Turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad

turlsai y tcrrltirli

turlsai bukturnk pntrlai`li, auscis y capkcndlklmnm


turlsai bukturnk pntrlai`li, auscis y capkcndlklmnm

BTÌML]IR

MLTCBBLÒ@ MCK ZTI\CB]I CML]ITLNK

NS]ITCR

Cmunrmi Klznrrnkmc

@urln Airèrc Aikl`cri

Mlrcbtir mc Biìblalc`ti CIL

Zriecsirn mc Hlstirln N`tlfun mc kn S`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis

C`rlquc Ecrri ]ìb`lbi mc L`vcstlfnblò` CIL

Rnkvnmir Zcrckkò Iklvcr Zriecsir mc Riblikifán mc kn S`lvcrslmnm Tcy Gun` Bnrkis

C^SLZI MC L@UCR]LFNBLÒ@

Unkc`tl`n mckk½Irti L`vcstlfnmirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn

Bknrn Anrtá` Muquc Zriecsirn mc kn S`lvcrslmnm @cdrlgn

Kldri mlfltnk c`7 http7//www.cil.cs/snvln/mibuac`ti/cil8::<:/turlsai-bukturnk-pntrlai`li-auscisy-capkcndlklmnm C`knbc mlrcbti c`7

ZTI\CB]I FTÎELBI dnsc >4 mlscþi y biau`lbnblò`, s.k. LRD@ <68-8=->3:5>-26-2

‛Bulmnais ck pnpck quc utlklznais pnrn laprlalr cstc kldri‑ Eldrns pribcmc`tcs mc disqucs sistc`ldkcs bcrtlelbnmis pir ck Eircst Rtcwnrmshlp Biu`blk (ERB).

MCZÒRL]I KCFNK A-6>3<-4:>2

© Eu`mnblò` CIL, 4:>2

www.cil.cs Anmrlm, 4:>2

Cstn pudklbnblò` hn bi`tnmi bi` kn biel`n`blnblò` mck Ei`mi Riblnk Curipci n trnvìs mck Zrifrnan Ipcrntlvi Zkurlrrcfli`nk mc Nmnptndlklmnm y Capkci 4::6-4:>2.

Cstn pudklbnblò` cstî dngi klbc`bln Brcntlvc Biaai`s Tcbiìblalc`ti,, @ibiacrbln Tcbiìblalc`ti @ibiacrblnk,k, Biapnrtlr Biapnrtlrlfunk, lfunk, (dy-`b-sn). Sstcm pucmc usnr, biplnr y mleu`mlr cstc mibuac`ti i pnrtc mck alsai slcaprc y bun`mi sc ac`bli`c su irlfc`, ì sc usc mc eiran biacrblnk y ì sc aimlelquc su klbc`bln.

Á@MLBC

ZTÒKIFI .............................................................................................................................. | 3 | Bnpátuki >

L@]TIMSBBLÒ@ ................................................................................................................... | 6 | Bnpátuki 4

NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFÁN MC CR]SMLI.................................................................. CR]SMLI..................................................................

| >2 |

Bnpátuki 2

CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITÁN MC N@ÎKLRLR ..................................

| >< |

>.

Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli .................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............................... ............

| 4> |

4.

Kn trnmlblò` n`nkátlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn.................. ...................................... ......................... .....

| 48 |

2.

Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli .................. ................................. ...............

| 23 |

=.

]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn .................. ..................................... ....................................... ......................... .....

| =: |

Bnpátuki =

KN ITFN@LWNBLÒ@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK ........................................................

| =3 |

>.

Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk .................. ..................................... ....................................... ......................... .....

| =< |

4.

Tcmcs, cstrntcflns y nbbli`cs mc biipcrnblò` c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk ..........

| 55 |

Bnpátuki 3

KN CAZKCNDLKLMNM C@ CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK ....................................................

| 8< |

>.

Kns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.................... ......................... .....

| <: |

4.

Eiranblò` y pcrelkcs c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk .................. ..................................... ....................................... ......................... .....

| <2 |

Bnpátuki 5

TCRSK]NMIR \ BI@BKSRLI@CR .................................................................................. | >>2 | DLDKLIFTNEÁN......................................................................................................................

| >4> |

TCKNBLÒ@ MC ]NDKNR \ ELFSTNR ...............................................................................

| >4< |

NFTNMCBLALC@]IR ........................................................................................................... | >22 |

ZTÒKIFI

| 5 |

ZTÒKIFI

Ck biaprialsi mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznblò` L`mustrlnk bi` ck mcsnrrikki cbi`òalbi, kn bihcslò` siblnk y tcrrltirlnk, ck capkci y kn sistc`ldlklmnm hn mnmi u` pnsi aîs lapuksn`mi kn brcnblò` mc u`n ùcvn ká`cn mc biìblalc`ti bc`trnmn c` ck ]urlsai y ck ]crrltirli. C` ck anrbi mc cstc îadlti mc l`tcrìs cstrntìflbi sc udlbn ck kldri ‛]urlsai Bukturnk. Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm‑. Rc trntn mc u`n l`vcstlfnblò` quc vn aîs nkkî mck bnapi bkîslbi mck ]urlsai biai slstcan y scbtir mc nbtlvlmnm. @is l`trimubc l`trim ubc c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai csn eiran mc turlsai y mc vlngc nktcr`ntlvi, u`n aucstrn rcblì` surflmn n ki knrfi mc kis nþis 8:, y quc hiy cacrfc biai u` ynblalc`ti eu`mnac`tnk eu`mnac`tnk mc brcnblò` mc vnkir, rlquczn, capkci y bihcslò` mck tcrrltirli. Kn l`vcstlfnblò` rcekcgn kn cvikublò` quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn vlvlmi n ki knrfi mc cstns ÷ktlans trcs mìbnmns, ndn`mi`n`mi cèiqucs mcsbrlptlvis y nmc`trî`misc c` pkn`tcnalc`tis pkn`tcnalc` tis aîs prieu`mis quc iercbc` kis mlnf`òstlbis capárlbis y kns pripucstns mc acgirn quc kn siblcmnm mcan`mn. Un aîs nkkî mc kn bkîslbn bi`bcpblò` mck turlsai biai aitir mc mcsnrrikki pnrn nmc`trnrsc c` kis enbtircs mc kn l`ìvnblò`, kn brcntlvlmnm y kn vlslò` sudgctlvn biai rcekcgi pcrsi`nk mc kis biapirtnalc` biapirtnalc`tis tis n`tc kn bukturn i kn cxprcslò` nrtástlbn. S`n kòflbn trn`seiranblò` c` kns mcan`mns y `cbcslmnmcs mc kis turlstns quc bnmn mán dusbn` bi` aîs nhl`bi vlvlr u` turlsai cxpcrlc`blnk. C` csc sc`tlmi, kis nutircs hn` mcsnrrikknmi u`n actimikifán cspcbáelbn irlc`tnmn n cxpkirnr kis ‛Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrîelbns mc Cspnþn‑ c`tc`mlmis biai u` nbtlvi prlvlkcflnmi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn, aîs nkkî mc kis cèiqucs pntrlai`lnkcs trnmlbli`nkcs. Nmcaîs, hn` bi`tnmi bi` kn pnrtlblpnblò` mc u`n ùtrlmn rcprcsc`tnblò` mc cxpcrtis, quc hn` npirtnmi u`n pcrspcbtlvn auktlmlac`sli`nk auktlmlac`sli`nk mc kn rcnklmnm mc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk Ulsltndkcs U lsltndkcs c` Cspnþn y mc kns cstrntcflns mc euturi quc pimrî` iercbcr u` anyir pitc`blnk mc brcnblò` mc rlquczn y capkci. Mc kn anì mc u`n c`bucstn mlscþnmn cspcbáelbnac`tc cspcbáelbnac`tc pnrn cstc cstumli, nsá biai mc kn cxpkirnblò` bunkltntlvn mck mlsbursi y ipl`li`cs mc cstis cxpcrtis sc hn idtc`lmi u` mlnf`òstlbi irlfl`nk quc hnbc` mc cstn idrn u` trndngi pli`cri, bi` rcsuktnmis mc knrfi rcbirrlmi c` ck bnapi mc kn rcknblò` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk y su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm. Kis nutircs mc cstc cstumli, kn priecsirn @urln Aircrì y ck priecsir Rnkvnmir Zcrckkò, nsá biai su cqulpi, eiranmis c l`tcfrn`tcs mc kn aîs erubtáecrn trnmlblò` nbnmìalbn cspnþikn hn` slmi bnpnbcs mc mnr u` snkti bunkltntlvi y npklbnr u`n actimikifán bun`tltntlvn- bunkltntlvn bnpnz mc npklbnbli`cs a÷ktlpkcs y nmnptndkcs n kn rcnklmnm mc kis mlvcrsis cspnblis y tlcapis. Cstis mis enbtircs, tlcapi y cspnbli mial`n` y bi`mlbli`n`, timnván hiy, kn rcnklmnm mck slstcan turástlbi y su c`tirì mc lèkuc`bln. Cstc trndngi vlc`c n slf`lelbnr, pir ki tn`ti, ck buapklalc`t buapklalc`ti i mck biaprialsi cstrntìflbi quc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznblò` L`mustrlnk hn nsualmi bi` ck ]urlsai biai ck ]urlsai biai slstcan trn`sbc`mc`tnk mc mcsnrrikki cbi`òalbi y brcnblò` mc capkci c` Cspnþn.

Ecr`n`mi Dnyò` Anrl`ì Mlrcbtir Fc`crnk mc kn Csbuckn mc Irfn`lznblò` L`mustrlnk

>

L@]TIMSBBLÒ@

| 8 |

Bnpátuki > L@]TIMSBBLÒ@

Ck ]urlsai cs uì mc kis aitircs quc lapuksn` ck mcsnrrikki mc kn cbiìaán au`mlnk, tn`ti c` ki quc sc rcelcrc nk biacrbli l`tcr`nbli`nk mc scrvlblis biai n kn fc`crnblò` mc capkci. Kn Irfn`lznblò` Au`mlnk mck ]urlsai (IA]) ki mcel`c bòai7 bòai 7 ‛u` ec`òacì siblnk, bukturnk y cbi`òalbi rcknbli`nmi bi` ck aivlalc`ti mc kns pcrsi`ns n kufnrcs quc sc c`buc`trn` eucrn mc su kufnr mc rcslmc`bln hndltunk pir aitlvis pcrsi`nkcs i mc `cfiblis/priecsli`nkcs‑ `cfiblis/priecs li`nkcs‑ (Fkisnrli Dîslbi IA]). Zcri gu`ti n cstn mcel`lblò` fc`ìrlbn, mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nkátlbi, ck ]urlsai rcspi`mc n u` kòflbn irfn`lzntlvn quc scf÷` Hnkk (vcr frîelbi >) ipcrn biai u` slstcan biapkcgi quc c`fkidn pcrsi`ns, aitlvnbli`cs,, rcbursis, scrvlblis, primubtis, caprcsns, dc`celblis, nbtlvlmnm cbi`òaitlvnbli`cs albn, bi` auktlpklblmnm mc nprixlanbli`cs y rcspucstns (Hnkk, 4::3). C` Cspnþn, pcsc n scr u` aitir mc kn cbiìaán, ck ]urlsai vlvc aiac`tis mc l`bcrtlmuadrc y mc bnadlis, trns kn eucrtc brlsls mck 4::8-4::<. N pcsnr mc ckki, mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn anbri, kns blerns bi`tlùnri` aistrn`mi kn rckcvn`bln mc cstc scbtir, pucsti quc bi` 2<.54> alkki`cs mc curis, euc c` 4:>: ck pnás mc kn S`lò` Curipcn quc idtuvi aîs l`frcsis pir ]urlsai, scfulmi mc Ern`bln c Ltnkln. C` 4:>>, ck scbtir bi`slfulò snkvnr ck nþi c` frn` pnrtc mcdlmi n kis nbi`tcblalc`tis nbncblmis nbncblmis c` tcrbcris pnáscs, nkfuìs mc ckkis biapctlmircs mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn turástlbi. Rl` cadnrfi, kis mntis aîs rcblc`tcs aucstrn` kn biapkcglmnm mc kn sltunblò` c` Cspnþn y kn `cbcslmnm mc u` rcpkn`tcnalc`ti cstrntìflbi fkidnk, biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn brlsls cbi`òalbn l`tcr`n y mc kn sltunblò` l`tcr`nbli`nk. Nsá, ck pnìrnan cs titnkac`tc mlecrc`tc scf÷` hndkcais mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i mc ]urlsai `nbli`nk. Kis mntis aîs rcblc`tcs mc 4:>4 aucstrn` u` l`brcac`ti mc kns c`trnmns l`tcr`nbli`nkcs rcspcbti nk nþi n`tcrlir, bi`brctnac`tc u` 4,6% (Eri`tur, LC]), alc`trns quc c` bun`ti nk fnsti turástlbi, kn vnrlnblò` l`tcrnùnk (anyi 4:>4) rcekcgn u` brcblalc`ti mck 6,32% quc pucmc cxpklbnrsc tn`ti pir ck nuac`ti mc `÷acri mc vlngcris biai pir ck pripli nuac`ti mck fnsti acmli. Mcsfrnblnmnac`tc kns cxpcbtntlvns sc hn` vlsti auy aimcrnmns c` rcknblò` nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn brlsls l`tcr`n y ck mcsbc`si mc kis mcspknznalc`tis mc kis cspnþikcs, tn`ti mc`tri biai eucrn mc Cspnþn >. \ biai rcsuktnmi, kn dnkn`zn mc pnfis mck Rcbtir ]urástlbi c` ndrlk mck 4:>4 nrrigndn u` snkmi pisltlvi mc >.8<: alkki`cs mc curis, pcri bi` u`n vnrlnblò` l`tcrnùnk l`tcrnùnk mc -5.>

>

Kns ÷ktlans c`bucstns pudklbnmns pir ck L`stltuti mc Cstumlis ]ur ástlbis aucstrn` kn frnvcmnm mc kn brlsls cspnþikn, bi` u` rctribcsi mc -4,3% l`tcrnùnk c` ck titnk mc vlngcs mc kis cspnþikcs y u` -2,=% mc kis vlngcs c` Cspnþn (ecdrcri 4:>4)7 Aivlalc`tis ]urástlbis Cspnþikcs, Mntis mc Biyu`turn, LC] . Necbtn aîs n kis aivlalc`tis c` Cspnþn pirquc si` kis quc aîs hndltunkac`tc rcnklzn kn bknsc acmln.

]urlsai buktur bukturnk. nk. ZN]TLAI@LI, ASRCIR \ CAZKCNDLKLMNM

| < |

(Euc`tc7 Dn`bi mc Cspnþn ), ki quc cs bknrnac`tc prcibupn`tc sl tc`cais c` buc`tn

ck nuac`ti mc kns kkcfnmns mc kis cxtrn`gcris y ck nuac`ti mck fnsti nsiblnmi. Kn frn` brlsls cbi`òalbn `nbli`nk cs sl` mumn kn vnrlndkc cxpklbntlvn. Zir ckki, nu` bun`mi ck ]urlsai slfuc slc`mi u` scbtir cbi`òalbi mc cxtrnirml`nrl cxtrnirml`nrln n lapirtn`bln, sus blerns cstî` kcgis mc nkbn`znr kns bitns quc prcsc`tndn` hnbc nkfuìs nþis mi`mc kkcfò n supi`cr bnsl ck >>% mck ZLD. Mc cstn an`crn, ck ]urlsai c` Cspnþn, pcsc n scr u` scbtir bknvc mc kn nbtlvlmnm cbi`òalbn, `cbcsltn rcmcel`lrsc c` irlfc`, mcstlìs y cstrntcflns mcdlmi n kn frnvc brlsls l`tcr`n pcri tnadlì` ck pripli bi`tcxti l`tcr`nbli`nk. Zir itrn pnrtc, nmcaîs, Cspnþn tlc`c quc scr bnpnz mc pi`cr c` vnkir sus eirtnkczns, c` cspcblnk su slstcan eirantlvi c` rcknblò` nk ]urlsai quc hnbc quc cstì mitnmn mc priecsli`nkcs u`lvcrsltnrlis y mc fcstircs mc cxtrnirml`nrln vnkán quc, c` duc`n acmlmn, cs ck enbtir quc sustc`tò ck surflalc`ti mc kis ]urlsais nktcr`ntlvis c` kis nþis 8:. \ cs c` ck anrbi mc cstns biirmc`nmns c` kns quc sc hn pkn`tcnmi ck cstumli ‛]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm‑, Capkcndlklmnm‑, c`tc`mlc`mi quc bi` ìk sc bi`trlduyc n mcsnrrikknr u` mlnf`òstlbi rckcvn`tc sidrc kn rcnklmnm mck scbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk n kn vcz quc cxpkirn ùcvns ká`cns mc trndngi c l`vcstlfnblò`. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk `nbc c l`tcfrn mis îrcns, ]urlsai y Bukturn, quc hn` rcbirrlmi mlstl`tns enscs mc cvikublò`, c`buc`tris y mcsc`buc`tris bi`bcptunkcs bi`bcptu nkcs y tcòrlbis pcri tnadlì` nmal`lstrntlvis nmal`lstrntlvis y pikátlbis. Zrctc`mcais rcspi`mcr n kn `cbcslmnm mc mcel`lblò` quc cstis tìralìs y su biadl`nblò` hn` mcsnrrikknmi, mctcbtn`mi mctcbtn`mi mcdlklmnmcs, eirtnkczns, tc`mc`blns y ipirtu`lmnmcs, hnstn bièlfurnr u`n bntcfirán mc ]urlsai, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, hcrrnalc`tn hcrrnalc`tn mc biapctltlvlmnm y brcblalc`ti cbi`òalbi, y bi` u` cìrac pitc`blnk mc fc`crnblò` mc capkci. Nu` bun`mi sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi vnrlis pkn`cs mcsmc ck nþi 4:::4, y nbtunkac`tc cstî l`tcfrnmi c` ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnþik (4:>4->3), bnrcbc mc u`n eirauknblò` pripln tn` `cbcsnrln pnrn ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk y priecsli`nk, nk cstnr kns biapctc`blns c` antcrln mc ]urlsai

4

Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi 4::>-4::2.

| >: |


y mc Bukturn, kis mis plknrcs, rcpnrtlmns c` mis bnapis y îrcns dnstn`tc cstn`bis y mlecrc`blnmis. Mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bi`bcptunk, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c c` su irlfc` kn Bukturn buyi bi`suai vcrtcdrn, mc hcbhi, timns kns pnrbckns mc ùcstrn vlmn bitlmln`n dngi a÷ktlpkcs eirans (pntrlai`li, kc`fun, hîdltis, brcnbli`cs nrtástlbns, trnmlbli`cs, fnstriìaán). Zcri n ckki hny quc nþnmlr ck vlngc quc, c` sá alsai, nmqulcrc biai ù`bn u`n mlac`slò` bukturnk n trnvìs mc kns mlstl`tns cxpcrlc`blns quc kis vlngcris vlvc` n ki knrfi mc kn cstn`bln. Cstn vlslò` napkln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk l`birpirn u`n mlac`slò` mc acrbnmi y bi`suai (Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, 4::5? Hcrrcri Zrlcti, 4:>>) n kn vcz quc mcstnbn ck vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk y mc su iecrtn biai hcrrnalc`tn mc bi`scrvnblò` mck pntrlai`li (Tlbhnrms, 4::6). Nmcaîs, mcsmc cstn pcrspcbtlvn, sc mn pritnfi`lsai nk vlsltn`tc c` kn brcnblò` mc aimckis mc vlsltn cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis (Bnanrcri Lzqulcrmi y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi, 4::=) 2. Zir timi ckki, ck prcsc`tc trndngi prlirlzn kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs, pntrlai`li rcprcsc`tnmi rcprcsc`tnmi pir kis auscis, bi` u`n vlslò` tcrrltirlnk y mc`tri mc u` îadlti anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrl nac`tc p÷dklbi, pcri mi`mc kn caprcsn prlvnmn cstî brcn`mi su cspnbli n trnvìs mc ùcvis primubtis y ùcvns eòraukns mc fcstlò` (Frceec, 4::::Mc n`tlkkn>::Mctnkkc/>48=>5: tnkkc/>48=>5:886562/Y/>48=> 886562/Y/>48=>52><28>8/Biau`lb 52><28>8/Biau`lbnbli` nbli` 9pkn`tlkknIdklfntirln1Zkn`tlkknB 9pkn`tlkknIdkl fntirln1Zkn`tlkknBi`tc`lmi@itlblnHiac i`tc`lmi@itlblnHiac 2

| >> |


l`tcrprctnblò`‒ nsá biai n kis auscis bi`slmcrnmis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis turástlbi s pntrlai`lnkcs y quc, c` ÷ktlan l`stn`bln, l`stn`bln, vn` n bi`stltulr ck u`lvcrsi mck trndngi bun`tltntlvi.

FTÎELBI >

Ck ]urlsai biai slstcan. Kn l`bkuslò` mck capkci y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk

Biapirtnalc`ti mc kn mcan`mn7 Aitlvnbli`cs Nbbcsldlklmnm Lèiranblò` Cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns Zrcecrc`blns Cxpcbtntlvns c Laîfc`cs Nbtlvlmnmcs y cxpcrlc`blns

Tcflò` fc`crnmirn mc ]urlsai

Ulngc nk mcstlì

Tcflò` rcbcptirn mc ]urlsai

Zrimubtis c` mcstlì7 L`mustrln ]urástlbn Lèrncstrubturn ]rndngi Bnpltnk Tcbursis-ntrnbtlvis L`stltubli`cs

N`îklsls mcan`mn Iecrtn Mcstlìs

Capkci

Caprcsns L`stltubli`csNutòìais

Euc`tc7 Ckndirnblò` Ckndirnblò` pripln pripln n pnrtlr mck mck aimcki mc mc Hnkk, A. B. 4::3, 4::3, ]iurlsa Tcthlòl`f thc Riblnk Rblc`bc ie Aidlklty, Zcnrsi`, Zrc`tlbc Zrc`tlbc Hlkk, 52. 52.

Ck l`tcrìs ÷ktlai mck cstumli sc mlrlfc cspcbáelbnac`tc nk n`îklsls mc kn capkcndlklmnm, ckcac`ti ìstc mc pnrtlbuknr rckcvn`bln sl tc`cais c` buc`tn quc sc trntn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, u`n mlsblpkl`n rckntlvnac`tc rcblc`tc y mc mcel`lblò` biapkcgn. Mlelcrc nsá mc kis pkn`tcnalc`tis hndltunkcs sidrc kis n`îklsls mck capkci c` ck ]urlsai quc sc

| >4 |


mcsnrrikkn` mcsmc cèiqucs bun`tltntlvis y cbiìalblstns, pcsc nkfu`ns rcblc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns siblnkcs y bukturnkcs (Knmol`, 4:>>). C` cecbti, ck nkti `lvck mc biapctc`bln l`tcr`nbli`nk, kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn biapctltlvlmnm n trnvìs mc kn lapkcac`tnblò` mc pikátlbns caprcsnrlnkcs y cmubntlvns c` rcknblò` nk ]urlsai, `cbcsltn` mc kn ckndirnblò` rlfurisn mc cstumlis prcvlis. Rc hn` vc`lmi primublc`mi auy cspcbáelbnac`tc bnadlis c` kn eiranblò` turástlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnblò` nk Cspnbli mc Cmubnblò` Rupcrlir (mc Mlpkianmi n Frnmi? Aîstcrcs) quc ndrc` u`n ùcvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai. Rc trntn mc cstumlis quc caplczn` n fn`nr buitn mc acrbnmi gu`ti bi` kns c`scþn`zns huan`ástlbns mc aîs knrfn trnmlblò`, timi ckki bun`mi kn rcknblò` c`trc `lvck mc cstumlis y trndngi/ pnri cstî bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn. Cstnais, sl` mumn, n`tc u`n brlsls cbi`òalbn sl` prcbcmc`tcs, pcri tnadlì` n`tc u`n brlsls siblnk y mc biìblalc`ti, quc, sl` cadnrfi, pucmc c`bi`trnr y c`buc`trn c` kn mcan`mn turástlbn u`n pucrtn hnbln ck euturi. Kn Bukturn y ck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk sc bi`vlcrtc` c` kn dnsc mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ck bunk `cbcsltn, pucs, mc u` cstumli eu`mnac`tnmi mc`tri mck napkli bnapi mck ]urlsai. Kn capkcndlklmnm scrî su cgc vcrtcdrnmir y ck l`struac`ti pnrn cstumlnr kn c`tlmnm c lmc`tlmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc c` nkfuìs bnsis, scrî aubhi aîs quc u` scfac`ti mc acrbnmi i u`n acrn suan mc primubtis. C` ck rcblc`tcac`tc pudklbnmi Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai Cspnþik sc scþnkn kn lapirtn`bln mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs pnrn Cspnþn, cs mcblr mc su iecrtn 3, y sc hnbc nkuslò` n ká`cns cstrntìflbns sidrc cèiqucs cxpcrlc`blnkcs y brcntlvis, fcstlò` mc primubtis y n kis auscis cspcbáelbnac`tc. Ck capkci, kn u`lmnm mc acrbnmi, kn Anrbn Cspnþn, kn birrcspi`sndlklmnm prlvnmn-p÷dklbn y kn mcscstnbli`nklznblò` mck ]urlsai si` ckcac`tis bknvc n mcsnrrikknr y n ckkis ìs hcais nprixlanmi n trnvìs mc kn actimikifán quc vcrtcdrn cstc cstumli.

3

Cspnþn cstî pislbli`nmn c` kn 4ª y 23ª pislblò` mc kis >2< pnáscs mck cstumli ‛]hc ]rnvck & ]iurlsa Biapctltlvc`css Tcpirt 4:>>‑ c` rcknblò` n kis rcbursis bukturnkcs y c` rcbursis `nturnkcs rcspcbtlvnac`tc. (Virkm Cbiìalb Eirua, 4:>>). Tcbiflmi c` ck Z@L]. Ck Zkn` mc Lapuksi nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi mc kn Rcbrctnrán mc Cstnmi mc Biacrbli y ]urlsai (4::>-4::2) yn scþnkndn kn mlvcrslmnm y napkltum mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, G. 4::=).

4

NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFÁN MC CR]SMLI

| >= |

Bnpátuki 4 NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFÁN MC CR]SMLI

Ck idgctlvi mck prcsc`tc trndngi pcrslfuc mcsnrrikknr ck bi`bcpti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk y su cvikublò` biai bntcfirán, n kn vcz quc su bi`brcblò` c` kis auscis mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc kn capkcndlklmnm. Cstc idgctlvi fc`crnk sc nrtlbukn c` tirì n kis slfulc`tcs idgctlvis cspcbáelbis7 • Bnrnbtcrlznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc sus aimckis y pikátlbns mc

fcstlò`, nsá biai mc sus rcmcs priecsli`nkcs. • Mcel`lr c l`vc`tnrlnr kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs lapklbnmis c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi`

cspcblnk hl`bnplì c` kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi pntrlai`lnk. • Lmc`tlelbnr kns eirtnkczns y mcdlklmnmcs mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs c` rcknblò` bi`

kis `lvckcs mc eiranblò` y bunklelbnblò` cxlflmns. cxlflmns. • N`nklznr ck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi pi`lc`mi c` rcknblò` su irfn`lznblò`

l`tcr`n bi` su scfac`tnblò` c` tìralìs mc `÷acri y pcrelk mc sus vlsltn`tcs, y timi ckki mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc su irlc`tnblò` cstrntìflbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm. Znrn kn bi`scbublò` mc cstis idgctlvis sc hn mcsnrrikknmi u`n cstrntcfln actimikòflbn trln`fuknmn nrtlbuknmn c` tirì n kns slfulc`tcs tìb`lbns bun`tltntlvns y bunkltntlvns mc l`vcstlfnblò` l`vcstlfnblò`77 >· N`îklsls mc euc`tcs mibuac`tnkcs y cstnmástlbns. 4· C`trcvlstns c` prieu`mlmnm n u`n aucstrn cstrntìflbn mc lèiran`tcs mlrcbtis y bknvc mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` cstc sc`tlmi ck cstumli hn l`birpirnmi n lèiran`tcs mc l`stltubli`cs tn`ti mck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn. C`tc`mcais quc bi` cstis brltcrlis sc hn bièlfurnmi u`n aucstrn mc pribcmc`bln trn`svcrsnk trn`svcrsnk c l`tcfrnmirn buyi mlsbursi sc hn bi`trnstnmi anrbnmnac`tc slf`lelbntlvi. 2· Frupis mc mlsbuslò` c`trc cxpcrtis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Bi`brctnac`tc hcais mcsnrrikknmi mis frupis mc mlsbuslò`. Ck prlacr frupi hn slmi eiranmi pir lèiran`tcs vl`buknmis nk îadlti mck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mck scbtir p÷dklbi, tn`ti mcsmc ck ]urlsai biai mc kn bukturn, biai rcprcsc`tn`tcs mc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli`nkcs, l`stltubli`cs `nbli`nkcs, bi`scgcráns, nyu`tnalc`tis y u`lvcrslmnmcs. Ck scfu`mi frupi hn cstnmi biapucsti pir lèiran`tcs mck scbtir prlvnmi, nfc`blns mc vlngcs, hitckcs, caprcsns mc scrvlblis turástlbis, bi`suktirns, nutòìais y caprcsns mc ibli. Hcais l`birpirnmi tnadlì` n lèiran`tcs lapklbnmis c` kis pribcsis mc bi`trntnblò` mcsmc kn òptlbn mck scbtir prlvnmi, biai rcspucstn n kis pkn`tcnalc`tis mck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai (Z@L]) sidrc kn csbnsn bikndirnblò` c`trc nadis scbtircs, pcri quc pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`tcn` biai u` cgc l`ìvnmir y prlirltnrli.

| >3 |


=· C`bucstn acmln`tc u` bucstli`nrli nutinmal`lstrnmi mc eiran tckcaîtlbn n u`n aucstrn cstnmástlbnac`tc rcprcsc`tntlvn n kis mlrcbtircs i rcspi`sndkcs mc Biau`lbnblò` mc kis auscis y bc`tris mc L`tcrprctnblò`-Cspnblis L`tcrprctnblò`-Cspnblis Bukturnkcs mc Cspnþn, n pnrtlr mck Mlrcbtirli mc auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrîelbns, mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtcs 5. Znrtlc`mi mc u` u`lvcrsi mc >32: auscis (L@C, 4:>:), mlbhi bucstli`nrli hn slmi buapklac`tnmi pir kis rcspi`sndkcs mc biau`lbnblò` bièiran`mi u`n aucstrn mc >8:, mctcral`nmn bi` u` `lvck mc bièln`zn mck <3% (4 slfans), u` crrir mc ¾6% y p1q13:, nelgnmn pripirbli`nkac`tc pir Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans y tlpi mc ausci. Kis auscis sc gustlelbn` c` cstc cstumli biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs pucsti quc sc trntn mc kis ÷`lbis dlc`cs quc sc pucmc` bi`slmcrnr ntrnbtlvis turástlbis mc eiran idgctlvn nbtunkac`tc c` Cspnþn nk mlspi`cr mc u`n dnsc mc mntis mc ‛Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrîelbns‑‑ mck Al`lstcrli mc auscifrîelbns Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtcs (BukturnDnsc). C` cecbti, pir u`n pnrtc, kis auscis si` Zntrlai`li. Kn Kcy mc Zntrlai`li Hlstòrlbi Cspnþik >5/><83 mc 45 mc gu`li rcbifc kis Auscis biai ‛kns l`stltubli`cs mc bnrîbtcr pcran`c`tc quc nmqulcrc`, bi`scrvn`, l`vcstlfn`, biau`lbn` y cxhldc` pnrn el`cs mc cstumli, cmubnblò` y bi`tcapknblò`, bi`gu`tis y bikcbbli`cs mc vnkir hlstòrlbi, nrtástlbi, blc`táelbi y tìb`lbi i mc bunkqulcr itrn `nturnkczn bukturnk‑, n kis quc vlc`c` n nþnmlrsc kns Bikcbbli`cs auscifrîelbns mcel`lmns biai7 ‛Ck bi`gu`ti mc dlc`cs bukturnkcs quc, sl` rcu`lr timis kis rcqulsltis pnrn mcsnrrikknr kns eu`bli`cs priplns mc kis Auscis, sc c`buc`trn cxpucsti nk p÷dklbi bi` brltcrli auscifrîelbi y hirnrli cstndkcblmi, buc`tn bi` u`n rcknblò` dîslbn mc sus ei`mis y mlspi`c mc acmlmns mc bi`scrvnblò` y bustimln‑6. Zir itrn pnrtc, ck Bi`scgi L`tcr`nbli`nk mc Auscis (LBIA) c` su mcel`lblò` mc Ausci sc rcelcrc nk p÷dklbi biai u`n mc kis idgctlvis mck ausci, cs mcblr su eu`blò` siblnk. Rc c`tlc`mc pir ausci ‛timn l`stltublò` pcran`c`tc, sl` el`cs mc kubri y nk scrvlbli mc kn siblcmnm y su mcsnrrikki, quc cs nbbcsldkc nk p÷dklbi y nbipln, bi`scrvn, l`vcstlfn, mleu`mc y cxpi`c ck pntrlai`li antcrlnk c làntcrlnk mc kis pucdkis y su c`tirì

5

http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/ua9A1 http7//www.abu.cs/buk turndnsc/bfl/ua9A1/t>>/p>>/prl`blpnkc /t>>/p>>/prl`blpnkcs/&I1pbnxls&@1&K1 s/&I1pbnxls&@1&K1: :

6

Ulm mlsbuslò` pîfl`ns 4>-44.

| >5 |

Bnpátuki 4 NKBN@BC \ AC]IMIKIFÁN MC CR]SMLI

pnrn quc scn cstumlnmi y cmuquc y mckcltc nk p÷dklbi‑ (Mcel`lblò` mck LBIA. Bòmlfi Mci`tikòflbi, 44ª biècrc`bln mck LBIA Nustrln 4::6). Cstns mis mcel`lbli`cs bièlfurn` ck bnrîbtcr pntrlai`lnk y siblnk (turástlbi-ntrnbtlvi) mck ausci biai l`stltublò`. \ c` tcrbcr kufnr, mlspi`cais mc kn Dnsc mc mntis mc Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs auscifrîelbns, dnsc mc kn c`bucstn, y quc sc pucmc bi`slmcrnr, c` csc sc`tlmi, biai ck ÷`lbi l`vc`tnrli idgctlvi mc ntrnbtlvis turástlbis bukturnkcs bukturnkcs 8. Ri` lfunkac`tc kis auscis, u` cgc slf`lelbntlvi mc kn pikátlbn cstntnk c` antcrln mc pntrlai`li bukturnk, mc`tri mck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnþik (4:>4-4:>3). C` csc sc`tlmi kn c`bucstn prctc`mc biìbcr7 • Ck pcrelk mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` kis auscis, tnanþi mc kn pkn`tlkkn mc trndngnmircs

y su mlstrldublò` c` sus mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis biai rcprcsc`tnblò` mck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nmcaîs sc n`nklznrî ck `lvck mc bunklelbnblò` cxlflmi n kis capkcnmis mc kis auscis y su nmcbunblò` n kis pucstis. • Kn bnrnbtcrlznblò` mck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi n trnvìs mc su irfn`lznblò`

l`tcr`n, mcstnbn`mi ck pcsi mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò`-Mleuslò`, su tlpikifán, sus vlsltn`tcs y sus rcmcs mc bikndirnblò`. • Kn pcrbcpblò` pripln mc kis auscis mc bnrn nk ]urlsai y kns cstrntcflns mcsnrri-

kknmns c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, cspcblnkac`tc kn bikndirnblò` c`trc kis auscis y kns l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns y prlvnmns, y kns rcmcs priecsli`nkcs quc sc hn` cstndkcblmi. Ck bucstli`nrli cstî eiranmi pir >3 prcfu`tns, prcfu`tns , >= bcrrnmns y u`n ndlcrtn. Ru cstrubturn ndirmn prifrcslvnac`tc prifrcslvnac`tc kis idgctlvis mck cstumli n pnrtlr mc kis slfulc`tcs brltcrlis7 • Kns prlacrns prcfu`tns c`bunmrn` ck ausci c` ck mcstlì turástlbi y c` kn rcflò`,

y kis rcknbli`n bi` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs mc Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li pir kn S@CRBI, u`n mc kns pisldkcs hcrrnalc`tns hcrrnalc`tns mc fcstlò` turástlbn mc kis mcstlìs. • S` scfu`mi dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc rcelcrc n kn irfn`lznblò` mc kis auscis hnblc`mi

hl`bnplì c` ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs, ki quc pcraltc vnkirnr su lapnbti c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai. • Rc hn` l`trimublmi u`n scrlc mc prcfu`tns rcecrlmns nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`l-

bnblò` y Mleuslò` mc`tri mck bi`tcxti fc`crnk mck ausci, nsá biai bucstli`cs rckn-

8

C` ipislblò` n kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk, quc sc hn` bi`slmcrnmi ercbuc`tcac`tc ercbuc`tcac`tc y buyn eu`blò` ì cs turástlbn7 vlm lèrn kn mlsbuslò`.


| >6 |

bli`nmns bi` kis `lvckcs mc bunklelbnblò` cxlflmis c` kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis, nmcbunblò` mc nkfu`ns tltuknbli`cs, biapctc`blns y pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs. • Ck ÷ktlai dkiquc mc prcfu`tns sc bc`trn cspcbáelbnac`tc c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y

n`nklzn kis bi`tnbtis l`stltubli`nkcs y caprcsnrlnkcs biai ckcac`tis eu`mnac`tnkcs pnrn kn brcnblò` mc rcmcs y frupis mc trndngi. Rc pkn`tcn` bucstli`cs rcecrlmns n kn pripln pcrbcpblò` mck ausci c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai y n kns pisldkcs cstrntcflns y nbbli`cs mc acgirn, nmcaîs mc u`n prcfu`tn mlrcbtn sidrc ck pislbli`nalc pislbli`nalc`ti. `ti.

2

CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITÁN MC N@ÎKLRLR

| 4: |

Bnpátuki 2 CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK BIAI BN]CFITÁN MC N@ÎKLRLR

Mcsmc kn N`tlfûcmnm, kns vlsltns bukturnkcs hn` slmi u`n mc kns aitlvnbli`cs pnrn aubhis vlngcris y cstn bi`cxlò` sc hn lmi hnblc`mi aîs `átlmn n pnrtlr mck Tc`nblalc`ti y, sidrc timi, bi` kis mcìal`nmis vlngcs mck Frn`m ]iur <. Cstis ÷ktlais vlngcs si` bltnmis biai ck n`tcbcmc`tc mck ]urlsai Bukturnk pir kn IA]-S@CRBI (IA]-S@CRBI, ><<2), sl dlc` ck nbcrbnalc`ti, nk acìs sladòklbi, c`trc kn Bukturn y ck ]urlsai sc primubc rcnkac`tc pir cgcapki c` Cspnþn n `lvck l`stltubli`n l`stltubli`nk,k, bun`mi c` ><:: ck Bi`mc mc Tianì`cs u`lelbn, c` ck Al`lstcrli mc Eiac`ti, kns biapctc`blns mc Zntrlai`li y mc ]urlsai, l`lbln`mi kn bntnkifnblò` mc kns rlquczns hlstòrlbns y brcn`mi c` ><:3 kn ‛Bialslò` @nbli`nk mc ]urlsai‑, irlfc` mc kn nmal`lstrnblò` turástlbn cspnþikn. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk nbtunk pucs `nbc u`lmi nk Zntrlai`li. Euc c` kis nþis 5: bun`mi c` Curipn, cspcblnkac`tc cspcblnkac`tc c` Ltnkln, sc capczò n brcnr u` anrbi tcòrlbi cèibnmi nk pntrlai`li y sidrc ck slf`lelbnmi mc kis ‛Dlc`cs Bukturnkcs‑, y mc`tri mc sus slf`lelbnmis, sc kcs nslf`ò u` idgctlvi ÷ktlai quc crn ck mc ‛scr mlserutnmis pir pnrtc mck p÷dklbi‑, mcrcbhi quc ndrlrán ck pntrlai`li n timis y scrán ck prlacr pnsi pnrn kn rcnklznblò` mc u`n pikátlbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk (Rnkfnmi, ><<<). Kn antcrlnklzn antcrlnklznblò` blò` mc cstc sc`tlr vc`mrán pibi mcspuìs bi` kn ‛Bnrtn mc Uc`cbln‑ mc ><53 n envir mck Zntrlai`li y bi` kn Bi`vc`blò` mc ><64 mc kn S@CRBI, brcn`mi ck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk, ki quc envircbcrán su pritcbblò` pcri l`birpirn`mi kn eu`blò` mc fc`crnblò` mc biìblalc`ti (Znrls, 42 mc ìvlcadrc mc ><64). \ scrî kn S@CRBI kn quc rcmnbtnrán kn prlacrn mcel`lblò` mc ]urlsai Bukturnk c` ><657 ‛Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs nquckkn eiran mc ]urlsai quc tlc`c pir idgcti, c`trc itris el`cs, ck biìblalc`ti mc aiùac`tis y sltlis hlstòrlbi-nrtástlbis. Cgcrbc u` cecbti rcnkac`tc pisltlvi sidrc ìstis c` tn`ti c` bun`ti bi`trlduyc ‒pnrn sntlsenbcr sus priplis el`cs‒ n su an`tc`lalc`ti y pritcbblò`. Cstn eiran mc ]urlsai gustlelbn, mc hcbhi, kis cseucrzis quc tnk an`tc`lalc`ti y pritcbblò` cxlfc` mc kn biau`lmnm huan`n, mcdlmi n kis dc`celblis sibli-bukturnkcs y cbi`òalbis quc biapirtn pnrn timn kn pidknblò` lapklbnmn‑ (Bnrtn mck LBIAIR nmiptnmn c` Drusckns c` ><65) >:.

