Unit 3

O256?/2/7

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

TIM[ 2 Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ Gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

@OCDB[MVDR

Ndidrgl @ocdb{mvd

3 [` mi{r`ktbd {dbaimwtd {dbaimwtd tdk mi ur`nrgh ur`nrgh kdmni) kdmni)

Rudbmfmb @ocdb{mvd

3 G{ {ad dik `f {ad tim{ }`t ~mll od gold {` 3 

{g{d {ad {dbaimwtd `f ur`nrgh kdmnimin {``l



ormdfl} dqulgmi {ad {dbaimwtd `f kdmnimin ur`nrgh o} kmffdrdi{ kdmnimin {``l



td gln`rm{ah gik fl`~bagr{ {` kdvdl`u b`hut{dr ur`nrgh

O256?/2/?

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

 MIUT[ 

G rdbmud ur`vmkd n``k gik mhuld dqghuld `f g ulgi) [ad minrdkmdi{ gik {ad gh`ti{ grd kd{drhmidk o} ~ag{ m {` od ogjdk) [ag{ m {ad `t{ut{ kd{drhmid {ad miut{ gik ur`bdmin) [ad rdbmud `r ulgi rdktbd {ad ithodr `f  hm{gjd }`t hmna{ hgjd) Hgi} ur`nrghhdr ugr{mbtlgrl} odnmiidr frdwtdi{l} {r} {` ~rm{d ~m{a`t{ fmr{ hgjmin g bgrdftl ulgi) R{du(o} {du ur`bd ~mll digold }`t {` td }`tr {mhd dffmbmdi{l} gik adlu }`t kdmni drr`r frdd ur`nrgh {ag{ u r`ktbdk {ad kdmrdk `t{ut{

2)5

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [ad [dbaimwtd [` Kdvdl`ud B** Ur`nrghhmin

[ad fmr{ {du mi ~rm{min mi{rtb{m`i {` bgrr} `t{ g {gj m {` kd{drhmid ~ag{ {ad  `t{ut{ a`tlk od ‒ {ag{ m, ~ag{ {ad {gj a`tlk ur`ktbd) [ad db`ik {du m {`

mkdi{mf} mkdi{mf} {ad kg{g, k g{g, `r miut{, idbdgr} {` `o{gmi {ad `t{ut{) [ad lg{ {du m {` kd{drhmid kd{drhmid a`~ {` ur`bd {ad miut{ {` `o{gmi {ad kdmrdk `t{ut{) [ad ndidrgl ur`bd `f ~rm{min ur`nrgh m {` gigl}sd {ad ur`oldh, kdmni gik ulgi {ad `lt{m`i, `lt{m`i, b`kmin

O256?/2/2

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

~amba m {` {rgilg{d {ad gln`rm{ah mi{` g ur`nrghhmin lgintgnd gik fmigll} {d{min gik kdotnnmin) Mi {am tim{ ~d agll kmbt {ad l`nmbgl dwtdibd dwtdibd `f urdbmd {du {ag{ `lvd {ad ur`oldh ji`~i g  gln`rm{ah gik {ardd u`utlgr ur`nrghhmin {``l `r {dbaimwtd {dbaimwtd tdk {` kdvdl`u {ad l`nmb l` nmb ulgi3 fl`~bagr{, udtk` b`kd gik {rtb{trd bagr{ `r miut{( ur`bd(`t{ut{ bagr{)

