Types of Ship and Port Material Handling Equipment & Technology

Types of Ship and Port Material Handling Equipment & Technology Introduction to Logistics Discuss the various types of ship, material handling equipment and technology, including pictures.

Shui Zihan Karen (s10049300k), Teh Bangye (s10048975c)

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Introduction

As time passes by, new things are invented, technology becomes more wellinfrastructure resulting in less manpower and labor work. Now, different types of ship are created to provide more all-rounded service. It is also a substitution for air transportation as the air fare is more expensive, whereas travelling/transportation travelling/transportation by sea is cheaper. Material handling equipments are also invented to make shifting of the goods more efficient and effectively, these has greatly been an advantage to every one of us. With such good equipment, technology is also allows us to gain competitive advantage in the market. Here, our team will be discussing about the various v arious types of ships, types of materials handlings equipment and what technology, how did they technology helped in port material handling.















Contents 

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Types of Ships o Bulk Carriers o Container Ships o Barge-Carrying Ships o Reefers o Ro-Ro Ships o Tankers o Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier and Liquified Petroleum Petroleum Gas (LPG) Carrier o Chemical Carrier o Other Ships Types of Material Handling Equipment o Cranes Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) Rail Mounted Gantry Crane (RMG) Quay Cranes Mobile Harbour Cranes o Reachstackers o Unloader o Grab Unloader o Continuous Ship Unloader (CSU) o Screw Unloader o Automated-Guided Vehicle (AGV) o Linkspans Technology o Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS) o Flow Through Gate System o Portnet System o General and Bulk Cargo Management System (GBMS) o Container Terminal Management System (CTMS) o Material-Handling Material-Handling Simulation o Material and Navigation Software Opinions and Remarks Recommendations Conclusion    

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Types of Ships

Before the twenty century, most of the ships used are generally all multi-purpose cargo ships with little specification. Now, with the advancement in techn ology, ships are now design and build to carry out specific cargo types. The names which are given to various ships types reflect the type of cargo for which they are design and built to carry. For example, a “bulk carrier” is specially design and build to hold ho ld “bulky” goods. Freighter is a family name for ships which transport tra nsport cargo which are usually classified as liquid or dry. There are two main groups of ships, cargo ships and passenger ships. Cargo ships are ships that carry cargo, in other words, the goods, and passenger ships are ships that carry passengers. In this assignment, we will be concentrating on the cargo ships. Different cargo ships have different uses. Along the cargo ships, there are two sub-groups, the dry cargo ships and tankers. Some examples of dry cargo ships are Bulk Carriers, Container Ships, BargeCarrying Ship Reefers, and Ro-Ro ship. These ships carry dry cargo such as, coal, cement, and wood chips. While some examples of Tankers are, Liquid Petroleum Gas Carriers and Chemical carrier. They carry liquid cargos such as oil and gasoline. Now, we will begin with dry cargo ships.















Bulk Carriers Bulk Carriers are designed and built to carry large load of cargo. The amount of space before the deckhouse has to be empty so that loading and unloading cargo would be convenient. Such carrier has a range of 25,500 Deadweight tons (DWT), to the medium size of 75,000 DWT, and the largest largest size of 200,000 DWT. DWT. Its speed is 14-16 knots. Bulk carriers are used very often, so their life-expectancy is rather short. The problem here is, freight rates are rather high, many ship owners rather rath er run their old bulk carriers than get a new one, so using the old bulk carriers can be disastrous. Furthermore, bulk carriers are usually one-deck. one-deck.

Container Ships Container ships are ships that carry the cargos in a fixed size, which is usually the size of the truck. This type of ship is also known as “Boxship”. “Boxship”. The average carrying capacity for average size ships is 8,000 ton to 15,000 tons and 25,000 tons to 30,000 tonnes for big ships. They are designed in a way that th at no space is wasted. Containerships usually have a large hatch on the deck just above the hold to have minimal vibrations of the loaded containers and to save time and effort. With this th is design, loading and unloading is done much faster.















Barge-Carrying Ship Barge-carrying ship is similar to Container ship. The only difference is that the cargo it carries is in floating containers, known as barges or lighters, with capacity of 375tons to 1050tons. These barges need need to be tugged to a ship as they cannot sail on their own. The advantage of this ship is that the cargos can be carried in separate barges to and from smaller ports through the rivers and canals.