<

Zir ‛Frn`m ]iur‑ hny quc c`tc`mcr kis vlngcs eirantlvis quc kis gòvc`cs nrlstòbrntns, y aîs tnrmc tnadlì` durfucscs drltî`lbis kkcvndn` n bndi pir Curipn, sidrc timi pir Ltnkln, murn`tc kis slfkis XULLL y XLX, biai pnrtc mc su cmubnblò`. Csis vlngcs eucri` hltis eu`mnac`tnkcs pnrn ck rcmcsbudrlalc`ti rcmcsbudrlalc`ti mc kn bukturn bkîslbn y su mleuslò`, pcri tnadlì` sc kcs suckc vl`buknr bi` ck pripli irlfc` mck ]urlsai, u`n vcz quc kn acgirn mc kis trn`spirtcs y kn l`birpirnblò` mc kn durfucsán n kn nbtlvlmnm vlngcrn l`lblò kn trn`slblò` hnbln ck ]urlsai. >:

Cstn Mcbknrnblò` cs bnrnbtcrástlbn mc kis nþis 6: pir ck tlpi mc pntrlai`li y nkumc n u`n eiran aîs ckltlstn mc kn bukturn, kn pntrlai`lnk. ]lc`c u` nadlblisi idgctlvi, ck biìblalc`ti, y nbtunkac`tc, c` u` aiac`ti mc frn` scfac`tnblò` c`trc kn mcan`mn, cstî timnván vlfc`tc.


| 4> |

>. Anrbi bi`bcptunk mck cstumli Ck prl`blpli mc pritcbblò` mck pntrlai`li cs ck quc anrbn ck irlfc` mc kns prlacrns mcel`lbli`cs. Nmcaîs, n ki knrfi mc kns ÷ktlans mìbnmns mck slfki XX, eucri` npnrcblc`mi ùcvns eirans mc vlmn, c` u` bi`tcxti mc bnadlis siblnkcs, bukturnkcs y cbi`òalbis. Kn pidknblò` nuac`tò sus rcbursis cbi`òalbis, nsá biai su `lvck cmubntlvi y bukturnk. Bi` cstis bnadlis sc tcstlai`lnrî` ùcvis hîdltis mc vlngcs y u`n tc`mc`bln n kn ernfac`tnblò` mc kns vnbnbli`cs, u` l`tcrìs pir kis vlngcs birtis mc el` mc scan`n, i kn d÷squcmn mc vnbnbli`cs nbtlvns, nmcaîs mc u` mcsci mc nprc`mcr murn`tc ck tlcapi kldrc. S`n acgirn cvlmc`tc c` ck slstcan mc trn`spirtcs enblkltò timi cstc pribcsi y brcò kns dnscs y ck c`tirì envirndkcs pnrn ck mcsnrrikki mc kis kknanmis ]urlsais nktcr`ntlvis, c`trc kis quc sc sltundn c`ti`bcs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Ck ckcac`ti mlecrc`blnmir euc c`ti`bcs kn eiran mc nbcrbnrsc n kn bukturn, prcsc`tî`misc biai u`n nbtlvlmnm mlecrc`blnmn mck ]urlsai mc ansns prititáplbi mc kis nþis 5:. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs u`n eiran mc bi`tnbtnr bi` ck pnsnmi y mc pritcfcrki pri tcfcrki y, c` csc bi`tcxti, sc lapuksnrî` kis prlacris trndngis mc l`vcstlfnblò` sidrc cstc ec`òacì cacrfc`tc (Rlkmckdcrf, ><<3? Zrc`tlbc, ><<6? Nshwirth, ><<2? Tlbhnrms, ><<5 y ck Frupi Ntkns >>). Kn IA] tianrî kn l`lblntlvn c` ><<3 y, n`tc cstn eiran mc mcspknznalc`ti quc yn sc cstndn bi`siklmn`mi, pripi`c su mcel`lblò`, mcel`lc`mi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai timis kis aivlalc`tis mc kns pcrsi`ns pnrn sntlsenbcr kn `cbcslmnm huan`n mc mlvcrslmnm, irlc`tnmis n ckcvnr ck `lvck bukturnk mck l`mlvlmui, enblkltn`mi ùcvis biìblalc`tis, cxpcrlc`blns y c`buc`tris (IA], ><<3) >4, nkumlc`mi nk mcspknznalc`ti. Tlbhnrms ki bi`bcptunklzn biai ‛ck mcspknznalc`ti mc pcrsi`ns mcsmc sus kufnrcs hndltunkcs mc rcslmc`bln hnstn kis kufnrcs mc l`tcrìs bukturnk bi` kn l`tc`blò` mc rcbifcr lèiranblò` lèiranb lò` y cxpcrlc`blns ùcvns quc sntlsenfn` sus `cbcslmnmcs bukturnkcs‑ (Tlbhnrms, ><<57 464) y supi`c kn l`trimubblò` mc kn mcan`mn y su cxpcrlc`bln cxpcrlc`bln.. C` itrns mcel`lbli`cs sc prcecrlrî ck tìralì mc ‛vlsltn‑>2. >>

Kn Nsiblnblò` N]KNR, Curipcn` Nssiblntli` eir ]iurlsa n`m Kclsurc Cmubntli` euc pli`crn c` su n`îklsls mc kn iecrtn y kn mcan`mn, (c`bucstn sidrc mcan`mn y iecrtn quc birrcspi`mc n u` Zriycbti mc L`vcstlfnblò` mc kn MF XXLLL mc kn SC), aistrn`mi bòai pucmc surflr u`n mctcral`nmn mcan`mn pir kns ùcvns bi`mlbli`cs siblnkcs (bi` u`n blcrtn bi`tlùlmnm c`trc kns prîbtlbns hndltunkcs siblnkcs siblnkcs y kns turástlbns), y bòai u`n iecrtn bun`tltntlvnac`tc lapirtn`tc aitlvn y fc`crn, n su vcz, u`n anyir N``nks s ie ]iur]iurmcan`mn7 Frcf, T. ><<5, ‛Zrimubtli` n`m bi`suaptli` ie curipcn` bukturnk tiurlsa‑, N``nk lsa Tcscnrbh, 42, 4, ><<5, 458? Frcf, T. 4::6 (cm.) Bukturnk ]iurlsa. Fkidnk n`m Kibnk pcrspcbtlvcs , ]hc Hnwirth Hispltnklty prcss. >4

Kn IA] cecbtlvnac`tc mlecrc`blndn ck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk y nrtcenbtis mck pnsnmi, mc kns Zrimubbli`cs Zrimubbli` cs nrtástlbns, kis Cstlkis mc vlmn, i kns l`mustrlns brcntlvns. >2

‛vlslts dy pcrsi`s eria iutslmc thc hist biaau`lty aitlvntcm whikky ir l` pnrt dy l`tcrcst l` thc hlstirlbnk, nrtlstlb, sblc`tlelb ir klecstykc/hcrltnfc klecstykc/hcrltnfc ieecrl`fs ie n biaau`lty, rcfli` ir l`stltutli`‑, (Rlkdckdcrf, ><<37 25>)

| 44 |


Znrnkcknac`tc, ìs c`bi`trnais Znrnkcknac`tc, bi` ck bi`bcpti mc vlngc y mc mcspknznalc`ti, c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Ru mcel`lblò` hndán capcznmi n l`mcpc`mlzn l`mcpc`mlznrsc rsc mck pntrlai`li y n c`fkidnr n kn Bukturn c` u` sc`tlmi aîs fkidnk7 ‛timis kis aivlalc`tis mc pcrsi`ns bi` mcstlì n ntrnbtlvis bukturnkcs bi`brctis, biai sltlis mc l`tcrìs pntrlai`lnk, an`lecstnbli`cs nrtástlbns y bukturnkcs, cxpislbli`cs mc nrtc y tcntri, c` blumnmcs udlbnmns c` pnáscs quc ì si` su kufnr hndltunk mc rcslmc`bln‑ (Tlbhnrms, ><<87 >:). Kn Bnrtn mck LBIAIR mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, c` ><<<, hnrî aîs napklis kis tìralìs l`slstlc`mi c` ck l`tcrbnadli bukturnk, c` kns siblcmnmcs nbtunkcs, biai eiran e iran turástlbn7 Ck ]urlsai `nbli`nk c l`tcr`nbli`nk slfuc slc`mi uì mc kis acmlis aîs lapirtn`tcs pnrn ck l`tcrbnadli bukturnk, iercblc`mi u`n cxpcrlc`bln pcrsi`nk, ì sòki nbcrbn mc ki quc pcrvlvc mck pnsnmi, slì mc kn vlmn nbtunk y mc itrns siblcmnmcs (Bnrtn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk ><<<. LBIAIR). Nsá pucs, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc bièlfurn biai u` bi`bcpti c` pcran`c`tc pribcsi mc bi`strubblò`. C` ìk sc l`tcfrn`, pir u` knmi, kn iecrtn mc rcbursis y primubtis dnsnmis c` ck pntrlai`li aiùac`tnk y antcrlnk quc sc lrî napkln`mi nk slf`lelbnmi fkidnk mck pntrlai`li bukturnk. Zir itri l`birpirn kn mcan`mn y sus aitlvnbli`cs fc`crn`mi u` ]urlsai Bukturnk bnmn vcz aîs napkli c l`tcfrnmir, mi`mc timis sus biapi`c`tcs sc c`trcaczbkn` y nrtlbukn` c`trc sá. Rl` cadnrfi, kns mlstl`tns eirans mc nbbcmcr nk pntrlai`li y n kn bukturn nmaltc` mlstl`tns eirans mc turlsai, turlsai pntrlai`lnk,k, turlsai nrtástlbi y turlsai brcntlvi (frîelbi 4). pntrlai`ln Mlstl`tis nfc`tcs, mlstl`tis primubtis, aitlvnbli`cs mlecrc`tcs y biapirtnalc`tis sc c`trcaczbkn` c` kn bnrnbtcrlznblò` mc bnmn eiran. Zcri, c` su npklbnblò` prîbtlbn kn bièlfurnblò` mc cstc ec`òacì, c` kis ÷ktlais 2: nþis, hn mitnmi n kn cbiìaán, n kn siblcmnm y nk tcrrltirli mc u` l`struac` l`struac`ti ti mc mcsnrrikki, mc ml`nalznblò`, bnpnz mc fc`crnr auktltum mc ml`îalbns, y c` bi`stn`tc cvikublò` y trn`seiranblò` quc cxpklbn` kn bi`siklmnblò` pnukntl`n y titnk vlfc`bln mc cstn bntcfirán mc ]urlsai, ladrlbnmn c` kn Bukturn, pcri ndsirdlmn pir ck vlngcri y n trnvìs mck mcspknznalc`ti. C` ck frîelbi 4 sc hn qucrlmi rcprcsc`tnr ck anrbi y kis pu`tis mc c`buc`tri c`trc kn bukturn y ck bi`suai turástlbi bi` kns biirmc`nmns mc primubblò` y mc bi`suai.

| 42 |


FTÎELBI 4

L`tcrprctnblò` mck Acrbnmi mc kn Bukturn Bi`suai

Zrimubblò` Znslvi

Nbtlvi

Bukturn ìdkc ]urlsai Nrtástlbi

]urlsai Zntrlai`lnk Bukturn pipuknr

]urlsai Bukturnk

]urlsai Brcntlvi

Bukturn bitlmln`n

Euc`tc7 Ckndirnblò` Ckndirnblò` pripln pripln n pnrtlr pnrtlr mc Bhcvrlcr Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, 4::8762.

Kis cèiqucs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk si` auktlmlsblpkl`nrcs. auktlmlsblpkl` nrcs. Rl` cadnrfi, pir kn cstrubturnblò` mc cstn bntcfirán, kn capkcndlklmnm sc hn mcsnrrikknmi cspcblnkac`tc c` tirì nk pntrlai`li y n kn Bukturn. Crn kn rcspucstn n kn iecrtn mc dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs, mc dlc`cs bukturnkcs y n su `cbcslmnm mc pritcfcrkis, nsá biai n kn mcan`mn brcblc`tc brcblc`tc mc bi`suai mc bukturn. Zir ckki, ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cstî mctcral`nmi mctcral`nmi pir ck kufnr mi`mc sc hn primublmi y sc primubc kn iecrtn, c` kis mcstlìs y pir kn fcstlò` bi` brltcrlis biai kn l`tcrprctnblò`, kn sistc`ldlklmnm, kn nutc`tlblmnm (Aisbnrmi, 4::>), cs mcblr, cspcblnka cspcblnkac`tc c`tc rcknbli`nmi bi` kis mcstlìs. Zir itrn pnrtc, itrn ká`cn l`tcrcsn`tc sc fc`crn mcsmc kn mcan`mn, kns eirans mc bi`suai, c` ck biìblalc`ti mc kis bi`sualmircs, i ck anroctl`f. Ck bnapi mc kn iecrtn, tn`ti kn primubblò` biai su fcstlò`, cs uì mc kis plknrcs csc`blnkcs. Cs, mc hcbhi, ck quc hn pcraltlmi ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai. Mcsmc ck bnapi mc kn iecrtn, sc rcbiìbc quc timi ck pntrlai`li cs susbcptldkc mc scr bi`vcrtlmi c` u` primubti turástlbi turástlb i mc bi`suai, y quc u`n duc`n pkn`lelbnblò` turástlbn prcvln cs `cbcsnrln n kn brcnblò` mc kis primubtis (]rcsscrrns y Antnankn, 4::3). C` ck alsai sc`tlmi sc hn` pistuknmi Ri`clri y Knbistn pi`lc`mi mc rcklcvc quc kn ìblò` mc pitc`blnklmnm mck rcbursi cs ki quc pkn`tcn kn mlelbuktnm c` kis cstumlis sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk (Ri`clri y Knbistn, ><<<). S` rcbursi sc lmc`tlelbn cecbtlvnac`tc bi` u` kufnr, `nturnk i bukturnk, bi` bnpnblmnm pnrn ntrncr turlstns, sidrc ck quc sc brcn u`n l`tcrvc`blò` acmln`tc u`n scrlc mc scrvlblis quc ki bi`vlcrtc` c` primubti y, pir ki tn`ti, ki hnbc` c`trnr c` ck acrbnmi (Bhcvrlcr y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, 4::8). C` kn alsan ká`cn, kn IA] bknslelbn mc rcbursis turástlbis n ‛timis kis dlc`cs y scrvlblis quc, pir l`tcracmli mc kn nbtlvlmnm mck hiadrc y mc kis acmlis bi` kis

| 4= |


quc buc`tn, hnbc` pisldkc kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn y kn sntlsenbblò` mc kns `cbcslmnmcs mc kn mcan`mn‑ >=. Cs ki quc sudynbc tnadlì` trns kn mcel`lblò` mc kn S`lò` Curipcn sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstn nkumc n trcs bi`mlbli`cs7 u` mcsci mc buktlvnrsc (biìbcr y biaprc`mcr kis idgctis, kns idrns y kis hiadrcs)? ck usi mc u` rcbursi quc tc`fn u` slf`lelbnmi bukturnk (aiùac`ti, idrn mc nrtc, cspcbtîbuki, l`tcrbnadli mc lmcns)? y kn l`tcrvc`blò` mc u` l`tcracmlnrli, pcrsi`n, mibuac`ti csbrlti i antcrlnk numlivlsunk>3. Mc hcbhi, scrî c` cstc pribcsi mc primubblò` y trn`seiranblò` mc rcbursis c` primubtis nptis pnrn ck bi`suai mi`mc rnmlquc u`n mc kns mcdlklmnmcs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnþik (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, 4::=). Bi` cstn l`tcrvc`blò` y mlvcrslelbnblò` sc idtc`mrî kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn, ndlcrtn n kn fcstlò` y n kn primubblò` mc bnrn n kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn. Rc kc bi`bcmc n kn iecrtn u` vnkir, aîs nkkî mc su slf`lelbnmi hlstòrlbi y nrtástlbi, bi`vlrtlì`mikc c` u` ntrnbtlvi pnrn kn siblcmnm, y pnrn ck ]urlsai, nk scr idgcti mc bi`suai. Hudi uìs prlacris trndngis mc l`vc`tnrli y bntnkifnblò` c` kis prlacris nþis (Nshwirth, ><<2? Tlbhnrms, 4::>? Zrc`tlbc, ><<6? Bnkklzi Ri`clri y Knbistn, ><<<), rcnklzî`misc c` aubhis bnsis tlpikifáns nmnptnmns n bnmn mcstlì cstumlnmi, pcri sidrc timi n `lbhis y scfac`tis mc turlstns. Cstns tlplelbnbli`cs crn` dîslbns pnrn bunkqulcr cstumli pir kis brltcrlis mc bknslelbnbl bknslelbnblò` ò` quc l`trimugcri` l`trimugcri`.. Rc mlecrc`blnri` nsá, c`trc kns eirans mck Zntrlai`li (pnsnmi y prcsc`tc), kns eirans mc ]urlsai i ck tlpi mc bi`suai, ‛Hcrltnfc tiurlsa, Bukturnk tiurlsa, Brcntlvc tiurlsa‑ scf÷` sc bi`suan` primubtis, pribcsis i cxpcrlc`blns (Tlbhnrms, 4::>), ntc`mlc`mi pucs n kn mcan`mn.

>=

Kn IA] sc rcecrán tnadlì`, c` csc sc`tlmi, n u` bi`bcpti mc Zntrlai`li ]urástlbi , biai ‛bi`gu`ti pitc`blnk (biìblmi i mcsbiìblmi) mc kis dlc`cs antcrlnkcs i làntcrlnkcs n mlspislblò` mck hiadrc y quc pucmc` utlklznrsc acmln`tc u` pribcsi mc trn`seiranblò` pnrn sntlsenbcr kns `cbcslmnmcs turástlbns (IA], Cvnkunblò` mc kis rcbursis turástlbis 2). >3

Biaalssli` mcs Biaau`nutìs Curipìc``cs, ><<2, Kc ]iurlsac Bukturck c` Curipc, MF XXLLL, Drusckns, >>. Cstn mcel`lblò`, n`tlfun, n`tlfun, tlc`c timn kn vlfc`bln c` bun`ti bun`ti nkumc n cstc pribcsi mc bi`strubblò` bi`strubblò` y mc brcnblò`. Nkumc n cstc primubti.

| 43 |


Itrns pripucstns mlecrc`blnri` c`trc kis rcbursis scf÷` su eu`blò` (cmubntlvn i mc c`trctc`lalc`ti), c`trctc`la lc`ti), i scf÷` kn cspcblnklznblò` mc kis p÷dklbis >5. C` csc sc`tlmi, kns mlecrc`blnbli`cs mc kis rcbursis y sus idgctlvis tnadlì` sc nmc`trnrán` c` ck bnapi priecsli`nk. Rc ldn` n mctcral`nr blcrtis pcrelkcs pnrn kis priecsli`nkcs mck bnapi mc kn Bukturn y mck pntrlai`li bun`mi kis idgctlvis idgctlv is eucrn` cmubntlvis, y rcecrlrsc n priecsli`cs mck ]urlsai pnrn kns eu`bli`cs k÷mlbis, mc anroctl`f y mc bi`suai cxpcrlc`blnk, scf÷` ck frîelbi 2. Ck LBIAIR tnadlì` hnrán cstn nkuslò` n kns priecsli`cs cspcbáelbns sidrc su tcaîtlbn mc bi`scrvnblò` c l`tcrprctn l`tcrprctnblò`. blò`. C` 4::8, rcmnbtnrán kn Bnrtn pnrn kn L`tcrprctnb L`tcrprctnblò` lò` y Zrcsc`tnblò` mc Rltlis mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk c` kn >5ª Nsnadkcn mck LBIAIR ûìdcb (Bn`nmî) y, c` csc mibuac`ti, nmcaîs mc sc`tnr kns dnscs sidrc kn L`tcrprctnblò`, bltnrán n kis priecsli`nkcs biai L`tìrprctcs mck Zntrlai`li.

FTÎELBI 2

Rckcbblò` mc u` Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi

Zriecsli`nkcs mc kn L`mustrln mck ]urlsai

Bi`scrvnmircs, fcstircs bukturnkcs Unkircs U nkircs

Hlstirln Cmubnblò`

Zrlirlmnmcs7 L`tcrprctnblò`, Cxpcrlc`bln

Idgctlvis

Zrimubti ]urástlbi

C`trctc`lalc`ti bukturnk

Zrlirlmnmcs7 Anroctl`f, biapctltlvlmnm

Euc`tc. Ckndirnblò` pripln n pnrtlr pnrtlr mc Gn`sc`-Ucrdcoc Gn`sc`-Ucrdcoc y Klcvils, ><<<7 84

>5

F. Tlbhnrms7 Bukturnk nttrnbtli`s n`m Curipcn` tiurlsa , Bndl, 4::>, 4= ss? 53 ss. Kis bi`scrvnmircs y fcstircs bukturnkcs sc mcmlbnrán` n idgctlvis cmubntlvis alc`trns quc kis priecsli`nkcs mck ]urlsai cstnrán` mcmlbnmis nk c`trctc`lalc`ti bukturnk, buyns prlirlmnmcs scrán` ck anroctl`f y ck acrbnmi mc primubtis7 Gn`sc`-Ucrdcoc, Gn`sc`-Ucrdcoc, A? Klcvils, C.7 ‑ N`nkysl`f hcrltnfc rcsiurbcs eir tiurlsa urdn` l` Curipcn` Bltlcs‑ c` M.F. Zcnrbc? T.V.Dutkcr (cms.)7 Biapirnry lssucs l` tiurlsa mcvckipac`t , Ki`mi` n`m @cw \iro, Tiutkcmfc, ><<8, 84.

| 45 |


Zcri mc cstn ensc mc bi`strubblò` pnrn ck ]urlsai, n pnrtlr mck rcbursi, surflrî` a÷ktlpkcs priecsli`nkcs cxpcrtis mc îrcns rcknbli`nmns bi` kis rcbursis-ntrnbtlvis turástlbis, timnván sl` n`nklznr. Mc hcbhi, nbtunkac`tc, kn mlecrc`blnblò` c`trc ]urlsai Bukturnk mc primubtis i ]urlsai Bukturnk mc cxpcrlc`blns cstî mctcral`nmi tnadlì` pir u`n scrlc mc pnutns caprcsnrlnkcs y mc fcstlò`. N `lvck mc primubti y mc mcstlì, bi`tnais bi` u` cstumli cspcbáelbi, ck mc kis Ipcrnmircs ]urástlbis cspcblnklznmis cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai Bukturnk (Cstumli, 4::3). Cstc cstumli bi`bkuyc quc ì cxlstc` ipcrnmircs cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn. Rc trntn mc ]iur Ipcrnmircs fc`crnklstns quc pucmc` prifrnanr nkfuìs primubtis quc sc pucmc` bi`slmcrnr mc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Ki quc suckc` prifrnanr cstns nfc`blns si` primubtis mc frn` bi`suai i mc l`tcrìs fc`crnk (Cstumli, 4::3). Zcri kn iecrtn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk-]urlsai Bukturnk-]urlsai Zntrlai`lnk ì cs u`n primubblò` pnslvn, c` anìs ÷`lbnac`tc mc kis nfc`tcs c` mcstlì i mc kis nfc`tcs mc vlngcs, quc hcais vlsti quc ì si` cspcblnklst cspcblnklstns. ns. Hn surflmi u` ]urlsai Cxpcrlc`blnk Cxpcrlc`blnk c` dnsc n kn cxpcrlc`bln mck vlsltn`tc murn`tc kn vlsltn i u` ]urlsai brcntlvi, n pnrtlr mc kn pnrtlblpnblò` mck vlsltn`tc i mc kis vnkircs caibli`nkcs. S` dlc` pntrlai`lnk i bukturnk pucmc npiynr su ntrnbtlvi c` cxpcrlc`blns pnsnmns, necbtlvns y nbuauknmns (kn lanfc` mck alsai), i c` enbtircs l`tcrìs mck bnapi mc kn tian mc mcblsli`cs mck vlsltn`tc ‒scfurlmnm, pcrtc`c`bln y nair, nuticstlan, nbtunklznblò`, nbtunklznblò`, cstìtlbns, biìblalc`ti y biaprc`slò`‒ (Bnanrcri Lzqulcrmi, F. y Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi, A.G., 4::=). Cstn l`tcrnbblò` c`trc ck Zntrlai`li, kn Bukturn, y kis turlstns tlc`c kufnr tnadlì` c` kn ensc prcvln nk vlngc, slc`mi kn mcan`mn aubhi aîs pnrtlblpntlvn, mcsmc l`bkusi ck irlfc` mck vlngc hnstn ck mcstlì. Rc trntn mc ùcvns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, mc bknrn bi`scbuc`bln pnrn ck scbtir priecsli`nk, pntrlai`lnk, bukturnk, turástlbi y biau`lbntlvi. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y ck capkci sc udlbnrî` tnadlì` c` ck irlfc` mck vlngc. Biìbcr kn mcan`mn cs, pucs, u` cgc csc`blnk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` kn nbtunklmnm, kn frn` anyirán mc kis nutircs trndngn` bi` u` n`îklsls mc kn scfac`tnblò` bia÷àc`tc nbcptnmn c` dnsc n kn l`tc`slmnm mc kn aitlvnblò`-cxpcrlc`bln aitlvnblò`-cxpcrlc`bln y quc rcpcrbutc c` kns vlsltns rcnklznmns y kn l`tc`slmnm mc kns vlsltns. C`bi`trnais nk turlstn mckldcrnmi y nk turlstn eirtulti bi` mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc aitlvnblò` bukturnk c` kn vlsltn, biai u`n mc kns biirmc`nmns y, pir itrn pnrtc, kis mlecrc`tcs frnmis mc cxpcrlc`blns kkcvnmns n bndi >6. Ck n`îklsls nbtunk sidrc ‛]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis, Capkcndlklmnm‑ pripi`c pucs kns aitlvnbli`cs y ck biapirtnalc`ti biai enbtircs mctcral`n`tcs mc kn mcan`-

>6

]urlsai urdnì urdnì y kn bukturn bukturn,, Kn cxpcrlc` cxpcrlc`bln bln curipcn curipcn, Anmrlm. IA], 4::3 , Ck ]urlsai

| 46 |


mn. \ c` csc anrbi, sc hn` pkn`tcnmi nmcaîs bi`mlbli`n`tcs biai ck ckcac`ti tlcapi c` kn cxpcrlc`bln bukturnk mc kn vlsltn, nmcaîs mc an`tc`cr kn lapirtn`bln lapirtn`b ln mc kn Bukturn, Bukturn quc pucmc rcsuktnr scr bnmn vcz aîs cxpcrlc`blnk (Lsnnb, 4::8). ]nadlì` sc hn l`trimublmi kn vnkirnblò` mck slf`lelbnmi mc kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc kn S@CRBI c` ck bnsi mc Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm (Birmc`tc Timráfucz, A., ct nk .,., 4:>>)>8. Rc mcsprc`mc mc cstis cstumlis u`n fcstlò` mc kis mcstlìs aîs dc`celblisn nbirmc bi` kis l`tcrcscs y scfac`tis mc kis vlsltn`tcs, frîelbi =.

FTÎELBI =

]lpikifán mc kis turlstns bukturnkcs aîs bia÷àc`tc rcbiìblmn

Zrieu`mn

]ur urls lstn tn buk buktu turn rnkk ‛pir ‛pir bns bnsun unkl klmn mnm‑ m‑

]ur urls lstn tn buk buktu turn rnkk mckl mckldc dcrn rnmi mi

Cxpcrlc`bln Zrieu`mn

]urlstn bukturnk eirtulti

]urlstn bukturnk mc dngn l`tc`slmnm

]urlstn bukturnk quc vlsltn kufnrcs mc l`tcrìs

Dîslbn

Ckcvnmn Lapirtn`bln mc kn Bukturn c` kn ckcbblò` mc u` mcstlì

Euc`tc7 Euc` tc7 Ckndirn Ckndirnblò` blò` pripl pripln n n pnrtlr pnrtlr mc AbOcrbh AbOcrbhcr cr y Mu Mu Bris, Bris, 4::4

Auy kcgis hn` qucmnmi nquckkis cstumlis sidrc aitlvnbli`cs, cstumlis c` quc kis turlstns crn` n`nklznmis prîbtlbnac`tc nk anrfc` mck mcstlì y quc sc hn` vc`lmi v c`lmi rcnklzn`mi murn`tc kis nþis <: pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc c` pnrtc sl`tctlzò Ditc (Ditc, ><<8) y quc qucrcais cxpi`cr, sl` cadnrfi, pir kn rckcvn`bln mc kns scfac`tnbli`cs y mc kis pcrelkcs siblimcaifrîelbis y mc kis turlstns. Nsá, u` cèiquc hn slmi ck mc kns aitlvnbli`cs mlecrc`bln`mi ]urlstns mc ‛aitlvnblò` bukturnk‑, mc ‛l`splrnblò` bukturnk‑, ‛ntrnámis pir kn Bukturn‑><, i ck mc pcrelk quc kkcvò n bndi kn SC. Rc hn lmc`tlelbnmi u` scfac`ti mc pcrsi`ns mc cmnm nvn`znmn (]urlsai Rc`lir) bi` rcbursis klaltnmis pcri quc vlngn` c` bunkqulcr ìpibn mck nþi. Zir itrn pnrtc c`bi`trnais gòvc`cs (>3-4= nþis) quc dusbn` ki l`ìmlti y kn nvc`turn. Zucmc` scr kn dnsc mc u` ]urlsai Bukturnk mc mcsbudrlalc`ti y pnrtlblpntlvi. pnrtlblpntlvi. ]nadlì` sc hn mibuac`tnmi u` scbtir mc hiadrcs mc `cfibli bi` rcbursis ckcvnmis pnrn kis quc hny quc ckndirnr u` primubti turástlbi mc bnklmnm y u`n bklc`tckn enalklnr quc >8 ><

Unkirnblò` quc hcais l`trimublmi ìsitris c` ùcstri n`îklsls bun`tltntlvi.

Ck prlacr frupi cklfc ck mcstlì c` eu`blò` mc ipirtu`lmnmcs bukturnkcs, ck scfu`mi cklfc u` mcstlì l`tcr`nbli`nk u`n vcz c` su vlmn bi` pibn l`tc`blò` mc vikvcr, ck tcrbcri cs kn pcrsi`n quc pnsn sus vnbnbli`cs c` u` mcstlì, y su aitlvnblò` prl`blpnk ì cs bukturnk7 Ditc, U. ><<8, 8 slfulc`mi kis mntis mc ‛]rnvck n`m ]iurlsa N`nkyst. ]hc L`tckklfc`bc S`lt‑, Ki`mrcs, ><<2.

| 48 |


tlc`c `cbcslmnm mc pnrtlblpnr c` kn vlmn bukturnk mck c`tirì y piscc u` rnmli mc nbblò` klaltnmi n uìs >:: Oa. Ck ÷ktlai scfac`ti dlc` lmc`tlelbnmi cs ck mc kis bklc`tcs crumltis quc vlngn` sikis y dusbn` pcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmi cspcblnklznmi quc kc fnrn`tlbc u` ckcvnmi `lvck mc bnklmnm (Ditc, ><<8) 4:. ]l`nrm rcbifc kns scfac`tnbli`cs rcnklznmns rcnklznmns pir ck Al`lstcrli A l`lstcrli mc Bukturn ern`bìs qulc` pripi`c n kis npnsli`nmis pir kn Bukturn, kis ìstîkflbis mck pnsnmi, kns pcrsi`ns l`tcrcsnmns pir kn hlstirln pnrtlbuknr mc u` aiùac`ti pròxlai n su vlmn i Bukturn, kis nan`tcs mc kn cstìtlbn, kis burlisis, kis pnscn`tcs, kis ‛eirieis‑ mc kns vlsltns (]l`nrm, ><<5). Nsá pucs, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pucmc bi`slmcrnr biai u`n bntcfirán quc, pnrtlc`mi mck pntrlai`li y su bi`scrvnblò`, biapkcac`tn biapkcac`tn n itrns eirans pnrtlblpntlvns y brcntlvns mc kn Bukturn, l`bkuyc`mi kns quc fc`crn ck pripli vlngc, y kns rcknbli`cs bi` kns biau`lmnmcs mc mcstlì. Mc cstn an`crn kn rlquczn mc dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs mc u` mcstlì scrî ck irlfc` mc u`n iecrtn y mc su pislbli`nalc`ti c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, bi` kn fc`crnblò` mc u`n fcstlò` mc primubtis, pkn`lelbnblò` mc mcstlìs, y kn fcstnblò` mc uìs ekugis mc mcan`mn. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc prcsc`tn biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm y u` enbtir mc brcblalc`t brcblalc`ti i pnrn mctcral`nmis mcstlìs.

4. Kn trnmlblò` n`nkátlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn C` Cspnþn, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc c`bunmrn c` ck bi`tcxti mck mcsnrrikki siblibukturnk y cbi`òalbi quc surflò c` kis nþis 8:, c` u` pnás n÷` auy anrbnmi pir ck aimcki mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑. Rurfc biai biapkcac`tnrli n kn iecrtn trnmlbli`nk dnk`cnrln, alc`trns alc`trns quc sc eucri` ndrlc`mi y mcel`lc`mi ùcvis mcstlìs mc l`tcrlir bi` u`n iecrtn bukturnk. Kis prlacris cstumlis y bi`frcsis blc`táelbis surfc` n el`nkcs mc kis <: y eucri` neln`zn`mi ká`cns mc l`vcstlfnblò`, cèiqucs y tcaîtlbns sidrc ck ]urlsai Buk-

4:

Cstc cstumli sc dnsn c` ck Lèirac mc kn Biaalssli` mcs Biaau`nutìs Curipìc``cs, MF XXLLL, Drusckns, ><<2. Nu`quc kis mntis ì si` rcblc`tcs, sá nrrn`bn` mc u` prlacr aiac`ti mc cstumli mc kis pcrelkcs siblimcaifrîelbis, mnti rckcvn`tc pnrn cxpklbnr kis l`frcsis pir ]urlsai Bukturnk, gu`ti bi` ck mck `÷acri mc vlngcris. Kns ern`gns mc nquckkis turlstns acìrcs mc 3: nþis y bi` pimcr nmqulsltlvi acmli y acmli nkti pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk quc biìbcais pnrn ck turlstn cspnþik, mc`tri mck Zkn` mck Lapuksi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi, si` mcanslnmi napklns (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, 4::=). Zir itrn pnrtc, ck fnsti acìr c` ]urlsai Bukturnk c` rcknblò` n itrns eirans mc ]urlsai (LC] 4:>>, vlm suprn) aucstrn kn biapkcglmnm y vnrlcmnm mc cstis turlstns, nu` bun`mi sc kis slfn rcknbli`n`mi bi` u` ]urlsai mc `lvck acmli nkti, tn`ti cbi`òalbi biai cmubntlvi.


| 4< |

turnk4>. Rcrî` scfulmis pibi mcspuìs pir ck Bi`frcsi irfn`lznmi irfn`lznmi pir ]urcspnþn c` 4::> mi`mc sc pripusi mcel`lr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai ‛u` vlngc, n kufnrcs mlecrc`tcs mc kn rcslmc`bln hndltunk, aitlvnmi pir ck mcsci mc biìbcr ‒biaprc`mcr‒ cstumlnr itrns bukturns, cxpcrlac`tnmi prl`blpnkac`tc c` kns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs‑ (]urcspnþn, 4::>, ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bi`frcsi), y c` ìk sc pkn`tcnri` timns kns tcaîtlbns, primubtis primub tis y rcbursis vl`buknmis nk ]urlsai Bukturnk. Kis frn`mcs cgcs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnþik cspnþi k eucri` lapuksnmis c` ck anrbi mck ‛Zkn` L`tcfrnk mc Bnklmnm mck ]urlsai Cspnþik‑ (ZLB]C, 4:::-4::5) y mck ‛Zkn` mck Lapuksi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi‑ (4::4-4::2). Cstis pkn`cs crn` ck rcsuktnmi mc n`îklsls prcvlis c` kis quc sc mctcbtnri` biai mcdlklmnmcs, kis mìelblts mc iecrtn, kn nusc`bln mc u` bntîkifi biapkcti mc rcbursis bukturnkcs, u`n mcelblc`tc nbbcsldlklmnm nbbcsldlklmnm n kis rcbursis y kn fcstlò` turástlbi-bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, sc mcstnbò biai prl`blpnk mcdlklmnm, kn enktn mc trn`seiranblò` mc ùcstris rcbursis c` primubtis nptis pnrn ck bi`suai pir kis vlngcris, pridkcans mc fcstlò` bukturnk, mc pkn`lelbnblò`, mc priaiblò`, y kn l`trimubblò` mc ùcstris rcbursis c` kis bn`nkcs biacrblnkcs (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, 4::=). Nsá sc pripuslcri` u`n scrlc mc Cgcs mc acgirn 447 • Acmlmns pnrn cstlauknr kn brcnblò` mc kn iecrtn y acgirnr kn cxlstc`tc.

Rc`sldlklznblò` blò` rcspcbti nk ]urlsai Bukturnk y n kn cstrubturn cstrubturnblò` blò` mck scbtir. • Rc`sldlklzn • Acmlmns pnrn kn acgirn mc kn celbnbln mck scbtir. • Acgirn mc kn lèiranblò` bukturnk. • Zkn` mc anroctl`f. • C`scþn`zn mck cspnþik biai rcbursi mlecrc`blnmi. • Biirml`nblò` mc acmlmns c`bnal`nmns n kifrnr kn laprcsbl`mldkc bikndirnblò` c`trc

kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs c l`mustrlns rcspi`sndkcs mc kn fcstlò` y bi`trik mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs, y mc cstis bi` ck scbtir prlvnmi. 4>

Ucrn Tcdikki, E.? Mîvlkn Kl`nrcs, G.A.? ><<3, ‛]urlsai y pntrlai`li hlstòrlbi bukturnk‑, Cstumlis ]urástlbis, >45, >5>->68? Ulmnks y Bnsckkns, M. ><<6, Zntrlai`li bukturnk y sus rcknbli`cs bi` ck ]urlsai, Nklbn`tc 6->> mc ndrlk mc ><<6. SLAZ, Unkc`bln? Dnyò` Anrl`ì, E. ]urlsai y fcstlò` mck pntrlai`li bukturnk , Rcal`nrli, <-2 mc nfisti mc ><<<<<, 3: nþis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk , Tnaò` Nrcbcs? ]urcspnþn,, 4::>, ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bi`frcsi 5· Bi`frcsi mc ]urlsai S`lvcrslmnm y Caprcsn mcmlbnmi n ]urlsai Bukturnk y urdnì. Unkc`bln 4::=, ]lrn`t ki Dkn`bh, mn`mi prcecrc`bln n kis cstumlis sidrc rcbursis, iecrtn, biacrblnklznblò` y pkn`lelbnblò`, tlpikifáns mc kis turlstns, pcrelkcs y biapirtnalc`ti murn`tc ck vlngc. Rc pudklbnri`, nmcaîs, `÷acris aiìfrîelbis7 Tcvlstn mc Cstumlis ]urástlbis, >3:, 4::>. 44

Nkfu`ns mc ckkns auy bi`cbtnmns bi` kis idgctlvis y rcsuktnmis mc cstc Cstumli.

| 2: |


C` csc aiac`ti, Cspnþn cstndn bknslelbnmn biai ck =· mcstlì turástlbi au`mlnk, au`mln k, nu`quc ì crn u`n anrbn rcnkac`tc mc ]urlsai Bukturnk (]rcsscrrns, Antnankn, 4::3). Kn lanfc` mc Cspnþn biai mcstlì bukturnk cstî, mc hcbhi, slc`mi cèibnmn c` kn nbtunklmnm, hnbln ck ]urlsai urdnì, Dnrbcki`n, Anmrlm, kns Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, y blumnmcs bi` aiùac`tis rckcvn`tcs biai Frn`nmn y kn Nkhnadrn. Cspnþn hn trndngnmi cspcblnkac`tc c` kis Zkn`cs mc Zriaiblò`, biai ck Zkn` mc Zriaiblò` L`tcr`nbli`nk mc ]urlsai Bukturnk 4:>:-4:>4 quc kn`zò ck Al`lstcrli mc L`mustrln, Biacrbli, ]urlsai, dnsnmi c` u`n scrlc mc primubtis7 ‛Auscis, Nrtcs Csbì`lbns, Tutns Bukturnkcs, Kufnrcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, ]urlsai Lmliaîtlbi c L`mustrlns Numlivlsunkc Numlivlsunkcs‑. s‑. Nbtunkac`tc, ck Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnþik (Z@L]) sc rcelcrc n u`n Nbtunkac`tc, iecrtn ank pislbli`nmn c` kis acrbnmis l`tcr`nbli`nkcs, l`tcr`nbli`nkcs, n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirn mc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis y mc su fcstlò`, nk Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, @nturnk y Cìfnstri`òalbi. Cspcblnkac`tc Cspcblnkac`tc pnrn ck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, cstc Zkn` ac`bli`n c` prlacr kufnr kis Auscis y kis Aiùac`tis mck Zntrlai`li @nbli`nk 42. Rcrán l`ndnrbndkc hnbcr u`n sá`tcsls mc kis nvn`bcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kis prlacris cstumlis, sl dlc` sc pucmc` mcstnbnr vnrlis cgcs tcaîtlbis quc sc hn` mcsnrrikknmi murn`tc kn ÷ktlan mìbnmn mck slfki XX. Nsá cxlstc ck cgc cspcbáelbi quc vl`bukò pntrlai`li, blumnmcs y ]urlsai urdnì quc capcznri` n bi`slmcrnrsc ntrnbtlvis y mcstlìs turástlbis (]riltlþi Ulùcsn, ><<8? Mcsnrrikki ]urástlbi l`tcfrnk, 4::2? Bnapcslì Ecr`î`mcz, N.G, 4::=? Mc Kn Bnkkc, 4::5? Fnrbán Hcr`î`mcz, 4::2? ]riltlþi Ulùcsn? ]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, 4::8) 4::8 ) 4=. Cstc tcan sc antcrlnklzò, pir itrn pnrtc, c` u`n frn` ipirtu`lmnm pnrn ck ]urlsai cspnþik n trnvìs mck Frupi mc kns ‛Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm‑, frupi quc surflò mc kn brcnblò` mc u`n nsiblnblò` brcnmn pnrn kn fcstlò` bi`gu`tn, bi`scrvnblò` y priaiblò` mc kns Blumnmcs quc hndán` slmi mcbknrnmns pir kn S@CRBI. Nbtunkac`tc cs u`n mc kns prl`blpnkcs laîfc`cs mck ]urlsai cspnþik, cspnþ ik, gu`ti bi` kns eirans mc vlmn mc Cspnþn. Itris ká`cns pntrlai`lnkcs pntrlai`lnkcs sc hn` lmi brcn`mi biai hcrrnalc` hcrrnalc`tns tns mc pritcbblò` pcri sidrc timi mc mcsnrrikki rcfli`nk y mc rcvltnklznblò` n trnvìs mck ]urlsai, biai ck

42 4=

http7//www.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-cs/UMC/Zn http7//www.tiurspn l`.cs/cs-cs/UMC/Znfl`ns/Z@L].nsp fl`ns/Z@L].nspx x