2)5)7

Gln`rm{ah

[ad {dbaimwtd `f dldb{min ur`nrgh {g{dhdi{ gik {admr l`nmbgl dwtdibmin ~amba dhuagmsd {ad {rgilg{min {rgilg{min `f dgba {du `f ur`nrgh `t{lmid mi{` `id `r `r dwtmvgldi{ B** mi{rtb{m`i m ji`~i o} gln`rm{ah) Dvdr} kd{gml, mibltkmin `ovm`t {du , a`tlk guudgr mi gln`rm{ah) ]`t td gln`rm{ah dvdr}kg} {` hgjd kdbmm`i `r udrf`rh {gj) F`r dqghuld, g 25$ kmb`ti{ gld g{ {ad tudrhgrjd{, }`t ht{ od gold {` ~rm{d ur`nrgh {ag{ bglbtlg{d gik kmulg} {ad urmbd `f m{dh gf{dr kmb`ti{ gbb`rkmin {` {ad u rmbd di{drdk o} b`ithdr)

2)5)?

m) _dwtd{ urmbd `f m{dh

!Miut{-

mm) Vgltd `f kmb`ti{ 8 rg{d `f kmb`ti{ # urmbd

!Ur`bd-

mmm) Urmbd gf{dr kmb`ti{ 8 urmbd ( vgltd `f kmb`ti{

!Ur`bd-

mv) Kmulg} `f kmb`ti{ urmbd u rmbd

!@t{ut{-

Fl`~bagr{

Nrguamb rdurddi{g{m`i rdurddi{g{m`i `f gln`rm{ah m ji`~i g fl`~bagr{ ~amba b`im{ `f  ` f  nd`hd{rmb nd`hd{rmb }ho`l) [add }ho`l grd b`iidb{dk o} lmid `f grr`~ bglldk fl`~lmid ~amba mikmbg{d {ad kmrdb{m`i `f fl`~ `f ur`bdd `r gb{mvm{md) [ad agud `f {ad }ho`l mikmbg{d mikmbg{d {ad {}ud `f `udrg{m`i {ag{ m {` `bbtr) Fl`~bagr{ a`tlk fl`~ fr`h fr`h {ad {`u `f {ad ugnd {` {ad o`{{`h) [ad }ho`l tdk mi fl`~bagr{ grd {gikgrkmsdk)

O256?/2/;

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

R}ho`l

Ighd Fl`~lmid

[drhmigl

Miut{/`t{ut{

Ur`bdmin

Kdbmm`i

B`iidb{`r

@ffugnd b`iidb{`r

Hdgimin Tdk {` b`iidb{ }ho`l gik mikmbg{d {ad fl`~ `f  l`nmb Tdk {` rdurddi{ {ad odnmiimin !{gr{- `r {ad dik !Dik- `f g {gj  Tdk f`r miut{ gik `t{ut{ `t {ut{ `udrg{m`i, tba g rdgkmin gik urmi{min) [ad kg{g {` od rdgk `r urmi{dk grd kdbrmod mimkd Tdk f`r grm{ahd{mb gik kg{g(hgimutlg{m`i `udrg{m`i) [ad mi{rtb{m`i mi{rtb{m`i grd lm{dk mimkd {ad }ho`l Tdk f`r gi} l`nmb `r b`hugrm`i `udrg{m`i) Tilmjd {ad miut{/`t{ut{ miut{/`t{ut{ gik ur`bdmin }ho`l, ~amba agvd `id di{r} gik `id dqm{ fl`~lmid, {ad kdbmm`i }ho`l ag `id di{r} gik {~` dqm{ ug{a) [ad ug{a u g{a ba`di kdudik `i ~ad{adr {ad gi~dr {` g wtd{m`i m “}d‘ `r “i`‘ Tdk {` c`mi k mffdrdi{ mffdrdi{ fl`~lmid Tdk {` mikmbg{d {ag{ {ad fl`~ bagr{ b`i{mitd {` g db`ik ugnd

O256?/2/4

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

Urdkdfmidk Ur`bd

Tdk {` rdurddi{ g nr`tu `f {g{dhdi{ {ag{ udrf`rh udr f`rh `id ur`bdmin {gj)

Gii`{g{m`i

Tdk {` ur`vmkd ur`vmkd gkkm{m`igl mif`rhg{m`i mif`rhg{m`i go`t{ gi`{adr fl`~bagr{ }ho`l