Reefers Reefers, also known as Refrigerated Cargo Ships, are used to carry perishable goods like, fruits, meat and fishes. It has refrigerated system system attached so as to adjust a suitable temperature for the cargos and ensure that they are kept fresh. Reefers have a carrying capacity of 8,000 tons to 12,000 tons and they sail at a speed between 18knots to 22 knots. This is usually faster than any other cargo ships as the cargo need to be delivered quickly.

Ro-Ro Ships Ro-Ro ship also known is Roll-On Roll-Off ship are designed to carry wheeled cargo such as cars. It has build-in build-in ramp so that the cargoes can be “rolled on” and “roll off”

















Passenger Ro-Ro and Cargo Ro-Ro. Passenger Ro-Ro is use to carry the passengers who want to travel over water with their vehicles and Cargo Ro-Ro carries carriage of commercial vehicles without passengers.

Tankers As mentioned earlier, tankers carry liquid cargo. They carry liquid cargo in bulk and the range in size of capacity for tankers range from several hundred tons. Oil tankers, also known as Petroleum tankers are designed to carry oil from one place to another. Oil tankers come in two basic flavors, the th e crude carrier which carries crude oil and the clean products tanker which carries refined products. The range of size for oil tankers begins with 1000 DWT to over 300,000 300, 000 DWT and the ship sails at an average speed of 12-20 knots. Realize the size of the ship is so big? This is because, it is estimated that the larger the ship, more profit would be made, however, ho wever, they cannot access to all sea ports, only smaller ones are able to do so.















“Dinosaur Eggs Carriers”. The gas that the ship carries is explosive; therefore, the cargo must be kept at extremely low temperature. Similarly, LPG carriers also keep the cargos at extremely low temperature for the same reason. The average speed of the sailing speed for LPG is 12-20 knots.

Chemical Carrier Chemical Carrier also carries liquid cargo. It transports chemicals such as sulfuric sulfuric acid and ammonia. Such carrier has a range of size ranging from 5,000 DWT to 40,000 DWT. It is considered as small to other tankers as it has specialized nature of their cargos and an d the size of restrictions of the port terminals. In addition, they are usually coated with specialized coating to determine what type of cargo the ship should carry. It is important to clean the tank present in the ship well. This is to prevent any unnecessary effect of the next cargo loaded, and the th e ship has to be properly ventilated.















Types of Material Handling Equipments

There are many types of material handling equipments aiding the logistics operations to make movements of goods from the port to the ships or from the ships to port more convenient and efficient. Material handling equipments are designed in such a way that it can handle the different types of goods which are packed in containers. Most of the equipments are designed according to handle the different types of containers which contain the goods. Such equipments include cranes, reach stackers, unloader, automated guided vehicles and linkspans. Similarly, as mentioned earlier, earlier, different ships have different its own uses, so, the material handling equipments equipments also have their own roles. We shall now introduce some of these material handing equipments, beginning with the cranes.

Cranes What are cranes? Cranes are large machines with a long metal arm used to lift heavy















There are several types of yard cranes, such as the Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs), Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGs). These two cranes are commonly used in Singapore, since Keppel is able to produce them. Another crane which is not the production of Keppel is the Mobile Habour Crane is also used in Singapore.

Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs) RTG is designed for continuous operation at high handling rates. Most of time, an electrical control system of “AC Inventor Control”, “DC Full Thyristor control” or “Ward Leonard” is installed into RTGs to control the speed and constant-power constant -power control. The hoisting and lowering speeds are adjusted according to the weight if the containers automatically. There are 4-wheels, 8-wheels and 16-wheels of RTGs, but all of them operate the same way and their purpose is the same. There are 3 separate motions for the transportation of containers. Firstly, is the hoist, which raises or lowers the containers. Next, is the trolley gear which allows the hoist to be position directly above















the RTGs and has bigger lifting capacity. It also has 3 separate motions for the transportation of containers. The hoist, trolley gear and the gantry.

Quay Cranes Also, there are different types of quay cranes, here; we will introduce “Container “Container Quayside Cranes” Cranes” (CQC). Container Quayside Cranes (CQC) are used to load and u nload container ships. It has 4 separate motions of transportation of containers. Firstly, is the hoist motion, than the trolley, next the th e crane travel gear and finally the boom hoist. Its motions are similar to RTGs and RMGs, just that this has the crane travel gear and boon hoist whereas the RTG’s and RGMs is gantry for the last portion of motions. The crane travel gear allows the entire crane to move alongside the pier and boom hoist allows the arm of the crane to position at difference distances from the crane to transport the container.

















equipment due to its in-house designed crane control system. In addition, it can han dle all sorts of containers.