]riltlþi Ulùcsn, A.N.? ]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, K. 4::8, ‛Mcstlìs pntrlai`lnkcs y ]urlsai7 vlsltn`tcs y usi turástlbi mc kn blumnm‑, Ssi p÷dklbi c l`tcrprctnblò` mck Zntrlai`li, >:5->34? ]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, K. 4:>4, Kns blumnmcs pntrlai`li mc kn huan`lmnm mc kn rcflò` turástlbn mc Anmrlm7 `lvckcs acmlis mc eu`bli`nklmnm y nmcbunblò` turástlbn mck pntrlai`li, Znpcrs mc ]urlsac, 3>>, 4:>4, >:<->2>,


| 2> |

]urlsai nrqucikòflbi (]rcsscrrns, 4::8? Airèrc y Glaì`cz Fulgnrri, G., 4::6) 43, i n pnrtlr mck pntrlai`li l`mustrlnk (Zìrcz Fòacz, AªZ.? Znrmi Ndnm, 4:>:), c` rcknblò` bi` kns rcfli`cs mc l`tcrlir, rcfli`cs mi`mc csis pntrlai`lis sc pimán` prcsc`tnr biai biapkcac`tnrlcmnm i biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm pnrn, n trnvìs mc u`n pkn`lelbnblò`, fc`crnr primubtis y ipirtu`lmnmcs45. C` csc sc`tlmi, mcsmc kns Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi l`lblntlvns mc l`tcfrnblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Zkn`cs mc Mcsnrrikki rcfli`nkcs, c` Zkn`cs mc Mcsnrrikki Ristc`ldkc, biai pir cgcapki c` N`mnkubán (Ucrmufi Rn`tis y Znriml Îkvnrcz, 4:>>). Cstis pntrlai`lis tlc`c` eu`mnac`tnkac`tc u` cèiquc cèi quc rcfli`nk, y sòki cxbcpbli`nkac`tc cxbcpbli`n kac`tc sc hn` pkn`tcnmi biai lanfc` mc u` mcstlì, nk acìs c` tlcapis rcblc`tcs. C` csc sc`tlmi, ck tcan mc kns Tutns Bukturnkcs, ‛Bnalì mc Rn`tlnfi‑ y kn bi`trivcrtlmn ‛Tutn mc kn Zkntn‑, antcrlnklzn` kns mlelbuktnmcs mc biirml`nblò` mc kn fcstlò` turástlbn y bukturnk (Rn`tis Rikkn, 4::5? Hcr`î`mcz Tnaárcz, 4:>>? Airèrc, 4:>4). C` bun`ti n kis auscis, cstis bi`stltuyc` tnadlì` iecrtn turástlbn. turástlbn. Kis auscis, nu`quc c` kis prlacris cstumlis sc l`tcfrnri` c`trc kis ntrnbtlvis (Ditc, ><<8), ì scrî hnstn prl`blplis mck slfki XXL bun`mi sc l`tcfrc` rcnkac`tc biai idgctlvi turástlbi `nbli`nk. Alc`trns tn`ti, n `lvck rcfli`nk sc hn lmi mcsnrrikkn`mi u`n l`tc`sn bnapnþn dnsnmn c` kn brcnblò` mc auscis, mc auy mlvcrsn tlpikifán, biai enbtir mc brcblalc`ti. Tcfli`cs mc l`tcrlir biai Bnstlkkn y Kcò`, N`mnkubán (c` kn mlvcrslelbnblò` mc kn iecrtn bi` ck Zkn` TCBN7 Ucrmufi Rn`tis y Znriml Nkvîrcz, 4:>>), i rcfli`cs quc dusbn` cstrntcflns turástlbns turástlbns sc hn` npiynmi, c`trc itrns nbbli`cs, c` kn bi`strubblò` mc cspnblis auscástlbis (Hcrrcri Zrlcti ct nk, ><<8? Eci Znrri`mi, 4:>>). Erc`tc n cstn lapirtn`tc iecrtn tn` bnrnbtcrástlbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cspnþik, ck cgc L mck ‛Zkn` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi‑ sc rcecrán n kn `cbcslmnm mc acgirnr kn iecrtn i n kn brcnblò` mc u`n ùcvn iecrtn. Ck nbtunk Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai cspnþik pkn`tcn kn iecrtn c` u`n mlrcbblò` slalknr. Cs rckcvn`tc, c` csc sc`tlmi, n`nklznr kis cstumlis quc sc hn` kkcvnmi n bndi sidrc kn iecrtn c` u` sc`tlmi fkidnk. Kis prlacris trndngis, quc n`nklznri` n Cspnþn biai pitc`bln c` tìralìs mc ]urlsai Zntrlai`lnk, sc bc`trnri` y gustlelbnri` cstn rlquczn n pnrtlr mc kis auscis, mc kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm y mck pntrlai`li c` fc`crnk, l`bkuyc`mi kn nrqucikifán (Bnstri Airnkcs, ><<8). Ditc nvn`zn, nkumlc`mi cecbtlvnac`tc n auscis,

43

Kn dldklifrneán cs auy napkln pcri mcstnbn` cspcblnkac`tc kis Bi`frcsis sidrc Auscnklznblò` mc \nblalc`tis bckcdrnmis pcrlòmlbnac`tc7 4:::, 4::4, 4::=, 4::5, 4::8. 45

S`n cspcblnk rckcvn`bln hny quc mcmlbnr n kis auscis c` su bi`tcxti, tn`ti rurnk mc rcvltnklznblò`, biai urdnì, anbricspnblis y albriscspnblis. Rc hn pudklbnmi u`n cxtc`sn dldklifrneán y ùacrisis bnsis mc cstumli.

| 24 |


Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis mcbknrnmi s mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk, pcri l`trimubc ck ckcac`ti mc vlsltndlklmnm quc supi`c ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs mc kis auscis y aiùac`tis aîs vlsltnmis, biai enbtir turástlbi, nmcaîs mc n`îklsls tcrrltirlnkcs tcrrltirlnkcs y cstnbli`nkcs (Ditc, ><<8). C` kn alsan ká`cn sc pislbli`nrî Zlþn`cs Kcnk bun`mi sc rcelcrc n kn rlquczn mc kis rcbursis bukturnkcs mc Cspnþn n pnrtlr mc kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm y mc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturn (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, 4::=). Znrn ]urcspnþn, c` su cstumli nùnk sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk (]urcspnþn, (]urcspnþn, 4:>4), kis mntis sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn sc npiyn` c` u`n rlquczn bukturnk rcekcgnmn c` kis Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm 46. \ sl dlc` cstn rlquczn mc Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk, mc Kufnrcs mcbknrnmis Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk y mc auscis si` kis tcstlai`lis mc u` pnsnmi y mc u` prcsc`tc pnrn ck ]urlsai, c` u` sc`tlmi fc`ìrlbi, su bi`slmcrnblò` biai iecrtn y biai u`lvcrsi pnrn u` n`îklsls sidrc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn supi`c u`n rcekcxlò`. Tcblc`tcac`tc sc cstî` kkcvn`mi n Tcblc`tcac`tc bndi cstumlis sidrc mcstlìs turástlbis bukturnkcs y ck pkn`tcnal pkn`tcnalc`ti c`ti sc rcelcrc n buîk cs ck u`lvcrsi mc iecrtn pntrlai`lnk ‒ bukturnk jpnrn n`nklznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cs mcblr ck pnsi mc kn ensc bunkltntlvn n rcnkac`tc kn ensc bun`tltntlvn, mc bi`scbuc`blns pnrn kns acmlbli`cs quc trncais n biknblò`, pir ùcstri trndngi. C` u` rcblc`tc cstumli anbri sidrc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn, sc bi`slmcrnri bi`slmcrnri` ` kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk (DLB) y kis auscis (Hcrrcri Zrlcti, 4:>>), (nmcaîs mc kis ecstlvnkcs), biai u`lvcrsi mc cstumli mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn bun`tltntlvi. C` itri trndngi sidrc kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm, sc n`nklzò kn eu`bli`nklmnm turástlbn tian`mi biai dnsc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk (]riltlþi, 4:>:). Kn ckcbblò` mc kis DLB sc

46

C` csc sc`tlmi, kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm si` sckcbbli`nmis n pnrtlr mc brltcrlis bukturnkcs pir kn Bi`vc`blò` mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk y, sòki rcblc`tcac`tc, cstî c` cstumli su biapi`c`tc turástlbi7 Mibuac`ti L`struac`ti @irantlvi sidrc Zrcscrvnblò` mck Zntrlai`li y ck mcsnrrikki sistc`ldkc mck ]urlsai, pnrn ck 4:>2 (cstumlis (cstumlis tìb`lbi c` bursi pir pnrtc mck Bi`scgi cgcbutlvi mc kn S`csbi). C` csc sc`tlmi, sc cstî` mcsnrrikkn`mi Tcmcs mc biìblalc`ti biai kn Tcm S@L]VL@ mc ‛]urlsai, Bukturn, Mcsnrrikki‑, nsiblnmn kns bîtcmrns S@CRBI y quc mlrlfc kn S`lvcrsltì Znrls Rirdi``c, Ern`bln.


| 22 |

gustlelbndn gustlelbn dn c`ti`bcs c`ti`bcs c` u` neî` neî` prîbtl prîbtlbi bi y ipcrntl ipcrntlvi vi pucsti pucsti quc quc cstî` cstî` l`vc`tn l`vc`tnrlnm rlnmis is y si` bun`tlelbndk bun`tlelbndkcs. cs. Rl` cadnrfi, nu`quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs ck rcsuktnmi mc kn l`tcrnbblò` mc kn Bukturn y mck ]urlsai y su iecrtn sc bi`siklmn mcsmc ck îadlti bukturnk, kis u`lvcrsis n`tcs bltnmis si`, c` su irlfc`, u`lvcrsis bukturnkcs, bi` u`n eu`blò` mc bi`scrvnblò`, mc pritcbblò`, biai si` kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk 48 y biai ki si` kns Mcbknrnbli`cs mc kn S@CRBI. Aubhis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk ì si` ntrnbtlvis turástlbis y sc hnbc `cbcsnrln kn brcnblò` mc vcrmnmcris rcbursis cspcbáelbis, buyi l`vc`tnrli euc pkn`tcnmi c` 4::= (Zlþn`cs Kcnk, 4::=). N tátuki mc cgcapki, bi`vlc`c scþnknr bòai kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm piscc aîs mc =3: Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis (DLB) i l`binmis c` aîs mc >:: au`lblplis, pir timn kn biau`lmnm, bun`mi kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn sc kibnklzn c` auy pibis au`lblplis, cspcblnkac`tc c` Anmrlm bnpltnk, y au`lblplis biai Nkbnkî mc Hc`nrcs, Dultrnfi, Bhl`bhò`, Ck Csbirlnk y Nrn`gucz. C` ck alsai sc`tlmi pimránais nkumlr n kis Dlc`cs mck Zntrlai`li Au`mlnk 4<. Cxlstc` nkfu`ns actimikifáns pnrn mlecrc`blnr kis DLB i dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs mc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis y pnrn hnbcr mc cstis nkfi acmldkc. C` csc sc`tlmi, sc irlc`tn kn pripucstn mc Frceec. Cstc nutir hn pkn`tcnmi kis brltcrlis mc aiùac`tis ndlcrtis aîs mc =: máns nk nþi, u` slstcan mc dlkkctcrán y u` slstcan mc fuáns mc pnfi (Frceec, 4::<). I biìbcais ck bi`bcpti aîs sc`blkki mc eu`bli`nklmnm turástlbn n pnrtlr mc brltcrlis biai kn l`bkuslò` mc kis dlc`cs c` Ltl`crnrlis y c` eikkctis (]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, 4:>4). Cstn ÷ktlan nbuþnblò`, kn mc eu`bli`nklmn eu`bli`nklmnm m turástlbn mc mctcral`nmis rcbursis, lapklbn kn l`trimubblò` mc kis ntrnbtlvis c` kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn n trnvìs mc kn brcnblò` mc primubtis, cs mcblr kn trn`seiranblò` mc kn quc hndkndn kn S`lò` Curipcn bun`mi mcel`án ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` ><<2. 48

Kn el`nklmnm mc kis Dlc`cs mc L`tcrìs Bukturnk cs, scf÷` kn KZH/83 (DIC mc 4< mc gu`li mc ><83), kn bi`scrvnblò`7 ‛L`tcfrn` ck Zntrlai`li Hlstòrlbi Cspnþik kis làucdkcs y idgctis aucdkcs mc l`tcrìs nrtástlbi, hlstòrlbi, pnkci`tikòflbi, nrqucikòflbi, ctìfrîelbi, blc`táelbi i tìb`lbi. ]nadlì` eiran` pnrtc mck alsai ck pntrlai`li mibuac`tnk y dldklifrîelbi, kis ynblalc`tis y zi`ns nrqucikòflbns, nsá biai kis sltlis `nturnkcs, gnrml`cs y pnrqucs quc tc`fn` vnkir nrtástlbi, hlstòrlbi i n`tripikòflbi‑ (nrt.>, KZH/83). @i cs kn mleuslò` su idgctlvi prl`blpnk slì kn pritcbblò` y bi`scrvnblò`. Ri`, pir ki tn`ti, dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs. 4<

Ulm suprn ìtn 4=.

| 2= |


Rl` cadnrfi, kis auscis, biai cxpklbnais c` kn actimikifán, rc÷`c` timns kns bi`mlbli`cs pnrn scr ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs. Zir su bi`bcptunklznblò`, si` rcbursis i ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs pntrlai`ln kcs bi` u`n bnrfn auy rckcvn`tc mc mleuslò`. Kis auscis scf÷` kn KZHC/83 nrt. 55, si` ‛kns l`stltubli`cs mc bnrîbtcr pcran`c`tc quc nmqulcrc`, bi`scrvn`, l`vcstlfn`, biau`lbn` biau`l bn` y cxhldc` pnrn el`cs mc cstumli, cmubnblò` y bi`tcapknblò`, bi`gu`tis y bikcbbli`cs mc vnkir hlstòrlbi, nrtástlbi, blc`táelbi y tìb`lbi i mc bunkqulcr itrn `nturnkczn bukturnk‑ 2:. Aîs bi`brctn cs kn Kcy mc auscis mc Anmrlm, KZH <<< scf÷` kn bunk kis auscis, nrbhlvis y ck L`stltuti mck pntrlai`li bi`stltuyc` l`stltubli`cs eu`mnac`tnkcs pnrn kn fcstlò` mck pntrlai`li. Ck Bi`scgi L`tcr`nbli`nk mc Auscis (LBIA), pir su pnrtc, hn pripirbli`nmi su mcel`lblò` mc ausci biai ‛timn l`stltublò` pcran`c`tc, sl` el`cs mc kubri y nk scrvlbli mc kn siblcmnm y su mcsnrrikki, quc cs nbbcsldkc nk p÷dklbi y nbipln, bi`scrvn, l`vcstlfn, mleu`mc y cxpi`c ck pntrlai`li antcrlnk c làntcrlnk mc kis pucdkis y su c`tirì pnrn quc scn cstumlnmi y cmuquc y mckcltc nk p÷dklbi‑ (Mcel`lblò` mck LBIA. Bòmlfi Mci`tikòflbi, 44ª biècrc`bln mck LBIA Nustrln 4::6), mcel`lblò` quc rcltcrn biai idgctlvi prl`blpnk nk p÷dklbi. Kn Mcbknrnblò` mck LBIA hn slmi rcbiflmn c` kns aîs rcblc`tcs Kcycs mc auscis biai kn mc Kcy mc Auscis mc N`mnkubán mc >8 ibtudrc mc 4::62>, rcbiìblc`mi, pir itrn pnrtc, su pnpck biai l`stltubli`c l`stltubli`css mc bi`scrvnblò`. Kn eu`blò` siblnk p÷dklbn npnrcbc bknrnac`tc tn`ti c` cstn mcel`lblò` biai c` kn quc npirtn ck anrbi mck LBIA. Kn brcnblò` mc kn Tcm mc auscis (TM >2:3/4::<) bi`snfrn y nbc`t÷n, pir pnrtc mck Cstnmi cspnþik, kn eu`blò` siblnk biai scrvlbli p÷dklbi mc kis auscis y su bikndirnblò` bi` kis nfc`tcs siblnkcs. Tcblc`tcac`tc, csc nspcbti hn mnmi kufnr n blcrtns brátlbns, biai kns quc scþnkn` quc ck n`tlfui ausci, biai kufnr mc bi`scrvnblò` mc bikcbbli`cs y mc biau`lbnblò` mc ìstns, hndán mcsnpnrcblmi, bc`trî`misc nbtunkac`tc nbtunkac`tc ck ausci c` ck vlsltn`tc, biai eu`blò` prl`blpnk (Nppkcti`, 4::5). 2:

Mcel`lblò` idtc`lmn mc kn Dnsc mc Mntis mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtcs, rcecrc`bln mc kn c`bucstn mck prcsc`tc cstumli. 2>

L`stltubli`cs pcran`c`tcs, pcran`c`tcs, sl` el`nklmnm mc kubri, nk scrvlbli mc kn siblcmnm y mc su mcsnrrikki, ndlcrtns nk p÷dklbi, quc rc÷`c` u` bi`gu`ti mc dlc`cs bukturnkcs aucdkcs, làucdkcs c làntcrlnkcs, kis bi`scrvn`, kis mibuac`tn` y cstumln`, kis cxhldc` y mleu`mc` su biìblalc`ti pnrn kn l`vcstlfnblò`, kn c`scþn`zn y ck fizi l`tckcbtunk y cstìtlbi y bi`stltuyc` u` cspnbli pnrn kn pnrtlblpnblò` bukturnk, k÷mlbn y blc`táelbn mc kis blumnmnìs.


| 23 |

Ck ausci npnrcbc tnadlì` biai u` ntrnbtlvi turástlbi c` kn C`bucstn mc Hîdltis Bukturnkcs y Zrîbtlbns Bukturnkcs c` Cspnþn, kkcvnmn n bndi pir ck Al`lstcrli mc Bukturn. Znrn ck pcrlimi 4:>:-4:>>, ck 48,2% mc kns pcrsi`ns quc vlsltnri` auscis ki hlblcri` c` su blumnm, ck 42,<% ki hlblcri` c` su pripln biau`lmnm alc`trns quc ck 48,=% eucrn mc ckkn (y ck ><,=% c` ck cxtrn`gcri), ki quc aucstrn quc ck ausci tlc`c u` biapi`c`tc mc ibli, u`n munklmnm pcri bi` su bnrîbtcr mc ntrnbtlvi turástlbi mial`n`tc. Kis auscis, nmcaîs, sc bi`slmcrn` kis ÷`lbis dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs quc sc pucmc` bi`strulr, brcnr, erc`tc n kis dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs quc hn` slmi y si` hcrc`bln hlstòrlbn mck pnsnmi. Zucmc` bi`stltulr, c` csc sc`tlmi, u` ùcvi dlc` pntrlai`lnk, si` ntrnbtlvis turástlbis mitnmis mc u` frn` ml`nalsai y ekcxldlklmnm 24. S`n rcflò` turástlbn, c` su pkn`lelbnblò`, pkn`tcnrî kn brcnblò` mc ùcvis rcbursis y kis auscis si` c` csc sc`tlmi u` l`struac`ti mc mcsnrrikki rcfli`nk. Nsá, c` ck anrbi mc cstc rc`nbcr bukturnk y tnadlì` turástlbi, c` kis ÷ktlais nþis, hcais nslstlmi n u`n pucstn c` vnkir mc kis auscis, bi` kn bi`strubblò` mc frn`mcs hltis nrqultcbtò`lbis mi`mc prlan ck bi`tl`c`tc sidrc ck bi`tc`lmi, nsá biai nk l`brcac`ti mc auscis c` acmln`ns y pcqucþns blumnmcs (Hcrrcri y Rn`z, 4::4? Hcrrcri Zrlcti ct nk, ><<8). C` csc sc`tlmi hny quc rcsnktnr quc sc cstî primublc`mi primublc`m i u`n l`tcrnbblò` c`trc auscis y ]urlsai bi` kn npklbnblò` n kis auscis mck Zkn` mc Bnklmnm (Anùnk (An ùnk mc Duc`ns prîbtlbns, 4:>:), i kn l`bkuslò` biai idgctlvi cspcbáelbi c` kn Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mck ]urlsai (Z@L], 4:>4). Cstis brltcrlis si` kis quc gustlelbn` ùcstrn ckcbblò` mc kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pnrn ck n`îklsls bun`tltntlvi. bun`tltntlvi.

2. Ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli C` tìralìs fc`crnkcs, kis mntis sidrc ]urlsai y Capkci c` Cspnþn pribcmc` mc kn C`bucstn mc Zidknblò` Nbtlvn y mc kns Nktns c` kn Rcfurlmnm Riblnk. Rc mctcral`n` bknrnac`tc nquckkis scbtircs rcbiìblmis trnmlbli`nkac`tc trnmlbli`nkac`tc biai brcnmircs mc capkci mlrcbti nsiblnmis nk ]urlsai. Nsá sc vl`bukn` scbtircs biai kn Histckcrán, kis Rcrvlblis mc Nkignalc`ti, kis Rcrvlblis mc bialmns y dcdlmns, kis ]rn`spirtcs mc vlngcris, y Itrns Nbtlvlmnmcs. @i cxlstc `l`fu`n bntcfirán quc sc pucmn rcknbli`nr bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. 24

Rc pkn`tcn tnadlì` kn l`tcrprctnblò` mck Zntrlai`li biai eiran mc brcnblò` mc Ntrnbtlvis turástlbis. Zcri sc trntn mc kn l`tcrvc`blò` c` u` Dlc` pntrlai`lnk quc yn cxlstc, ì kn brcnblò` mc u` Dlc` Zntrlai`lnk ùcvi.

| 25 |


C` pnrnkcki n csis mntis fc`crnkcs, sc hn` mcsnrrikknm mcsnrrikknmi i cstumlis sidrc ck capkci c` ck scbtir turástlbi, n`îklsls nsiblnmis n kis nkignalc`tis, rcbursis, rcbursis huanìs y pcrelkcs siblimcaifrîelbis. Ck prlacri mntn mc kis nþis 8: c` ck Tclì S`lmi y cstî irlc`tnmi nk n`îklsls mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs (Nlrcy y @lfhttl`fnkc, ><8>). Ck rcsuktnmi euc u`n bknslelbnblò` mck scbtir c`7 Capkci c` Irfn`lznbli`cs pnrn mcstlìs turástlbis, Ntrnbtlvis ]urástlbis, Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs c L`tcracmlnblò`. Rc irmc`ndn` tnadlì` kns mlstl`tns eu`bli`cs y `lvckcs priecsli`nkcs, priecsli`n kcs, pnrn mcmlbnrsc pistcrlirac`tc n kis priecsli`nkcs mc kis quc sc idtuvi su Eiranblò`, sus Zcrelkcs Riblimcaifrîelbis Riblimcaifrîelbi s y sus Bnrrcrns priecsli`nkcs. Cstc trndngi pkn`tcò ck ]urlsai biai u`n l`mustrln y ì ki cèibn rcnkac`tc biai Rlstcan, mi`mc bndc` aubhns bntcfiráns c`trc ckkns ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Blcrti cs quc mc`tri mc cstn pripucstn, sc pimrán hnbcr u`n sckcbblò` mc nquckkis rcknbli`nmis mc an`crn aîs cspcbáelbn bi` kis primubtis turástlbis nktcr`ntlvis y bi` mcstlìs bukturnkcs, pcri scrán slcaprc u`n nprixlanblò`. Kis rcblc`tcs cstumlis sidrc capkci c` ck ]urlsai pkn`tcn` ùcvns ká`cns mc trndngi biai kns rcecrlmns nk bnpltnk huanì, nk vnkir cbi`òalbi, n kn aivlklmnm y ck fì`cri (Knmol`, 4:>>), alc`trns quc u`n rcblc`tc l`vcstlfnblò` sidrc capkci y ]urlsai c` Cspnþn rcpkn`tcn bi`bcptis nmaltlmis nmaltlmis hndltunkac`tc biai kis ekugis mc capkci y su cstnbli`nklmnm, cstnbli`nkl mnm, cspcblnkac`tc (Anki, 4:>>). Bun`mi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk capczò n bièlfurnrsc surflò kn `cbcslmnm mc bc`trnrsc c` ck capkci. Mc eiran nlsknmn, bi`tnais bi` nkfu`n ac`blò` y pripucstn sidrc kn lapirtn`bln quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c pnrn ck capkci c` ck Bialtì mc kns Tcfli`cs mc ><<8. C` su Mlbtnac` sidrc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` kns zi`ns urdn`ns y sus bi`scbuc`blns pnrn ck capkci (MIBC <8/b 43>/:3) sc nelran quc ‛kn Bukturn y sus nbtlvlmnmcs n`cxns bi`stltuyc` u`n euc`tc mlrcbtn c l`mlrcbtn pnrn ck capkci‑. Cs ki quc hn kkcvnmi n Zntl` n bntcfirlznr kis capkcis nsiblnmis nk pntrlai`li, mlecrc`bln`mi kis capkcis mlrcbtis quc pribcmc` mc kn cxpkitnblò` mck Zntrlai`li (nbiflmn, lèiranblò`, an`tc`lalc`ti, scfurlmnm, nmal`lstrnblò`, bi`scrvnblò`, n`lanblò`, cspcbtîbuki) mc kis capkcis l`mlrcbtis el`n`blnmis pir fnstis mc cxpkitnblò` mc kis sltlis y ipcrnmircs turástlbis (rcstnurnblò`, nrtcsnìs), ielbl`ns mc ]urlsai, n`lanmircs, y mc kis capkcis l`mublmis (Zntl`, ><<6). Itrns mcel`lbli`cs mc capkcis mlrcbtis c l`ml-


| 26 |

rcbtis sc hn` idtc`lmi nk n`nklznr kis lapnbtis cbi`òalbis y siblnkcs mck pntrlai`li. C`trc kis capkcis mlrcbtis mcstnbn` cspcblnkac`tc kis quc cstî` u`lmis n kis Aiùac`tis Hlstòrlbis ndlcrtis nk p÷dklbi slfulc`mi uìs mctcral`nmis brltcrlis, capkcis c` ck Bc`trc mcs Aiùac`ts @ntli`nux, capkci c` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs rcfli`nkcs c`bnrfnmns mck pntrlai`li, fuáns mck pntrlai`li, cspcblnkac`tc. Kis capkcis l`mlrcbtis si` qulzîs aubhi aîs kcgnìs (bi`scrvnblò`, rcstnurnblò`) (Zntl` ct nk., 4:>4), pcri tnadlì` sc ac`bli`n` kis capkcis turástlbis u`lmis nk pntrlai`li (nkignalc`tis, (nki gnalc`tis, nfc`blns mc vlngcs, trn`spirtcs, rcstnurnblò`), i kn eiranblò` c l`vcstlfnblò` (Frceec, 4::<). C` Cspnþn kn rcknblò` c`trc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y ck capkci crn uì mc kis cgcs pkn`tcnmis c` ck ‛Zkn` mc Lapuksi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c Lmliaîtlbi‑ (4::4-4::2). Zibis nþis mcspuìs sc ndirmò u` cstumli mcstnbn`mi kn enktn mc slstcantlznblò` y priecsli`nklmnm pnrn mcsnrrikknr cstn cspcblnklmnm, i aîs dlc`, kn cvikublò` c l`nmcbunblò` mc kn eiranblò` cspcblnklznmn c` nmal`lstrnblò` p÷dklbn y prlvnmn, nbirmc bi` kn brcnblò` mc ùcvis capkcis c` kis cqulpnalc`tis bukturnkcs cacrfc`tcs (]rcsscrrns y Antnankn, 4::3). Cxpcrlc`blns nlsknmns nlsknmns sc cstî` kkcvn`mi n bndi biai kn Tcm Curipcn pnrn kn acgirn mc kn Capkcndlklmnm mc kn augcr y kn biapctltlvlmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, mc`tri mck Zrifrnan Curicapkci y mcsnrrikknmi c` Cspnþn pir kn Eu`mnblò` Z÷dklbn n`mnkuzn Ck Kcfnmi N`mnkusá. Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`tcn biai u` l`struac`ti mck nbbcsi mc kn augcr nk acrbnmi kndirnk 22. Cstns bnrc`blns gustlelbndn` kn brcnblò` mc aîstcrcs y eiranbli`cs cspcbáelbns 2=, nu`quc mcsmc kns tltuknbli`cs ielblnkcs supcrlircs supcrli rcs sc cstndn aistrn`mi cstc nbcrbnalc`ti n eirans l`blplc`tcs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Bukturnk. Nsá c` ck nþi 4::4, bi` ibnslò` mc kn lapkn`tnblò` mc kis cstumlis mc Frnmi c` ]urlsai sc kkcvò n bndi u` cstumli mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs y mc kns biapctc`blns mc kis priecsli`nkcs c` ]urlsai pnrn kn N@CBN (N@CBN, 4::4). Rc mcel`lcri` timn u`n scrlc mc pcrelkcs nmcbunmis pnrn ck ]urlsai. Mc csc cstumli pimcais cxtrnpiknr pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sus îadltis mc nbtunblò`

22

Brcnblò` mc u`n Fuán mc Duc`ns Zrîbtlbns7 Fuán7 Fuán mc Duc`ns Zrîbtlbns. Capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk , Gu`tn mc N`mnkubán, Eu`mnblò` Kcfnmi N`mnkusá, 4:>4 2=

http7//www.umf.cmu/tndlm/8=2:8A:8>:&k nspx9LM12>:8A:8>:&kn`funfc1cs-CR n`funfc1cs-CR

| 28 |


quc scrán` kn Zkn`lelbnblò` y kis Zrimubtis. Kns irfn`lznbli`cs y caprcsns l`vikubrnmns scrán`7 Ielbl`ns mc ]urlsai (Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc, Lèiranmir), ausci, ynblalc`ti nrqucikòflbi, bc`tri bukturnk, cxpislbli`cs, cspcbtîbukis, Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. Kis pucstis mc trndngi pitc`blnkcs scrán` kis mc Mlrcbtir, Tcspi`sndkc mc Ielbl`n, Lèiranmir, ]ìb`lbi Nscsir mc Fcstlò` mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk, Fuán l`tìrprctc, Fuán nbiapnþn`tc, Fuán cspcblnklznmi cspcblnklznmi (N@CBN, 4::4, >>>->>4) y bi` aîs prcblslò` sc mctnkknri` kis pucstis mc ‛]ìb`lbi nscsir mc fcstlò` mck pntrlai`li bukturnk‑, ‛Gcec mc ùcvis primubtis‑ y ‛Fuán l`tìrprctc‑. Kn elfurn mck Fuán cs ck capkci quc mc eiran aîs rcltcrntlvn sc nsibln bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` kns prlacrns rcu`li`cs sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk sc prcsc`tnri` vnrlis n`îklsls sidrc kis Fuáns mc ]urlsai (Nktès, 4::>). Kis Kldris Dkn`bis mc kn N@CBN eucri` u`n cxbckc`tc euc`tc. C` rcknblò` n kis pcrelkcs mc mcan`mn mc capkci, kis cstumlis prcvlis rcnklznmis bi` ibnslò` mc kn lapkn`tnblò` mc kis Frnmis mc Hlstirln y mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc sidrc kn capkcndlklmnm mc sus cfrcsnmis aucstrn` u` kufnr prcecrc`tc pnrn kn Fcstlò` y kn Mleuslò`. Nsá kn Fcstlò` mck Zntrlai`li ibupn u` bunrti kufnr mctrîs mc kn c`scþn`zn, kn nrqucikifán y kn l`vcstlfnblò`, l`vcstlfnbl ò`, titnklzn`mi u` <% mc kis cfrcsnmis c` Hlstirln, alc`trns quc c`trc kis Klbc`blnmis c` Hlstirln mck Nrtc, kn Mleuslò` mck Zntrlai`li-] Zntrlai`li-]urlsai urlsai Bukturnk ibupn ck tcrbcr kufnr, bi` ck 4:% mc kis cfrcsnmis, ‒alc`trns quc n kn Zritcbblò` sc mcmlbò ck >4% (N@CBN, 4::=)‒, mctrîs mc kn L`vcstlfnbl L`vcstlfnblò`-C`scþn`zn ò`-C`scþn`zn (45%) y mc kn Bi`scrvnblò` (43%). Cstc ÷ktlai mnti cs cspcblnkac`tc rckcvn`tc yn quc kn mleuslò` (ck ]urlsai Bukturnk), nu`quc c` tcrbcr kufnr, kkcfn n ibupnr bnsl u` tcrbli mck pirbc`tngc mc kis cfrcsnmis mc Hlstirln mck Nrtc. Rl` cadnrfi, pnrn kns caprcsns, c` u` cstumli sidrc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sc mcstnbn kn csbnscz mc priecsli`nkcs y mc caprcsns cspcblnklznmns c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pnrn kns cstrubturns rcbcptlvns mc l`tcrlir (Cstumli, (Cstuml i, 4::3). Zir pnrtc mc kis auscis cs mi`mc yn mlspi`cais mc nkfuìs cstumlis prcvlis sidrc pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs aîs ngustnmis y mi`mc pimcais hnkknr n`tcbcmc`tcs auy sòklmis pnrn ùcstri trndngi. Bièlfurn` u` u`lvcrsi mc n`îklsls bcrrnmi pucsti quc kis auscis hn` bièlfurnmi u` bucrpi nutòìai mcsmc ck slfki XLX, vl`buknmi bi` ck Zntrlai`li, hn` tc`lmi su pripli bucrpi mc


| 2< |

Enbuktntlvis y sc hn` bièlfurnmi l`mcpc`mlc`tcac`tc, l`mcpc`mlc`tcac`tc, brcn`mi su pripln mibtrl`n. Nsá, ck Bi`scgi L`tcr`nbli`n L`tcr`nbli`nkk mc auscis, c` u` rcblc`tc cstumli sidrc kns priecsli`cs c` kis auscis, mlvlmc c` trcs frn`mcs scbtircs kis pucstis mc trndngi. Ck prlacri scrán ck mc ‛Cspcblnklstn c` Bikcbbli`cs c l`vc`tnrlis‑, cs mcblr, kis quc birrcspi`mcrán` nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Bi`scrvnblò`. Ck scfu`mi scrán` kis ‛Cspcblnklstns c` Ulsltn`tcs‑ (timns kns eu`bli`cs rcecrc`tcs n kn Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`). \ u` tcrbcr frupi scrán ck birrcspi`mlc`tc n kn ‛Nmal`lstrnblò` y Fcstlò`‑ (Tufc, 4::8). 4 ::8). C` ck ac`bli`nmi cstumli npnrcbc pcrecbtnac`tc mcklaltnmi ck pcrelk mc ‛Cspcblnkl ‛Cspcblnklstn stn c` Ulsltn`tcs‑ biai uì mc kis plknrcs mck eu`bli`nalc`ti eu`bli`nalc`ti mc u` ausci y quc vlc`c n bil`blmlr bi` csc pirbc`tngc mc kis cfrcsnmis c` Hlstirln mck Nrtc quc cstî` trndngn`mi c` Mleuslò`. Mc kn alsan an`crn, ck scbtir mc kn Mleuslò` sc prcsc`tn biai ck tcrbcr ynblalc`ti mc capkci mc u` ausci (Mlnz Dnkcrml, 4:>:). Cstis mcpnrtnac`tis tlc`c` mctnkknmns sus csbnkns y pucstis. Nsá ck Mcpnrtnac`ti cèibnmi nk Z÷dklbi cstî bi`stltulmi pir ck Mlrcbtir, ck Cmubnmir, ck Lèiranmir, ck Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns, ck rcspi`sndkc mc Fcstlò` mc Anroctl`f, ck Gcec mc vc`tns, ck Fcstir mck scrvlbli mc vlsltn`tc. Cstc mcpnrtnac`ti mcpnrtnac`ti cs ùcvnac`tc ck tcrbcr mcpnrtnac`ti, gu`ti bi` ck scbtir mc Bi`scrvnblò`-l`vcstlfnblò`, Bi`scrvnblò `-l`vcstlfnblò`, y kn pnrtc mc Nmal`lstrnblò` (Rbhknttcr, 4::8). Itris cstumlis biai ck quc sustc`tn kn dnsc mc mntis mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, BukturnDnsc, quc hcais tianmi biai dnsc mc cstumli, sòki sc rcelcrc` n bnrfis y `lvckcs7 Mlrcbtir, Zcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmi y pcrsi`nk nmal`lstrn nmal`lstrntlvi tlvi 23. Tcspcbti n kn eiranblò`, uì mc kis cgcs mc n`îklsls y mc rcsuktnmis, kis Zkn`cs mc Cstumlis, pcsc n tc`cr nkfu`n eiranblò` huan`ástlbn (Airèrc, 4::5), capcirnri` bi` kn lapkn`tnblò` mc kis Frnmis. Rus bnrc`blns cstî` slc`mi biapc`snmns pir kis pisfrnmis y aîstcrcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc prctc`mc` mnr cstn eiranblò` alxtn cèibnmn nk ]urlsai Bukturnk 25. Zcri pir itrn pnrtc, kis bnadlis c` kn eiranblò` turástlbn biai bi`scbuc`bln mc kn nmnptnblò` nk Cspnbli mc Cmubnblò` Rupcrlir ndrc` u`n ùcvn pcrspcbtlvn pnrn kis cstumln`tcs pribcmc`tcs mc ]urlsai, gu`ti bi` kns c`scþn`zns huan`ástlbns huan`ástlbns mc aîs knrfn trnmlblò`, bun`mi kn rcknblò` c`trc `lvck mc cstumlis y trndngi/pnri cstî bknrnac`tc mcaistrnmn. C` mcel`ltlvn, mc kis n`tcbcmc`tcs tcòrlbis y capárlbis mlspi`ldkcs c` rcknblò` nk bnsi cspnþik, pimcais bi`trnstnr quc ì cxlstc u`n nbitnblò` bknrn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli. Rc n`nklzn ck primubti turástlbi y ck tcrrltirli l`bkusi bi` pcr-

23 25

http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/ua9 http7//www.abu.cs /bukturndnsc/bfl/ua9A1/t>>/p>>&I1bukturnd A1/t>>/p>>&I1bukturndnsc&@1&K1 nsc&@1&K1

Mcstnqucais ck Zisfrnmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mc Dnrbcki`n, mc kn S`lvcrslmnm mc Flri`n7 http7//fulntltuknbli`cs. http7//fulntltuknbli`cs.bruc.irf/pistfrnm bruc.irf/pistfrnmis4:>:/l`mcx.htak is4:>:/l`mcx.htak

| =: |


elkcs priecsli`nkcs nsiblnmis, pcri sl` u`n nsiblnblò` bknrn nk idgcti ]urlsai Bukturnk. Zrlan` kis cstumlis bun`tltntlvis y gcrnrqulznmis mi`mc kn cvnkunblò` mc kis cfrcsnmis cs bknvc. Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mck Zntrlai`li kis cèiqucs si` bknrnac`tc eu`bli`nkcs y c` csc sc`tlmi cxlstc` pnrnkcklsais pnrnkcklsais bi` ck pkn`tcnalc`ti mc ùcstri cstumli, nu`quc sl` kn npklbnblò` turástlbn. Cs pir cstns rnzi`cs pir kns quc c` ùcstri trndngi, mcsmc u` pu`ti mc vlstn n`nkátlbi, ck capkci cacrfc biai ckcac`ti bihcsli`nmir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi` ck el` mc pimcrki bnrnbtcrlznr nmcbunmnac`tc y bi`siklmnrki biai u` idgcti mc cstumli rnzi`ndkcac`tc nbitnmi.