[ad hgmi gkvgi{gnd gkvgi{gnd `f tmin g fl`~bagr{ {` ulgi g {gj m {ag{ m{ ur`vmkd g umb{`rmgl rdurddi{g{m`i rdurddi{g{m`i `f {ad {gj, ~amba hgjd {ad l`nmb dgmdr {` f`ll`~) ^d bgi bldgrl} dd dgba gik dvdr} {du gik a`~ m{ m b`iidb{dk {` {ad idq{ {du) F`r dqghuld ld{ l``j g{ {ad kmb`ti{ gld ur`nrgh)

R{gr{

_dgk urmbd vgltd

miut{

Bglbtlg{d kmb`ti{ kmb`ti{ vgltd 8 urmbd # kmb`ti{ rg{d

ur`bd

Urmbd `f m{dh gf{dr kmb`ti{ 8 urmbd ( kmb`ti{ vgltd vgltd

ur`bd

Kmulg} urmbd gf{dr kmb`ti{

`t{ut{

Dik Fmntrd 2)? Fl`~bagr{ f`r {ad kmb`ti{ gld !Gi Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` Ur`nrghhmin Tmin Vmtgl Ogmb 6)5( Kgvmk M) Rbaidmkdr-,

O256?/2/6

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

[ad hgc`r kmgkvgi{gnd kmgkvgi{gnd ~m{a fl`~bagr{ fl`~bagr{ m {ag{ ~adi g ur`nrgh m vdr} lgrnd, {ad fl`~bagr{ hg} b`i{mitd f`r hgi} ugnd, hgjmin {adh kmffmbtl{ {` f`ll`~ gik h`kmf})

2)5)2 Udtk`b`kd

Udtk`b`kd m gi goordvmg{dk vdrm`i `f gb{tgl b`hut{dr b`kd) [ad nd`hd{rmb }ho`l tdk mi fl`~bagr{ grd rdulgbdk o} Dinlma(lmjd {g{dhdi{ {ag{ `t{lmid {ad ur`bd) Udtk`b`kd l``j h`rd lmjd b`hut{dr b`kd {agi k`d fl`~bagr{) M{ gll`~ ur`nrghhdr {` f`bt `i {ad {du rdwtmrdk {` `lvd g u r`oldh rg{adr rg{adr {agi `i a`~ {` td b`hut{dr lgintgnd)

[ad ur`nrghhdr bgi kdbrmod {ad gln`rm{ah mi b`hut{dr lgintgnd f`rh ~m{a`t{ odmin rd{rmb{dk o} {ad rtld `f {ad b`hut{dr lgintgnd) ^adi {ad udtk`b`kd m b`huld{dk m{ bgi od dgml} {rgilg{dk mi{` gi} b`hut{dr lgintgnd) [ad f`ll`~min m udtk`b`kd f`r {ad urmbd `f kmb`ti{ gld m{dh ur`oldh3

Ur`nrgh3 kd{drhmid {ad urmbd `f kmb`ti{ m{dh `i gld)

_dgk urmbd

!Miut{-

Rd{ {ad vgltd `f kmb`ti{ 8 rg{d `f kmb`ti{ # urmbd di{drdk

!Ur`bd-

urmbd `f kmb`ti{ m{dh 8 urmbd `f m{dh ( vgltd `f kmb`ti{

!Ur`bd-

Kmulg} {ad urmbd gf{dr kmb`ti{

!@t{ut{-

Udtk`b`kd ag dvdrgl gkvgi{gnd) M{ m b`hugb{ gik ur`ogol} ~mll i`{ dq{dik f`r hgi} ugnd g fl`~bagr{ b`hh`il} k`) Gl` {ad ulgi l``j lmjd {ad b`kd {` od ~rm{{di gik urdfdrrdk o} hgi} ur`nrghhdr)

2)5);

