of preparate to observe the part of animal tissue clearly3 e3 !re0 the part of tissue3 f3 Compared the observation result 0ith picture3 g3 ,tudied the function from each of the tissue that built the animals organ3
CHAPTER I/ RE#'T AND DI#C'##ION A Obs-ration R-sut
Observation Picture of Comparator Picture
Note
Zea mays ts stem ylem Pith Bundle sheath Phloem (pidermis *ascular bundles
Observation Picture of Monocot Corn
Comparator Picture
Note )uard cells ylem ,toma Cuticle (pidermis Mesophyll Bundle sheath Phloem
Observation Picture of Hibiscus sp. cs
Comparator Picture
Note
Pith parenchyma Perisi4el ylem Phloem (ndodermis
Observation Picture of /uman Cardiac Muscle ,ect
Comparator Picture
Note sotropic 1nisotropic Nucleus ntercalated !is4
Observation Picture of /uman Teased Muscle
Comparator Picture
Note Muscle fiber nucleus
( DI#C'##ION
Based on the e-periment about microscopic observation there some of the animal function and plant function: n this e-periment 0e observed about the plant body especially for the monocotyl and dycotyle plant3 n the root of monocotyle 0e can found some of tissue there are -ylem and floem3 The function of the -ylem and floem tissue to transport the mineral or food from the ground into the body of plant so this tissue is the one of transportation tissue3 n the stem of monocotyle there some tissue 0e can found there are epidermis2 corte-2 floem and -ylem3 1nd in the dycotyle plant there some tissue that same character 0ith monocotyle plantli4e epidermis2 corte-2 floem and -ylem3 But in the monocotyle plant there are some different position of the transportation tissue2 in the monocotyle plant the position of transportation tissue 0as spread and in the dycotyle plant the transportation tissue 0as 0ell ordered3 =or the animal tissue in this e-periment 0e observe the human bro0n s4in 0hich is in the human bro0n s4in 0e can found laminar epithelium2 in this obsevation 0e observe the epithelium tissue3 Beside of epithelium tissue 0e observed the blood tissue3 n this tissue 0e observe some 4ind of blood cell there are monosite2 eusinofite2 limfosite2 basophile and neutrosite3 (ach cell has a different characteristic3 n the animal tissue 0e also observed the muscle tissue 0e 0ill focused the observe about cardiac muscle2 smooth muscle and s4eletal muscle3 n the cardiac muscle 0e can found the nucleus and sinsitium2 in the smooth muscle 0e observe the nucleus and in the s4eletal muscle 0e can found the myofibrin2 dar4 ribbon and nucleus3 hen 0e observed about the muscle tissue 0e found some different of the muscle tissue2 especially the position of the nucleus3
CHAPTER / CONC'#ION AND #'GGE#TION A. Con)usion Based on the practicum about microscopic observation2 the practicum dra0 the conclusion as follo0s: The tissue of each part of plant and animal has some different structure and it has some different function3 6i4e in the animal tissue it has (pithelium tissue2 ,tring tissue2 Nerve tissue and Muscle tissue3 (ach tissue has some different structure and function (. #u++-stion
Based on the result of practicum and the conclusion2 the suggestion as follo0s: 3 ,uggestion for 6aboratory hope for ne-t practicum about the microscopic observation3 The Fuality of the preserved preparate must be improve or ta4e careless 0ith the preparate that 0e use it for observation3 $3 ,uggestion for 1ssistant The 1ssistant 0ho 0as guide for this practice is good3 ,o2 hope for the ne-t practicum the assistant can guide e-cellently3 '3 ,uggestion for =riend hope for my friend in the ne-t practicum2 0e can 0or4 together again more than in this practicum and 0or4ing seriously to get a good result to get a good result3
REFERENCE#
(3 Pac42 Phillip3 $&&3 Anatomi dan Fisiologi3 Bandung: Pa4ar Raya3 6ecture team3 $&&'3 Biologi Umum3 Ma4assar : =MP1 ENM3 6ecture team3 $&&3 Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar 3 Ma4assar: 6aboratorium =MP1 ENM3 Nonno ,utarno2 d443 $&&3 Biologi Umum Lanjutan 13 Ma4assar: =MP1 ENM ,usilo /andari2 d443 @@%3 Anatomi Hean3 Ma4assar: =MP1 ENM Tri ahyuningsuh2 d443 @@@3 Praktikum Biologi !!! 3 Ma4assar: =MP1 ENM Tim penyusun3 $&%3 Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar 3 Ma4assar: Eniversitas Negeri Ma4assar3
APPENDI3
Guestion: 3 hat 4ind of smooth muscle cells2 0here it is located2 ho0 many in each cell nucleusH $3 The set of fibers of s4eletal muscle cells called 0hat2 ho0 much of the core 0hich is attached to the fibersH '3 hat is the fundamental difference bet0een smooth muscle cells2 s4eletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle are foundH %3 hat is called lamellae2 lacunae2 canaliculiH #3 hat is the function of the /averst channelH 1ns0er: 3 ,mooth muscle cells are spindle7shaped2 large middle section and tapered at the ends3 (ssentially there amid the sarcoplasmic amounted to one fruit per cell2 that are duct layout gastrointestinal smooth muscle2 bladder2 blood vessels2 etc3 $3 The set of s4eletal muscle cells called meat2 and lots of each cell nucleus is a lot to be at the core and edge of the sarcoplasmic3 '3 The fundamental difference bet0een smooth muscle cells2 s4eletal muscle2 and cardiac muscle is more to the cell nucleus2 0here the tissue in the body smooth muscle has core in the middle2 s4eletal muscle has a lot on the edge and the core of the heart muscle has or $ core in middle3 ,mooth muscle is in the organs in the body2 s4eletal muscles are on the outside of the s4eletal and cardiac muscle is in the heart3 %3 The lamella is a circular band that is 0rapped around the center of the bone2 there is a lacuna is part of the boundary bet0een the lamella2 canaliculi is part osteocytes connect 0ith each other3 #3 /averst channel function is as a place of blood vessels2 lymph vessels and nerves3
Observation Picture a. Zea
mays steam
b. "ammal
striated muscle teased
c. Human
muscle cardiac sect
d. "oncot
corn lea#
e. Hibiscus
sp. cs