=. ]c`mc`blns mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn Kn biapkcgn bi`bcptunklznblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc rcekcgn, lfunkac`tc, lfunk ac`tc, c` kis mntis bun`tltntlvis mc kis quc mlspi`cais sidrc cstn bntcfirán. Nsá, c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai cxtrn`gcri, mlspi`cais mc lèiranblò` sidrc kis turlstns cxtrn`gcris quc vlsltn` Cspnþn bi` u`n ‛aitlvnblò` bukturnk‑. Rcf÷` ck L`stltuti mc Cstumlis ]urástlbis, c` 4:>>, 35,6 alkki`cs mc turlstns cxtrn`gcris vlsltnri` Cspnþn, u` 6,5% aîs quc c` 4:>: 26. Rndcais quc mc cstis, <.= alkki`cs mc turlstns ìs vlsltnri` ntrnámis pir kn Bukturn, ki quc rcprcsc`tn u` >6% sidrc ck titnk mc kis turlstns rcbldlmis. Kn tnsn mc vnrlnblò` rcspcbti n 4:>: euc mck 45%, auy supcrlir nk nuac`ti c` ck `÷acri titnk mc turlstns quc, biai hcais vlsti euc mck 6,5%. Mc hcbhi, ck `÷acri mc vlngcris pir aitlvis bukturnkcs hn vc`lmi brcblc`mi c` kis ÷ktlais nþis, cxbcpti c` 4::<. Mck 4::3 nk 4:>> hn nuac`tnmi u` <:%, alc`trns quc ck titnk mc kis turlstns sòki hn brcblmi u` >,=%. Nmcaîs, biìbcais ck pcrelk mck turlstn acmli quc birrcspi`mc n u` hiadrc, pribcmc`tc mc Ern`bln, bi`

26

L`stltuti mc ]urlsai mc Cspnþn. ]urlsai Bukturnk mc ]urlstns cxtrn`gcris nþi 4:>> , ibtudrc 4:>4 (Ck nþi 4:>4 tcral`n bi` u` l`brcac`ti mck 4,6% c` ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs7 http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/ cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4: 4:>4.pme,, mnti rcblì` pudklbnmi). 4:>4.pme


| => |

cmnm biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nþis, quc vlngn sl` pnquctc turástlbi y quc vlsltn Bntnkuþn28. Rl` cadnrfi, cxlstc itrn vnrlndkc auy rckcvn`tc quc cs kn quc hnbc rcecrc`bln n kn rcnklznblò` mc nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, 4<,3 alkki`cs mc turlstns rcnklznri` c` 4:>> nkf÷` tlpi mc nbtlvlmnm bukturnk, bukturnk, cs mcblr u` 34% mc kis turlstns y u` 5>,6% mck titnk mc kis turlstns quc vlngnri` pir ibli, rcbrci y vnbnbli`cs. Zir nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs sc c`tlc`mc vlsltns n auscis, pucdkis, aiùac`tis, ecstlvnkcs mc a÷slbn, òpcrn, tcntri y itrns nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` cstc bnsi, ck l`brcac`ti, c` ck pcrlimi 4::3-4:>> cs cqulvnkc`tc nk l`brcac`ti mck `÷acri mc turlstns. Rc hn mcel`lmi u` pcrelk tnadlì` pnrn cstis vlngcris. Birrcspi`mc n u`n augcr, drltî`lbn, quc vlc`c c` nvlò`, bi` cmnm biaprc`mlmn c`trc kis 43 y == nþis, y csbifc Bntnkuþn biai mcstlì. Nu`quc sc mlspi`c mc aîs mntis sidrc acmli mc trn`spirtc hndltunk y irfn`lznblò` mck vlngc, ck mnti aîs rckcvn`tc cs ck fnsti rcecrlmi n cstns mis vnrlndkcs. Znrn kis vlngcs pir aitlvnblò` bukturnk bi` trn`spirtc l`bkulmi, ck fnsti titnk euc mc 8.3:: alkki`cs c` ck 4:>>, cs mcblr u` >5,>% mck fnsti titnk. C`trc ck 4::3-4:>> ck l`brcac`ti c` fnsti c` vlngcs bukturnkcs hn slmi mck >=3% erc`tc n u` nuac`ti mck <:% c` ck `÷acri mc turlstns pir aitlvnblò` bukturnk. Rl` cadnrfi, ck fnsti acmli c` vlngcs pir aitlvi bukturnk c` ck nþi 4:>> nsbc`mlò n <:8 curis, alc`trns quc ck mc vlngcs pir itris aitlvis euc mc <2< curis. C` ck bnsi kis turlstns vlngn`mi c` vlngcs ì irfn`lznmis bi` ck prcbli ì l`bkulmi, sc hn mctcbtnmi u` nuac`ti mck ==,5% c` cstc tlpi mc vlngcs y u` fnsti acmli mlnrli mc >:> curis, u` 35,=% aîs nkti quc c` ck rcsti mc kis vlngcs. Rl` cadnrfi, c` cstis vlngcs kn cstn`bln acmln cs lècrlir 2<. Rl biapnrnais cstis mntis bi` kis birrcspi`mlc`t birrcspi`mlc`tcs cs n kis mc kis vlngcris quc rcnklznri` nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs, bukturnkcs, bi` ck trn`spirtc l`bkulmi, l`bkulmi, ck fnsti euc mc 2:.3:: alkki`cs mc curis, ki quc rcprcsc`tn u` 36,8% mck fnsti titnk c` vlngcs y u` 5<,6% mck fnsti c` vlngcs mc ibli, rcbrci y vnbnbli`cs. Rl` cadnrfi, hny u` mcsbc`si c` ck fnsti acmli bi` rcspcbti n 4:>:, lfunk quc iburrc bi` kis vlngcs c` kis quc ck trn`spirtc ì cstî l`bkulmi. Kn cstn`bln acmln cs mc >: máns y bi` u` fnsti acmli mc =88 curis. Nk anrfc` mc kn lèiranblò` cspcbáelbn sidrc ck fnsti turástlbi y vlngcris, mc cstn prcsc`tnblò` mc mntis sc mcrlvn u`n bknrn mlecrc`blnblò` c`trc mis tlpis mc turlstns7

28

Ern`bln, Nkcan`ln y Tusln si` kis pnáscs calsircs quc aîs hn` brcblmi fkidnkac`tc c` ]urlsai cxtrn`gcri y Bntnkuþn ck mcstlì quc aîs hn brcblmi7 http7//www.lct.tiurs http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-CR/cs pnl`.cs/cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/ tnmlstlbns/ eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:m eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn% 4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4:mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblca c%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:4:>4.pme drc%4:4:>4.pme 2<

L`stltuti mc ]urlsai mc Cspnþn, ]urlsai Bukturnk , 4:>>


| =4 |

kis turlstns bukturnkcs bun`mi kn bukturn cs su aitlvnblò` dîslbn y kis turlstns quc ibnsli`nkac`tc ibnsli`nkac `tc pucmc` bi`sualr bukturn. Cstis mis tlpis mc turlstns, bi` mlecrc`blns bunkltntlvns, nmcaîs mc bun`tltntlvns, pucmc` scr kn dnsc mc mlecrc`tcs cstrntcflns turástlbns c` kis mcstlìs. Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kis mcstlìs turástlbis, mcstnbn` Anmrlm mi`mc u` 23,3% mc kis turlstns vl`lcri` pir aitlvis bukturnkcs, mcspuìs Bntnkuþn bi` u` 22,4%, N`mnkubán u` >5,=% y kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n bi` u` >>,2%, c` 4:>>. Kis mntis pudklbnmis mck 4:>4 bièlran` kn eirtnkczn mc Bntnkuþn pcri tcstlai`ln` u` mcsbc`si mc Anmrlm y N`mnkubán =:. C` bun`ti nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc pcrelkn` kns alsans biau`lmnmcs nutòìans, nu`quc sc l`birpirn Bnstlkkn y Kcò`. Bntnkuþn, N`mnkubán, N`mnkubán, Bnstlkkn y Kcò` y Anmrlm qucmn` pislbli`nmns biai kns prl`blpnkcs rcbcptirns mc vlngcs pir aitlvis bukturnkcs mc kis rcslmc`tcs c` Cspnþn (LC], Enalkltur, 4:>: y 4:>>). Cs tn`ti aîs rckcvn`tc bun`ti ck titnk mc vlngcs mcsblc`mc c` Anmrlm y Bnstlkkn y Kcò` c` csis nþis, alc`trns quc kis aitlvis bukturnkcs sc an`tlc`c`. C` ki quc rcspcbtn nk ]urlsai `nbli`nk, sc an`tlc`c kn alsan mlecrc`blnblò` c`trc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs y vlngcs mi`mc sc rcnklzn` nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs. C` 4:>>, ck `÷acri mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs brcblò mc 8.>28.225 c` 4:>: n 8.35:.448. (vcr tndkn >).

]NDKN >

Ulngcs mc rcslmc`tcs c` Cspnþn ]itnk mc vlngcs pir ibli, rcbrci i vnbnbli`cs

]itnk mc vlngcs pir aitlvnbli`cs bukturnkcs

4:>:

4:>>

4:>:

4:>>

N`mnkubán

>2.255.6>>

>=.28:.3=<

>.323.822

>.563.:>4

Bnstlkkn y Kcò`

<.=:<.2:6

8.:42.5>3

68>.::8

83:.22=

Bntnkuþn

>2.<>2.:62

>=.3:6.446

85>.52:

>.::>.>><

2.=55.>68

2.246.3=5

658.3:<

6<2.836

8:.>=:.235

6<.8=<.2::

8.>28.225

8.35:.448

Anmrlm ]itnk Cspnþn Euc`tc7 Enalkltur. LC].

=:

http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/eri`tur/ac`sunkcs/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4: http7//www.lct.tiurspnl`.cs/cs-CR/cstnmlstlbns/eri`tur/ac`sunkc s/@itn%4:mc%4:biyu`turn%4: mc%4:Eri`tur.%4:Mlblcadrc%4:4:>4.pme


| =2 |

Kis mntis mc ]urlsai Bukturnk si` rcl`tcrprctnmis rcl`tcrprctnmis trn`svcrsnkac`tc pir ck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc, quc hn brcnmi u`n bntcfirán kknanmi kknanmi ]urlsai Bukturnk y kis l`tcfrn c` su Dnsc mc mntis mc BukturnDnsc. C` ckkn hny mlspi`ldkcs mntis sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn siblimcaifrîelbn mc kis vlngcris, y mntis scbu`mnrlis rcecrlmis nk `÷acri mc vlngcs y nk fnsti nsiblnmi, mcklaltnbli`cs c`trc ]urlsai `nbli`nk c l`tcr`nbli`nk, sidrc kis nkignalc`tis y kns eirans mck vlngc =>. BukturnDnsc pi`c mc an`lelcsti quc c` mlblcadrc mc 4:>>, kis vlngcs bukturnkcs rcprcsc`tnri` u`n pnrtc rckcvn`tc mck titnk mc vlngcs7 N`mnkubán (>6,4%), Bntnkuþn (>4,6%), Bnstlkkn y Kcò` (<,>%) y kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm (8,6%). C` pirbc`tngc mc fnsti, c` rcknblò` bi` ck fnsti titnk c` vlngcs, kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm sc slt÷n c` prlacr kufnr bi` u` >4,8%, erc`tc n u`n acmln c`trc ck < y ck >:% mc kns itrns 2 biau`lmnmcs (BukturnDnsc). Mc cstis mntis sc mcmubc kn biapkcglmnm mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` su bun`tlelbnblò` biai bi`scbuc`bln mc su mcklaltnbl mcklaltnblò`, ò`, cspcblnkac`tc c` kn aitlvnblò` mc kis vlsltn`tcs, hcbhi quc sc hn rcsuckti bi` kn brcnblò` mc mis bntcfiráns, kn aitlvnblò` bukturnk bukturnk y kn prîbtlbn mc nbtlvlmnmcs. Nsá pucs, sc tcstlai`ln` uìs mcstlìs bukturnkcs, nu`quc mlecrc`tcs scf÷` hndkcais mc ]urlsai l`tcr`nbli`nk i miaìstlbi y, pir itrn pnrtc, kn tc`mc`bln nk brcblalc`ti mc nquckkis mcstlìs mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai cxtrn`gcri. C` sc`tlmi bi`trnrli, sc mctcbtn u`n brlsls mc kis mcstlìs mcpc`mlc`tcs mck ]urlsai `nbli`nk, kis mc l`tcrlir, nu`quc hndkcais mc u` turlstn bukturnk, pir ki fc`crnk, fc`crnmir mc aîs fnsti. Nsá ck vlngcri quc vlngn l`mlvlmunkac`tc cs u` frn` ntrnbtlvi pnrn kis mcstlìs pir kn lapirtn`bln mck fnsti mlnrli, pcsc n kn murnblò` aîs birtn mc kns cstn`blns. C` bnadli, ck turlstn quc prîbtlbn nbtlvlmnmcs bukturnkcs, bukturnkcs, aîs nustcri c` tìralìs mc fnsti, pcran`cbc aîs tlcapi y cs aubhi aîs ùacrisi. ]n`ti u`n mc kns eirans mc ]urlsai Bukturnk biai kn itrn pucmc` vcrtcdrnr ùcstri trndngi c` bun`ti n kn rckcvn`bln cbi`òalbn mc cstn eiran mc ]urlsai y su rc`tndlklmnm, pcri mcel`c` mlstl`tns nbtunbli`cs.

=>

http7//www.abu.cs/bukturndnsc/pme/ac http7//www.abu.cs /bukturndnsc/pme/actimikifln]6Z6.p timikifln]6Z6.pme me

=

KN ITFN@LWNBLÒ@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

| =5 |

Bnpátuki = KN ITFN@LWNBLÒ@ MCK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn mnmi kufnr n u`n auy knrfn trnmlblò` trnmlbl ò` tcòrlbn, tn`ti pir su mcel`lmce l`lblò` biai pir su bi`bcpti, n`îklsls y cèiqucs. Rl` cadnrfi, sc trntn mc u` bi`bcpti auy piklìmrlbi, l`bkusi pnrn kis cxpcrtis quc pnrtlblpnri` c` kis frupis mc mlsbuslò` y c` kns c`trcvlstns, timis ckkis priecsli`nkcs mc cstc scbtir. Rc hn biapridnmi quc ì cxlstc u`n u`n`lalmnm mc brltcrlis n kn hirn mc mctcral`nr ck slf`lelbnmi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk slì quc su mcel`lblò` sc pimán ndirmnr mcsmc mlecrc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns. pcrspcbtlvns. Rc npirtnri` mlvcrsns mcel`lbli`cs. Znrn nkfuìs cxpcrtis ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pkn`tcndn biai u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk ‛Rik y Zknyn‑, cs mcblr, rcbirmn`mi su udlbnblò` mc`tri mc kis aivlalc`tis turástlbis nktcr`ntlvis, pnrn rîplmnac`tc l`trimublr y nsiblnr kn pnkndrn Bukturn, quc cstnrî auy klfnmn nk au`mi mc kns nrtcs y tnadlì` n kn lmcn fkidnk mc bukturn y mlserutc7 ‛Cs nquckki quc tlc`c u` antlz nrtástlbi, auslbnk rcknbli`nmi bi` nrtcs, bi` blc`blns, bi`… csi cs ck ]urlsai Bukturnk u`n nktcr`ntlvn nk Rik y Zknyn i n kn ai`tnþn‑

(Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs) ‛]urlsai buyi idgctlvi eu`mnac`tnk cs vcr i mlserutnr mc kn Bukturn, kn Bukturn c`tc`mlmn c` u` sc`tlmi auy napkli mcsmc vlsltns n pnrngcs i c`tirìs hlstòrlbis i qulì` vn n u` ecstlvnk mc tcntri, u` bl`c… vlsltns fnstri`òalbns… timi cs Bukturn‑ (Nmal-

`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) C` csc sc`tlmi, kis pnrtlblpn`tcs hn` rcburrlmi ercbuc`tcac`tc n cùacrnr kis ntrnbtlvis quc bièiran` kn dnsc mc kn iecrtn mc cstc scfac`ti turástlbi pnrn mcel`lr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nsá hndkndn` mc bukturn c` ck sc`tlmi napkli, primubblò` nrtástlbn, l`mustrlns bukturnkcs, bukturnkcs, pnrngcs hlstòrlbis, pntrlai`li, tcntri, pcri tnadlì` hnbán` rcecrc`blns nk pntrlai`li y, ndnrbndn`, ì sòki cspcbtîbukis y cxpcrlc`blns slì timns kns tlpikifáns mc pntrlai`li, tn`ti antcrlnk i làntcrlnk, biai bukturnk y `nturnk, pucsti quc irfn`lsais l`tcr`nbli`nkcs l`tcr`nbli`nkcs biai kn S@CRBI l`bkuyc` c` su klstnmi Rltlis @nturnkcs. Kis pnrtlblpn`tcs l`slstc` mc eiran rcltcrntlvn c` nquckkis ntrnbtlvis y dlc`cs pntrlai`lnkcs alìrltnrlis u ikvlmnmis7 ‛Bi`slmcrnr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk ì sòki biai pntrlai`li tn`fldkc slì tnadlì` l`tn`fldkc y csn mcel`lblò` ì hn bnámi c` kn ac`tc mc timis kis pkn`lelbnmircs‑

(Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrn blò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai) ‛]imi ck pntrlai`li scf÷` kn S@CRBI mc`tri mc kn klstn mc pntrlai`lis au`mlnkcs c`trn, timi, tn`ti bukturnk biai `nturnk, biai kis Znrqucs `nturnkcs‑ (Nmal`lstrn-

blò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Bukturn)


| =6 |

Zcri gu`ti bi` cstis ntrnbtlvis, kn pidknblò` rcslmc`tc tnadlì` cs bi`slmcrnmn pnrtc mc kn iecrtn mc kn blumnm. Mc hcbhi, cs u` plknr eu`mnac`tnk mck mcstlì n kn hirn mc aistrnr u`n lanfc` nandkc y pirquc sus bistuadrcs sc bi`vlcrtc`, n su vcz, c` u` ntrnbtlvi aîs. Kis dc`celblis mck ]urlsai tlc`c` quc lr hnbln kn pidknblò` kibnk y hnbln kns bistuadrcs, nutì`tlbns an`lecstnbli`cs siblnkcs quc sc bi`vlcrtc` n su vcz c` ckcac`tis pntrlai`lnkcs. C` cstc sc`tlmi, sc lmc`tlelbn ìstc biai u` ]urlsai aîs rcspctuisi y acìs l`vnslvi bi` kis rcslmc`tcs quc ck mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑, bltnmi ùcvnac`tc c` bi`trnpislblò` nk ]urlsai Bukturnk. Lfunkac`tc, Lfunkac`tc, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc pislbli`n erc`tc nk ‛Rik y Zknyn‑, c` cstc aiac`ti, pir su bnklmnm y su sistc`ldlklmnm pnrn ck mcstlì7 ‛cxpcrlc`bln mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biaprc`mc timis kis nspcbtis mc kn blumnm, kn nbtltum mc kis rcslmc`tcs, cstnmi mc kns lèrncstrubturns‑ (Caprcsn Rcrvlblis ]urástlbis) ‛hnbc biapntldkc ck ]urlsai anslvi bi` kn pritcbblò` mck pntrlai`li y quc kis dc`celblis rcvlcrtn` c` kn pripln biau`lmnm‑ (Irfn`lsai L`tcr`nbli`nk, Bukturn)

C` mcel`ltlvn, sc mcel`c ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` aimcki turástlbi mlecrc`tc, aîs u`lmi nk bi`bcpti mc sistc`ldlkl sistc`ldlklmnm mnm c` bi`trnpislblò` bi` ck ]urlsai mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑, lmc`tlelbnmi bi` ck ]urlsai mc ansns. @i idstn`tc, kn sistc`ldlklmnm pucmc lr u`lmn tnadlì` n kn rc`tndlklmnm c` kis primubtis bukturnkcs. Nsá, sl dlc` kis cxpcrtis hn` nkumlmi nk ]urlsai biai mlserutc mc kn bukturn, biai u`n cxpcrlc`bln, pnrtc mc ckkis ì ikvlmn` su vcrtlc`tc aîs klfnmn n kn cbiìaán y n kn siblcmnm mc bi`suai, birrlc`tc quc bi`slmcrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai u` scbtir cbi`òalbi bnpnz mc fc`crnr rlquczn7 ‛rcknbli`nmi bi` timi nquckki quc si` kufnrcs n kis quc sc nbumc bi` u` idgctlvi prlirltn prli rltnrli rli mc bi`s bi`sualr ualr Buktu Bukturn rn i nu`quc nu`quc ì scn scn su su idgctl idgctlvi vi prlir prlirltnr ltnrli li sc sc bi`su bi`suac ac Bukturn‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc ]urlsai) ‛ì hny quc ikvlmnr quc ck ]urlsai cs u` scbtir cbi`òalbi kucfi kns aitlvnbli`cs

(Fuán turástlbi) pucmc` pucm c` scr scr a÷ktl a÷ktlpkcs pkcs‑ ‑ (Fuán

Nsá pucs, trns ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, kis cxpcrtis pnrtlblpn`tcs mcstnbn` kis slfulc`tcs tìralìs y bi`bcptis bknvc7 timn eiran mc Bukturn, rlquczn y vnrlcmnm mc ntrnbtlvis bukturnkcs, pidknblò` kibnk, sistc`ldlklmnm, bi`suai mc Bukturn, cxpcrlc`bln mc kn Bukturn.

| =8 |


Kn ipl`lò` mc kis cxpcrtis cs bnsl u`î`lac rcspcbti n kn cvikublò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` su frn` anyirán ipl`n` quc, c` kis ÷ktlais nþis, su mcsnrrikki hn slmi auy pisltlvi, sidrc timi mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn cbi`òalbi, bun`mi kn mcan`mn nuac`tò, bnadli quc slt÷n` c` ck irlfc` mc su mcsnrrikki. Kn pucstn c` vnkir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn tc`lmi u` lapirtn`tc mcsnrrikki c` kis ÷ktlais >3 nþis y nbtunkac`tc cs u` primubti bnri, cspcblnkac`tc ck ]urlsai rcknbli`nmi bi` ck nrtc. ]nadlì` sc mcstnbn ck bnadli c` ck `lvck mc prcpnrnblò` mc kis turlstns y kn bi`slfulc`tc nmnptnblò` pir pnrtc mc kis priecsli`nkcs. Tcspcbti n kn biyu`turn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` kn nbtunklmnm, hn hndlmi acìs u`n`lalmnm, nprcblî`misc mlecrc`tcs pu`tis mc vlstn scf÷` sc privc`fn mck scbtir mc kn bukturn i mck scbtir mck ]urlsai. C` cstc sc`tlmi, hny quc mcstnbnr quc nquckkis cxpcrtis pcrtc`cblc`tcs pcrtc`cblc`tcs nk scbtir mc kn bukturn (auscis) hn` l`slstlmi c` kn brcblc`tc prcmlkcbblò` quc cxlstc c` kis auscis mc tltuknrlmnm cstntnk pir ck ]urlsai y kis vlsltn`tcs. Rcþnkn` quc sc bnrcbc mc cstumlis cspcbáelbis sidrc ckki pcri hn` aistrnmi aubhi l`tcrìs c` su rcnklznblò`, tn`ti sidrc ck ]urlsai y kis auscis, biai sidrc ck lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` kis auscis7 ‛sc hn lmc`tlelbnmi lmc`tlelb nmi quc hny turlstns (…) aîs i acìs sc cstlan cst lan quc hny u` 2: i =:% mc turlstns cxtrn`gcris quc vn` n auscis (…) c` ck ausci mc Aìrlmn i mc Nktnalrn cstc pirbc`tngc nuac`tn ìtndkcac`tc‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛C` ùcstris auscis ì hny mntis cspcbáelbis sidrc ck lapnbti mck ]urlsai c` ck capkci‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

Cstn nelranblò` bil`blmc bi` kn rcekcxlò` hcbhn mcsmc kn nmal`lstrnblò` turástlbn turástlbn qulc` mcstnbn quc sc hn cxpcrlac`tnmi u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm c` bun`ti nk bi`bcpti mck ]urlsai pir pnrtc mck scbtir mc kn bukturn. \n ì sc rcknbli`n tn`ti nk ]urlsai bi` u`n nac`nzn slì biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc mcsnrrikknr ck scbtir bukturnk7

‛hny biai u` bnadli mc ac`tnklmnm mc Bukturn hnbán ki turástlbi pirquc rcnkac`tc sc bi`slmcrndn ck ]urlsai biai mcprcmnmir‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)


| =< |

C` ck anrbi mc cstc bi`tcxti mcel`lmi pir kis cxpcrtis pnrtlblpn`tcs c` kis frupis mc mlsbuslò` y c` kns c`trcvlstns, kkcvnais n bndi ùcstri cstumli. Rc hlzi csc`blnk pnrn ck biìblalc`ti mc kn irfn`lznblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biapkctnr kns lèiranbli`cs mc kis lèiran`tcs bi` nquckkns idtc`lmns mc kn c`bucstn n auscis, c`tc`mlmis cstis biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis bukturnkcs. Bi`stltuyc ìstc pir su bi`bcptunklznblò` aîs rcblc`tc ck aîs rckcvn`tc ntrnbtlvi turástlbi pir kn lapirtn`bln mc kn mleuslò` y nsá ki rcbifc` kns mlecrc`tcs kcflsknbli`cs, ck LBIA, y kns pikátlbns quc sc cstî` slfulc`mi mc bnrîbtcr nuti`òalbi y quc pi`c` mc rcklcvc su vnkir c` antcrln mc cmubnblò`, mc bukturn y mc siblcmnm.

>. Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk Kis auscis y bikcbbli`cs auscifrîelbns vn` n npirtnr ck biìblalc`ti mc kn irfn`lznblò` mc cstc tlpi mc ntrnbtlvi bukturnk turástlbi, su tlpikifán c` rcknblò` bi` su mlstrldublò` fcifrîelbn pir biau`lmnmcs nutòìans y pir mcstlìs turástlbis, y kn scfac`tnblò` scfac`tnbl ò` pir vlsltn`tcs rckcvn`tcs rckcvn`tcs pir su slf`lelbnmi turástlbi. Zir itrn pnrtc, tnadlì` mctcral`nrcais kis pnrîactris mc fcstlò` turástlbn mc cstis ntrnbtlvis, tn`ti l`tcrìs biai cxtcrìs, kis mcpnrtnac`tis i su vl`buknblò` bi` kns mcbknrnbli`cs mc Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm pir kn S@CRBI. Mc cstc biìblalc`ti l`tcrì sc hn` lmc`tlelbnmi timns kns rcmcs, nbbli`cs y pislbli`nalc`ti quc bièlfurn` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai bntcfirán mc n`îklsls nsá biai kns cstrntcflns mc acgirn.

]NDKN 4

]lpikifán mc auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc ]lpikifán mc ausci

Nrqucikòflbi

%

42,2

Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci

8,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns

4,8

Dckkns Nrtcs

<,=

Bnsn-ausci

5,6

Blc`blns y ]cbìkifán

2,2

Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk

4,4

Cspcblnklznmi

>:,:

Ctìfrneán y N`tripikifán

>4,4

Fc`crnk

3 ,5

Hlstirln

8,<

Itris

6,4

Euc`tc7 C`bucstn C`bucstn CIL. ‛Zntrlai`l ‛Zntrlai`li, i, Auscis y Capkcndlkl Capkcndlklmnm, mnm, 4:>4‑.

| 3: |


C` prlacr kufnr, hcais bnrnbtcrlznmi kn aucstrn mc auscis c`bucstnmn pir su tlpikifán (tndkn 4). Znrn mcel`lr mlbhn tlpikifán sc hn utlklznmi kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc kis Auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrîelbns mc Cspnþn, quc sc nbtunklzn bnmn mis nþis pir ck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc. Kis auscis quc aîs prcsc`bln tlc`c` si` kis auscis Nrqucikòflbis, bi` u` 42%, scfulmis mc kis auscis Ctìfrîelbis y N`tripikòflbis (>4%), kis Cspcblnklznmis (>:%), kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs y kis mc Hlstirln (<%), y kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci (8%). Ck rcsti mc kis auscis sc mlstrlduyc c` timns kns mcaîs bntcfiráns nu`quc cs mc cspcblnk rckcvn`bln mcstnbnr mcstnbnr kns Bnsn-auscis bi` u` 5,6%. S` tlpi alìrltnrli ki hn` bi`stltulmi kis auscis mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns (4,8%), Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán (2,2) y kis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs (4,4%) =4. C` kn tndkn 2 sc cxpi`c kn mlstrldublò` fcifrîelbn mc kns rcspucstns idtc`lmns. Kn anyir pnrtc mc kns rcspucstns sc bi`bc`trn` c` N`mnkubán (>4%), Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n (>4%), Bntnkuþn (>:%) y Bnstlkkn y Kcò` (>:%). Bndc mcstnbnr kn nktn pnrtlblpnblò` mc kis auscis fnkkcfis quc rcprcsc`tn` bnsl ck >>% mc kn aucstrn idtc`lmn. Anmrlm, bi` u` 6% rcspcbti nk titnk mc rcspucstns, sc c`buc`trn c`buc`tr n c` u` scxti kufnr. Kns = biau`lmnmcs nutòìans aîs vl`buknmns bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, Bntnkuþn, B ntnkuþn, N`mnkubán, Bnstlkkn y Kcò` y Anmrlm, sc c`buc`trn` c`trc kns 5 biau`lmnmcs bi` aîs prcsc`bln c` ck bi`gu`ti mc rcspucstns idtc`lmns. Cstn mlstrldublò` mc rcspucstns bil`blmc, c` fc`crnk, bi` kn prcsc`bln mc u` anyir `÷acri mc auscis c` nkfu`ns Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans. Nutòìans. Nsá kn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln nbuaukn aîs mc u` >2% mc kis auscis `nbli`nkcs, N`mnkubán u` >4%, Bnstlkkn y Kcò` bnsl u` >2%, Anmrlm u` 8% y Bntnkuþn aîs mc u` 6%.

=4

Cstn mlstrldublò` pirbc`tunk mc rcspucstns ì rcprimubc cxnbtnac`tc ck u`lvcrsi mc auscis cxlstc`tc c` Cspnþn c` tìralìs mc su tlpikifán. Mc hcbhi, c` ùcstri, pnás kis auscis nrqucikòflbis rcprcsc`tn` u` >4% mck titnk? kis Ctìfrîelbis y N`tripikòflbis u` >6%? kis Cspcblnklznmis u` >:%, kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs u` >3%? kis auscis mc Hlstirln u` 6% y kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci u` <% ( http7//www. abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/nxl). abu.cs/bukturndnsc/bfl/nxl ). Kns rcspucstns idtc`lmns trns nmal`lstrnr ck bucstli`nrli n kn aucstrn sckcbbli`nmn, n pcsnr mc cstnr ìstn nelgnmn pripirbli`nkac`tc pir îadlti fcifrîelbi y tlpikifán mc ausci, prcsc`tn` u`n sidrcscprcsc`tnblò` sidrcscprcsc`tnblò` mc kis auscis Nrqucikòflbis, mc Hlstirln y mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. Kn eòraukn mck bucstli`nrli nutinmal`lstrnmi tckcaîtlbnac`tc prcsc`tn biai rlcsfi kn dngn tnsn mc rcspucstn, y nu`quc c` ùcstri cstumli sc hn` bi`scfulmi nbuauknr >8: bucstli`nrlis buapklac`tnmis birrcbtnac`tc, birrcbtnac`tc, mctcral`nmis auscis l`vltnmis eirankac`tc n pnrtlblpnr c` ck cstumli, el`nkac`tc ì ki hn` hcbhi. Kn sidrcrcprcsc`tnblò` el`nk mc mctcral`nmns tlpikifáns mc auscis sc mcrlvn mc u` anyir l`tcrìs mc kis alsais pir pnrtlblpnr c` u` cstumli sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk, yn scn pirquc sc bi`slmcrn quc ck ausci pnrtlblpn`tc yn cstî pislbli`nmi biai u` ntrnbtlvi i pirquc sc pcrbldc biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mc acgirn cstrntìflbn.


| 3> |

Mlecrc`tc cs ck bnsi mc Fnklbln quc, bi` npc`ns ck 3% mc kis auscis, hn fc`crnmi aîs mck >:% mc kns rcspucstns, aistrn`mi u` frn` l`tcrìs y ml`nalsai hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Bnstlkkn Kn An`bhn prcsc`tn kn sltunblò` bi`trnrln, auy pibis bucstli`nrlis buapklac`tnmis c` rcknblò` bi` ck `÷acri mc auscis bi` kis quc buc`tn. C` ck alsai sc`tlmi, @nvnrrn, Aurbln, Nsturlns y Nrnfò` nbuaukn`, rcspcbtlvnac`tc, ck = y ck 5% mck titnk mc rcspucstns supcrn`mi ck pcsi rckntlvi quc sus auscis rcprcsc`tn` c` rcknblò` nk rcsti mc Cspnþn.

]NDKN 2

Mlstrldublò` fcifrîelbn mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc Biau`lmnm Nutòìan

%

N`mnkubán

>>,6

Nrnfò`

3 ,5

Nsturlns

=,=

Dnkcnrcs

4,4

Bn`nrlns

4,4

Bn`tndrln

>, 6

Bnstlkkn y Kcò`

<,=

Bnstlkkn Kn An`bhn

3 ,5

Bntnkuþn

>:,:

Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n

>>,6

Cxtrcanmurn Fnklbln

2,2 >:,5

Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm

6,4

Aurbln

5,6

@nvnrrn

,5

Znás Unsbi

3 ,:

Kn Tlign

>,6

Acklkkn

,5


Itri mc kis brltcrlis aîs rckcvn`tcs n kn hirn mc cvnkunr kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi tlc`c quc vcr bi` ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs. Nsá, ck frîelbi 3 sc rcelcrc prcblsnac`tc nk `÷acri mc kis vlsltn`tcs quc nùnkac`tc rcbldc` kis auscis. Hcais bntcfirlznmi ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs c` trcs scfac`tis quc birrcspi`mc` n trcs


| 34 |

bntcfiráns dlc` mlecrc`blnmns7 kis auscis quc rcbldc` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs? kis auscis quc rcbldc` c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.:::, y nquckkis frn`mcs auscis n kis quc nbumc` aîs mc 3::.::: bnmn nþi. Kis mntis rcbiflmis rcspcbti nk `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs l`mlbn` quc aîs mc mis tcrblis mc kis auscis cstumlnmis (5<%) nbuaukn` nùnkac`tc u` `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs lècrlir n 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs, ck 4<% rcbldc c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, y auy pibis auscis (2%) nelran` tc`cr aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs.

FTÎELBI 3

@÷acri vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc 4,8% ;3:.::: (58,3%) 3:.:::-3::.::: (48,6%) 03::.::: (4,8%) 48,6%

58,3%

Euc`tc7 C`bucstn CIL. CIL. ‛Zntrlai`li, ‛Zntrlai`li, Auscis Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm, Capkcndlklmnm, 4:>4‑.

Cstis pirbc`tngcs mctcral`n` u`ns bntcfiráns mc auscis auy prcblsns quc sc vn` bièlfurn`mi y quc nquá capcznais n lmc`tlelbnr. C` rcknblò` n kns rcspucstns idtc`lmns, si` kis auscis pcqucþis kis quc aîs hn` pnrtlblpnmi c` cstn c`bucstn, sá`tian sá`tian mck cìrac l`tcrìs quc kis pnrtlblpn`tcs y cstc tlpi mc auscis tlc`c` pir ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Rl` cadnrfi, cxlstc u` scfac`ti tnadlì` `nmn mcsmcþndkc, quc rcprcsc`tn ck 2:% mck titnk mc kns rcspucstns nbuauknmns. Ri` kis auscis mc tnanþi acmli y quc, bun`tltntlvnac`tc, aivlklzn` u` frn` vikuac` mc vlsltn`tcs. Cstc scfac`ti turástlbnac`tc, ki vcrcais, cs auy slf`lelbntl slf`lelbntlvi. vi. C` bnadli, kis auscis auy frn`mcs, bi` aubhis vlsltn`tcs, tlc`c` tlc`c ` u`n prcsc`bln slf`lelbntlvnac`tc `lelbntlvna c`tc acìr c` ùcstri cstumli, c` bihcrc`bln bi` kn rcnklmnm mck u`lvcrsi mck quc hn` slmi sckcbbli`nmis pnrn eiranr pnrtc mc kn aucstrn. \ suckc` scr auscis

| 32 |


udlbnmis c` kns blumnmcs, rcknbli`nmis bi` eirans auy bi`brctns mc ]urlsai, biai ck ]urlsai Srdnì.

FTÎELBI 5

Zcrelk mc kis vlsltn`tcs, c` pirbc`tngc 3% Anyirltnrlnac`tc Anyirltnrlnac`t c rcslmc`tc (43,5%) 43,5%

Lfunk pripirblò` mc rcslmc`tcs y ì rcslmc`tcs (=,=%)

53%

Anyirltnrlnac`tc Anyirltnrlnac`t c ì rcslmc`tcs (53%) @s/@b (3%)

=,=%


Zir itrn pnrtc, ck pcrelk mc cstis vlsltn`tcs cstî mctnkknmi c` ck frîelbi 5. Hnbcais rcecrc`bln n timis kis vlsltn`tcs, mlecrc`bln`mi c`trc kis quc si` rcslmc`tcs mc kn kibnklmnm y kis quc ì, slc`mi cstis ÷ktlais kis quc pimcais lmc`tlelbnr biai anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`t c turlstns y/i cxbursli`lstns. Ck n`îklsls mc kis bucstli`nrlis buapklac`tnmis hn mnmi biai rcsuktnmi quc c` ck 53% mc kis auscis, kis vlsltn`tcs si` anyirltnrln anyirltnrlnac`tc ac`tc ì rcslmc`tcs, alc`trns quc bnsl c` ck 45% mc ckkis, kis rcslmc`tcs si` kis vlsltn`tcs anyirltnrlis.. C` cstc frîelbi sc mcel`c` kis pirbc`tngcs mc auscis mi`mc si` anyianyirltnrlis rán u`n u itrn tlpikifán mc vlsltn`tcs. C` ckkn sc rcekcgn tnadlì` quc c` u` pirbc`tngc pcqucþi mck =%, kis auscis rcbldc`, nprixlanmnac`tc c` lfunk pripirblò`, tn`tis rcslmc`tcs biai ‛ì rcslmc`tcs rcslmc`tcs‑. ‑. Kn tndkn = mctnkkn kn mlstrldublò` mc kis vlsltn`tcs, slfulc`mi kn tlpikifán capkcnmn c` kn tndkn 4 y quc sc birrcspi`mc bi` kn bknslelbnblò` mc kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc BukturnDnsc mck Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn, Mcpirtcs. Rc pucmc idscrvnr quc cxlstc u` frupi mc auscis eiranmis pir kis auscis mc Ctìfrneán y N`tripikifán? Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán, Bnsn-ausci, buyn anyirán (8:-<:%) rcbldc` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs. Rc trntn mc pcqucþis auscis kibnklznmis tn`ti c` îadltis rurnkcs (Ctìfrneán, Bnsn-ausci) biai urdnìs, kis auscis mc Blc`bln.


| 3= |

Itri frupi rckcvn`tc cstnrán bi`stltulmi pir nquckkis auscis biai kis auscis Nrqucikòflbis, mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, Cspcblnklznmis, mc Hlstirln, y Itris. Cstis auscis prcsc`tn` u`n bnrnbtcrlznblò` aîs hctcrifì`cn. Cxlstlrî` c` pcqucþns kibnklmnmcs, vlsltnmis pir acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs (c`trc ck 5: y ck 63% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis) pcri tnadlì` hndrî auscis mc tnanþi acmlnì acmln` i (c`trc 43-=:%) nk quc nbbcmcrî ck scfac`ti mc p÷dklbi biaprc`mlmi c`trc kis 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs.

]NDKN =

]lpikifán mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs ]lpi mc ausci

;3:.:::

3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

Nrqucikòflbi

53,<

2=,>

,:

Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci

5:,:

45,6

>2,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns

5:,:

=:,:

,:

Dckkns Nrtcs

=>,4

34,<

3 ,<

Bnsn-ausci

82,2

>5,6

,:


82,2

>5,6

,:


3:,:

3:,:

,:

Cspcblnklznmi

5>,>

22,2

3 ,5


<:,<

<,>

,:

Fc`crnk

6:,:

2:,:

,:

Hlstirln

63,:

43,:

,:

Itris

63,:

>5,6

8,2


Cspcblnkac`tc slf`lelbntlvi cs ki quc kn tndkn = mctnkkn rcecrc`tc n kis auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. Rl dlc` rc÷`c` kns bnrnbtcrástlbns mck frupi n`tcrlir ‒auscis pcqucþis y acmlnìs‒ tnadlì` c`bi`trnais ck scfac`ti mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, birrcspi`mlc`tc n kis frn`mcs auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci sltunmis c` kns frn`mcs blumnmcs. Zir ckki, sc mlstrlduyc` c`trc kis trcs scfac`tis y ndnrbn` timi ck ndn`lbi auscástlbi. S` bnsi mlecrc`tc cs ck mc kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs. Nrtc s. Ck scfac`ti mc ausci acmlnì, c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, cs ck quc hn mnmi kufnr n u` anyir `÷acri mc rcspucstns (aîs mc u` 34%), hnblc`mi mc cstn tlpikifán u`n bntcfirán auy cspcbá-

| 33 |


elbn, quc pimcais rcknbli`nr bi` ck c`trnanmi urdnì mc tnanþi acmli, y mc frn` lapirtn`bln pnrn ùcstri n`îklsls n`îklsls mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Cstc tlpi mc auscis, biai kis auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci, pucmc` biaprc`mcr timi ck cspcbtri mc auscis, mcsmc kis pcqucþis hnstn kis quc rcbldc` u` `÷acri nùnk mc vlsltn`tcs supcrlir supcrlir n kis 3::.:::. Mc hcbhi, sòki c`bi`trnais c` cstn tndkn = bi`tnmns bntcfiráns mc auscis quc hnyn` nbiflmi n aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs7 auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci, auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, ausci Cspcblnklznmi y Itris. Zir ÷ktlai, kis auscis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs c Hlstirln @nturnk ì si` auy ùacrisis pcri tnadlì` sc rcpnrtc` cqultntlvnac`tc c`trc kis auscis pcqucþis y kis acmlnìs.

]NDKN 3

Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc mc kis auscis mlstrldulmis pir su ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc

;3:.:::

3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

]itnk

Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc

5<,5 45,4

2:,= 46,3

,: ,:

>::,: 43,8

Lfunk pripirblò` mc rcslmc`tcs y ì rcslmc`tcs

83,6 =,<

,: ,:

>=,2 4:,:

>::,: 2,<

Anyirltnrlnac`tc ì rcslmc`tcs

58,> 5=,8

48,= 5=,6

2,= 8:,:

>::,: 53,4

@s/@b

33,5 =,>

==,= 6,8

,: ,:

>::,: 3,>

]itnk

58,3 >::,:

48,6 >::,:

4,8 >::,:

>::,: >::,:


C` bun`ti nk pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, kn tndkn 3 aucstrn quc ck pcrelk mc ì rcslmc`tc cs ck aîs bia÷` y ck quc tlc`c anyir prcsc`bln c` timis kis auscis, ausci s, nk anrfc` mc buîk scn su tnanþi. C` tirì nk 53% mc kis auscis mc acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs y mc c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tcs rcslmc`tcs‑. ‑. Csti birridirn ck mnti quc idtuvlais sidrc ck pcrelk mck ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑ n `lvck fkidnk c` kis auscis mc Cspnþn. ûcrcais mcstnbnr auy cspcblnkac`tc cspcblnkac `tc ck mnti quc sc nprcbln c` kn tndkn 3 rcecrc`tc n kis auscis mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs. Tcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, c` u` 8:% mc kis auscis, nu`quc c` u` 4:% rcbldc` c` lfunk pripirblò` n rcslmc`tcs


| 35 |

y n ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑. C` cstc bnsi, cstnránais hndkn`mi mc kis frn`mcs auscis y cstis, n `lvck mc vlsltn`tcs, si` pcrbldlmis biai u` ntrnbtlvi turástlbi.