Reach stackers Reach stacker is a machine that helps in stacking the containers in container c ontainer yards. It also load containers onto trailers and unload containers from trailers. The reach stacker allows the second and third row of the containers to be easily removed without having to move any of the first’s rows of containers as it is curved-shaped. Also, it is easy to operate it.















receiving hopper, such unloading system will result in spillage. However, such spillage incidents can be reduced by conducting regular maintenance for the machine. Currently, there is 2 Grab Unloader at Jurong Port.

Continuous Ship Unloader (CSU) The Continuous Ship unloaders unload barges and ships. They can also unload rail cars or trucks. The difference between CSU and Grab Unloader is that, CSU is more environmental-friendly, environmental-friendly, dust emission is less and noise level is lower. In addition, if a jetty has to be build, CSU provides provides lower budget. budget. Also, there is less spillage spillage because the unloader is feed with an enclosed conveyor, whereas the Grab Unloader is not.















around hundred tonnes. It works by itself, with the computer control. The AGV is rather accurate in placing the containers in place. It does not cause noise pollution and an d is as efficient as a man operates it.

Linkspans Linkspans is a family name for structures installed in the port po rt which aid in operation of moving vehicles on and off the vessels decks. Some examples of such structures are, movable ramps, semi-floating ramps which are hinged on the quay and passenger walkways which is the movable sections connecting the terminal and the vessel.















Technology

With the vast improvement of the technology, cargoes can be moved from one place to another place more conveniently and easily. Just by scanning through a machine, almost all information of the good to be import or export can be recorded within seconds. The technology has enabled us to save time while transshipment takes place and less manual work for us to do. Since there is a lot of transshipment in Singapore, Singapore have to be equipped with the latest or best technology. Singapore’s PSA have developed some of the award-winning innovations which include, include, “Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System” also known as CITOS®, “Flow-Through “Flow-Through Gate System” System” and “Portnet”. “Portnet”.















examples. For North America, they have have the “Material“Material-Handling Simulation”, for Germany, they have “Management “Management and Navigation Software” Software”. Different countries have different systems but all countries will have more than one of such technology. All of them work similarly. Now, we will discuss some of these technology and systems. Let us start with Singapore’s technology with “Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System” (CITOS®).

Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS®) The Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS®) is a comprehensive

















Flow Through Gate System The Flow Through Gate System is one of the systems in CITOS®. It is an award winning system where trucks are able to clear the in-gate in less than 25 seconds. Within the 25 seconds, the system will scan the truck and have all information stored in the system. It is introduced in 1997 and is able to handle about 8000 trucks a day with 700 of them during the peak hours. In 1999, it received the Innovation Award.















General and Bulk Cargo Management System (GBMS) The General and Bulk Cargo System are similar to the Portnet system. It is launch in 2002 which allows customers to go online and carry out the normal procedures for berth applications, cargo declaration and bookings conveniently. The system operates with greater efficiency and is less time-consuming and also accurate billing.















Management and Navigation Software The Management and Navigation Software is software present in the AGV. It plans the route for the AGV and overcome the obstacles the AGV faces, and constant make checks that everything is in order.

In conclusion, the advancement of technology has aided us in all ways.















Opinions and Remarks

In our opinions, we are glad that we have such material handling equipments equipments and technology. Again, it lightened the workload and is more efficient. The cranes, reach stackers, unloaders and automated guided vehicles vehicles helps us to transport the containers from one place to another. While the linkspans will us to move the goods up and down the ships conveniently. However, not all material handlings equipments environmental-















Recommendations

We recommend that technology advances should not focus only in better handling equipment being invented. It should focus more on inventing not only better but also environment friendly handling equipment. Also, material handling equipment used, can be less “bulky”, this is because with less bulky handling h andling equipment, port can now store more cargo within a piece of land. Which lead to more revenue for the ports.

















Conclusion

In conclusion, material handling equipment and ships used today is definitely definitely better















Here are the pictures of the different type of Ships and Material Handling Equipment. Beginning with the Ships.

Bulk Carrier















http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/megaport/images/trein.jpg

Barge-Carrying Ship















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Ro-Ro Ships (Roll-On Roll-Off ship)















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Types of Ship and Port Material Handling Equipment & Technology

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