R{rtb{trd Bagr{

R{rtb{trd R{rtb{trd bagr{ m gl` ji`~i g miut{(ur`bd(`t{ut{ miut{(ur`bd(`t{ut{ `r amdrgrba} bagr{ a`~ {ad `vdrgll ur`nrgh {rtb{trd) M{ rdfdr {` ulgiimin kmgnrgh mhmlgr {` g

O256?/2/>

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

b`hugi}” `rngimsg{m`i bagr{) R{rtb{trd bagr{ kdumb{ {ad `rngimsg{m`i `f ur`nrgh ot{ `hm{ {ad udbmfmb ur`bdmin l`nmb) l`nmb) [ad} kdbrmod ~ag{ dgba ugr{, `r h`ktld, `f  ` f  {ad ur`nrgh k`d gik {ad} a`~ a`~ {ad h`ktld rdlg{d {` dgba `{adr) Dgba h`ktld hg} od tokmvmkdk mi{` tbbdm`i `f to(h`ktld {ag{ orgiba `t{ tikdr m{) [ad bagr{ grd rdgk fr`h {`u {` o`{{`h gik ldf{ ldf{ {` rmna{) Fmntrd 2)2 a`~ gi dqghuld `f  g {rtb{trd bagr{) [am urmbd `f kmb`ti{ m{dh ur`oldh ~g `lvdk o} g drmd `f  mi{rtb{m`i mi{rtb{m`i {` rdgk kg{g, udrf`rh bglbtlg{m`i, gik kmulg} rdtl{) Dgba {du ~g mi dwtdibd: dwtdibd: {ag{ m ~d h`vdk fr`h `id lmid {` {ad idq{ ~m{a`t{ jmuumin `vdr gi} lmid)

[ad hgmi odidfm{ `f {rtb{trd bagr{ m mi {ad mim{mgl ulgiimin ur`nrgh) ^d ordgj k`~i {ad hgc`r ugr{ `f g ur`nrgh ` ~d bgi dd ~ag{ ht{ od k`id mi ndidrgl) Fr`h {am u`mi{, ~d bgi {adi rdfmid dgba h`ktld mi{` h`rd kd{gmldk ulgi tmin fl`~bagr{) Urmbd `f kmb`ti{ m{dh ur`nrgh

Bglbtlg{d urmbd _dgk urmbd

Kmulg} kmb`ti{ urmbd

kmb`ti{ vgltd 8 urmbd # rg{d `f kmb`ti{

kmb`ti{ urmbd 8 urmbd ‒ kmb`ti{ kmb`ti{ vgltd

Fmntrd 2)23 R{rtb{trd Bagr{ !Gi Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` Ur`nrghhmin Tmin Vmtgl Ogmb 6)5( Kgvmk M) Rbaidmkdr-,

O256?/2/1

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

Gb{mvm{} 2G

[DR[ ]@T_ TIKD_R[GIKMIN ODF@_D ]@T B@I[MITD ^M[A [AD

IDQ[ MIUT[…' Wtd{m`i 2)7

Krg~ {ad {gikgrk fl`~bagr{ }ho`l f`r m)

miut{/`t{ut{

mm)

ur`bdmin

mmm)

kdbmm`i

Wtd{m`i 2)?

R{g{d {ad 2 h`{ u`utlgr ur`nrghhmin ur`nrghhmin {``l

Wtd{m`i 2)2

^ag{ m gi gln`rm{ah0

O256?/2/=

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

Fddkogbj [` Gb{mvm{} 2G

Wtd{m`i 2)7

m) miut{/`t{ut{

mm) ur`bdmin

mmm) kdbmm`i

Wtd{m`i 2)?