]NDKN 5

]lpikifán mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, c` pirbc`tngc Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc

]lpi mc ausci

Lfunk pripirblò` Anyirltnrlnac`tc mc rcslmc`tcs y Anyirltnrlnac`tc rcslmc`tc ì rcslmc`tcs ì rcs rcsllmc` c`ttcs

@s/@b

]itnk

Nrqucikòflbi

>5,6 >3,4

6,> 26,3

62,8 45,3

4,= >>,>

>::,: 42,2

Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci

22,2 >:,<

5,6 >4,3

=5,6 5,:

>2,2 44,4

>::,: 8,2

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns

4:,: 4,4

4:,: >4,3

5:,: 4,5

,: ,:

>::,: 4,8

Dckkns Nrtcs

34,< ><,5

,: ,:

23,2 3,>

>>,8 44,4

>::,: <,=

Bnsn-ausci

8,2 4,4

,: ,:

<>,6 <,=

,: ,:

>::,: 5,6


55,6 8,6

,: ,:

22,2 >,6

,: ,:

>::,: 2,2


43,: 4,4

,: ,:

3:,: >,6

43,: >>,>

>::,: 4,4

Cspcblnklznmi

>5,6 5,3

3,5 >4,3

64,4 >>,>

3,5 >>,>

>::,: >:,:


44,6 >:,<

,: ,:

64,6 >2,6

=,3 >>,>

>::,: >4,4

Fc`crnk

3:,: >:,<

,: ,:

=:,: 2,=

>:,: >>,>

>::,: 3,5

Hlstirln

>8,8 5,3

>4,3 43,:

58,8 <,=

,: ,:

>::,: 8,<

Itris

>3 , = =,2

,: ,:

8=,5 <,=

,: ,:

>::,: 6,4

]itnk

43,5 >::,:

=,= >::,:

53,: >::,:

3,: >::,:

>::,: >::,:


Kn tndkn 5 mn u` pnsi aîs nk rcknbli`nr kis tlpis mc auscis bi` ck `÷acri vlsltn`tcs quc rcbldc` nùnkac`tc (rcslmc`tcs-‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑). Mcstnbn u` frupi mc auscis


| 36 |

quc, bi` u` pirbc`tngc supcrlir nk 6:%, rcbldc` anyirltnrlnac`tc ì rcslmc`tcs. Rc trntn mc kis auscis Nrqucikòflbis (62%), kns Bnsn auscis (<>%), kis Cspcblnklznmis (64%), kis auscis mc Ctìfrneán y N`tripikifán (64%) y Itris (8=%). Cstc frupi mc auscis npnrcbc bknrnac`tc irlc`tnmi nk turlstn y/i nk cxbursli`lstn. Rc trntn mc auscis mc ùcvn pkn`tn, bi`strulmis c` ecbhns rcblc`tcs rcblc `tcs pnrn ipcrnr biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis turástlbi s y pnrn mcsnrrikknr u` mcstlì. Zcri nmcaîs, cstc mnti tnadlì` hny quc pi`crki c` rcknblò` bi` kn tcaîtlbn alsan mc cstis auscis quc, sl` mumn, ntrnc n vlsltn`tcs eirî`cis. Csc cs ck bnsi mc kn nrqucikifán, kn bnsn-ausci, kn ctìfrneán y itrns cspcblnklznmis mc nadlc`tcs rurnkcs y tcaîtlbns kibnkcs. Kis auscis mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, nu` bun`mi ì npnrcbc` tn` anyirltnrlnac`tc vlsltnmis pir ì rcslmc`tcs, sc nprixlan` n cstc frupi c` tn`ti c` bun`ti prcmial`n` nquckkis vlsltnmis pir ì rcslmc`tcs, y kis auscis quc rcbldc` n rcslmc`tcs si` alìrltnrlis. Nlsknmis pnrcbc scr kn rcnklmnm mc kis auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. Ri` vlsltnmis aîs pir ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑ (=5%). Rl` cadnrfi, c` u` `÷acri nkti mc auscis, vcais quc kis rcslmc`tcs si` anyirán (22%) i cstî` cqulkldrnmis (5%). Zir timi ckki, si` mleáblkcs mc bntcfirlznr. Kis auscis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs pripirbli`n` pirbc`tngcs nkfi pnrcgis (‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑ y rcslmc`tcs) n kis auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci, nu`quc kn rcnklmnm turástlbn y auscástlbn prcsc`tn nkfu`ns nkfu`ns mlecrc`blns, biai kn nusc`bln mck scfac`ti mc ‛frn` ausci‑. Ck itri frupi quc vcais mctnkknmi c` kn tndkn 5 cs ck quc cstî bi`stltulmi pir kis auscis quc anyirltnrlnac`tc si` vlsltnmis pir rcslmc`tcs. Rc trntn mc kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, nbiflc`mi rcslmc`tcs anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc c` u` 34% mc kis auscis, i kis auscis mc Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán bi` u`n napkln anyirán mck 55%. Kn ÷ktlan bnrnbtcrástlbn quc hcais bi`slmcrnmi c` cstn pnrtc mck cstumli sc mcel`c n pnrtlr mc kn rcknblò` mc kis auscis bi` kis Kufnrcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mcbknrnmis pir kn S@CRBI =2. Mcsmc kis nþis 8:, kn bi`slmcrnblò` mc Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, nmcaîs mc u` enbtir mc pritcbblò` y rcbiìblalc`ti, sc hn bi`slmcrnmi biai u` l`mlbnmir mc prcstlfli pntrlai`lnk, mc lanfc` y mc fcstlò` turástlbn mc bnklmnm. C` csc sc`tlmi, hcais c`tc`mlmi quc mcdc bi`slmcrnrsc biai biapkcac`ti mc kis auscis c` tìralìs mc ntrnbblò` turástlbn y mc u`lò` c`trc ck scbtir mc kn Bukturn y ck ]urlsai.

=2

Cspnþn buc`tn bi` == Kufnrcs y Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis, n kis quc sc kcs nbndn mc nþnmlr c` mlblcadrc kn Mcbknrnblò` mc kis Zntlis mc Bòrmidn.


| 38 |

Kis mntis rcbiflmis c` ck frîelbi 6 l`mlbn` quc ck 44% mc kis auscis tlc`c` nkfu`n rcknblò` bi` kis Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm pir kn S@CRBI. Cstc pirbc`tngc pucmc pnrcbcr dngi, pcri kns priplns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kns Mcbknrnbli`cs, blumnmcs hlstòrlbns y bi`gu`tis aiùac`tnkcs pucmc` cxpklbnr kis rcsuktnmis.

FTÎELBI 6

Auscis bi` kn bi`mlblò` mc Dlc` Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, c` pirbc`tngc >,5% Rá (4>,6%)

4>,6%

@i (65,6%) @s/@b (>,5%)

65,6%


Znrn prcblsnr kns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kis auscis quc cstî` vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI, hcais n`nklznmi cstis mntis bi` ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs (tndkn 6). Mis Mi s mntis si` cspcblnkac`tc rckcvn`tcs. Zir u`n pnrtc, sc idscrvn quc c` ck bnsi mc kis auscis quc rcbldc` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs, ck >3,5% cstî vl`buknmi bi` u` Rltli mcbknrnmi pir kn S@CRBI.

]NDKN 6

Auscis vl`buknmis n Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mlstrldulmis pir ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Ausci vl`buknmi n u` Dlc` Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mcbknrnmi pir kn S@CRBI

Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs ;3:.:::

3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

Rá

>3,5

2>,=

5:,:

@:

8=,=

54,6

=:,:

,:

3 ,<

,:

@s/@b



| 3< |

Zir itrn pnrtc, pimcais vcr quc ck 2>,=% mc kis auscis quc rcbldc` c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltns cstî` rcknbli`nmis bi` kis Rltlis mcbknrnmis, rcknblò` tnadlì` cstndkcblmn bi` kis auscis mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, c` u` 5:%. Csti bièlran quc kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm y auscis pròxlais prò xlais cstî` c` kufnrcs bi` u`n blcrtn trnmlblò` turástlbn, napklnac`tc vlsltnmis. C` bnadli, kis auscis mc ùcvn brcnblò` ì tlc`c` rcknblò` bi` cstc tlpi mc Zntrlai`li. Rc brcn` y bi`struyc` biai ntrnbtlvis, mi`mc ì cxlstc itri ckcac`ti pntrlai`lnk, pnrn rceirznr su ntrnbtlvi. N ki knrfi mc cstn prlacrn pnrtc mck n`îklsls mc kn c`bucstn, sc hn mcel`lmi ck pcrelk mc kis auscis quc pnrtlblpnri` c` ck cstumli. Rc hn` bnrnbtcrlznmi n pnrtlr mc kns tlpikifáns y bntcfiráns quc yn vc`án` cstndkcblmn cstndkcblmnss c` kn Dnsc mc Mntis mc Bukturn Dnsc, ck pcrelk mc kis vlsltn`tcs (rcslmc`tcs-‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑) rcslmc`tcs‑) y kis scfac`tis mc vlsltn`tcs. Nsá, hcais mctcbtnmi trcs scfac`tis mc auscis c` eu`blò` mck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs quc rcbldc` nùnkac`tc. @is c`bi`trnais bi` kis auscis quc nbifc` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs, anyirltnrlnac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, udlbnmis c` biau`lmnmcs nutòìans bi` frn` rcprcsc`tnblò` mc auscis. Cstî` u`lmis nk tcrrltirli pir trnmlblò`, pucsti quc si` anyirltnrl anyirltnrlnac`tc nac`tc Nrqucikòflbis, Ctìfrîelbis-n`tripikòflbis Ctìfrîelbis-n`tripikòflbis y Bnsn-auscis. @i suckc` cstnr vl`buknmis bi` kis Dlc`cs mc kn S@CRBI y sc hn` brcnmi mc ùcvn pkn`tn, bi` idgctlvis ml`nalznmircs tcrrltirlnkcs. Ri` kis auscis quc aîs hn` pnrtlblpnm pnrtlblpnmi i c` ùcstri cstumli. Cxbcpbli`cs pucmc` scr kis auscis mc Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán, bi` pibis vlsltn`tcs, pcri rcslmc`tcs, quc sc suckc` udlbnr c` c`tirìs urdnìs, y buyn eu`blò` n prlirl ì ì cs tn` turástlbn. Ck scfu`mi scfac`ti cstî l`tcfrnmi pir auscis mc c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, tnadlì` bi` anyirán mc vlsltn`tcs ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, y quc birrcspi`mc` n auscis acmlnìs, mc aîs knrfn trnmlblò` auscástlbn. C` cstn bntcfirán, cxlstc` frn`mcs mlecrc`blns c` rcknblò` bi` kns tlpikifáns y cstî` aîs vl`buknmis bi` Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. Kis auscis mc tnanþi acmlnì acm lnì si` kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs quc rcbldc` n`tc timi vlsltn`tcs rcslmc`tcs. Cstc hcbhi sc pucmc cxpklbnr pir su kibnklznblò` urdn`n ‒hndltunkac`tc ‒hndltunkac `tc blumnmcs acmln`ns‒ y pir kn pripln hlstirln mck ausci, brcnmi c` su frn` anyirán bi` kn Mcsnairtlznblò` i bi` ck prl`blpli mc kis aivlalc`tis bikcbbli`lstns. Zir ki tn`ti, piscc` uìs frn`mcs ei`mis quc kis u`c` n kn lmc`tlmnm mck kufnr y mc kn privl`bln y n kn biau`lmnm kibnk. Kn blumnm sc lmc`tlelbn bi` su ausci y, nu`quc rcbldc vlsltn`tcs ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, cs tnadlì` u` kufnr mc rcecrc`bln pnrn kn blumnm. Kis frn`mcs auscis mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs sc rcpnrtc` c`trc vnrlns tlpikifáns y, auy anyirltnrlnac`tc, nelran` quc kn pidknblò` vlsltn`tc cs ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑. @i si` kis quc aîs hn` pnrtlblpnmi c` ck bucstli`nrli pcri nquckkis quc ki hn` hcbhi si` bi`sblc`tcs mck vnkir turástlbi mc su


| 5: |

ausci, mc quì mcan`mn fc`crn. Cstns mlecrc`blns l`lblnkcs sc vn` n bi`stltulr biai dîslbns n kn hirn mc mcsnrrikknr kis slfulc`tcs nspcbtis mck cstumli. @ucstri idgctlvi, n bi`tlùnblò`, cs n`nklznr ck pislbli`nalc`ti turástlbi mck ausci, n trnvìs mc su pripln pcrbcpblò`, pcri tnadlì` rcknbli`î`miki bi` kis l`mlbnmircs cxpucstis n`tcrlirac`tc. Rc prctc`mc cstumlnr kn rcknblò` mc cstc pislbli`nalc`ti bi` kn kibnklznblò` fcifrîelbn y tlpikifán mc kis auscis y su rcknblò` bi` kn Mcbknrnblò` Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. FTÎELBI 8

Zislbli`nalc`ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk 4,<% Rá (3>,>%) 3>,>%

@i (=5%) @s/@b (4,<%)

=5%


Ck frîelbi 8 rcsuac kns rcspucstns idtc`lmns n kn prcfu`tn rcecrlmn n sl kis auscis cstî` nmcbunmnac`tc nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmi biai Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk. Rc idscrvn quc u` 3>% mc kis auscis bi`tcstnri` nelrantlvnac`tc, nelrantlv nac`tc, c` ck sc`tlmi quc sc bi`slmcrndn` nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmis. Ck pislbli`nalc`ti mc kis auscis y kns biau`lmnmcs nutòìans qucmn rcekcgnmi c` kn tndkn 8. Rc trntn mc u` n`îklsls quc npirtn antlbcs y prcblsli`cs n cstis mntis fkidnkcs. Rc bi`stntn quc kis auscis quc sc bi`slmcrn` acgir pislbli`nmis turástlbnac`tc, c` u` pirbc`tngc pròxlai nk 5:%, si` kis mc Nsturlns, Dnkcnrcs, Cxtrcanmurn, Fnklbln, Aurbln y @nvnrrn, cs mcblr, dîslbnac`tc biau`lmnmcs biau`lmnmcs quc cstî` dusbn`mi eòraukns biapkcac`tnrlns biapkcac`t nrlns mc mcsnrrikki. Ròki Dnkcnrcs scrán kn cxbcpblò` pucsti quc cs u` mcstlì mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑ trnmlbli`nk. Nmcaîs, si` Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans quc ì nbuaukn` u`n iecrtn mc auscis mcanslnmi ckcvnmn ==.

==

Al`lstcrli mc Cmubnblò`, Bukturn y Mcpirtc. Mcpir tc. Cstnmástlbn mc auscis y Bikcbbli`cs Auscifrîelbns, 4:>:.

| 5> |


]NDKN 8

Zislbli`nalc`ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi pir Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans, c` pirbc`tngc Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk Biau`lmnm Nutòìan

N`mnkubán Nrnfò` Nsturlns Dnkcnrcs Bn`nrlns Bn`tndrln Bnstlkkn Kcò` Bnstlkkn Kn An`bhn Bntnkuþn Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n Cxtrcanmurn Fnklbln Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm Aurbln @nvnrrn Znás Unsbi Kn Tlign Acklkkn Bcutn ]itnk

Rá

@i

@s/@b

3 3 ,: >4,= 3:,: 3,5 54,3 3,5 55,6 4,4 3:,: 4,4 22,2 >,> 3:,: <,: 3:,: 3,5 3:,: >:,> 3:,: >>,4 5:,: 2,= 52,4 >2,3 22,2 =,3 38,2 6,< >::,: >,> 22,2 2,= 22,2 >,> ,: ,: ,: ,: 3>,> >::,:

=:,: >:,: 3:,: 5,2 26,3 2,8 22,2 >,2 3:,: 4,3 55,6 4,3 3:,: >:,: =:,: 3,: 3:,: >>,2 =3,: >>,2 =:,: 4,3 25,8 8,8 38,2 8,8 =>,6 5,2 ,: ,: 33,5 5,2 55,6 4,3 >::,: >,2 ,: ,: =5,: >::,:

3,: 4:,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: >:,: 4:,: ,: ,: 3,: 4:,: ,: ,: ,: ,: 8,2 4:,: ,: ,: ,: ,: >>,> 4:,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: ,: 4,< >::,:


]itnk

>::,: >>,3 >::,: 3,6 >::,: =,5 >::,: >,6 >::,: 4,2 >::,: >,6 >::,: <,4 >::,: 3,6 >::,: >:,2 >::,: >>,3 >::,: 4,< >::,: >:,< >::,: 5,< >::,: 5,< >::,: ,5 >::,: 3,4 >::,: >,6 >::,: ,5 ,: ,: >::,: >::,:

| 54 |


Zir itrn pnrtc, Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans quc hn` pnrtlblpnmi anyirltnrlnac`tc c` ck bucstli`nrli pcri quc, nmcaîs, cstî` pislbli`nmns nmcbunmnac`tc, nmcbunmnac`tc, scrán` Fnklbln y Aurbln, biau`lmnmcs quc hn` npistnmi mcsmc hnbc yn tlcapi pir ]urlsais biapkcac`tnrlis. Rc mcmubc mc kn tndkn 8, nmcaîs, quc cxlstc u` frupi l`tcracmli bi`stltulmi pir nquckkns Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans Nutòì ans mi`mc sòki ck 3:% mc sus auscis cstî nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmis. Rc trntn mc u` frupi ùacrisi, Nrnfò`, Bn`nrlns, Bntnkuþn, Bnstlkkn y Kcò`, bi` tlpikifáns mlecrc`tcs mc auscis. \ c`trc ckkis mcstnbn` Bntnkuþn y Bnstlkkn y Kcò` quc si` mis mc kis aîs rckcvn`tcs mcstlìs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk mc Cspnþn, pnrtlblpn`tcs pnrtlblpn` tcs nbtlvis c` kn rcspucstn n kn c`bucstn. Zir ÷ktlai, u` frupi mc nutiìaáns eiranmi pir Bn`tndrln, Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm, Znás Unsbi y Kn Tlign tcstlai`ln` u` pirbc`tngc dngi mc nmcbunblò` turástlbn c`trc sus auscis (c` tirì nk 22% timns). Rc pucmc l`tcrprctnr biai u`n biadl`nblò` mc enbtircs7 ck csbnsi mcsnrrikki mc kis auscis gu`ti bi` kn cxlstc`bln mc frn`mcs auscis, auy vlsltnmis, pcri ì pcrbldlmis biai ntrnbtlvis pir kis rcspi`sndkcs, i aîs dlc` pcrbldlmis c` u` pislbli`nalc`ti ‛ì nmcbunmi‑. C` kn slfulc`tc tndkn <, kis mntis sc rcelcrc` nk n`îklsls bi`gu`ti mc kn tlpikifán mc auscis y pislbli`nalc`ti. Rc idscrvn quc kn tlpikifán aîs bi`slmcrnmn ntrnbtlvi turástlbi birrcspi`mc birrcspi` mc n kis auscis mc Hlstirln, kns Bnsn-auscis y kis auscis mc Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns (c` tirì nk 5:%). C` ck cxtrcai ipucsti, kis auscis bi` acìs bi`slmcrnblò` mc ntrnbtlvi si` kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. Cstc mnti pimrán rcecrlrsc n nquckkis frn`mcs auscis udlbnmis c` kns frn`mcs blumnmcs, pcri tnadlì` n kn pripln cspcblnklmnm mck ausci, ck Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. Zir ÷ktlai, sc idscrvn u`n frn` ern`gn acmln. C`trc ck =6 y ck 34% mc timis cstis auscis sc c`buc`trn` pislbli`nmis pisltlvnac`tc. Ri` ck =6% mc kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, ck 3:% mc kis auscis Cspcblnklznmis, ck 3:% mc kis auscis mc Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán, ck 3>% mc kis auscis Nrqucikòflbis y ck 34% mc kis auscis Ctìfrîelbis y N`tripikòflbis. Cstc tlpi mc auscis pir su tlpikifán sc suckc rcknbli`nr i bi` mcstlìs rurnkcs i bi` mcstlìs urdnìs mc tnanþi acmlnì. Cs rckcvn`tc, sidrc timi, nprcblnr bòai ì sc trntn mc auscis dîslbnac`tc turástlbis, c` ck sc`tlmi mc quc rcbldc` c` nkfuìs bnsis n aîs pidknblò` rcslmc`tc rcslmc`tc quc ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑, biai kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs i kis auscis mc Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán pcri, sl` cadnrfi, tlc`c` u` pislbli`nalc`ti pisltlvi hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

| 52 |


]NDKN <

Zislbli`nalc`ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi pir tlpi mc ausci, c` pirbc`tngc Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk ]lpi mc ausci

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

Nrqucikòflbi

3>,2 44,3

=8,6 42,8

,: ,:

>::,: 44,=

Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci

22,2 3,5

5:,: >>,2

5,6 4:,:

>::,: 8,5

Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns

5:,: 2,=

=:,: 4,3

,: ,:

>::,: 4,<

Dckkns Nrtcs

=6,> <,:

34,< >>,2

,: ,:

>::,: <,8

Bnsn-ausci

38,2 6,<

=>,6 5,2

,: ,:

>::,: 5,<


3:,: 2,=

22,2 4,3

>5,6 4:,:

>::,: 2,=


3:,: 4,4

3:,: 4,3

,: ,:

>::,: 4,2

Cspcblnklznmi

3:,:

26,3

>4,3

>::,:

<,:

6,3

=:,:

<,4


34,= >4,=

=4,< >>,2

=,8 4:,:

>::,: >4,>

Fc`crnk

3:,: 3,5

3:,: 5,2

,: ,:

>::,: 3,6

Hlstirln

58,8 >4,=

2>,2 5,2

,: ,:

>::,: <,4

Itris

=5,4 5,6

32,8 8,8

,: ,:

>::,: 6,3

]itnk

3>,> >::,:

=5,: >::,:

4,< >::,:

>::,: >::,:


ûcmn pir cstumlnr kn rcknblò` c`trc ck nmcbunmi pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti mc kis auscis y ck `÷acri mc sus vlsltn`tcs, lèiranblò` quc c`bi`trnais c` kn tndkn >:. C` csc sc`tlmi, ck 32% mc kis auscis bi` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs nùnkcs sc bi`slmcrn` Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi y cstî` pislbli`nmis nmcbunmnac`tc. Mc cstc scfac`ti, yn sndánais quc rcbldán` aîs ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑ quc rcslmc`tcs rcslmc`tcs y, pir ckki, hn slmi ck scfac`ti mc kn aucstrn aîs ml`îalbi c` rcknblò` bi` kn buapklac`tnblò` mck bucstli`nrli.


| 5= |

]NDKN >:

Zislbli`nalc`ti Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi y `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk Ulsltn`tcs ausci

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

32,= 6>,5

=2,4 5=,5

2,= 8:,:

>::,: 58,5

3:.:::-3::.:::

=<,: 46,2

=<,: 2:,=

4,: 4:,:

>::,: 48,3

03::.:::

4:,: >,>

8:,: 3,>

,: ,:

>::,: 4,<

3>,4 >::,:

=3,< >::,:

4,< >::,:

>::,: >::,:

]itnk


Zir itrn pnrtc, pnrn ck scfac`ti mc auscis quc rcbldc c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs,, u` =<% mc sus auscis mlbc ì cstnr pislbli`nmi nmcbunmnac`tc, alsai vlsltn`tcs pirbc`tngc quc pnrn kis quc nelran` cstnr dlc` pislbli`nmis, pcsc n quc, biai vlais n`tcrlirac`tc, u`n anyirán mc cstis auscis rcbldc n ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑. Rl` cadnrfi, cs u` scfac`ti auy vnrlnmi, tn`ti c` îadltis fcifrîelbis y turástlbis, biai c` tlpis mc auscis. Zir cgcapki y, bi`trnmlbtirlnac`tc, bi`trnmlbtirlnac`tc, cstnrán` kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, qulc`cs rcbldc` sidrc timi n rcslmc`tcs y mi`mc u` =6% sc bi`slmcrn nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmis. Zir ck bi`trnrli, ck 8:% mc kis auscis bi` aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs tlc`c u`n ipl`lò` titnkac`tc bi`trnrln y ì sc bi`slmcrn` suelblc`tcac`tc suelblc`tcac`tc pislbli`nmis (4:%). Rl` cadnrfi, hcais vlsti quc u` 8:% mc kis vlsltn`tcs si` ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, ki quc scrán u` pislbli`nalc pislbli`nalc`ti `ti mc vnkirlznblò` turástlbn. Cstc rcsuktnmi sc pimrán cxpklbnr n prlirl u` sl bi`slmcrnais quc kis frn`mcs auscis, cspcblnkac`tc mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci, si` caprcsns bukturnkcs suelblc`tcac`tc bi`siklmnmns c l`mcpc`mlc`tcs mck scbtir turástlbi. Zir su pntrlai`li, si` ckcac`tis ntrnbtlvis c` sá alsais, pcri pnrcbc` ì `cbcsltnr ck npiyi cspcbáelbi mck scbtir turástlbi, i ì nbumc` n ìk. Ck itri brltcrli mc n`îklsls nsiblnmi nk biapirtnalc`ti turástlbi cs kn rcknblò` quc cxlstc c`trc ck pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti y kn rcknblò` mc kis auscis bi` kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mc kn S@CRBI. Cstn rcknblò` rcsuktn l`mlspc`sndkc n kn hirn mc cstumlnr kis auscis biai Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi.

| 53 |


]NDKN >>

Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk mlstrldulmi pir Ul`buknblò` S@CRBI y `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc

Ausci vl`buknmi n Dlc` Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm

Rá

Ulsltn`tcs ausci

;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.:::

]itnk @i

Ulsltn`tcs ausci

;3:.::: 3:.:::-3::.::: 03::.:::

]itnk

Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

=6,=

=4,>

>:,3

>::,:

3:,:

=6,>

>::,:

3>,=

5:,:

=:,:

,:

>::,:

3:,:

23,2

,:

=:,3

,:

>::,:

,:

>::,:

,:

>6,5

,:

8,>

=8,5

=3,<

3,=

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

3=,3

=2,=

4,:

>::,:

66,>

64,<

55,6

63,:

=8,=

=8,=

2,4

>::,:

4>,=

43,=

22,2

42,3

3:,:

3:,:

,:

>::,:

>,=

>,6

,:

>, 3

32,:

==,6

4,2

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


]nk y biai sc nprcbln c` kn tndkn >>, bun`mi ck ausci cstî rcknbli`nmi bi` ck enbtir S@CRBI, pnrn ck scfac`ti mc kis auscis mc acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, hny u` =6% mc auscis quc sc bi`slmcrn` dlc` pislbli`nmis turástlbnac`tc, turástlbnac`tc, erc`tc n u` 3=% quc plc`sn` quc ì ki cstî`. Ck enbtir S@CRBI, c` cstc bnsi, ì cs rckcvn`tc y, mc hcbhi, kis auscis vl`buknmis bi` kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm ì suckc` scr pcqucþis auscis y, pir ki tn`ti, ì cs hndltunk quc pcrtc`czbn` n cstc scfac`ti. Aîs nu`, bun`mi cxlstc u` Dlc` mcbknrnmi bcrbn, kn brcnblò` mc u` ausci pnrcbc quc sc hn kkcvnmi n bndi mc eiran l`mcpc`mlc`tc l`mcpc`mlc`t c y ì hn utlklznmi kn bi`cxlò` i kn lanfc` mc kn S@CRBI. Mlecrc`tc cs kn lèiranblò` quc sc mcmubc pnrn kis auscis acmlnìs. C`trc kis auscis vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI, u` 5:% sc bi`slmcrn nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmi. C` bnadli, bun`mi ck ausci ì tlc`c rcknblò` bi` kn S@CRBI, hny sòki u` =8% quc sc

| 55 |


mcbknrn nmcbunmnac`tc nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmi. Nquá, hnkknais u`n mlecrc`bln slf`lelbntlvn. Cstc scfac`ti, c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, cs ck quc tlc`c aîs rcknblò` bi` ck enbtir e nbtir S@CRBI y cstnais birridirn`mi su pislbli`nalc`ti nmcbunmi. Ck ‛mcsbi`tc`ti‑ mc kis pcqucþis auscis, u` =6% mc ckkis, cs slalknr mc hcbhi, nk ‛mcsbi`tc`ti‑ mc kis auscis acmlnìs ì pislbli`nmis. Kis frn`mcs auscis, tnk y biai sc nprcbln c` kn tndkn >>, tnapibi sc c`buc`trn` nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmis pislbli`nmis biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis. Mc cstn an`crn, pimcais mcmublr bòai kn S@CRBI sc pcrbldc biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm y cstî nrrnlfnmn c` kis auscis mc tlpi acmli, cs mcblr, mc bnrîbtcr urdnì, pcqucþn i acmln`n blumnm, y bòai c` kis pcqucþis bc`tris timnván ì sc hn mcsnrrikknmi cstn ipirtu`lmnm. Cstndkcblmi quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c u`n l`mcel`lblò` prîbtlbn Cstndkcblmi prîbtlbn y u`n vcz quc ìs hcais nprixlanmi n su iecrtn dîslbn n trnvìs mc kis auscis biai uì mc kis sustc`tis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, qucmn` mldugnr kis rcsuktnmis mck n`îklsls mc kn bièlfurnblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai irfn`lznblò` irfn`lznblò`,, rcmcs, nbbli`cs y cstrntcflns, ckcac`tis quc mn` bucrpi n cstn bntcfirán turástlbn. Ck idgctlvi crn n`nklznr sus ml`îalbns pnrn vcr bòai y c` quì tìralìs sc hndán i sc cstndn bièlfurn`mi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, mcsmc kn bukturn y mck ]urlsai, mcsmc ki p÷dklbi y ki prlvnmi, gu`ti bi` su itri vcrtcdrnmir, kn capkcndlklmnm.

4. Tcmcs, cstrntcflns y nbbli`cs mc biipcrnblò` c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk Zcsc n kn nusc`bln mc u`n mcel`lblò`, kis cxpcrtis scþnknri` quc kn nprixlanblò` c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn quc sc mctcbtn c` cstis ÷ktlais nþis y quc cstî trnsbc`mlc`mi mcsmc kis nktis `lvckcs l`stltubli`nkcs n kis `lvckcs cstrubturnkcs, irfn`lzntlvis y priecsli`nkcs, bil`blmc bi` cstc aiac`ti nbtunk. Kns l`tcrvc`bli`cs mc kis cxpcrtis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, scbtir bknvc pnrn kn S`lò` Curipcn pir itrn pnrtc, flrn` c` tirì n kn mcsbrlpblò` mc cstns nbbli`cs y rcmcs. Rc hn` pimlmi mcmublr kis mlecrc`tcs nfc`tcs pritnfi`lstns pritnfi`lstns y pnrtlblpn`t pnrtlblpn`tcs cs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc bièlfurn` kn irfn`lznblò` mc cstn bntcfirán mc ]urlsai, su anrbi mc bi`tnbtis, bikndirnbli`cs, bi`vc`lis y nbbli`cs bi`brctns. Cstns eirans mc biipcrnblò` y kns cstrcbhns rcmcs mc biipcrnblò` si` kns rcmcs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, bi` sus eirtnkczns pcri, tnadlì`, bi` sus frn`mcs knfu`ns.


| 56 |

Rcf÷` kis cxpcrtis, kis prlacris bi`tnbtis sc kkcvn` n bndi mc`tri mck anrbi l`stltubli`nk. Kn prlacrn laprcslò` cs quc kis bi`tnbtis c`trc kis irfn`lsais `nbli`nkcs sc hn` aistrnmi mcelblc`tcs y tnadlì` kis quc sc hn` cstndkcblm cstndkcblmi i c`trc mlstl`tns biau`lmnmcs nutòìans, nk ì cxlstlr u`n bikndirnblò` bknrn c`trc ckkis7 ‛]urcspnþn nbt÷n pir itri knmi, ck ]urlsai ì cstî u`lmi nk au`mi mc kn Bukturn, bil`blmlais n vcbcs n trnvìs mc u` tcrbcri quc suckc scr kn Biau`lmnm Nutòìan‑

(Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrn blò` Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛Hny aubhn mcsbi`cxlò` c`trc ìsitris. \i ac ibupi mc priaiblò`, pcri ì sì quì pkn`cs y pikátlbns sc cstî` kkcvn`mi n bndi c` ck mcpnrtnac`ti mc mcstlì‑

(Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai) ‛ìs c`bi`trnais n`tc u`n rcnklmnm auy hctcrifì`cn y ìs rcsuktn biapkcgi biirml`nr nquckkis auscis quc sc c`buc`trn`‑ c` itrns biau`lmnmcs, pucs cstis sc vn` n rcknbli`nr aîs bi` ck fidlcrì mc su rcspcbtlvn biau`lmnm‑ biau` lmnm‑ (Nmal`lstrn (Nmal`lstrnblò` blò`

Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) Cspcblnkac`tc mcelblc`tc i pibi privcbhisi rcsuktn rcsu ktn bun`mi sc mcstnbn quc u`n mc kns frn`mcs mlelbuktnmcs mc kn fcstlò` turástlbn mck pntrlai`li cs kn biirml`nblò` c`trc ck îrcn mc pntrlai`li, biapctc`tc c` kn bi`scrvnblò` mck kufnr y mck rcbursi c, l`bkusi c` su mleuslò`, y kn mc ]urlsai, biapctc`tc c` kn fcstlò` mck mcstlì. Rl` cadnrfi, mck îrcn mc ]urlsai mcpc`mcrî kn biacrblnklzn biacrblnklznblò`, blò`, kn priaiblò`, kn nbtlvlmnm cbi`òalbn y kn kkcfnmn c` pnrtc mc kis vlsltn`tcs. Nsá sc cxprcsndn`7 Bikndirnais aubhi bi` ]urcspnþn, mc hcbhi kis cmlelblis si` mc ]urcspnþn, kis fcstli`n fcst li`n ]ur ]urcspn cspnþn, þn, ck pripl priplctnr ctnrli li mck mck kns kns nbbli` nbbli`cs cs cs cs Zntrla Zntrlai`li i`li‑ ‑ (Nkignalc`t (Nkignalc`ti) i)

Cstn idscrvnblò` sidrc kns biapctc`blns Bukturn-]urlsai y kns mlelbuktnmcs pnrn su biirml`nblò` sc hn scþnknmi mcsmc u`n l`stltublò` turástlbn biai ]urcspnþn, pcri cs npklbndkc n bunkqulcr `lvck mc kn nmal`lstrnblò` y hn slmi scþnknmi pir itris cxpcrtis. Kns bi`cxli`cs ì si` rcmcs bcrrnmns, kis cxpcrtis scþnkn` timis kis scbtircs p÷dklbis y prlvnmis, timis kis `lvckcs mc kn nmal`lstrnblò` nuti`òalbn y au`lblpnk, pcri slfuc` rcbknan`mi bi`cxli`cs aîs eucrtcs7 ‛sc hn nvn`znmi aubhi c` bun`ti nk ]urlsai Bukturnk pcri cs lapirtn`tc lapirt n`tc quc cxlstn u`n bi`cxlò` aîs eucrtc‑ (Fuán turástlbi)

| 58 |


\ c` csc sc`tlmi, rcbiìbc` kn `cbcslmnm mck trndngi c` bi`gu`ti i, l`bkusi, mc u` vá`buki quc pucmc scr l`stltubli`nk7 ‛Rc pimrán` acgirnr kns pikátlbns sl nbtuîrnais mc u`n an`crn bi`gu`tn timns kns biau`lmnmcs, c` tcirán ck ùcvi fidlcrì vn npiynr nk anrbn Cspnþn y csti vn n acgirnr‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

Zcri nmcaîs mc bi`tnbtis y mc frn`mcs rcmcs vcrtlbnkcs quc pi`fn` c` bi`tnbti irfn`lsais cstrntlelbnmis, kis cxpcrtis plmc` tnadlì` bikndirnbli`cs hirlzi`tnkcs y cstnac`tnkcs. cstnac`tnkcs. Kis cgcs c` kis quc sc kkcvc` n bndi cstns bikndirnbli`cs bikndirnbli`cs ndnrbn` kn fcstlò` mc kis rcbursis7 ‛Hny quc nprc`mcr n fcstli`nr kis rcbursis c` bi`gu`ti y ì sl`fuknrac`t c, hny quc brcnr u`n rcm mc trndngi quc lapklquc mlstl`tis au`lblplis y BBNN sl qucrcais scr

(Irfn`lsai L`tcr`nbli`nk, Bukturn) biapctltlvi‑ (Irfn`lsai I dlc` csn alsan lmcn cs rcltcrnmn, bun`mi mcsmc u` îadlti scbtirlnk sc mcdntc y sc pkn`tcn u`n biau`lbnblò` biapkcgn y rcnklmnmcs hctcrifì`cns y mleáblkcs mc biirml`nr, biai c` ck bnsi mc kis auscis. Kis auscis cstî` c` bi`tnbti c`trc ckkis, mc`tri mc u`n alsan biau`lmnm, pcri mlstn`blnmis mlstn`blnmis eucrn mc kn rcflò`. C`ti`bcs sc nbumc n u`n nmal`lstrnblò` u irfn`lsai mlecrc`blnmi, kn nmal`lstrnblò` nuti`òalbn. Mc hcbhi, cstc cs ck pnpck mc kn biau`lmnm nutòìan7 ‛ìs c`bi`trnais n`tc u`n rcnklmnm auy hctcrifì`cn y ìs rcsuktn biapkcgi biirml`nr nquckkis auscis quc sc c`buc`trn` c` itrns biau`lmnmcs, pucs cstis sc vn` n rcknbli`nr aîs bi` ck fidlcrì mc su rcspcbtlvn biau`lmnm. Kn biau`lbnblò` sc hnbc c`ti`bcs n csbnkn supcrlir, c`trc l`stn`blns nmal`lstrntlvns‑ (Nmal`lstr (Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò`

Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛]urcspnþn nbt÷n pir itri knmi, ck ]urlsai ì cstî u`lmi nk au`mi mc kn Bukturn, bil`blmlais n vcbcs n trnvìs mc u` tcrbcri quc suckc scr kn Biau`lmnm Nutòìan‑

(Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrn blò` Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc Auscis) \ c` cstn bièlfurnblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk scrî u` biapi`c`tc dîslbi7 ‛Cs eu`mnac`tnk trndngnr c` ck tcrrltirli bi` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs y kns caprcsns, aubhns vcbcs cs mleáblk brcnr u` puc`tc c`trc caprcsns y scbtir bukturnk. Aubhns vcbcs ck scbtir bukturnk alrn nk turlstn c` tìralìs mcsprcblntlvis‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn

mc ]urlsai Bukturnk)


| 5< |

‛Zucmc iburrlr quc cstn biau`lbnblò` l`tcrl`stltubli`nk ì scn tnrcn eîblk. Tcsuktn u` pribcs pri bcsi i bia biapkc pkcgi, gi, `cb `cbcsl csltnm tnmi i mc u` l`t l`tcra cracml cmlnr nrli li quc fc` fc`crn crnkac kac`tc `tc suc suckc kc scr kn S`l S`l-vcrslmnm, biai ckcac`ti mc eirtnkcblalc`ti y mc bihcslò`, u`lvcrslmnmcs quc tnadlì` cstî` capczn`mi n trndngnr c` rcm c`trc ckkns‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Rl` cadnrfi, kn fidcr`n`zn sc trnmubc c` ck mcsnrrikki mc cstrntcflns y nbbli`cs, cgcapkis mc kn ipcrntlvlmnm mc cstn irfn`lznblò`. Kis cxpcrtis scþnkn`, ùcvnac`tc, kn `cbcslmnm mc bikndirnblò` c`trc irfn`lsais mc kns îrcns mc Bukturn y ]urlsai, c` mlstl`tns mlrcbbli`cs mlrcbbli`cs y `lvckcs. Ibnsli`nkac`tc, sc pucmc` qucgnr i pucmc` l`slstlr c` kn enktn mc priycbtis biau`cs c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn. Kn prlacrn laprcslò` quc sc idtlc`c mc kis cxpcrtis cs quc npc`ns hn hndlmi nbbli`cs mc bi`slmcrnblò` quc pcraltn` bi`stltulr u` sòklmi ]urlsai Bukturnk y, sl` cadnrfi, tlc`c` u`n duc`n prcmlspislblò`, l`bkusi sc pimrán hndknr mc blcrti iptlalsai. Bltn` nbtunbli`cs quc sc pucmc` kkcvnr n bndi tnkcs biai kn elran mc bi`vc`lis y sc aucstrn` ndlcrtis c` bun`ti n ùcvns lmcns. @iadrn` nkfuìs primubtis cspcbáelbis quc vnkirn` pisltlvnac`tc biai kn ckndirnblò` mc antcrlnkcs mc mleuslò` i mc biacrblnklznblò` mc primubtis, i kn brcnblò` mc pirtnkcs. Kis bi`vc`lis tlc`c` u` prlacr idgctlvi anbri mc bikndirnblò`, yn scn n `lvck cstntnk i c` fc`crnk l`tcrl`stltubli`nk, alc`trns alc`trns quc kns itrns ac`bli`cs si` cgcapkis cspcbáelbis mc bikndirnbli`cs. Bunkqulcr Bunkq ulcr nbblò` mcdc mc cstnr cànrbnmn c` kn elran mc bi`vc`lis, vlstis biai nkfi pisltlvi pnrn bièlfurnr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk7 ‛Hny aubhis nbcrbnalc`tis, l`tc`tis mc hnbcr bi`vc`lis y tc`cr pkn`cs c`trc Bukturn y ]urlsai pnrn eiranr ]urlsai Bukturnk‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai) ‛ûcránais tnadlì` elranr u` bi`vc`li bi` ]urcspnþn y vcr quì sc pimán hnbcr bi` ck L`stltuti mc cstumlis ]urástlbis (LC])‑ (Nmal`lstrn (Nmal`lstrnblò` blò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

Zcri tnadlì` n `lvck mc biacrblnklznblò` y mc anroctl`f mc primubtis7 ‛vnais n elranr u` bi`vc`li bi` ck Anmrlm Bi`vc`tli` Durcnu pirquc Anmrlm cstî auy dlc` pislbli`nmi n `lvck turástlbi‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

| 6: |


antcrlnklznmi antcrlnkl znmi c` primubtis y eikkctis7 ‛Hcais hcbhi u` eikkcti bi` trcs rutns c` kis quc bikndirnais bi` ck Nyu`tnalc`ti mc Anmrlm csc eikkcti cstî c` kns ielbl`ns turástlbns mck Nyu`tnalc`ti‑ (Nmal`lstrn-

blò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) I rcelrlì`misc n nbbli`cs mc mleuslò`, i cspcbáelbnac`tc u` pirtnk, ‛rcnkac`tc nbbli`cs nsá bi`gu`tns aîs nkkî mc Rcflttur, ck pirtnk, yi ì kns pcrbldi‑ (Nmal`lstr (Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Ck cèiquc tcrrltirlnk c` kn biipcrnblò`, nmcaîs mck l`stltubli`nk, cs eu`mnac`tnk y mcstnbnmi pir kis cxpcrtis7 ‛Cs eu`mnac`tnk trndngnr c` ck tcrrltirli bi` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs y kns caprcsns, aubhns vcbcs cs mleáblk brcnr u` puc`tc c`trc caprcsns y scbtir bukturnk. Aubhns vcbcs ck scbtir bukturnk alrn nk turlstn c` tìralìs mcsprcblntlvis‑ (S`lvcrslmnm,

îrcn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk) ‛hn hndlmi aubhis nþis quc sc hn bi`slmcrnmi mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn l`mlvlmunk pcri nhirn nhirn sc sc tlc`mc tlc`mc nk trndngi trndngi aîs aîs tcrrltirln tcrrltirlnk, k, csn an`cr an`crn n mc nbtunr nbtunr lapuksn lapuksn aîs aîs kns nbbli`cs mc mleuslò`‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrnblò` Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc Bukturn)

Zcri, pir itrn pnrtc, kis cxpcrtis sc bc`trn` tnadlì`, nk n`nklznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, c` ck cxbcslvi mcsnrrikki mc kis kibnklsais, ki quc riapc bi` kn fkidnklmnm mc kis mcstlìs y bi` su lapirtn`bl lapirtn`bln7 n7 ‛Cs ck kibnklsai quc aubhns vcbcs hn mnþnmi ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai Bukturnk‑

(Irfn`lsai L`tcr`nbli`nk, L`tcr`nbli`nk, îrcn mc Bukturn) ‛c` kn priaiblò` mc kis mcstlìs, ì sc priaibli`n ck mcstlì c` ck bi`gu`ti. Hny aubhi kibnklsai y pibn vlslò` mc kis pikátlbis.‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

N `lvck priecsli`nk, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, quc sc bi`struyc sidrc cstns rcmcs l`stltubli`nkcs y caprcsnrlnkcs, pnrtc bi`bcptunkac`tc mc u`n frn` mcslfunkmnm priecsli`nk y mc u` frn` rcbcki c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn. Kn brcnblò` mc cstn bntcfirán `nbcrî mc kn l`tcfrnblò` c`trc kis mis scbtircs priecsli`nkcs, ]urlsai y Bukturn. Ck bnapi mc kn iecrtn y mc kis rcbursis cs u`n cspcblnklmnm mc kis priecsli`nkcs mc kn bukturn y sc pnrtc mc uìs prcgulblis pir su pnrtc hnbln ]urlsai7


| 6> |

‛Itri pridkcan c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs kn bikndirnblò` c`trc Bukturn y ]urlsai, bun`mi tlc`c` quc l`tcfrnrsc Bukturn y ]urlsai kis mc ]urlsai si` kis ti`tis y kis mc Bukturn si` mlvlìs‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Kibnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Zcri, ck tcan cs aîs biapkcgi, scf÷` ki cxpi`c` kis cxpcrtis. Mlspi`cais mc priecsli`nkcs bi` eiranblò` c` ]urlsai y c` Bukturn. C` u` alsai irfn`lsai nmal`lstrntlvi, sc pucmc brcnr u` scbtir mc bi`cxlò` n trnvìs mc bi`bcgnkáns i bi`scgcráns alxtns, ]urlsai-bukturn, ]urlsai-bukturn, ki quc cs kn aucstrn mc u`n tc`mc`bln n kn cqulmnm y nk cqulkldrli, sidrc kns quc yn hny vnrlis cgcapkis c` kns Biau`lmnmcs Nutòìans y quc kis cxpcrtis ìs trnsknmn`7 ‛C` Rcfivln hnstn hnbc uìs nþis kn bi`bcgnkán sc kknandn mc Bukturn y ]urlsai, kucfi sc mlv mlvlml lmlò ò pcr pcri i scf scfula ulais is trn trndng dngn`m n`mi i auy bii biirml rml`nm `nmis‑ is‑ (Lèiranblò` (Lèiranblò` ]urástlbn Kibnk)

C` bnadli, sl kn cstrubturn nmal`lstrntlvn nmal`lstrntlvn sc irfn`lzn i rfn`lzn slfulc`mi îrcns mc primubblò`, cs aîs l`scfuri mctcral`nr c` quì cstrubturn mcpnrtnac`tnk cstî l`tcfrnmi ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, sl sc l`tcfrn c` priaiblò` i c` mcstlìs7

‛Hny aubhn mcsbi`cxlò` c`trc ìsitris. \i ac ibupi mc priaiblò` pcri ì sì quì pkn`cs y pikátlbns sc cstî` kkcvn`mi n bndi c` ck mcpnrtnac`ti mc mcstlìs‑

(Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Kis pnrtlblpn`tcs sc rcelcrc` n u`n bikndirnblò` p÷dklbn-prlvnmn, p÷dklbn-prlvnmn, bi` mlecrc`tcs rcsuktnmis, biai ck bnsi mc kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs, trndngn`mi cstrcbhnac`tc c` bi`tnbti bi` kns biau`lmnmcs nutòìans pnrn kn ckndirnblò` mc primubtis y c` nbucrmi bi` ckkns. Mcstnbn` kis ducìs rcsuktnmis y kns bikndirnbli`cs aîs biapkcgns caprcsnrlis turástlbis bi` kis mucþis mc pntrlai`li, tnadlì` pnrn kn brcnblò` mc primubtis y mc u`n iecrtn7 ‛hcais bikndirnmi aubhi bi` kn biau`lmnm nutòìan… hcais bikndirnmi bi` gu`tnac gu`t nac`tc `tc dusbn dusbn`mi `mi sl`cr sl`crflns flns,, hcais hcais ckndi ckndirnmi rnmi prim primubti ubti pnrn ckki ckkis...‑ s...‑ (Nfc`bln

mc Ulngcs) ‛hny quc trndngnr cstrcbhnac`tc bi` kis caprcsnrl caprcsnrlis is turástlbis, bi` kis mucþis mck pntrlai`li, y csns `cfiblnbli`cs si` aubhns vcbcs mleáblkcs…‑ (Nmal`lstrn (Nmal`lstrnblò` blò`

Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

| 64 |


Cs, c` cecbti, c` ck bnapi mc kn brcnblò` mc primubtis mi`mc kns rcmcs y kns bi`cxli`cs tnadlì` sc hnbc` aîs cvlmc`tcs. Nsá, mcsmc ck bnapi mc kns îrcns mc ]urlsai y mc kns biapctc`blns, nk brcnr u`n iecrtn sc plmc kn pnrtlblpnblò` mc priecsli`nkcs priplis mck îrcn mc kn Bukturn7 ‛hny vcbcs quc sc hnbc` kns bisns mcsmc kn pnrtc mc ]urlsai sl` tc`cr c` buc`tn kn fc`tc fc` tc mc aus auscis cis y sc bia biactc` ctc` crr crrirc ircs‑, s‑, cs rcn rcnkac kac`tc `tc kn csc csc`bln `bln mck ]ur ]urlsa lsai i Buk Bukturn turnkk cstn bikndirnblò` priecsli`nk, alc`trns quc mcsmc, ck scbtir mc kn Bukturn, mc kis auscis, kn elfurn priecsli`nk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs kn mck fuán‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò`

Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛kn fc`tc quc trndngn c` u` ausci i pritcbblò` mck pntrlai`li hny nk el`nk u` pu`ti mc bi`cxlò` bi` ck trndngi mc fuán pirquc nk el`nk csc pntrlai`li i ausci sc ndrc n kn vlsltn p÷dklbn y sc bi`vlcrtc c` u` ntrnbtlvi‑ (Fuán ]urástlbi)

Mc cstn an`crn, sc mctcbtn kn `cbcslmnm mc u`ns elfurns, mc uìs capkcnmis quc pucmc` rcu`lr ]urlsai y Bukturn, quc pucmc` scr priplis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, y c` csc pu`ti bil`blmc` timis kis cxpcrtis7

‛@cbcsltnránais nkf÷` c`knbc i elktri pnrn quc timis t imis euìrnais c` kn alsan mlrcbblò` pcri tnk vcz `cbc `cbcsltn sltnrána ránais is u`n pcrs pcrsi`n i`n mc ]url ]urlsai sai i ausci auscis s quc quc ki ki biirml biirml`ns `nsc cy quc trndngîrnais c` bia÷`‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛quc sá quc tlc`c quc hndcr nkfulc` quc sc ibupc ib upc mck ]urlsai quc tlc`c quc cstnr c` bi`tnbti bi` timis timi s visitris pnrn sndcr quc mlac`slò` kc qucrcais mnr nk ]urlsai‑

(S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc Auscis)

Rc hn idscrvnmi quc kis priecsli`nkcs c`trcvlstnmis mcstnbnri`, n`tcs mc hndknr sidrc ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, kn `cbcslmnm mc rcnklznr nkf÷` cstumli i csqucan mò`mc sc rcprcsc`tnrn` kn mlvcrslmnm mc pcrelkcs cxlstc`tcs c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, pucs sc c`bi`trndn` sl` `l`f÷` rcecrc`tc rcspcbti n cstc tcan7 ‛Ridrc capkci ìs enktn u` anpn sidrc ck capkci c` ]urlsai Bukturnk (bun`tn fc`tc fc`t c trndngn trndngn c` ]urls ]urlsai ai Buktu Bukturnk) rnk) y kucfi kucfi nsibl nsiblnr nr n csc anp anpn n kis kis ùcvis ùcvis pcre pcrelkcs lkcs‑‑

(S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk)

| 62 |


Ck n`îklsls fkidnk quc pripirbli`n` kis pnrtlblpn`tcs pnrtlblpn`tc s sc biapkcac`tn bi` ck cstumli mc kns bikndirnbli`cs, nbbli`cs, cstrntcflns y rcmcs quc sc brcn` mcsmc ck ntrnbtlvi turástlbi n`nklznmi, kis auscis. Rc hn` pkn`tcnmi, slfulc`mi kns mlrcbtrlbcs mc kis cxpcrtis, kns bikndirnbli`cs c`trc kis auscis y kns l`stltubli`cs, c`trc ck scbtir p÷dklbi y ck prlvnmi. Rc hn` elgnmi tn`ti l`stltubli`cs `nbli`nkcs, nuti`òalbns, privl`blnkcs, au`lblpnkcs, biai caprcsns prlvnmns mc nkignalc`tis y ]]II y nfc`blns mc vlngcs. Mcsmc cstn pcrspcbtlvn cspcbáelbn, ck frîelbi < rcekcgn timn kn rcm mc bikndirnbli`cs cstumlnmns. Tcspcbti Tcspcbti n kn rcknblò` bi` kns l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns, ck <>% mc kis auscis mcbknrn tc`cr rcknbli`cs bi` kns l`stltubli`cs au`lblpnkcs pnrn ck mcsnrrikki turástlbi bukturnk quc, c` mcel`ltlvn, si` kns aîs bcrbn`ns n kn rcnklmnm mc kis auscis n`nklznmis.

FTÎELBI <

Tcknbli`cs c`trc auscis c L`stltubli`cs Z÷dklbns/Zrlvnmns pnrn ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, c` pirbc`tngc >::

3,3

=,6

>,4

2,:

=,6

8,>

<: 8:

4,< >4,8

44,< =3,4

=2,:

=:,>

33,4

6: %

5: 3:

8=,2

=: 2:

<:,6 64,= 3>,8

3>,3

4: >: :

LL.ZZ. @nbli`nkcs

LL.ZZ. Nuti`òalbns

LL.ZZ. Zrivl`blnkcs Rá

LL.ZZ. Au`lblpnkcs @i

LL.ZZ. ]iur Ipcrnmircs Nkignalc`tis y Nfc`blns mc Ulngc

@s/@b


C` scfu`mi kufnr, sc c`buc`trn` kns l`stltubli`cs nuti`òalbns (8=%) y kns privl`blnkcs ‒mlputnbli`cs‒ (64%). Kn bikndirnblò` bikndirnblò ` bi` òrfnìs cstntnkcs cs, ì idstn`tc, kn acìs mcsnrrikknmn (3>%), pridndkcac`tc pridndkcac`tc mcdlmi n kn enktn mc biapctc`bln biapctc`blnss tcrrltirlnkcs mc kis òrfnìs cstntnkcs bukturnkcs y turástlbis, cspcblnkac`tc cspcblnkac`tc cstis ÷ktlais buyns biapctc`blns cstî` mlrlflmns hnbln kn priaiblò` c` ck cxtrn`gcri.

| 6= |


Kis pirbc`tngcs bnadln` rnmlbnkac`tc c` rcknblò` bi` kns bikndirnbli`cs bikndirnbli `cs c` ck îadlti mc kns caprcsns prlvnmns. Zibi aîs mc kn altnm mc kis auscis (33%) mcbknrn cgcrbcr u`n bikndirnblò` mlrcbtn bi` kis irfn`lsais turástlbis prlvnmis biai kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs y kis Nkignalc`tis (3>%), nu`quc kn bikndirnblò` cs nkfi anyir bi` kns nfc`blns biai caprcsns mc l`tcracmlnblò` i mc vc`tn. Cstc mnti ntcstlfun kn csbnsn bikndirnblò` c`trc u` scbtir anyirltnrlnac`tc p÷dklbi biai ck mc kis auscis y ck prlvnmi mck ]urlsai, cspcblnkac`tc ck caprcsnrlnk, bikndirnblò` y rcmcs timnván l`blplc`tcs. Ki alsai iburrc c`trc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis, kis primubtis, y kn mcan`mn y ck vlsltn`tc, mc`tri mc kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn. Ck ausci cstî pislbli`nmi biai iecrtn, pcri cs rcnbli n ndrlrsc nk acrbnmi biai nbtlvlmnm turástlbn. Mcsnrrikkn rcmcs mc bikndirnblò`, c` ibnsli`cs auy cstrcbhns, c`trc l`stltubli`cs pcri ck scbtir prlvnmi cs vlsti n mlstn`bln, n pcsnr mc scr u`n plczn bknvc. Kn bucstlò` quc sc pkn`tcn cs bòai sc pucmc mcsnrrikknr u` ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi i u` primubti, bi` u`n tn` csbnsn bikndirnblò` bi` kns caprcsns c`bnrfnmns mc kn primubblò`. Lapirtn`tc tnadlì` cs n`nklznr kn rcknblò` c`trc kns pikátlbns y kis scfac`tis mc auscis, c`tc`mlc`mi quc cxlstc` trcs frn`mcs scfac`tis pir ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs. Biai cgcapki, hcais pripucsti biai auy slf`lelbntlvn kn bikndirnblò` nuti`òalbn y ck scbtir prlvnmi n trnvìs mc kns caprcsns mc nkignalc`ti y mc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y nfc`blns mc vlngcs, pucsti quc si` kns bikndirnbli`cs aîs rcprcsc`tntlvns. Kn rcknblò` c`trc kis scfac`tis mc auscis y kn biipcrnblò` l`stltubli`nk nuti`òalbn sc rcekcgn c` kn tndkn >4. C` ckkn sc nprcbln quc kis auscis aîs bikndirnmircs pcrtc`cbc` nk scfac`ti mc kis pcqucþis, u` 6:,5%. C` ck bnsi mc kis auscis acmlnìs, sòki u` 45,8% mc ckkis bikndirn`, alc`trns quc kis quc rcbldc` aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs bikndirn` npc`ns u` 4% bi` l`stltubli`cs nuti`òalbns. Cstns mlecrc`blns si` auy rckcvn`tcs y cvlmc`bln` quì auscis si` kis aîs l`tcrcsnmis c` mcsnrrikknr ká`cns mc bikndirnblò` bi` su biau`lmnm nutòìan y, c` csc sc`tlmi, buîk cs aîs turástlbi, sl bi`slmcrnais kn biipcrnblò` biai u`n cstrntcfln mc ]urlsai Bukturnk.

| 63 |


]NDKN >4

Bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs nuti`òalbns pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc

Bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns mc îadlti nuti`òalbi

Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk


3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

]itnk

6:,5

45,5

4,8

>::,:

86,>

66,5

8:,:

8=,>

3<,>

25,=

=,3

>::,:

>>,4

>5,2

4:,:

>4,<

=:,:

5:,:

,:

>::,:

>,6

5,>

,:

4,<

58,4

48,8

4,<

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Ck scfac`ti mc auscis acmlnìs npnrcbc biai auy pibi bikndirnmir. bikndirnmi r. Rlfuc slc`mi u` scfac`ti auy hctcrifì`ci, bi` auscis bknrnac`tc turástlbis, turástlbis, pcri tnadlì` u` scfac`ti mi`mc kis rcslmc`tcs si` sus vlsltn`tcs anyirltnrlis. \n hndánais bi`trnstnmi quc ck 83% mc kis auscis bikndirndn bi` sus rcspcbtlvns biau`lmnmcs nutòìans nu`quc, mcsnfrcfn`mi pir scfac`tis, kis mntis si` aubhi aîs ckibuc`tcs. Kn tndkn >2 mcdc mc scr n`nklznmn mcsmc u`n pcrspcbtlvn slalknr n kn n`tcrlir. Cstn tndkn sc rcelcrc n kn pcrspcbtlvn mc kns caprcsns c aprcsns mc nkignalc`ti y su rcknblò` bi` bi ` kis auscis. Ck scfac`ti mc kis auscis pcqucþis, mc acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, nùnkcs, c` aîs mc u` 6>%, nelran bikndirnr bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis, nki gnalc`tis, erc`tc nk 46% mc kis auscis acmlnìs, y nk >,4% mc kis auscis mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs. Cstc mnti bièlran kn frn` mlecrc`bln c` kns rcknbli`cs mc bikndirnblò` quc brcn` kis mlstl`tis scfac`tis mc auscis, y vuckvc n aistrnr ck pnpck prcpi`mcrn`tc mc kis pcqucþis auscis c` rcknblò` bi` ck cstndkcblalc`ti cstndkcblalc`ti mc rcmcs y biipcrnbli`cs.


| 65 |

]NDKN >2

Bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc

Bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis

Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk


3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

]itnk

6>,8

46,>

>, 4

>::,:

3=,3

=5,<

4:,:

3>,4

5=,3

2:,2

3,2

>::,:

=2,8

=5,<

8:,:

=3,8

=:,:

5:,:

,:

>::,:

>, 8

5,>

,:

2,:

56,3%

4<,3

2,:

>::,:

>::,:%

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Zcri ki quc cs rcnkac`tc ìvcmisi cs kn l`tc`slmnm mc kn biipcrnblò` bii pcrnblò` quc sc cstndkcbc c`trc kis auscis y kns caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis, u` tlpi mc bi`cxlò` `nmn hndltunk, pcri quc mcaistrnrán kn cxlstc`bln mc u`n ùcvn rcm cacrfc`tc mc bikndirnblò`. C` ck bnsi mc kis pcqucþis au`lblplis, mi`mc sc bnrcbc mc itrns lèrncstrubturns mc lèiranblò` i mc biacrblnklznblò`, ck ausci sc bi`vlcrtc c` cstn ùcvn ván mc brcnblò` mc primubtis. Ck knzi scrán mlrcbti c` kis pcqucþis c`tirìs c`trc ck primubti y kis nkignalc`tis. Kn tndkn >= rcekcgn kn rcknblò` mc bikndirnblò` c`trc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns y kis auscis. Mc kis trcs scfac`tis mc auscis, kis pcqucþis si` kis quc hn` cstndkcblmi aîs bi`tnbtis y biirml`nbli`cs bi` kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs. \ ùcvnac`tc, cstn l`tc`slmnm cs auy mlecrc`tc n kn quc sc cstndkcbc bi` ck scfac`ti mc kis acmlnìs y mc kis auscis auy vlsltnmis. Rc trntn mc u`n bikndirnblò` slalknr n kn quc vlais c` kn tndkn n`tcrlir, quc hnbc hl`bnplì c` kns bikndirnbli`cs bi` kns caprcsns prlvnmns mc kis pcqucþis auscis, tn`ti caprcsns mc nkignalc`ti biai nfc`blns mc vlngcs.

| 66 |


]NDKN >=

Bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngc pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs

Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk


3:.:::-3::.:::

03::.:::

]itnk

64,:

43,8

4,4

>::,:

36,8

=<,:

=:,:

3=,6

55,6

4<,:

=,2

>::,:

2<,6

=:,8

5:,:

=:,5

26,3

54,3

,:

>::,:

4,5

>:,4

,:

=,6

58,4

48,8

4,<

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Cstn cspcblnk bikndirnblò` sc pucmc cxpklbnr pir ck capknznalc`ti mc cstis pcqucþis auscis, kibnklznmis hndltunkac`tc c` ck îadlti rurnk y c` pcqucþis au`lblplis, qulzîs bnrcblc`mi mc lèrncstrubturns p÷dklbns p÷dklbns turástlbns i mc acmlis mc priaiblò`, y c` kns quc ck ausci kkcvn n bndi aubhns eu`bli`cs turástlbns priplns mc kn fcstlò` mck mcstlì. Kn slfulc`tc tndkn (tndkn >3) qulcrc bnrnbtcrlznr kns rcmcs quc sc cstndkcbc` bi` ckcac`tis mc bnrnbtcrlznblò` y mc eirtnkcblalc`ti mck ntrnbtlvi turástlbi, n`nklzn`mi kn rcknblò` c`trc kn nmcbunblò` nk pislbli`nalc`ti turástlbi mc kis auscis y kis quc cstî` lmc`tlelbnmis bi` Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis pir kn S@CRBI. Rc nprcbln quc ck enbtir S@CRBI npc`ns cs rckcvn`tc c` ck cstndkcblalc`ti mc bikndirnbli`cs cxtrn bi` l`stltubli`cs nuti`òalbns. Bun`mi u` ausci cstî vl`buknmi bi` kn S@CRBI, u` 86,4% mc ckkis mcsnrrikkn nbbli`cs mc bnrîbtcr nuti`òalbi y quc, bun`mi ì ki cstî, ck 82,8% tnadlì` kns mcsnrrikkn. Ck pirbc`tngc l`mlbn u`n mlecrc`bln c`trc kis mis frupis, pcri auy kcvc. Nu`quc, ki quc sá cs rckcvn`tc, c` csc sc`tlmi, cs quc timis kis auscis sc slc`tc` l`tcrcsnmis c` bikndirnr bi` l`stltubli` l`stltubli`cs cs mc îadlti nuti`òalbi, slc`mi cstn kn bi`cxlò` aîs hndltunk y ercbuc`tc pnrn brcnr nbbli`cs y sl`crflns.


| 68 |

]NDKN >3

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns nuti`òalbns, c` pirbc`tngc


Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk

Bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns mc îadlti nuti`òalbi Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

86,4

>:,2

4,5

>::,:

42,=

>8,4

4:,:

44,6

82,8

>2,>

2,>

>::,:

63,4

66,2

8:,:

63,5

55,6

22,2

,:

>::,:

>,=

=,3

,:

>,6

8=,2

>4,8

4,<

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Kn tndkn >5 sc rcelcrc n kn bikndirnblò` mc kis auscis bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns mc bnrîbtcr au`lblpnk. Rc nprcbln quc ck <=,<% mc kis auscis quc cstî` vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI y ck 8<,4% quc ì ki cstî bikndirn` slstcaîtlbnac`tc bi` kns l`stltubli`cs au`lblpnkcs. Kn bikndirnblò` tcstlai`lnmn fc`ìrlbnac`tc c`trc timis kis auscis sc rcelcrc n u` <>% mc kis auscis, cs u` pibi aîs nktn sl ck ausci buc`tn i cstî lapklbnmi bi` ck enbtir S@CRBI, ki quc vlc`c vlc` c n bièlranr ùcvnac`tc ck enbtir l`bc`tlvnmir c` kn brcnblò` mc sl`crflns, primubtis y biacrblnklznbli`cs quc rcprcsc`tn kn S@CRBI. Zcri, ùcvnac`tc, kn mlecrc`bln cs auy pcqucþn biai pnrn quc ck enbtir S@CRBI scn mctcral`n`tc. Ki quc sá sc tcstlai`ln cs kn titnk lapklbnblò` c ladrlbnblò` mc kn nmal`lstrnblò` au`lblpnk bi` kis auscis, u` pibi aîs nktn quc c` kn nuti`òalbn.

| 6< |


]NDKN >5

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns au`lblpnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc


Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk

Bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns mc îadlti au`lblpnk Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

<=,<

3,>

,:

>::,:

42,6

>=,2

,:

44,6

8<,4

<,4

>,3

>::,:

6=,=

83,6

>::,:

63,5

>::,:

,:

,:

>::,:

>, <

,:

,:

>, 6

8=,2

<:,6

8,>

>,4

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


C` kn tndkn >6 sc cxpi`c kn rcknblò` c`trc kis auscis vl`buknmis bi` Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis pir kn S@CRBI y kns caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis, biai cgcapki mc caprcsn prlvnmn c` cstn ùcvn eiran mc biipcrnblò`. Ròki u` =>% mc kis auscis bi` enbtir S@CRBI mcbknrn` bikndirnr bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis, erc`tc nk 3>% mc kis auscis quc ì tlc`c` vl`buknblò` bi` Dlc`cs mcbknrnmis. Cstc mnti bil`blmc bi` kn tlpikifán anyirltnrln mc kis auscis ì rcknbli`nmis bi` Dlc`cs mc kn S@CRBI, cs mcblr kis auscis pcqucþis y rurnkcs, quc si` kis quc hcais vlsti quc bikndirn` mc eiran aîs lapirtn`tc bi` kns caprcsns prlvnmns. Ck enbtir S@CRBI, quc cs u` vnkir nþnmlmi mc lanfc` turástlbn mc u` mcstlì, sc pcrelkn aîs bknrnac`tc bi` kis mntis idtc`lmis c` cstc n`îklsls, pir bntcfiráns mc auscis. Ri` kis auscis acmlnìs y su c`tirì ki aîs lapklbnmis c` cstns cstrntcflns.


| 8: |

]NDKN >6

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`ti, c` pirbc`tngc


Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk

Bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

=>,:

35,=

4,5

>::,:

>8,=

48,<

4:,:

42,4

33,5

=>,2

2,4

>::,:

8:,3

58,=

8:,:

63,:

22,2

55,6

,:

>::,:

>,>

4,5

,:

>,8

8=,2

3>,8%

=3,4

2,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Kn tndkn >8 cxpi`c kis rcsuktnmis idtc`lmis mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc kn itrn bikndirnblò` hndltunk, kn mc kis ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs. C` cstc bnsi, ck pirbc`tngc mc auscis vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI y ck pirbc`tngc mc kis auscis ì vl`buknmis c` su rcknblò` bi` kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs hn brcblmi rcspcbti nk pirbc`tngc quc sc hn idtc`lmi c` kn tndkn n`tcrlir. Kn tc`mc`bln cs n u`n anyir bikndirnblò` bi` kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs quc bi` kis Hitckcs. Rc nprcbln bòai ck 3:% mc kis auscis vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI y ck 33% mc kis quc ì ki cstî` bikndirn` bi` kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs. Hny u`n bikndirnblò` anyir bi` Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs y ]iur Ipcrnmircs, mlstrldublò` mlstrldublò` mc primubtis y su vc`tn, nu`quc kis hitckcs ibupn` u` kufnr y pnrcbc` tc`cr u`n eu`blò`. \ sudrnycais, ùcvnac`tc, quc kis pcqucþis auscis ì vl`buknmis bi` kn S@CRBI si` kis quc aîs bikndirn` bi` kns caprcsns prlvnmns

| 8> |


]NDKN >8

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngc, c` pirbc`tngc


Rá @i @s/@b ]itnk

Bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y NNUU Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

3:,:

==,6

3,2

>::,:

4:,:

4=,5

43,:

44,>

36,2

28,4

=,5

>::,:

68,<

64,3

63,:

65,4

22,2

55,6

,:

>::,:

>,>

4,<

,:

>, 6

8=,2

33,4

=:,>

=,6

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


Hnstn kn nbtunklmnm, ki bia÷` cs ck mcsnrrikki mc bikndirnbli`cs c`trc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis y kns l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns, y timi ckki sc fcstn mc`tri mck îadlti p÷dklbi. Mcstnbn kn pidrczn mc u`ns rcmcs prlvnmns bun`mi sc trntn mc u`lr mis scbtircs hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, nu`quc kis knzis si` aîs cstrcbhis c` ck scfac`ti mc pcqucþis ntrnbtlvis kibnkcs. \ biai ÷ktlai n`îklsls, ìs mctc`mrcais c` kns cstrntcflns kkcvnmns kkcvnmns n bndi pir kis auscis l`tcr`nac`tc. N pcsnr mc quc kis auscis ì cstî` pkc`nac`tc sntlsecbhis bi` su pislbli`nalc`ti biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi biai hcais vlsti, sc hnbc eu`mnac`tnk biìbcr y cvnkunr su nbtlvlmnm c` antcrln mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, tn`ti pnrn biìbcr kn sltunblò` nbtunk biai pnrn mctcral`nr kns mcdlklmnmcs y eirtnkczns mc euturns cstrntcflns quc sc pucmc` kkcvnr n bndi, mc`tri mc cstc frn` bi`gu`ti mc Tcmcs, Cstrntcflns y Biipcrnblò` =3. Zir cstn rnzò`, c` ck anrbi mc ùcstrn c`bucstn, hcais qucrlmi biìbcr sl c` ck ausci cxlstán u`n cstrntcfln cspcbáelbn c` antcrln mc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Rc pcrbldc bknrnac`tc quc cxlstc kn viku`tnm c`trc kn anyirán mc kis auscis mc nelranrsc biai rcbursi turástlbi bukturnk7 ck 82% l`bkuyc c` sus cstrntcflns ck pislbli`nalc`ti mck ausci c` ck scbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk (frîelbi >:), nsá biai ùcvns ml`îalbns pnrn sntlsenbcr kn mcan`mn.

=3

Hcais l`bkulmi u`n Nbblò` sidrc kn Eiranblò` c` cstc bnpátuki pucsti quc mcsmc ùcstri pu`ti mc vlstn, kn eiranblò`, c` kn c`bucstn, eiran pnrtc mc u`n scrlc mc cstrntcflns.


| 84 |

Cstn viku`tnm y brcc`bln bil`blmc bi` kn pripln pnrtlblpnb pnrtlblpnblò` lò` mc kis auscis c` cstc bucstli`nrli, nk quc c`tc`mcais quc bi` cspcblnk lapklbnblò` hn` bi`tcstnmi auscis auy rcknbli`nmis bi` ck ]urlsai c` fc`crnk y bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` pnrtlbuknr.

FTÎELBI >:

Zislbli`nalc`ti c` ]urlsai Bukturnk biai cstrntcfln mck ausci 2,=% >2,4%

Rá (82,2%) 82,2%

@i (>2,4%) @s/@b (2,=%)


S` n`îklsls piracìrlznmi mck frîelbi >> npirtn kns prl`blpnkcs acmlmns y cgcs pnrn mcsnrrikknr cstn cstrntcfln mc ]urlsai Bukturnk7 • Ck <3% mc kis auscis bi`slmcrn ipirtuì nuac`tnr ck frnmi mc bikndirnblò` c`trc

l`stltubli`cs y caprcsns. Cstn bikndirnblò` bikndirnblò ` yn cstndn auy mcsnrrikknmn c` ck anrbi anrbi l`stltubli`nk, l`stltubli` nk, pcri ck scbtir prlvnmi crn titnkac`tc mcelbltnrli mcelbltnrli c` ki quc sc rcelcrc n bi`tnbtis, cxbcpti c` ck bnsi mc kis pcqucþis auscis. @i supi`c `l`fu`n rupturn slì kn prieu`mlznblò` c` ká`cns yn cstndkcblmns. Kn l`tc`slelbnblò` mc kn bikndirnblò` bikndirnblò ` bi` ck scbtir prlvnmi sc prcsc`tn biai u`n mc kns ìvcmnmcs. Eiranblò ` c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pnrn acgi• Ck 65% mc kis auscis rcbknan u` Zkn` mc Eiranblò` rnr su pislbli`nalc`ti. Hcais bi`trnstnmi kns bunklelbnbli`c bunklelbnbli`css anyirltnrlns y aîs nmcbunmns c` kis auscis, quc si` sidrc timi kn Klbc`blnturn/ck Frnmi c` Nrtc/ Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs, Hlstirln/Hu an`lmnmcs, y pnrn csn îrcn mc priecsli`nkcs cs pnrn mi`mc prcvlsldkcac`tc pimrán mlrlflrsc kn eiranblò` =5.

=5

Ulm lèrn.

| 82 |


FTÎELBI >>

Acmlmns pnrn ck Zislbli`nalc`ti c` ]urlsai Bukturnk >::

>=,2

6,8

>=,:

>,4

<: >5,2

8: 6: %

2,3

26,8

28,>

5: <3,2

3: 63,<

=: 2:

=8,2

=6,5

4: >: :

Mcpnrtnac`ti ]urlsai Bukturnk

Zkn` Eiranblò` ]urlsai Bukturnk Rá

Cspcblnklstns ]urlsai @i

]].II y NN.UU.

@s/@b


Kn bi`trntnblò` mc cspcblnklstns c` ]urlsai y kn brcnblò` mc u` mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk si` bi`slmcrnmns nbcrtnmns pir u` pibi acìs mc kn altnm mc kis auscis (=6% y =8% rcspcbtlvnac`tc). Cs cvlmc`tc quc kis auscis tlc`c` u`n cstrubturn mcpnrtnac`tnk y irfn`lzntlvn bknrn y vcrtcdrnmn, eruti mc su knrfn hlstirln y trnycbtirln, pibi ekcxldkc, y c` kis quc kn pkn`tlkkn suckc pribcmcr y cstnr eiranmn c` uìs bnapis y antcrlns quc mial`n`, pir trnmlblò` nbnmìalbn y priecsli`nk, kn eiranblò` c` Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs. Cstis cspcblnklstns hn` bi`tcstnmi prcecrlr eiranrsc ckkis alsais c` kn mlsblpkl`n turástlbn turástlbn aîs quc brcnr mcpnrtnac`tis mcpnrtnac`tis cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai, pnrn pimcr acgirnr su pislblò` y prcsc`bln c` ck scbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. S`n bucstlò` tnadlì` rckcvn`tc, rckcvn`tc, tnk biai hcais pkn`tcnmi c` timi ck cstumli, tlc`c quc vcr bi` ck hcbhi mc sl cstns cstrntcflns rcbldc` mlecrc`tc bi`slmcrnblò` mcsmc kis auscis, c` eu`blò` mc su `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs. C` kn tndkn >< qucmn rcekcgnmn kn lapirtn`bln mc cstns bikndirnbli`cs pnrn acgirnr ck pislbli`nalc`ti mc kis auscis c` eu`blò` mc kis scfac`tis mc vlsltn`tcs mc kis auscis.


| 8= |

]NDKN ><

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc nbbli`cs bi`gu`tns pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Nbbli`cs bi`gu`tns bi` itrns l`stltubli`cs/ irfn`lznbli`cs turástlbns Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

<5,3

,<

4,5

>::,:

3:.:::-3::.:::

<>,8

4,:

5,>

>::,:

>::,:

,:

,:

>::,:

<3,2

>,4

2,5

>::,:

03::.::: ]itnk


C` timis kis scfac`tis mc auscis y bi` u`n bnsl u`n`lalmnm sc rcnklznrán` nbbli`cs bi` itrns l`stltubli`cs. ûlzîs kis acìs l`tcrcsnmis si` ck scfac`ti mc kis auscis mc tnanþi acmlnì. Cs prcvlsldkcac`tc prcvlsldkcac`tc bi`scbuc`bln mc quc nkfuìs mc ckkis ì si` rcnkac`tc turástlbis pir kis vlsltn`tcs rcbldlmis, nu`quc c` ká`cns fc`crnkcs sc mcstnbn u`n bnsl u`n`lalmnm c` kns rcspucstns. C` kn tndkn 4: sc nprcbln kn vnkirnblò` quc kn brcnblò` mc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai tc`mrán pnrn kis auscis c`bucstnmis, c` tìralìs mc kn acgirn mc su pislbli`nal pislbli`nalc`ti c`ti y scf÷` kis scfac`tis mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs cstndkcblmis. Kn rcspucstn sòki cs envirndkc pnrn kis frn`mcs auscis, mc kis bunkcs u` 5:% cstî` n envir. Kis acmlnìs y pcqucþis auscis ì si` auy envirndkcs n cstn npucstn (=2% y =<% rcspcbtlvnac`tc). Cxlstc u`n blcrtn u`n`lalmnm c`trc kis auscis quc cstî` c` bi`trn mck Mcpnrtnac` Mcpnrtnac`ti ti mc ]urlsai, c`trc ck 26 y ck =:%. Hny quc mcstnbnr bòai cstn nbblò` l`ìvnmirn biai cs kn brcnblò` mc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai ì cs scfulmn `l tn` slqulcrn pir kis pcqucþis auscis quc, c` aubhis nspcbtis, si` kis quc sc slc`tc` aîs l`tcrcsnmis pir kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn, biai yn hcais lmi bi`stntn`mi.

| 83 |


]NDKN 4:

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn brcnblò` mc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Brcnblò` Mcpnrtnac`ti ]urlsai Bukturnk Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

=<,5

2<,>

>>,2

>::,:

3:.:::-3::.:::

=2,3

26,:

><,5

>::,:

03::.:::

5:,:

=:,:

,:

>::,:

=8,4%

28,5

>2,2

>::,:

]itnk


N kn prcfu`tn sidrc kn nmcbunblò` mc u` Zkn` mc Eiranblò` (tndkn 4>), kns rcspucstns si` anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc envirndkcs. @i si` tn` envirndkcs biai c` ki rcecrc`tc n kn prcfu`tn sidrc kn biipcrnblò`, pcri sá sc aucstrn` envirndkcs n su lapuksi. @ucvnac`tc, si` u` pibi aîs rcnblis kis auscis acmlnìs, pcri kis pkn`cs mc eiranblò` si` pcrbldlmis mc eiran envirndkc. Rc rcelcrc` n mnr eiranblò` c` ]urlsai n kis capkcnmis nbtunkac`tc c` pkn`tlkkn, sl` aimlelbnr kn cstrubturn mck ausci.

]NDKN 4>

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn brcnblò` mck mcsnrrikki mck Zkn` mc Eiranblò` c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Mcsnrrikki Zkn` mc Eiranblò` c` ]urlsai Bukturnk Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

66,:

>=,4

8,8

>::,:

3:.:::-3::.:::

6>,6

4>,6

5,3

>::,:

03::.:::

8:,:

4:,:

,:

>::,:

]itnk

63,5

>5,3

6,<

>::,:


Zcri pcsc n quc kn vnkirlznblò` mc kns mlecrc`tcs nbbli`cs mc pislbli`nalc`ti pir pnrtc mc kis trcs frn`mcs scfac`tis ì cs hiaifì`cn, timis bi`slmcrn` quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk eiran pnrtc mc su cstrntcfln (tndkn 44), pislblò` aîs bknrnac`tc mcel`lmn c`trc kis pcqucþis y kis frn`mcs auscis quc c` kis acmlnìs, mi`mc sòki c` u` 62% nmaltc` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai cstrntcfln.


| 85 |

]NDKN 44

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc u`n cstrntcfln c` ck Rcbtir Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Cstrntcfln pislbli`nalc`ti c` ck Rcbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

85,=

>>,:

4,3

>::,:

3:.:::-3::.:::

62,3

4:,=

5,>

>::,:

>::,:

,:

,:

>::,:

82,>

>2,=

2,3

>::,:

03::.::: ]itnk


Zir ki tn`ti, c` kns pîfl`ns n`tcrlircs hcais bnrnbtcrlznmi kn irfn`lznblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, tn`ti mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn bi`bcptunk biai mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc kis nbtircs y cstrntcflns quc kc si` priplis. Nsá, ck bi`bcpti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sl dlc` cstî mcel`lmi n `lvck tcòrlbi, c` kn prîbtlbn ìs c`bi`trnais bi` mlecrc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns. Rc pucmc mcel`lr biai u`n nktcr`ntlvn sistc`ldkc nk ]urlsai mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑ c` kn quc bndc` timns kns tlpikifáns mc rcbursis, mcsmc kis pntrlai`lnkcs n kis `nturnkcs, y sc pucmc` bi`slmcrnr tnadlì` mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn cbi`òalbi biai u` scbtir bnpnz mc fc`crnr dc`celblis. Kn cvikublò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc hn cstlanmi pisltlvn pir kis mntis quc rcspnkmn` cstn nbtlvlmnm y pir ck prifrcslvi c`tc`mlalc`ti quc sc hn cxpcrlac`tnmi c`trc ck scbtir mc kn bukturn y ck slstcan turástlbi. @i idstn`tc, sc hn mcstnbnmi c`trc kis cxpcrtis kn eucrtc mcpc`mc`bln mck aimcki lapcrn`tc c` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs p÷dklbns, bucstlò` quc pucmc lèkulr mc an`crn `cfntlvn c` kn bntcfirán mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, tc`lc`mi c` buc`tn kn biyu`turn cbi`òalbn c` kn quc sc c`buc`trn` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs c` ck aiac`ti nbtunk (4:>4-4:>2). Zir ckki, ck prlacr cgc mc kn l`vcstlfnblò` sc hn irlc`tnmi n kn bièlfurnblò` bièlfurnb lò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, mctcral`n`mi quc kns nbbli`cs, cstrntcflns y rcmcs crn` kns quc bi`siklmndn` cstn bntcfirán mc ]urlsai. Kis mlecrc`tcs nbtircs pribcmán` mc kis îadltis p÷dklbis, prlvnmis, mck ]urlsai y mc kn Bukturn. Cstns nbtunbli`cs cstndn` cèibnmns nk rcbursi, nk primubti, nk anroctl`f, i hnbln eirans mc fidcr`n`zn. Kis cxpcrtis hn` pripirbli`nmi u`n lèiranblò` prcblsn sidrc kis `lvckcs mc bikndirnblò`, kis îadltis y kis biapi`c`tcs mc ìstn, alc`trns quc ck u`lvcrsi mc kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs, bi` su scfac`tnblò`, pripirbli`ndn


| 86 |

ck nbcrbnalc`ti dîslbi y prlanrli nk ]urlsai Bukturnk c` iecrtn, fcstlò` y irfn`lznblò`. Kis auscis hn` mcsnrrikknm mcsnrrikknmi i u`ns rcmcs y nbbli`cs cspcbáelbns mcsmc kn iecrtn bukturnk (ck ntrnbtlvi) hnbln kn nmal`lstrnblò`, c` mlecrc`tcs `lvckcs, i hnbln kns caprcsns, cspcblnkac`tc rckcvn`tcs rckcvn`tcs c`trc kis pcqucþis auscis quc nsuac` eu`bli`cs mc fcstlò` turástlbn. Kis aimckis mc fcstlò` quc sc pkn`tcn` pnrn ck euturi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biaprc`mc`, eu`mnac`tnkac`tc, eu`mnac`tnkac`tc, kis aimckis alxtis mc bikndirnblò` p÷dklbi-prlvnmn y ck trndngi c` rcm quc cstî` c`bnal`nmis n sikvc`tnr kis, yn nkumlmis, pridkcans mc biirml`nblò`. Rl` cadnrfi, bi`vlc`c scþnknr quc c` kn nbtunklmnm yn sc cstî` npklbn`mi acmlmns biai kns scþnknmns c` ck ‛Zkn` @nbli`nk c L`tcfrnk mc ]urlsai‑ (Z@L]) c` bun`ti n kn ‛Anrbn Cspnþn‑. Kn brcnblò` mc u`n elfurn alxtn, pucmc scr kn rcspucstn quc sc hn mcmublmi n trnvìs mck capkci biai eiran eir an mc bi`siklmnblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C` bun`ti n kis auscis, cspcbáelbnac`tc y biai rcsuktn mck n`îklsls, sc bièlran su ntrnbtlvlmnm turástlbn, nu`quc tian rckcvn`bln kn scfac`tnblò` pir vlsltn`tcs, auy rcknbli`nmn bi` mcstlìs turástlbis turást lbis y pikátlbns turástlbns. Nsá, kis auscis aîs pnrtlblpntlvis hn` slmi nquìkkis bi` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, mc tlpi nrqucikòflbi, ctìfrîelbi, i kns Bnsns-ausci. Rc kcs pucmc rcknbli`nr bi` mcstlìs turástlbis. Ri` auscis klfnmis mlrcbtnac`tc mlrcbtnac`tc bi` ck tcrrltirli quc hn` slmi brcnmis tn`ti pnrn buapklac`tnr kn iecrtn mc mcstlìs mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑ (Biau`lmnm Unkc`bln`n, N`mnkubán) biai pnrn brcnr ntrnbtlvis turástlbis c` kis tcrrltirlis mck l`tcrlir mc Cspnþn quc hn` npistnmi aîs pir ck ]urlsai Turnk y Bukturnk. Ri` auscis quc tlc`c` u` eucrtc l`tcrìs l`tcr ìs c` bikndirnr bi` ck scbtir turástlbi y c` pislbli`nrsc biai ntrnbtlvi. Zir itri knmi, kis frn`mcs auscis bi` aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs hn` slmi acìs pnrtlblpntlvis pnrtlblpntl vis y, scf÷` kis rcsuktnmis idtc`lmis, ì sc bi`slmcrn` anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc u` ntrnbtlvi turástlbi nu`quc tc`fn` u` p÷dklbi anyirltnrlnac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑. Cs pridndkc quc sc bi`slmcrc` u`n caprcsn bukturnk, l`mcpc`mlc`tc l`mcpc`mlc`tc mck scbtir turástlbi, i quc rcspi`mn` n kn irfn`lznblò` auscástlbn, mc frn` trnmlblò`. Cstî` auy nrrnlfnmis c` kndircs mc bi`scrvnblò`. Kn ern`gn acmln si` kis acìs hiaifì`cis, acìs turástlbis tnadlì`, bi` u`n l`blmc`bln rckcvn`tc c`trc kn pidknblò` kibnk.