7) Udtk`b`kd ?) fl`~bagr{ 2) {rtb{trd bagr{

Wtd{m`i 2G)2

Gln`rm{ah m {ad {dbaimwtd `f dldb{min ur`nrgh {g{dhdi{ gik {admr l`nmbgl dwtdibmin dwtdibmin ~amba dhuagmsd {ad {rgilg{min {rgilg{min `f dgba d gba {du `f ur`nrgh `t{lmid mi{` mi {` `id `r dwtmvgldi{ b`hut{dr lgintgnd mi{rtb{m`i)

O256?/2/75

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

 MIUT[ 

2)7

Tmin Gln`rm{ah gik Fl`~bagr{ mi ur`nrghhmin

Blg gvdrgnd Gln`rm{ah Ur`oldh3 Bglbtlg{d gik rdu`r{ {ad nrgkd(u`mi{ gvdrgnd f`r g blg)

k mvmkdk o} Kmbtm`i3 [ad gvdrgnd nrgkd dwtgl {ad th `f gll nrgkd kmvmkdk ithodr `f {tkdi{) ^d iddk g l``u {` rdgk gik {adi gkk !gbbthtlg{d- {ad nrgkd f`r dgba {tkdi{ mi {ad blg) Mimkd {ad l``u, ~d gl` iddk {` {`{gl !b`ti{- {ad ithodr `f {tkdi{ mi {ad blg)

Miut{3 R{tkdi{ nrgkd

{tkdi{: Ur`bdmin3 Fmik {ad th `f {ad nrgkd: b`ti{ {ad ithodr `f {tkdi{: bglbtlg{d gvdrgnd gvdrgnd nrgkd 8 th `f nrgkd / ithodr `f {tkdi{)

@t{ut{3 Gvdrgnd nrgkd

O256?/2/77

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

2)7)?)

Blg Gvdrgnd Fl`~bagr{

R{gr{ b`ti{dr gik th {gr{ g{ 5

Mim{mglmsd b`ti{dr gik th {` 5

Grd [adrd h`rd Kg{g0

I`

]d Nd{ idq{ nrgkd

Mibrdhdi{ b`ti{dr

Gkk nrgkd {` th

Rd{ gvdrgnd {` th/b`ti{dr

Kmulg} gvdrgnd

Dik

rdgk idq{ nrgkd

gkk 7 {` b`ti{dr

gbbthtlg{d th `f nrgkd

fmik {ad gvdrgnd

kmulg} {ad gi~dr

O256?/2/7?

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

Gb{mvm{} 2O

[DR[ ]@T_ TIKD_R[GIKMIN ODF@_D ]@T B@I[MITD ^M[A [AD

IDQ[ MIUT[…'

Wtd{m`i 2)7

]`t grd {` ulgi g ur`nrgh {` th {~` mi{dndr di{drdk o} tdr gik kmulg} {ad rdtl{ `f {ad thhg{m`i o} tmin {ad fl`~bagr{ {dbaimwtd, fr`h {ad f`ll`~min udtk`b`kd: 7) Urmi{ {dq{ “ Di{dr fmr{ ithodr “ ?) _dgk fmr{ ithodr 2) Urmi{ {dq{ “ Di{dr db`ik ithodr “ ;) _dgk db`ik ithodr 4) Bglbtlg{d Bglbtlg{d th `f ` f {~` ithodr 6) Urmi{ {ad th `f {~` ithodr it hodr

O256?/2/72

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

Fddkogbj [` Gb{mvm{} 2O

Wtd{m`i 2)7

R{gr{

Urmi{ {dq{ “ Di{dr fmr{ ithodr “

_dgk fmr{ ithodr

Urmi{ {dq{ “ Di{dr db`ik ithodr “

Bglbtlg{d th `f  {~` ithodr

Kmulg} {ad th `f {~` ithodr

Dik

O256?/2/7;

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

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O256?/2/74

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O256?/2/76

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Fddkogbj [` Rdlf(Gdhdi{

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O256?/2/7>

Mi{r`ktb{m`i [` [ad B`ibdu{ gik Ogmb Mi{rtb{m`i @f Ur`nrghhmin B**

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