3

KN CAZKCNDLKLMNM C@ CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

| <: |

Bnpátuki 3 KN CAZKCNDLKLMNM C@ CK ]STLRAI BSK]STNK

Mlstl`tns eirans mc bikndirnblò bikndirnblò` ` y rcmcs bièlfurn`, pucs, ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai eiran irfn`lzntlvn. Mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kn capkcndlklmnm, kis cxpcrtis scþnkn` kn `cbcslmnm mc lapuksnr u` cstumli cspcbáelbi mck acrbnmi mc trndngi pripli mck Rcbtir mck ]urlsai Bukturnk nsá biai kn bi`vc`lc`bln mc brcnr u`n elfurn l`tcracmln quc l`tcfrc kns biapctc`blns y hndlklmnmcs priecsli`nkcs priplns mck ]urlsai y kn Bukturn.

>. Kns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk Mc eiran u`î`lac, kis cxpcrtis bil`blmc` c` l`mlbnr quc ck trndngnmir mc ]urlsai Bukturnk cs u` trndngnmir auktlmlsblpkl`nr, quc privlc`c tn`ti mck ]urlsai biai mc mlsblpkl`ns aîs huan`ástlbns biai kn hlstirln, hlstirln mck nrtc, huan`lmnmcs, fcifrneán, nrqucikifán i, l`bkusi, mc nquckkns bnrrcrns aîs rcknbli`nmns bi` kn biau`lbnblò`, biai pcrlimlsai, pudklblmnm y rcknbli`cs p÷dklbns7

‛ck cqulpi quc trndngn c` ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c quc scr auktlmlsblpkl`nr y tc`cr cxpcrtis c` nrqucikifán, hlstirln‑ (S`lvcrslmnm) ‛ùcstri cqulpi cs u` cqulpi auktlmlsblpkl`nr n hlstirlnmircs mck nrtc, l`fc`lcris, fc`tc mc anroctl`f pcri pnrn priycbtis cspcbáelbis l`birpirnais n cxpcrtis‑

(Caprcsn, scbtir Bukturnk)

Cstn auktlmlsblpkl`nrlcmnm ì slcaprc cs vlstn mc an`crn pisltlvn, pucs kis priecsli`nkcs mck ]urlsai sc qucgn` mck l`truslsai bun`mi kis capkcnmircs dusbn` pcrsi`nk bi` pcrelkcs cspcblnklznmis. cspcblnklznmis. Mc cstn an`crn, kis cxpcrtis bil`blmc` c` kn pnrtlblpnbl pnrtlblpnblò` ò` mc aubhns cspcblnklmnmcs c` ck bnapi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk y acìs c` kn cspcblnklznblò` mc priecsli`nkcs i cspcblnklstns c` ]urlsai. Rc trntn dîslbnac`tc mc u`n auktlmlspkl`nrlcmnm bukturnk n kn quc, qulzîs, pucmc` nbbcmcr itrns îrcns. Rl` cadnrfi, c` eu`blò` mc quì scbtir privc`fn ck c`trcvlstnmi, ìstc vn n mnr prlirlmnm n u`ns priecsli`cs erc`tc n itrns, mc an`crn quc nquckkis priecsli`nkcs privc`lc`tcs mck slstcan turástlbi (hitckcs, nfc`blns mc vlngcs, lèiranblò` turástlbn, bi`suktirns…) prlirlznrî` n nquckkis trndngnmircs mc eiranblò` turástlbn. Nsá mcsmc ck scbtir turástlbi, pir cgcapki, prlirlzn` kis priecsli`nkcs mck ]urlsai nu`quc, nu`quc, c` ck bnsi mc kis fuáns, sc kcs nþnmc u`n eiranblò` biapkcac`tnrln7


| <> |

‛ùcstri trndngnmir cstî aîs cspcblnklznmi c` cstc tlpi mc vlngcs, kn anyirán hn` vc`lmi mck ]urlsai, mlpkianmis c` ]urlsai, (...) pcri tnadlì` bi`tnais bi` fuáns ùcstris quc cstî` eiranmis c` hlstirln mck nrtc, hlstirln, nrqucikifán, dlikifán, fcifrneá fcif rneán n …‑ (Nfc`blns (Nfc`blns mc vlngcs) ‛mi`mc hcais tc`lmi fcrc`tcs pitc`tcs ck mcstlì hn brcblmi cxpi`c`blnkac`tc‑


Alc`trns quc, c` ck scbtir bukturnk, nu`quc aucstrn` u` l`tcrìs pir ck ]urlsai, ì cstî` auy bi`vc`blmis nbcrbn mc kn lmcn mc bi`trntnr n pcrsi`nk cspcblnklznmi. Tcknbli`n` kns nbtlvlmnmcs mc ]urlsai bi` kn elfurn mck fuán i bi` kns îrcns mc Biau`lbnblò` y mc Mleuslò` mc kis auscis7

‛c` fc`crnk ì sc bi`trntn n fc`tc mc ]urlsai snkvi c` bnsis pu`tunkcs bun`mi sc

(Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) bi`trntn n fuáns turástlbis‑ (Nmal`lstr ‛]imi ki rckntlvi n kn Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` Mle uslò` mc kn Bukturn cstnrán mc`tri mck mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai‑ (Nmal`lstr (Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò` Nutòìan, îrcn mc Bukturn)

Zucmc` cbhnr mc acìs, c` nkfu`ns ibnsli`cs, mcsmc ck scbtir mc kis priecsli`nkcs mc kn Bukturn, n pcrsi`nk rcknbli`nmi bi` ck ]urlsai c` sus irfn`lznbli`cs y caprcsns, sl dlc` sc rcbiìbc quc cxlstc u` ndlsai c`trc kis priecsli`nkcs mck pntrlai`li y mck ]urlsai7

‛Rcrán eu`mnac`tnk tc`cr c` buc`tn n capkcnmi capkcnmis s quc tuvlcrn` u`n eiranblò` turástlbn pnrn irlc irlc`tnr `tnrìs ìs u` u` pibi pibi pirquc pirquc n vcbcs vcbcs vnais vnais mn`m mn`mi i pnkis pnkis mc blcf blcfi‑ i‑ (Nmal`ls-

trnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

Mc hcbhi, pir ki fc`crnk, c`trc kis frn`mcs bucrpis mc kn nmal`lstrnblò`, cspcblnkac`tc mc kis auscis, ìstis sc slfuc` l`tcrprctn`mi biai u` scbtir bukturnk, klfnmi n klbc`blnturnss c` Nrtc, Hlstirln i Nrqucikifán, pcsc n kn cvikublò` c` kns eu`bli`cs mc klbc`blnturn kis auscis y kn l`trimubblò` mc ùcvns tlpikifáns tlpikifán s mc auscis (mcsnrrikki mc kn mleuslò`, biau`lbnblò`, i brcnblò` mc kis auscis mc Blc`bln i mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs). Zir itrn pnrtc, mcsmc kn nmal`lstrnblò` p÷dklbn sc nmaltc quc, murn`tc aubhis nþis, ck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk quc kkcfndn n kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs sc mckcfndn n caprcsns sudbi`trntnmns pcri quc, n pnrtlr mc nhirn, sc mcdc` nsualr kns biapctc`blns quc sc pucmn` pir kis trndngnmircs p÷dklbis. Nhirn sc c`tlc`mc quc scrî kn

| <4 |


nmal`lstrnblò` qulc` tc`mrî quc kkcvnr n bndi cstc trndngi, nu`quc sc nmaltc quc, pnrn ndirmnr ck tcan bukturnk, sc `cbcsltn u` biìblalc`ti cspcbáelbi c` csis tcans. C` ck alsai sc`tlmi, sl dlc` trnmlbli`nkac`tc bli`nkac`t c kn fcstlò` mck ]urlsai y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk hn slmi p÷dklbn, sc cstî bi`stntn`mi y plmlc`mi bnmn vcz aîs u`n pnrtlblpnblò` prlvnmn. Znrn ckki, sc pripi`c tianr biai irlfc` ck pnpck mck rcspi`sndkc pikátlbi quc, trnmlbli`nkac`tc, sc hn aivlmi c` u` scbtir p÷dklbi. Cstc tc`mrî quc mnr bndlmn nk caprcsnrli, caprcsnrl i, bi` ùcvns eirans mc bikndirnblò`, pnrtlc`mi mc u`n ùcvn bi`bcpblò` mc kn fcstlò` p÷dklbn pir su pnrtc. Kn csbnscz mc ml`cri p÷dklbi nbtunkac`tc cs kn quc cstî scþnkn`mi cstns ùcvns eòraukns mc bikndirnblò`. Nsá, sc pucmc scþnknr kn bikndirnblò` c`trc irfn`lsais p÷dklbis y caprcsns, i mc`tri mc u` alsai irfn`lsai, kn l`trimubblò` mc eòraukns alxtns mc fcstlò`, i ck hcbhi alsai quc kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs p÷dklbns nsuan` kn anyirán mc kns l`lblntlvns rcknbli`nmns bi` ck ]urlsai7 ‛Anmrlm blumnm, ki quc sc cstî vnkirn`mi cs kn biipcrnblò` c`trc p÷dklbi y prlvnmi. Rc hn brcnmi mc`tri mck pkn` cstrntìflbi u` mcpnrtnac`ti mcmlbnmi n cstc nsu`ti pnrn pimcr pimcr nvn`z nvn`znr nr c` csc csc an`tc`la an`tc`lalc`ti lc`ti mck ]urlsa ]urlsai. i. Kn nmal`l nmal`lstrn strnblò` blò` p÷dkl p÷dklbn bn cs cvlmc`tc quc yn ì pucmc an`tc`cr sikn kn fcstlò` mck ]urlsai, cs lapisldkc.‑

(Lèiranblò` ]urástlbn Kibnk) ‛kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs p÷dklbns hn` slmi ck sipirtc mck <:% mc kns l`lblntlvns pnrn kn pucstn pucst n c` vnkir vnkir mck ]urlsa ]urlsai i Bukturnk, Bukturnk, slcaprc slcaprc kns kns nmal`lstr nmal`lstrnbli` nbli`cs cs p÷dklbns p÷dklbns cstî` cstî` mc bikbhò`. Nquá cstî kn brlsls mck aimcki nbtunk bun`mi kn hubhn mc kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs p÷dklbns cstî nbndnmn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cstî c` brlsls‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò`

Nutòìan, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Bndc pucs prcfu`tnrsc, bi` cstns pnrtlbuknrlmnmcs mc bi`cxlò` p÷dklbi-prlvnmi, ]urlsai-Bukturn, y cstns `cbcslmnmcs mc bikndirnblò`, bòai sc bièlfurn` kn eiranblò` y kis pcrelkcs mc kis priecsli`nkcs, n pnrtlr mc kn eiranblò` trnmlbli`nk y mc kns ùcvns pcrspcbtlvns.


| <2 |

4. Eiranblò` y pcrelkcs c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk S`n mc kns bnrc`blns aîs scþnknmns scþnknm ns n kn hirn mc vnkirnr kn capkcndlklmnm capkcndlklm nm y kns biapctc`blns cspcbáelbns mc kis trndngnmircs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk cs kn enktn mc u`n eiranblò` cspcbáelbn c` cstn tlpikifán turástlbn. Ki prlacri cs mcel`lr su eu`blò` prl`blpnk priecsli`nk pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Rc mcel`c nk priecsli`nk bòai kn pcrsi`n quc pnrtc mck rcbursi turástlbi y quc nbt÷n mc `cxi mc u`lò` c`trc ck rcbursi y kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn, turástlbn, quc sndc bòai sc vc`mc y n qulì`. Nsá, prcecrc`tcac`tc, sc hndkn mc brcnblò` mc primubtis bun`mi sc plc`sn n `lvck fc`crnk c` kns priecsli`cs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk7 ‛hnbc mlecrc`blnr kis rcbursis y brcn primubtis y nbtlvlmnmcs nmnptnmis‑ (S`lvcr-

slmnm, ]urlsai)

Rc trntn mc u` priecsli`nk quc mcdc bi`tnr bi` hndlklmnmc hndlklmnmcss fc`ìrlbns y itrns priplns nk ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nsá, sc mcstnbn`, eu`mnac`tnkac`tc, kn ekcxldlklmnm n kn hirn mc nmnptnrsc n u` trndngi quc iercbc rctis mc kn aîs mlvcrsn á`mikc y kns hndlklmnmcs mc biau`lbnblò`, ì sòki lapirtn`tcs n kn hirn mc rcknbli`nrsc bi` ck bklc`tc slì bi` itris priecsli`nkcs mck scbtir7

‛bnpnblmnm mc nbtunr bi` rnplmcz y bi`tcstnr mc eiran celblc`tc nk bklc`tc? b klc`tc? bnpnblmnm mc hndknr c` p÷dklbi, bknrlmnm y cmubnblò` n kn hirn mc hnbcr kn cxpislblò` irnk nk bklc`tc? quc scn u` duc` biau`lbnmir‑ (Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs) ‛Ck quc sc mcmlbn n ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c quc fc`crnr u`n sc`sldlklmnm cspcblnk, pir cgcap cgcapki ki n kn kn hirn hirn mc pi`cr pi`cr c` vnkir vnkir u` u` ynblalc ynblalc`ti `ti sndcr sndcr bi` bi` qulì` qulì` tc`fi tc`fi quc quc bi`tnbtnr y bòai hnbcrki‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc Auscis)

Ans bi` kns mlecrc`tcs ipl`li`cs vcrtlmns pir kis priecsli`nkcs nbcrbn mc kns bnrnbtcrástlbns quc kis capkcnmis tlc`c` quc buapklr pnrn trndngnr c` nquckkns mlsblpkl`ns c` kns quc sc hn` mcsnrrikknmi priecsli`nkac`tc, sc pucmc` cxtrncr mlecrc`tcs pcrelkcs mc trndngnmir mc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Mc`tri mc kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sc pucmc mlstl`fulr c`trc kis capkcnmis quc trndngn` mc`tri mc kn ielbl`n mlscþn`mi pnquctcs turástlbis y kis quc trndngn` pnrn kn nfc`bln nbiapnþn`mi n kis frupis, kis fuáns turástlbis. Znrn kis ki s prlacris, cs laprcsbl`mldkc u`n eiranblò` c` ]urlsai quc kcs pcraltn mlscþnr kis pnquctcs turástlbis, ntc`mcr nk bklc`tc mc u`n an`crn birrcbtn, mial`nr kis prifrnans mc fcstlò` mc rcscrvns, pcri tnadlì` tc`cr blcrtn sc`sldlklmnm hnbln kn bukturn7

| <= |


‛u` nfc`tc mc ]urlsai Bukturnk tlc`c quc tc`cr u`n nbtltum rcbcptlvn pnrn pimcr bnptnr y cstnr ndlcrti n`tc kn Bukturn, c lmcnr u` vlngc bukturnk bi` blcrti sc`tlmi‑

(Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs)

Kis scfu`mis, sl` cadnrfi, `cbcsltn` u`n eiranblò` aîs cspcblnklznmn c` Huan`lmnmcs (hlstirln mck nrtc, fcifrneán…) u itrns mlsblpkl`ns (dlikifán) quc kcs pcraltn` iercbcr u`n vlsltn nmnptnmn n kis mlecrc`tcs tlpis mc mcan`mn quc sc pucmc tc`cr c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, mcsmc cxpcrtis n bklc`tcs `còeltis c` kns mlsblpkl`ns bltnmns7 ‛ùcstri trndngnmir cstî aîs cspcblnklznmi c` cstc tlpi mc vlngcs, nk anyirán hn` vc`lmi mck ]urlsai, mlpkianmis c` ]urlsai, (...) pcri tnadlì` bi`tnais bi` fuáns ùcstris quc cstî` eiranmis c` hlstirln mck nrtc, hlstirln, nrqucikifán, dlikifán, fcifrneá fcif rneán n …‑ (Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs)

C` ck scbtir hitckcri trnmlbli`nk, l`bkusi c` nquckkis aimckis klfnmis nk ]urlsai Bukturnk mlrcbtnac`tc, mlrcbtnac`tc, biai iburrc bi` Znrnmircs, ì sc rcqulcrc tn`tn cspcblnklznblò`, cs aîs, kn eiranblò` mck capkcnmi pucmc nscacgnrsc n kn mc bunkqulcr hitck7 ‛@i hny `nmlc cspcblnklznmi c` vc`mcr csc tlpi mc iecrtn `l c` mcsnrrikknrkn. Kns pcrsi`ns pcrs i`ns quc mcs mcsnrri nrrikkn` kkn` kns rutn rutns s buktu bukturnkc rnkcs s si` kns als alsans ans quc irfn irfn`lzn `lzn` ` cvc` cvc`tis tis i ki quc scn‑ (Nkignalc`ti)

Rl` cadnrfi, itris cxpcrtis scþnkn` quc, c` kis hitckcs, kn elfurn mck rcbcpbli`lstn cs pnrn kis bklc`tcs n qulc` sc nbumc bun`mi sc `cbcsltn lèiranblò` bukturnk sidrc kn blumnm. Rc tlc`c kn lmcn quc u` rcbcpbli`lstn tlc`c quc sndcrki timi, pcsc n quc su eu`blò` ì cs csn y ì cstî prcpnrnmi pnrn csi, ì si` fc`tc bunklelbnmn pnrn ckki. Zir csi, c` kis ÷ktlais tlcapis, cstî` surflc`mi ùcvis pcrelkcs, elfurns l`tcracmlns, biai ck mc Bi`scrgc mck Hitck bukturnk quc, nmcaîs mc kn eiranblò` c` ]urlsai, tlc`c u`n nktn cspcblnklznblò` bukturnk7 ‛Hn` surflmi ùcvis pcrelkcs biai bi`scrgc bukturnk mck hitck7 cs u`n elfurn c` u` hitck mc = i 3 cstrckkns y cs u` bi`suktir y nbiapnþn nbiapnþn`tc `tc bukturnk pnrn kis bklc`tcs mck hitck‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Zir itri knmi, c` kis mcstlìs, cs mcblr c` kn nmal`lstrnblò` mc mcstlì, sc hn mcstnbnmi kn elfurn mck Fcrc`tc mck Mcstlì, elfurn eu`mnac`tnk n kn hirn mc pkn`lelbnr y fcstli`nr kis mcstlìs y kis primubtis quc c` ìk sc mcsnrrikkn`7

| <3 |


‛Mi`mc hcais tc`lmi fcrc`tcs pitc`tcs ck mcstlì hn brcblmi cxpi`c`blnkac`tc‑


Zir ki fc`crnk, si` pcrsi`ns bi` u`n eiranblò` turástlbn y bi` u`n frn` bnpnblmnm mc irfn`lznblò` pirquc si` aubhis kis enbtircs quc l`tcrvlc`c` c` ck mcstlì7 ‛S` duc` fcrc`tc c` u` mcstlì bukturnk cs kn bknvc. b knvc. Kns acgircs slcaprc si` augcrcs, pirquc pir quc tc`c tc`cais ais bnpn bnpnblmn blmnm m mc hnb hnbcr cr aubh aubhns ns bisn bisns s n kn vcz, y trnd trndngn ngnrr c` cstc scbt scbtir ir lapklbn aivcr aubhis hlkis‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

\, aîs klfnmi nk scbtir bukturnk, c`bi`trnais kn elfurn mc Fcstir Bukturnk7 ‛fcstircs priecsli`nkcs bnpnbcs mc fc`crnr primubtis bukturnkcs‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò`

Nuti`òalbn, îrcn mc ]urlsai)

Rl` mcgnr mc knmi kn elfurn mck dcbnrli buyn cxbckc`tc eiranblò` sc rcbiìbc. Zir ÷ktlai, c` kis auscis, trnmlbli`nkac`tc klfnmis nk scbtir bukturnk, ck trndngnmir bi` eiranblò` turástlbn vn n cstnr klfnmi n kn mleuslò`, yn scn n trnvìs mc kn elfurn mck fuán mc ausci i mck mcpnrtnac`ti mc biau`lbnblò`7

‛C` fc`crnk ì sc bi`trntn n fc`tc mc ]urlsai snkvi bnsis pu`tunkcs bun`mi sc bi`trntn n fuáns turástlbis‑ (Nmal`lstr (Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò` Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis)

Kn ipl`lò` mc kis cxpcrtis hn pcraltlmi mctcral`nr kns eu`bli`cs cspcbáelbns mc`tri mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, c` rcknblò` bi` kn primubblò`, nsá biai u`n l`blplc`tc bntcfirlznblò` mc pcrelkcs y mc biapctc`blns, tn`ti c` ck scbtir p÷dklbi biai c` ck scbtir prlvnmi. Kns `cbcslmnmcs mc eiranblò` quc kis priecsli`nkcs c`trcvlstnmis hn` vnkirnmi biai `cbcsnrlns sc ngustn` nk pcrelk mck capkcnmi c` ]urls-

| <5 |


ai Bukturnk bltnmi bi` n`tcrlirlmnm, pucs aubhis mc ckkis mcstnbn` kn lapirtn`bln mc tc`cr u`n eiranblò` auktlmlsblpkl`nr quc kcs pcraltn nmnptnrsc n kis mlvcrsis pcrelkcs quc sc pucmc` c`bi`trnr c` ck acrbnmi kndirnk. Zcri ùcvnac`tc, mcsmc kis mis bnapis, ]urlsai y Bukturn, bnmn uì cxprcsn kns `cbcslmnmcs eirantlvns. Mc cstc aimi, c`bi`trnais bòai kns caprcsns turástlbns, nmcaîs mck pcrsi`nk hndltunk eiranmi c` ]urlsai, dusbn` priecsli`nkcs eiranmis c` itrns mlsblpkl`ns i pripirbli`n` u`n eiranblò` nmlbli`nk n kis frnmunmis c` ]urlsai, quc kcs pcraltn cspcblnklznrsc c` ck bnapi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk7 ‛Kn anyirán mc ùcstris fuáns i dlc` si` hlstirlnmircs mck nrtc, hlstirlnmircs, nrqucòkifis, dlòkifis, fcòfrneis…‑ (Nfc`bln (Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs) ‛Ck vc`mcmir mc ùcstrn caprcsn tlc`c u`n eiranblò` mc nfc`tc mc vlngcs pcri kucfi kc mnais eiranblò` cspcbáelbn sidrc kis vlngcs quc cstnais vc`mlc`mi‑ (Nfc`bln mc Ulngcs)

Zcri tnadlì`, sc nprcbln bòai kis priecsli`nkcs mc kn Bukturn cbhn` mc acìs ipl`li`cs y pcrsi`nk rcknbli`nmi bi` ck ]urlsai c` sus irfn`lznbli`cs y caprcsns, nu`quc sc rcbiìbc quc cxlstc u` ndlsai c`trc kis priecsli`nkcs mck pntrlai`li y mck ]urlsai. \ cspcblnkac`tc, mcsmc kn bukturn, sc cbhn c` enktn eiranblò` cèibnmn n kns `cbcslmnmcs mc kn mcan`mn7 ‛Rcrán eu`mnac`tnk tc`cr c` buc`tn n capkcnmis quc tuvlcrn` u`n eiranblò` turástlbn pnrn pn rn ir irlc lc`t `tnr nrì ìs s u` pi pibi bi pi pirq rquc uc n vc vcbc bcs s vn vnai ais s mn mn`m `mi i pn pnki kis s mc bl blcf cfi‑ i‑ (Nmal`lstrnblò` (Nmal`lstrnblò`

Bc`trnk, îrcn mc Auscis) ‛eiranblò` aîs cèibnmn n kns `cbcslmnmcs mc kn mcan`mn‑ (Caprcsn, scbtir Bi`-

suktirán) Kn mcdlklmnm quc aîs sc mcstnbn pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cs kn pibn cspcblnklznblò` mc kn bnrrcrn c` ]urlsai. Rc trntn mc u`n bucstlò` quc, mc nkf÷` aimi, sc budrc n trnvìs mc kn pnukntl`n cxpcrlc`bln priecsli`nk quc vn nmqulrlc`mi ck l`mlvlmui, i n trnvìs mc eiranblò` biapkcac`tnrln, biai mcstnbnri` c` ck bnsi mc kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs, qulc`cs bi`trntn` n priecsli`nkcs priecsli`nkcs bi` u`n eiranblò` mc nfc`tc mc vlngcs y kucfi kcs mn` u`n eiranblò` biapkcac`tnrln. Kis cstumlis mc ]urlsai sc bi`slmcrn`, mc hcbhi, mcanslnmi cèibnmis hnbln kn Caprcsn7 ‛Ck pridkcan cs quc kn eiranblò` u`lvcrsltnrln cstî mcanslnmi mlrlflmn n caprcsns. \ ac pnrcbc` aîs biapkctis c` ùcstri îadlti kis pkn`cs mc eiranblò` quc sc cstî kkcvn` c` fcstlò` bukturnk‑ (Caprcsn, scbtir Bukturnk)


| <6 |

Nslalsai, sc mcstnbn kn pibn ntc`blò` rcbldlmn pir cstc tlpi mc ]urlsai c` ck pkn` mc eiranblò` cxlstc`tc c` kn nbtunklmnm, aîs irlc`tnmi nk ]urlsai mc‑ Rik y Zknyn‑ y n kn hitckcrán. Rl` cadnrfi, sc l`slstc c` ck mial`li mck slstcan turástlbi y c` kn duc`n prcpnrnblò` mc kis priecsli`nkcs c` ]urlsai, bi` bnpnblmnm mlrcbtlvn, caprcsnrlnk, pcri kcs enktnrán kn sc`sldlklmnm pntrlai`lnk, nsá biai aîs l`tcrìs, y u`n acgir nbtltum pnrn bi` ck mcsnrrikki mc timns kns biapctc`blns. biapctc`blns. Zir ki tn`ti, ì sc trntn mc u`n brátlbn n`tc kis cstumln`tcs,, slì n`tc kis pkn`cs mc cstumli quc ì cstî` cèibnmis hnbln ck ]urlsai cstumln`tcs Bukturnk7

‛kis priecsli`nkcs turástlbis ki quc pnsn mial`n` ck slstcan turástlbi tn`ti kn iecrtn biai kn mcan`mn, kis rcbursis y kns lèrncstrubturns‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc Auscis)

Mi`mc pucmc hndcr mcdlklmnmcs i knfu`ns bi` rcspcbti nk ]urlsai Bukturnk cs c` kn enktn mc prieu`mlznblò` c` kns antcrlns huan`ástlbns, fcifrneán, pikátlbn. \ csi cs ki quc cxpklbnrán i gustlelbnrán quc ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk, bun`mi hny mcan`mn mc priecsli`nkcs c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, ì c`buc`trc n kns pcrsi`ns nmcbunmns c`trc kis priecsli`nkcs mc ]urlsai. C` cecbti, pnrn u`n duc`n eiranblò` mlrlflmn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, hndrán quc bi`tnr bi` vnrlns cspcblnklmnmcs quc ì sc lapnrtc` c` u`n sikn csbuckn y quc, c` kn nbtunklmnm, ì sc cstî` c`scþn`mi c` ]urlsai. Zcri, c` bnadli, itris cxpcrtis prcelcrc` quc kis cstumln`tc cstumln`tcss cstumlc` fcstlò` n kis priplis biìblalc`tis tcòrlbis y huan`ástlbis7

‛c` kn nslf`nturn mc Zntrlai`li Bukturnk cs aîs ÷tlk quc kis nkuaìs nprc`mn` n fcstli`nr, fcstli `nr, n sndcr sndcr n qulì` qulì` mlrlflrsc, mlrlflrsc, sndcr sndcr quc cs kn l`tcrpr l`tcrprctnblò` ctnblò` mck mck Zntrlai`li Zntrlai`li aîs quc hlstirln mck nrtc purn y murn‑ (S`lvcrslmnm, îrcn mc Auscis)

C` bun`ti n u`n eiranblò` cspcbáelbn pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, kis cxpcrtis sá quc cbhn` c` enktn i pkn`tcn` kn ipblò` mc u` ltl`crnrli cspcbáelbi priecsli`nk klfnmi mlrcbtnac`tc nk ]urlsai Bukturnk, i u`n eiranblò` biapucstn pir bi`tc`lmis biai kn biau`lbnblò`, kn l`tcrprctnblò` y kn mleuslò`. Ridrc ck tlpi mc eiranblò` quc sc mcdc mnr, mcstnbn` nkfu`ns biapctc`blns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kis prifrnans mc eiranblò` c` ]urlsai biai ‛kn eiranblò` c` kc`funs cxtrn`gcrns‑ y kn nmnptnblò` mc kis prifrnans trnmlbli`nkcs hnbln u`n eiranblò` aîs


| <8 |

cèibnmn n kn fcstlò`, tn`ti mc kis rcbursis, mc kn iecrtn, kn mcan`mn i, c` u` sc`tlmi aîs napkli, mc kis mcstlìs. C`trc kns eirtnkczns mc kis nkuaìs quc kkcfn` n kns caprcsns, sc hn` mcstnbnmi sus hndlklmnmcs pnrn kn lèiraîtlbn, kis lmlians, su prcpnrnblò` biai fcstircs y ck mial`li quc cstis tlc`c` mc kn iecrtn, kn mcan`mn turástlbn y mck acrbnmi caprcsnrlnk. Ck bi`tcxti quc pcrelkn` kis cxpcrtis sc bi`brctn c` kn rcnklmnm mc kis auscis. Zir ckki, cstumlnrcais su sltunblò` c` tìralìs mc su cstrubturn mc pucstis, n`nklzn`mi l`lblnkac`tc sus pkn`tlkkns mc trndngnmircs y su mlstrldublò` c`trc kis prl`blpnkcs mcpnrtnac`tis lmc`tlelbnmis biai aîs rcprcsc`tntlvis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk pnrn, pistcrlirac`tc, pistcrlirac `tc, cstumlnr kn eiranblò` y kis pcrelkcs mc kis priecsli`nkcs. Ck frîelbi >4 aucstrn quc ck 6<% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis tlc`c u`n pkn`tlkkn rcmublmn, bi` acìs mc 45 trndngnmircs. Kis auscis rcstn`tcs sc rcpnrtc` c`trc kis quc nbuaukn`, c`trc 45 y 3: trndngnmircs (bnsl (bns l u` >4%), kis quc tlc`c` u`n pkn`tlkkn c`trc 3> y >:: (5%), y kis quc scþnkn` bi`tnr bi` u`n pkn`tlkkn pkn`tl kkn mc aîs mc >:: trndngnmircs (2%).

FTÎELBI >4

@÷acri mc trndngnmircs, c` pirbc`tngc

5,>%

2,2% Mc > n 43 (68,<%) 68,<%

>>,6%

Mc 45 n 3: (>>,6%) Mc 3> n >:: (5,>%) Aîs mc >:: (2,2%)


Ck pirbc`tngc mc auscis c`bucstnmis, bi` pkn`tlkkns rcmublmns, rcmublmns, bil`blmc bi` kis mntis mcrlvnmis mc kn prlacrn pnrtc mck n`îklsls mc ùcstrn c`bucstn, cs mcblr, bi` kn nktn pnrtlblpnblò` mc kis pcqucþis auscis c` cstc cstumli y su cspcblnk npirtnblò` nk ]urlsai Bukturnk.

| << |


Kn mlstrldublò` mc kis trndngnmircs c`trc kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis mck ausci sc rcekcgn c` ck frîelbi >2. Cstc cstumli tlc`c pir idgctlvi idgctlv i ck n`îklsls mc bnmn mcpnrtnac`ti mc eiran l`mcpc`mlc`tc, nsá biai kn bun`tlelbnbl bun`tlelbnblò` ò` mc bnmn mcpnrtnac`ti c` rcknblò` bi` kis itris, pnrn acmlr ck pcsi rckntlvi mc bnmn uì mc ckkis mc`tri mc kis auscis y, c` bi`scbuc`bln, mctcral`nr kn pikátlbn auscástlbn mc kn l`stltublò`. Bi` ckkis, cstnrcais c` bi`mlbli`cs mc mcmublr tc`mc`blns, pikátlbns y cstrntcflns mc kis mlecrc`tcs mcpnrtnac`tis mcpnrtnac`t is mc kis auscis lapklbnmis c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

FTÎELBI >2

Mlstrldublò` mc kis trndngnmircs c`trc kis mcpnrtnac`tis mc kis auscis, c` pirbc`tngc >::

5,:

<:

6,8

8:

>:,2

:,< 4,5

:,< 4,5

=,2 =,2

43,<

45,6

43,<

6: %

5:

=:

26,<

26,<

3:

=>,=

63,<

2: 4:

2>,<

:

Mlrcbblò`

Hnstn ck >3%

L`vcstlfnblò` y Bi`scrvnblò` Mck >5 nk 2:%

46,5

>:

Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` Mck 2> nk 3:%

Mck 3> nk 63%

4<,2

Nmal`lstrnblò`

Aîs mck 63%


Znrn ckki, mc nbucrmi bi` kn cstrubturn mc kis auscis, cstrubturnais ck ausci c` = mcpnrtnac`tis dîslbis pnrn kn c`bucstn quc ndnrbndn` sl`tìtlbnac`tc timns kns eu`bli`cs mck ausci7 Mlrcbblò`, Bi`scrvnblò`, Mleuslò` y Nmal`lstr Nmal`lstrnblò`. nblò`. Rc mcgnri` mc knmi, pnrn ml`nalznr kn scbuc`bln mck bucstli`nrli, îrcns y scrvlblis quc pucmc` cstnr cxtcr`nklznmis cxtcr`nklzn mis i quc, scf÷` kis auscis, sc l`bkuyc` c` kis mlecrc`tcs mcpnrtnac`tis. Rc prctc`mán vnkirnr auy cspcblnkac`tc ck mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò`-Mleuslò`, tc`lc`mi c` buc`tn quc cstc mcpnrtnac`ti pimrán mcel`lr u`ns pisldkcs cstrntcflns hnbln kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn.

| >:: |


N pnrtlr mck n`îklsls mck frîelbi >2, idscrvnais ki slfulc`tc c` bun`ti n kn mlstrldublò` mc kis trndngnmircs c`trc kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis mc u` ausci7 Mlrcbblò `. Mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, ck 65% nelran quc hnstn ck • Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Mlrcbblò`. >3% mck titnk mc kis trndngnmircs trndngn c` cstc mcpnrtnac`ti, mnti cspcblnkac`tc cspcblnk ac`tc rckcvn`tc quc mcaucstrn quc, nu`quc ùcstrn aucstrn cstî eiranmn pir auscis pcqucþis c` su anyirán, ck pcsi rckntlvi mck Mcpnrtnac`ti Mcpnrt nac`ti mc Mlrcbblò` cstî cqulkldrnmi y sc birrcspi`mc bi` auscis bi` cstrubturns mcpnrtnac`tnkcs mcpnrtnac`tnkcs cqulkldrnmns. cqulkldrnmns. C` bnadli, ck 4=% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis sc rcelcrc` n pirbc`tngcs aîs nktis mc capkcnmis c` cstc mcpnrtnac`ti. Cstis pirbc`tngcs aîs ckcvnmis birrcspi`mc` prcvlsldkcac`tc prcvlsldkca c`tc n auscis aîs pcqucþis, mi`mc kn mlrcbblò` tlc`mc n l`tcfrnr u`n vnrlcmnm anyir mc mcpnrtnac mcpnrtnac`tis. `tis. • Mcpnrtnac`ti mc L`vcstlfnblò` y Bi`scrvnblò`. Cs ck mcpnrtnac`ti plknr mc kis

auscis. C` u` 28% mc kis auscis, su pkn`tlkkn rcprcsc`tn rcprcsc`tn c`trc u` >5% y u` 2:% mck titnk mc kis trndngnmircs, y c` u` 46% rcprcsc`tn mck 3> hnstn ck 63%. Kn ern`gn e rn`gn lècrlir, mc sòki hnstn u` >3%, sc rcelcrc auy pridndkcac`tc n nquckkis auscis pcqucþis, pcqucþis, mi`mc hny scrvlblis biai kn scfurlmnm y kn klaplczn, quc ì sc rcelcrc` n eu`bli`cs purnac`tc auscástlbns, pcri buyis trndngnmircs eiran` pnrtc mc kn pkn`tlkkn. Biau`lbnblò ` y Mleuslò`. Ru rckcvn`bln trnmubc u` cèiquc cspc• Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` báelbi mck ausci hnbln ck vlsltn`tc i ck p÷dklbi. S` 28% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis tlc`c` u`n pkn`tlkkn c` cstc mcpnrtnac`ti mc c`trc ck >5 y ck 2:%, alc`trns quc c` u` 45% nkbn`zn hnstn c`trc ck 2> y ck 3:%. Ri` mntis auy slalknrcs nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc L`vcstlfnblò`, nu` bun`mi cstc mcpnrtnac`ti mcpnr tnac`ti tlc`c u` pirbc`tngc nkfi anyir mc pkn`tlkkn. Rl` cadnrfi, u` 8% mc kis auscis mcmlbn` aîs mck 3:% mc su pkn`tlkkn n cstc mcpnrtnac`ti. mcpnrtnac `ti. Rc trntn mc u` mnti ùcvi, quc ì sc c`buc`trn c` ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Bi`scrvnblò` y quc pucmc nufurnr bnadlis y ùcvns cstrntcflns. • Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Nmal`lstrnblò`. Ru anf`ltum cs cqulvnkc`tc n kn mc kis mcpnr-

tnac`tis n`tcrlircs, nu`quc bi`vlc`c mcstnbnr u` pcqucþi antlz7 ck =>% mc kis auscis scþnkn quc tlc`c c`trc ck >5 y 2:% mck titnk mc kis trndngnmircs vl`buknmi n cstc mcpnrtnac`ti. Kis rcsuktnmis mc kn c`bucstn pripirbli`n` mntis sidrc kis mcpnrtnac`tis, nsá biai ck n`îklsls mck bi`tcxti mck capkci, pcri hnstn hiy sc mcsbiìbán kn eiranblò` nbnmìalbn aîs nmcbunmn y vnkirnmn c` bnmn bnsi. Zir ckki, ùcstri cstumli hn qucrlmi mnr u` pnsi aîs y n`nklznr ck `lvck mc cstumli cxlflmi y ck frnmi mc biapctc`blns c`trc kis trndngnmircs mc kis auscis, biai cgc mc kn capkcndlk capkcndlklmnm lmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.


| >:> |

C` ck frîelbi >= sc pucmc idscrvnr quc tnadlì` cxlstc blcrtn hiaifc`clmnm c` bun`ti n kns tltuknbli`cs aîs mcan`mnmns. Rc idscrvn quc aîs mc mis tcrblis mc kis auscis cxlfc` pnrn kis Mcpnrtnac`tis mc Mlrcbblò`, L`vcstlfnblò` y Bi`scrvnblò` y mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` u`n bunklelbnblò` aá`lan mc Klbc`blnturn i Frnmi. Kn tltuknblò` mc Zisfrnmi cstî prcsc`tc c` mctcral`nmis pucstis, nsá biai kn mc EZ y blbkis eirantlvis. Rl` cadnrfi, sc nprcbln` mlecrc`blns rckcvn`tcs. • Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Mlrcbblò`. Kis cstumlis mc Zisfrnmi si` bi`slmcrnmis biai

tltuknblò` aá`lan pir u` 4:% mc kis auscis. Kn frn` anyirán mc ckkis mcbknrn` biai cxlfldkc, sl` cadnrfi, ÷`lbnac`tc ck `lvck mc Klbc`blnturn i Frnmi. Auy ibnsli`nkac`tc,, sc ac`bli`n` kis Blbkis Eirantlvis. sli`nkac`tc • Mcpnrtnac`ti mc L`vcstlfnblò` y Bi`scrvnblò`. Npnrcbc` biai alìrltnrlis kis

Zisfrnmi erc`tc nk mial`li ndsikuti mc kns Klbc`blnturns y mc kis Frnmis, c` u` 6=%. Kis Blbkis Eirantlvis sc slfuc` bltn`mi, prcvlsldkca prcvlsldkcac`tc c`tc pnrn nkfu`ns tnrcns bi`brctns. Mcpnrtnac`ti i mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`. Kns rcspucstns mc kis auscis npc`ns • Mcpnrtnac`t rcekcgn` mcan`mn mc Zisfrnmi. Kns Klbc`blnturns y Frnmis si` kns tltuknbli`cs aîs hndltunkcs (58%) pcri, c` bnadli, sc scþnkn` kis Blbkis Eirantlvis mc EZ, c` u` pirbc`tngc mck >8%. Hnbc rcecrc`bln auy pridndkcac`tc n nkfu`ns rnans mc kn EZ cèibnmn hnbln tnrcns mc Mleuslò`. Mcpnrtnac`ti i mc Nmal`lstr Nmal`lstrnblò`. nblò`. C` cstc mcpnrtnac` mcpnrtnac`ti, ti, kis Blbkis Eirantlvis si` • Mcpnrtnac`t kns tltuknbli`cs aá`lans cxlflmns y rcbiìblmns anyirltnrlnac`tc pir kis auscis, c` tirì n u` 35%. Kis Blbkis Eirantlvis mc EZ pucmc` birrcspi`mcr pir sus cspcblnklmnmcs n kns `cbcslmnmcs mc cstc mcpnrtnac`ti. Kns rcspucstns sidrc kn nmcbunblò` mc kn eiranblò` mc kis priecsli`nkcs aucstrn u`ns mcan`mns bknrns c` ki quc rcspcbtn n su bunklelbnblò`, ck kufnr quc cstî` ibupn`mi kis Zisfrnmis, ck `lbhi birrcspi`mlc`tc n kis Blbkis Eirantlvis y, timi ckki, c` u` bi`tcxti mc prcpi`mcrn`bln ndsikutn mc kns tltuknbli`cs mc Klbc`blnturn y Frnmi.


| >:4 |

FTÎELBI >=

@lvck aá`lai mc bunklelbnblò` cxlflmi pir mcpnrtnac`tis, c` pirbc`tngc >::

8,4

>2,4

<: 8:

4:,3

>4,3

>:,8

>,2

>,8

8,4 2>,>

6: %

5: 58,>

3: 6=,4 =:

56,2

2:

35,2

4: >: :

>8,> =,:

Mlrcbblò`

Blbkis eirantlvis/EZ

=,=

L`vcstlfnblò` y Bi`scrvnblò`

Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`

Klbc`blnturns/Frnmis

Zisfrnmi

Nmal`lstrnblò`

@s/@B


Kis c`bucstnmis npirtn` aîs prcblslò` sidrc kn nmcbunblò` mc kis cstumlis n kns eu`bli`cs auscástlbns c` u` sc`tlmi fc`crnk, pcri c`tc`mlmis nquá biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis (frîelbi >3). Rc pucmc idscrvnr quc kis Frnmis mc Nrtc, Hlstirln y Huan`lmnmc Huan`lmnmcss si` bi`slmcrnmis pir ck 8<% mc kis auscis uìs cstumlis dnstn`tc i auy nmcbunmis pnrn mcscapcþnr u` capkci c` ck ausci. Rc an`tlc`c, pucs, kn ipl`lò` mc quc ck scbtir mc kis auscis c`tri`bn mlrcbtnac`tc bi` kns îrcns huan`ástlbns y bi` ck pntrlai`li, bnapi quc, mc hcbhi, kis hlzi `nbcr bun`mi tuvlcri` quc prcscrvnr lapirtn`tcs bn`tlmnmcs mc idgctis (aiùac`tis scf÷` kn tcralìkifán mcblai`ò`lbn). Rl` cadnrfi y mc`tri mc u` cstumli sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk y Capkcndlklmnm, biìbcr ck frnmi mc nmcbunblò` mc kis cstumlis mc ]urlsai mc`tri mc kis `lvckcs nbnmìalbis y kns cspcblnklmnmcs eirantlvns mc kis auscis, sc pkn`tcò biai u` idgctlvi prlirltnrli. Aîs n÷`, y cstc cs ck anrbi mc ùcstri n`îklsls, bun`mi kn tltuknblò` mc ]urlsai sc hn rcbi`vcrtlmi c` Frnmi y hn nkbn`znmi u` kufnr mc`tri mc kn c`scþn`zn supcrlir. supcrlir.

| >:2 |


FTÎELBI >3

Nmcbunblò` mc kis Frnmis n kis capkcis mc u` ausci, c` pirbc`tngc >:: <:

8,8

>=,6

44,6

4>,>

8: 2:,5

6: %

5:

6=,5

24,5

45,<

3: =:

23,2 45,4

2:

48,6

4:

>2,<

>:

3,8 4,< 4,8

>4,4 5,2

5,3

Nrtc/Hlstirln/ Huan`lmnmcs

]urlsai

Biau`lbnblò`, Zu Zudklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns

:

@nmn nmcbunmi

Zibi nmcbunmi

>4,<

Nmcbunmi

Dnstn`tc nmcbunmi

>=,3

Nmal`lstrnblò` mc Caprcsns Auy nm nmcbunmi


C` csc sc`tlmi, sc idscrvn quc ck Frnmi mc ]urlsai cs bi`slmcrnmi auy nmcbunmi y nmcbunmi pnrn ck 35% mc kis auscis, alc`trns quc kis Frnmis mc Biau`lbnblò`, Zudklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns acrcbc` csns alsans bi`slmcrnbli`cs bi`slmcrnbli`cs pnrn u` =5% mc kis c`bucstnmis, nu`quc sc ki rcbiìbc biai dnstn`tc nmcbunmi c` u` pirbc`tngc nkti (23%). C` csc sc`tlmi, ]urlsai caplczn n tc`cr u` blcrti rcbiìblalc`ti c`trc kis auscis c`bucstnmis. El`nkac`tc, ck Frnmi mc Nmal`lstrnblò` mc Caprcsns cs nquck quc rcsuktn acìs nmcbunmi rcspcbti n kis mcaîs, ck =2% ki bi`slmcrn pibi i `nmn nmcbunmi pnrn pimcr trndngnr c` auscis. C` timn kn csbnkn mc vnkirnblò`, cstî pcir vnkirnmi quc kns itrns tltuknbli`cs. Cstc mnti tcstlai`ln bòai kis auscis, pcsc n kn tc`mc`bln nbtunk mc cèibnrkis biai c`tcs p÷dklbis (p.c. ck ausci mck Zrnmi), i scr l`bkusi prlvnmis, ì sc bi`slmcrn` c` ndsikuti u`n caprcsn bun`mi, sl` cadnrfi, kkcvn` n bndi tnrcns mc fcstlò` i tlc`c` quc dusbnr c` aubhis bnsis su pripln el`n`blnblò`. Ck frîelbi >5 sc rcelcrc nk n`îklsls cspcbáelbi cspcbáelb i mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y MleuMle uslò`. Cstc mcpnrtnac`ti sc hn l`vcstlfnmi cspcblnkac`tc pucsti quc sc ibupn mc kn fcstlò` mc kis vlsltn`tcs y sc nmcbun aîs nk pcrelk mc kis priecsli`nkcs bi` eiranblò` turástlbn y nk idgctlvi mck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi.


| >:= |

FTÎELBI >5

Nmcbunblò` Frnmis nk Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, c` pirbc`tngc >::

=,4

<: 8:

>3,8

44,3 28,4 =3,8

6: %

3:

2:,<

2=,<

5:

46,5 45,8

=: 2:

>8,8

2:,4

4: >: :

43,3

42,4 >>,4 =,4 Nrtc/Hlstirln/ Huan`lmnmcs @nmn nmcbunmi

>:,6 >,6 ]urlsai

Zibi nmcbunmi

42,5 2,5 :,5 Biau`lbnblò`, Zu Z udklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns Nmcbunmi

Dnstn`tc nmcbunmi

Nmal`lstrnblò` mc Caprcsns Auy nmcbunmi


Rcf÷` kis rcsuktnmis mc kn c`bucstn, kn tltuknblò` aîs nbirmc pnrn mcscapcþnr kns eu`bli`cs c` cstc mcpnrtnac`ti si` kis Frnmis mc Biau`lbnblò`, Zudklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns, bi`slmcrnmis dnstn`tc y auy nmcbunmi pir ck 62% mc kis auscis. Zcri mcstnbn sidrc timi quc, pnrn u` =5% mc kis auscis, cs u`n tltuknblò` auy nmcbunmn pnrn cstc mcpnrtnac`ti bun`mi, pnrn ck bi`gu`ti mc timis kis auscis c`bucstnmis, cstn tltuknblò` cs siknac`tc bi`slmcrnmn bi`slmc rnmn auy nmcbunmn pnrn ck >3%. Rc mctcbtn, pucs, u`n cspcblnklznblò` pir mcpnrtnac`tis, quc yn c`bi`trîdnais c` ck n`îklsls mc kis `lvckcs mc bunklelbnblò`. Znrn ck Frnmi mc ]urlsai, sc idtlc`c u`n cvnkunblò` dnstn`tc i auy pisltlvn pnrn ck 38% mc kis auscis y, c` fc`crnk, cs ck scfu`mi frnmi aîs vnkirnmi mcspuìs mc kis Frnmis mc Biau`lbnblò`, Zudklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns. Zcri, c` cstc bnsi, ì sc trntn mc u`n cspcblnklznblò` mc`tri mck mcpnrtnac`ti, yn quc kn nmcbunblò` mc kis frnmunmis c` ]urlsai nk îadlti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` cs slalknr n kn quc sc rcekcgn pnrn ck bi`gu`ti mc kis auscis (frîelbi >3). \ mcstnbn tnadlì` quc, pcsc n kis nvn`bcs mck Frnmi mc ]urlsai, kis Frnmis Frnm is mc Nrtc/ Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs Hlstirln/Hu an`lmnmcs si` bi`slmcrnmis auy nmcbunmis‒ dnstn`tc nmcbunmis pir ck 55% mc kis auscis, pir mckn`tc mck Frnmi mc ]urlsai. Hn mcsbc`mlmi kn nmcbunblò` mc kn cspcblnklznblò` rcspcbti n kn nmcbunblò` mc kn tltuknblò` cxlflmn c` ck ausci

| >:3 |


(88% c`trc auy nmcbunmi y nmcbunmi), pcri kns Huan`lmnmcs slfuc` ibupn`mi u` pucsti rckcvn`tc, tn`ti c` ck capkci biai c` ck vnkir sladòklbi c hlstòrlbi mck ausci. \ tnk biai sc mcmubán mc tndkns n`tcrlircs, ck Frnmi mc Nmal`lstrnblò` mc Caprcsns nkbn`zn u`ns cvnkunbli`cs mc pibi y `nmn nmcbunmi pnrn ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò`, pnrn bnsl kn altnm mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis. Rc trntn mc u`n vnkirnblò` pcir quc kn bi`bcmlmn fkidnkac`tc pnrn ck bi`gu`ti mck ausci (=5% `nmn i pibi nmcbunmn), y kn rcnklmnm cs quc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` cxlfc u`n cspcblnklznblò` quc ì bil`blmc bi` kn mc Nmal`lstrnblò` mc Caprcsns. C` mcel`ltlvn, nu`quc cstcais hndkn`mi mc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti cspcblnklznmi cspcblnklznmi quc ndrc kns pucrtns n ùcvns îrcns, kn eiranblò` c` Nrtc/Hlstirln/ Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs Huan`lmnmcs sc vl`bukn mlrcbtnac`tc bi` ck ausci, c` u` sc`tlmi fkidnk, sl` pkn`tcnrsc làcmlntnac`tc u`n cspcblnklznblò`. Kns biapctc`blns `cbcsnrlns pnrn pimcr cgcrbcr kns eu`bli`cs priplns mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` (frîelbi >6) cxlfc`, scf÷` ck <5% mc kis c`bucstnmis, ck biìblalc`ti mc kns tìb`lbns mc biau`lbnblò`, pudklblmnm y rcknbli`cs p÷dklbns. S` <3% mc kis auscis bi`slmcrn ck biìblalc`ti mc kis lmlians u`n biapctc`bln dnstn`tc nmcbunmn y auy nmcbunmn.

FTÎELBI >6

Biapctc`blns `cbcsnrlns c` ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` >:: <: 8:

=>,8

=3,>

34,=

6: %

4=,=

24,6

5: 3: =:

46,2

>: :

26,4

45,3

2: 4:

=:,4

24,6

44,= =,8 2,6 Nrtc/Hlstirln/ Huan`lmnmcs @nmn nmcbunmi

4=,8 6,2 4,3 Anro An roct ctl` l`f f

Zibi nmcbunmi

45,4 >5,< 2,5 :,5 Biau Bi au`l `lbn bnbl blò` ò` Zud Zudkl klbl blmn mnm m y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns Nmcbunmi

5,6 4,3 Lèiraîtlbn

Dnstn`tc nmcbunmi


>>,5 =,< >,4 Lmlians

Auy nmcbunmi

| >:5 |


Zcri bi` pibn mlecrc`bln rcspcbti n kis lmlians, sc c`buc`trn kn biapctc`bln c` Huan`lmnmcss (<>%). Rc trntn mc biapctc`blns mlstl`tns7 pir u` knmi si` biapctc`Huan`lmnmc blns tìb`lbns (biau`lbnblò`), l`struac`tnkcs l`struac`tnkcs (kis lmlians) i sndcrcs nbuauknmis (kns huan`lmnmcs), pcri kns trcs si` rcbiìblmns biai `cbcsnrlns pir aîs mck <:% mc kis c`bucstnmis. Rl` cadnrfi, sl n`nklznais ÷`lbnac`tc kn vnkirnblò` mc ‛auy nmcbunmi‑, Biau`lbnblò` sc pislbli`n c` prlacr kufnr y, c` scfu`mi kufnr, Lmlians y Nrtc/Hlstirln/ Huan`lmnmcs. Huan`lmnmc s. Cs rckcvn`tc bòai c` u` pirbc`tngc c` tirì nk 3%, kns biapctc`blns c` Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs si` mcbknrnmns pir kis auscis biai ‛`nmn nmcbunmns‑. Csti lapklbn quc sc pucmc cstnr riaplc`mi bi` kn trnmlblò` huan`ástlbn mc kis auscis mc kn anì mc nquìkkis quc cstî` irlc`tnmis n tcaîtlbns auy mlecrc`blnmns mck Nrtc, biai kis auscis mc Blc`bln i kis mc Blc`blns @nturnkcs. Kn lèiraîtlbn biai biapctc`bln prcsc`tn nkfuìs antlbcs tnadlì`. Ròki cs auy nmcbunmn pnrn u` 4=% mc kis auscis, nu`quc cs bi`slmcrnmn dnstn`tc nmcbunmn pir ck =:% mc kis c`bucstnmis. Kn lèiraîtlbn cstî hiy auy cxtc`mlmn, slc`mi c` csc sc`tlmi u`n biapctc`bln mcsbi`tnmn, sl` cadnrfi, kn lapirtn`bln mc kns tcbìkifáns y mc kns hcrrnalc`tns wcd n kn hirn mc cstndkcbcr rcmcs y bikndirnbli`cs, biai fcstlò` mck p÷dklbi i biai hcrrnalc`tn mc anroctl`f, hnbc quc cstì pislbli`nmn c` u` pucsti acmli. C` ki rcecrc`tc n kn cvikublò` fkidnk y n kns tc`mc`blns (frîelbi >8), ck Mcpnrtnac`ti Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, scf÷` ck 53% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, hn nuac`tnmi su pkn`tlkkn c` kis ÷ktlais nþis. Rc mcmubc quc, pcsc n su pcsi acmli mc`tri mc kn nbtlvlmnm mc u` ausci c` rcknblò` bi` itris mcpnrtnac`tis, kn Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` si` u` plknr mc brcblalc`ti, tn`ti mck ausci biai mc su cstrntcfln hnbln ck c`tirì. Kns aîs rcblc`tcs ká`cns y tc`mc`blns c` auscikifán sc rcelcrc` nk mcsnrrikki y pcsi quc cstc mcpnrtnac`ti y sus eu`bli`cs hn` fn`nmi rcspcbti n itrns îrcns. Zcri kns rcspucstns nkumc` tnadlì` n u`n mlsalùblò` mc pcrsi`nk c` csc mcpnrtnac`ti, mc bnsl ck >:%, quc riapc kn tc`mc`bln nk brcblalc`ti n`tcs bltnmn. Zimcais mcmublr, qulzîs, u`n l`blplc`tc l`blplc`t c brlsls c` ck scbtir mck ]urlsai, y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` pnrtlbuknr,, quc cstì necbtn`mi n kn iecrtn, cs mcblr n kis ntrnbtlvis biai kis auscis, pnrtlbuknr nkfuìs rcblì` brcnmis. \ aîs prcibupn`tc pucmc scr quc, qulzîs, mc mi`mc mi `mc sc caplcbc n rcmublr pcrsi`nk scn mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, erc`tc n mcpnrtnac`tis mcpnrtnac `tis aîs bi`siklmnmis, quc sc c`tlc`mc` biai l`mlspc`sndkcs biai cs ck mc Bi`scrvnblò` c` u` ausci.

| >:6 |


FTÎELBI >8

Cvikublò` mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, c` pirbc`tngc 4,3% <,4%

Hn nuac`tnmi (5=,6%) Hn pcran`cblmi cstndkc (42,>%) Hn mlsalùlmi (<,4%) @s/@b (4,3%)

42,>%

5=,6%


Kn tndkn 42 rcekcgn kn rcknblò` c`trc ck pislbli`nalc`ti mc kis auscis y kn eiranblò` c` ]urlsai, itri mc kis nspcbtis quc hcais vnkirnmi biai auy rckcvn`tcs pnrn ùcstri ùcstri cstumli. Rc pucmc idscrvnr quc, aîs mck 35% mc kis auscis quc sc bi`slmcrn` ntrnbtlvis turástlbis y cstî` pislbli`nmis nmcbunmnac`tc, nmcbunmnac`tc, bi`slmcrn` ck Frnmi c` ]urlsai auy nmcbunmi y dnstn`tc nmcbunmi. Nmcaîs, aîs mc u` 35% mc nquckkis auscis quc ì si` ntrnbtlvis ntrnbtlvi s turástlbis, tnadlì` tlc`c` u`n ipl`lò` dnstn`tc envirndkc envi rndkc rcspcbti nk Frnmi mc ]urlsai (nmcbunmi (nmcbunm i y dnstn`tc nmcbunmi). Kn ÷`lbn mlecrc`bln cstrldn c` quc c`trc kis auscis nmcbunmnac`tc pislbli`nmis, pislbli`nm is, ck Frnmi c` ]urlsai cs auy nmcbunmi pnrn ck 24% mc kis auscis, alc`trns quc sòki cs auy nmcbunmi pnrn ck >4% mc kis auscis ì bi`slmcrnmis biai ntrnbtlvis. Cstis mntis l`slstc` c` kn vnkirnblò` pisltlvn mc kn ùcvn tltuknblò` c` ]urlsai.


| >:8 |

]NDKN 42

Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi scf÷` kn nmcbunblò` mck Frnmi mc ]urlsai, c` pirbc`tngc Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bukturnk Nmcbunblò` Frnmi mc ]urlsai

@nmn nmcbunmi Zibi nmcbunmi Nmcbunmi Dnstn`tc nmcbunmi Auy nmcbunmi ]itnk

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

=3,3

25,=

>8,4

>::,:

3,6

3 ,>

=:,:

5,3

3:,:

3:,:

,:

>::,:

>>,3

>4,8

,:

>>,8

34,2

=3,3

4,2

>::,:

45,=

43,5

4:,:

43,<

26,3

5:,6

>, 8

>::,:

4=,>

=2,5

4:,:

24,<

6>,8

43,5

4,5

>::,:

24,4

>4,8

4:,:

44,<

3>,4

=3,<

4,<

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:

>::,:


C` bnadli, n `lvck fkidnk y c` u`n prcfu`tn fc`crnk sidrc kn vnkirnblò` mc kis cstumlis mc Frnmi mc ]urlsai c` kis auscis, ìstis sòki crn` bi`slmcrnmis auy nmcbunmis pnrn ck 42%. Nhirn, bi` cstc n`îklsls cspcbáelbi c` rcknblò` bi` ck pislbli`nalc`ti, sá quc sc bi`trnstn kn mlecrc`bln y ck slf`lelbnmi mck pislbli`nalc`ti nmcbunmi pnrn ck capkci y kn eiranblò`, pir kn anyir vnkirnblò` mc kis cstumlis mc ]urlsai, nkbn`zn`mi ck 24%. Cstc rcsuktnmi nrrign aubhn kuz sidrc ck kufnr quc caplczn n ibupnr kn tltuknblò` mc ]urlsai mc`tri mc kn iecrtn turástlbn. Ck pislbli`nalc`ti biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi envircbc y rcvnkirlzn kis Frnmis mc ]urlsai, nu`quc cs u`n tltuknblò` quc sc cstî brcn`mi su pripli cspnbli mc`tri mc kis auscis, bi`slmcrnmis Ntrnbtlvi turástlbi. Zir ckki, ck Frnmi c` ]urlsai, sl` scr kn tltuknblò` prlirltnrln cxlflmn, an`tlc`c an`tlc`c u` nkti frnmi mc nbcptnblò` pnrn pimcr mcsnrrikknr kns nbtlvlmnmcs priplns mc u` ausci. Rc rcbiìbc su nmcbunblò` c` ck bi`gu`ti mck ausci pcri tnadlì` cspcbáelbnac`tc c` ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`. Rc trntn mc u` mcpnrtnac`ti quc rcqulcrc mck biìblalc`ti mc tìb`lbns mc biau`lbnblò` y anroctl`f, mc lmlians y antcrlns huan`ástlbns.

| >:< |


Bndc mcstnbnr quc tn`ti ck Mcpnrtnac` Mcpnrtnac`ti ti mc Nmal`lstr Nmal`lstrnblò` nblò` biai ck alsai Frnmi c` NMC tlc`c` auy pibn bndlmn c` ck capkci c`trc kis auscis c`bucstnmis. Csti cs u` mnti auy slf`lelbntlvi n kn hirn mc n`nklznr kn bnpnblmnm mc fcstlò` cbi`òalbn y mc rcbursis mc u` ausci, quc ì suckc scr bi`slmcrnmi u`n caprcsn pir kis priplis fcstircs. C` bun`ti nk n`îklsls mc kn nmcbunblò` mck Frnmi c` ]urlsai c` rcknblò` bi` kis mlstl`tis scfac`tis mc auscis, c`bi`trnais rcsuktnmis rcsuktnmis dngis quc bhibn`, c` pnrtc, bi` kn duc`n nmcbunblò` mc kis cstumlis mc ]urlsai, quc yn hndán` nmqulrlmi u` blcrti rcbiìblalc`ti y vnkirnblò` mc`tri mc kn priecslò` mc kis auscis. Ròki c` tirì nk 3:% mc kis auscis mc acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs bi`trntnrán n u` cspcblnklstn c` ]urlsai (tndkn 4=). Kis auscis acmlis y frn`mcs si` rcnblis n kn bi`trntnblò` mc pcrsi`nk pribcmc`tc mc ]urlsai.

]NDKN 4=

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn bi`trntnblò` mc cspcblnklstns c` ]urlsai pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc Bi`trntnblò` cspcblnklstns c` ]urlsai Ulsltn`tcs nùnkcs

Rá

@i

@s/@b

]itnk

;3:.:::

3:,=

26,5

>4,:

>::,:

3:.:::-3::.:::

=2,8

23,=

4:,8

>::,:

03::.:::

=:,:

5:,:

,:

>::,:

]itnk

=8,4

26,5

>=,>

>::,:


C` rcsuac`, sc bi`trnstn kn lapirtn`bln mc rcnklznr cstumlis sidrc capkcndlklmnm capkcndlklmnm c` ]urlsai Bukturnk biai ck quc ìs ibupn, mi`mc sc rcprcsc`tc rcprcsc `tc kn mlvcrslmnm mc pcrelkcs cxlstc`tcs yn quc c` kn nbtunklmnm, nk ì cxlstlr `l`fuì, cs auy biapkcgi tc`cr u`n pcrspcbtlvn fkidnk sidrc ck tcan. Ck capkcnmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk sc hn mcel`lmi biai u` priecsli`nk quc pribcmc mc mlstl`tns mlsblpkl`ns nu`quc, c` kn prîbtlbn, sc pucmc` nfrupnr c` eu`blò` mck scbtir mi`mc kn caprcsn bi`trntn`tc mcsnrrikkc su nbtlvlmnm. Zir u` knmi, tc`cais kns caprcsns priplnac`tc turástlbns (nfc`blns mc vlngcs, hitckcs…) mò`mc, pir ki fc`crnk, tlc`c` prcecrc`bln nquckkns pcrsi`ns bi` u`n eiranblò` e iranblò` turástlbn, alc`trns quc, kis `cfiblis aîs rcknbli`nmis bi` ck scbtir bukturnk sc mcbn`tn` pir bn`mlmntis bi` eiranblò` huan`ástlbn.. C` cstc sc`tlmi, sc biaprucdn, pir tn`ti, quc bi`tl`÷n cxlstlc`mi u`n huan`ástlbn

| >>: |


csblslò` c`trc ck slstcan turástlbi y ck scbtir bukturnk, ì cxlstlc`mi c` kn prîbtlbn u`n euslò` biapkctn c`trc ckkis quc nyumc n quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc vnkirc biai u` scfac`ti u`lelbnmi. Rl` cadnrfi, kns l`stltubli`cs pntrlai`lnkcs, c` cstc bnsi, kis auscis, rcbiìbc` kns bnrc`blns c` mctcral`nmns eu`bli`cs, n`îklsls mc kn mcan`mn, biau`lbnblò` biau`lbnblò ` i, nk bi`trnrli, sá plc`sn` mlrcbtnac`tc c` kn elfurn mck fuán lmc`tlelbnmi bi` ck ]urlsai. C` ki quc n kn eiranblò` sc rcelcrc, sc hn mcstnbnmi kn enktn mc u`n eiranblò` cspcbáelbn quc pucmc scr ck mcsc`bnmc`n`tc mc kn csblslò` c` kis pkn`cs mc cstumli. C`trc kns hndlklmnmcs bi` kns quc mcdcrán bi`tnr u` trndngnmir cspcbáelbnac`tc cspcbáelbnac`tc eiranmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk sc hn` lmc`tlelbnmi7 kn ekcxldlklmnm n kn hirn mc nmnptnrsc n bunkqulcr sltunblò`? kn bnpnblmnm mc fcstli`nr fcstli`nr y biirml`nr kn iecrtn y kn mcan`mn mc u` mcstlì i `cfibli, y kns hndlklmnmcs mc biau`lbnblò`. Rc hn` bi`brctnmi mlvcrsis pcrelkcs bknslelbnmis c` eu`blò` mck scbtir nk quc pcrtc`cbc`7 • Rcbtir mc nfc`blns mc vlngcs7 Nfc`tc mc vlngcs bukturnk y Fuán turástlbi. • Rcbtir hitckcri7 Bi`scrgc mc hitck bukturnk, mlstl`ti nk mc u` hitck bkîslbi. • Rcbtir mc auscis7 Fuán mc auscis y pucsti c` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò`

y Mleuslò`. • Zkn`lelbnblò` mc mcstlìs7 Fcstir mc ]urlsai Bukturnk y Fcrc`tc mc bkuds mc primubti

i anrbns mc mcstlì. turástlbi‒bukturnk. • Rcbtir mc kn bi`suktirán7 Bi`suktir turástlbi‒bukturnk. Kn eiranblò` quc sc cstî lapnrtlc`mi c` kn nbtunklmnm sc hn mcsbrlti biai mcanslnmi fc`ìrlbn y pibi nmnptnmn n kns `cbcslmnmcs mck acrbnmi kndirnk, sl dlc` cs blcrti quc sc hn mcstnbnmi kn duc`n prcpnrnblò` quc pripirbli`n c` bun`ti n biìblalc`tis mc kc`funs cxtrn`gcrns, lèiraîtlbn lèiraîtlbn i fcstlò`. C`trc kns biapctc`blns quc sc hn` aistrnmi biai aîs lapirtn`tcs cstî kn `cbcslmnm mc quc kis nkuaìs mc ]urlsai rcbldn` u`n eiranblò` huan`ástlbn aîs prieu`mn. Ck Mcpnrtnac`ti rcprcsc`tntlvi rcprcsc`tntlv i pnrn kns ùcvns eu`bli`cs auscástlbns cs ck mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`. Rc trntn mc u` mcpnrtnac`ti quc hn brcblmi fkidnkac`tc pcri, c` nkf÷` bnsi, hn mlsalùlmi, pridndkcac`tc pir scr ck mcpnrtnac`ti aîs vuk`crndkc. C` bun`ti n kn mlstrldublò` mc trndngnmircs, ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Mlrcbblò` prcsc`tn ck pcsi kòflbi tc`lc`mi c` buc`tn ck pcrelk mc ùcstrn aucstrn mi`mc, biai ì pimrán scr mc itrn eiran, ck pcsi mc kis auscis pcqucþis cs auy rckcvn`tc. Kn anyirán mc


| >>> |

kis auscis prcsc`tn u` pirbc`tngc mc trndngnmircs nmsbrltis n cstc mcpnrtnac`ti lècrlir nk >3% mck titnk. Cxlstc`, nmcaîs, mcpnrtnac`tis auy hiaifì`cis c`trc sá pir ki quc rcspcbtn nk pirbc`tngc sidrc kn pkn`tlkkn titnk7 kn Bi`scrvnblò`, kn Biau`lbnblò` y kn Nmal`lstrnblò` pucmc` ibupnr u` tcrbli i hnstn kn altnm mc kn pkn`tlkkn. C` kn anyirán mc kis auscis, kis trndngnmircs cstî` hiaifì`cnac`tc hiaifì`cnac`tc mlstrldulmis c`trc L`vcstlfnblò`, Biau`lbnblò` y Nmal`lstrn Nmal`lstrnblò`. blò`. C` fc`crnk ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` cs u` mcpnrtnac` mcpnrtnac`ti ti quc capkcn, scf÷` ck =:% mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, hnstn ck 2:% mck titnk mc kn pkn`tlkkn mck ausci. N sus capkcnmis sc kcs cxlfc anyirltnrlnac`tc u`n Klbc`blnturn/ Frnmi prcecrldkcac`tc c` Biau`lbnblò`, Zudklblmnm y Tcknbli`cs Z÷dklbns i ]urlsai, ck biìblalc`ti mc lmlians cxtrn`gcris y mc tìb`lbns mc biau`lbnblò` y rcknbli`cs p÷dklbns. \ ì sc pucmc ikvlmnr quc u` ausci sc vn n lmc`tlelbnr bi` kns tltuknbli`cs mc Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs. C` rcknblò` bi` kn nmcbunblò` mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, kis Frnmis mc cstn cspcblnklmnm sc nmcbun` pcrecbtnac`tc n sus eu`bli`cs nu`quc ]urlsai cs lfunkac`tc nmcbunmi. Cs cspcblnkac`tc slf`lelbntlvn kn csbnsn vnkirnblò` mc kis Frnmis mc Caprcsn pnrn mcsnrrikknr tnrcns c` cstc mcpnrtnac` mcpnrtnac`ti. ti. Kis `lvckcs mc cstumlis sá aucstrn` u`n frn` mlecrc`blnblò` pir mcpnrtnac`tis, ndrlc`mi kn pucrtn n kis Zisfrnmis c` kn Mlrcbblò` y n kis Blbkis Eirantlvis EZ pnrn kn Nmal`lstrnblò`. Nmal`lstrn blò`. C` bun`ti n kn nmcbunblò` mc kis Frnmis, mial`n napklnac`tc Nrtc/ Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs Hlstirln/Hua n`lmnmcs slfulc`mi kn eu`blò` prlalfc`ln mck ausci, nu`quc ]urlsai sc cstî ndrlc`mi bnalì. Kn vnkirnblò` nktn mc kis frnmunmis c` ]urlsai sc mcmubc mc cstc cstumli, nu`quc kis auscis bi`brctnac`tc si` rcnblis timnván n kn bi`trntnblò` mc cstis tltuknmis.

5

TCRSK]NMIR \ BI@BKSRLI@CR

Bnpátuki 5 TCRSK]NMIR \ BI@BKSRLI@CR

| >>= |

Ck prcsc`tc cstumli ‛]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Auscis y Capkcndlklm Capkcndlklmnm‑ nm‑ pkn`tcò vnrlis idgctlvis quc prctc`mán` iercbcr u` pnìrnan mc kn irfn`lznblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai bntcfirán cspcbáelbn mc`tri mck ]urlsai y ck n`îklsls mc kn capkcndlklmnm. C` tirì n cstis mis cgcs sc hn cxpucsti kn l`vcstlfnblò`, n pnrtlr tn`ti mc kn ipl`lò` mc cxpcrtis mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai mck scbtir auscástlbi c`tc`mlmis kis auscis biai pntrlai`li y ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs. pntrlai`lnkcs. Kis cxpcrtis hn` mnmi u`n lèiranblò` prcblsn sidrc kis `lvckcs, biapi`c`tcs y îadltis mc cstn bikndirnblò`, quc vn n bièlfurnr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, alc`trns quc kis auscis bièlfurn`, y nsá hn` slmi cstumlnmis, kn irfn`lznblò` mc kn iecrtn ie crtn dîslbn. C` csc sc`tlmi, ck prcsc`tc trndngi pkn`tcndn kn bi`scbublò` mc = idgctlvis cspcbáelbis7 • Bnrnbtcrlznr ck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc sus aimckis y pikátlbns mc

fcstlò`, nsá biai mc sus rcmcs priecsli`nkcs. • Mcel`lr c l`vc`tnrlnr kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs lapklbnmis c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk bi`

cspcblnk hl`bnplì c` kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs. • Lmc`tlelbnr kns eirtnkczns y mcdlklmnmcs mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs c` rcknblò` bi`

kis `lvckcs mc eiranblò` y bunklelbnblò` cxlflmns. cxlflmns. • N`nklznr ck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi pi`lc`mi c` rcknblò` su irfn`lznblò`

l`tcr`n bi` su scfac`tnblò` c` tìralìs mc `÷acri y pcrelk mc sus vlsltn`tcs, y timi ckki mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc su irlc`tnblò` cstrntìflbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk y su pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm. C` csc sc`tlmi sc hn` nkbn`znmi kis slfulc`tcs rcsuktnmis7 Tcspcbti n kn bnrnbtcrlznblò` mc kn Cstrubturn Irfn`lzntlvn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk y sus aimckis mc fcstlò`, sc hn bi`trnstnmi quc ck bi`bcpti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk, sl dlc` cstî mcel`lmi n `lvck tcòrlbi, c` kn prîbtlbn cs mc aubhn aîs mleáblk bi`brcblò`. @is c`bi`trnais bi` mlecrc`tcs pcrspcbtlvns, timns ckkns biapkcac`tnrlns7 u`n nktcr`ntlvn sistc`ldkc nk ]urlsai mc ‛Rik y Zknyn‑, u`n mcsbrlpblò` quc nkumc n timns kns tlpikifáns mc rcbursis, mcsmc kis pntrlai`lnkcs n kis `nturnkcs hnstn su bi`slmcrnblò` cbi`òalbn biai u` scbtir bnpnz mc fc`crnr dc`celblis. Rc hn` cstlanmi biai pisltlvns kn prifrcslò` y cvikublò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk pir kis mntis


| >>3 |

quc rcspnkmn` cstn nbtlvlmnm y pir ck prifrcslvi c`tc`mlalc`ti cxpcrlac`tnmi cxpcrlac`tnmi c`trc ck scbtir mc kn Bukturn y ck Rlstcan turástlbi. @i idstn`tc, nbtunkac`tc sc mcpc`mc bi`slmcrndkcac`tc mc kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs p÷dklbns, bucstlò` quc pucmc lèkulr mc an`crn `cfntlvn nk scfac`ti mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, tc`lc`mi c` buc`tn kn biyu`turn cbi`òalbn c` kn quc sc c`buc`trn` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs nmal`lstrnbli`cs (4:>4-4:>2). Zir ckki, sc hn mcmublmi quc si` kns Tcmcs y kns Bikndirnbli`cs c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn kns quc cstî` bi`stltuyc`mi ck c`trnanmi dîslbi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, hcbhi quc hn` bièlranmi kis cxpcrtis y kns c`bucstns n kis auscis. Cstis vá`bukis mc biipcrnblò` sc cstî` brcn`mi c`trc l`stltubli`cs y caprcsns, c`trc ck scbtir p÷dklbi y ck prlvnmi, c`trc ck ]urlsai y kn Bukturn, y sc primubc` c` timis kis `lvckcs mc kn nmal`lstrnblò`, nmal`lstrnblò`, `nbli`nk, nuti`òalbn y au`lblpnk. Cspcbáelbnac`tc, n pnrtlr mck n`îklsls mc kis auscis, sc hn` mctcral`nmi kns rcmcs Cspcbáelbnac`tc, priecsli`nkcs y quì auscis, scf÷` su tlpikifán y su pislbli`nalc pislbli`nalc`ti, `ti, cstî` aîs nbtlvis. Rc bi`trnstn u`n csbnsn bikndirnblò` c`trc u` scbtir anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc p÷dklbi biai ck mc kis auscis y ck prlvnmi mck ]urlsai, eiranmi, c` ká`cns fc`crnkcs, fc`crnkcs, pir ck scbtir caprcsnrlnk mc kis Nkignalc`tis y mc kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs. Zcri ck n`îklsls scfac`tnmi mc kis auscis pir `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs hn mctcral`nmi u`n biipcrnblò` c`trc kis auscis pcqucþis y kns caprcsns mc Nkignalc`tis y kns Nfc`blns mc Ulngcs, u` tlpi mc bi`cxlò` `nmn hndltunk. Rc trntnrán mc ùcvns rcmcs cacrfc`tc cacrfc`tcss mc bikndirnblò` quc surfc` c` ck bnsi mc kis pcqucþis au`lblplis, nk bnrcbcr ìstis mc lèrncstrubturns lèrncstrubtu rns mc fcstlò` turástlbn quc ndsirdc` kis auscis. Ck knzi scrán mlrcbti, pucs, c` kis c`tirìs kibnkcs c`trc ck primubti turástlbi y kns caprcsns. C` rcknblò` bi` kis vá`bukis bi` kn nmal`lstrnblò`, cstis si` aîs eucrtcs n `lvck nuti`òalbi y au`lblpnk. Kis auscis acìs l`tcrcsnmis c` cstndkcbcr cstns bikndirnbli`cs si` kis auscis mc tnanþi acmlnì y csti cs prcvlsldkcac`tc bi`scbuc`bln mc quc nkfuìs mc ckkis ì kis pimcais bi`slmcrnr rcnkac`tc turástlbis mcdlmi n kis tlpis mc vlsltn`tcs rcbldlmis, anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrlnac`tc pidknblò` kibnk. Ck scbtir prlvnmi, nquá, sc vc lfunkac`tc n mlstn`bln, n pcsnr mc pimcr scr u`n plczn bknvc. C` bnadli, c` rcknblò` bi` kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mcbknrnmis pir kn S@CRBI biai ckcac`ti mc n`îklsls, uì mc kis brltcrlis quc hcais l`trimublmi pnrn biìbcr kns ml`îalbns mc ntrnbtlvlmnm turástlbn, sc pcrbldc bòai, anyirltnrlnac`tc, kis auscis acmlnìs y frn`mcs si` kis quc cstî` aîs vl`buknmis bi` kis Rltlis Rltli s Mcbknrnmis Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. Nsá pucs, pimcais pkn`tcnr biai aimckis mc fcstlò` pnrn ck ]urlsai Bukturnk eirans alxtns mc bikndirnblò` p÷dklbi-prlvnmn y ck trndngi c` Tcm, pcri sc mctcral`n u`n enktn mc u`n cstrntcfln bia÷` y u`lmlrcbbli`nk.

| >>5 |


Mcsmc u`n pcrspcbtlvn tcrrltirlnk, sc hn lmc`tlelbnmi u`n l`tcrrcknblò` c`trc kis mcstlìs rurnkcs y mc l`tcrlir, i bi` kis mcstlìs urdnìs, y ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, n pnrtlr mck n`îklsls mc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis cstumlnmis, cs mcblr mc kis auscis. Nsá, hcais mctcral`nmi nquckkns biau`lmnmcs quc sc pucmc` mcel`lr biai mcstlìs turástlbis bukturnkcs biai Bntnkuþn, Bnstlkkn Bnst lkkn y Kcò`, N`mnkubán. N cstns sc nþnmc` kns biau`lmnmcs aîs l`tc`bli`nmns c` bikndirnr y aîs lapklbnmns bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai Fnklbln, Dnkcnrcs, Nsturlns, Nsturlns, Cxtrcanmurn, Aurbln y @nvnrrn. \ cstis mcstlìs turástlbis tnadlì` sc bièlfurn` c` rcknblò` bi` kn tlpikifán mc auscis. Cxlstc` tlpis mc auscis quc rcbldc` pibis vlsltn`tcs y quc sc c`buc`trn` udlbnmis c` nadlc`tcs mc l`tcrlir tnkcs biai kn Bnsn-Auscis, auscis mc Ctìfrneán y N`tripikifán, i auscis kibnklznmis c` nadlc`tcs urdnìs (auscis mc kn Blc`bln). C` bnadli, kis auscis mc Dckkns Nrtcs, bi` u` `÷acri acmli mc vlsltn`tcs, cstî` sltunmis c` blumnmcs acmlnmns, i kis auscis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci quc cstî` fc`crnkac`tc udlbnmis c` frn`mcs `÷bkcis urdnìs, y rcbldc` u` frn` `÷acri mc ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑. Kis cxpcrtis, nk bnrnbtcrlznr kn Irfn`lznblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, pripuslcri` pripuslc ri` kn brcnblò` mc u`n elfurn alxtn priecsli`nk, biai rcspucstn n trnvìs mck capkci y biai eiran mc bi`siklmnblò` mck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai bntcfirán. C` csc sc`tlmi, hn` mcstnbnmi kn lapirtn`bln mc rcnklznr cstumlis sidrc kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, biai ck quc ìs ibupn, mi`mc sc rcprcsc`tc kn mlvcrslmnm mc pcrelkcs cxlstc`tcs pucsti quc rcsuktn auy biapkcgi tc`cr u`n pcrspcbtlvn fkidnk sidrc ck tcan. Csti ìs ki rcknbli`n rcknbli `n bi` ck scfu`mi idgctlvi y kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs. C` rcknblò` nk scfu`mi mc kis idgctlvis pkn`tcnmis, ck capkcnmi c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ìstc sc hn mcel`lmi biai u` priecsli`nk quc pribcmc mc mlstl`tns mlsblpkl`ns nu`quc, c` kn prîbtlbn, sc pucmc` nfrupnr c` eu`blò` mck scbtir mi`mc kn caprcsn bi`trntn`tc mcsnrrikkn su nbtlvlmnm. Nsá, tc`cais caprcsns priplnac`tc turástlbns (nfc`blns mc vlngcs, hitckcs…) mi`mc, pir ki fc`crnk, tlc`c` prcecrc`bln nquckkns pcrsi`ns bi` u`n eiranblò` turástlbn, alc`trns quc c` kis `cfiblis aîs rcknbli`nmis bi` ck scbtir bukturnk prcelcrc` trndngnmircs bi` eiranblò` huan`ástlbn. C` cstc sc`tlmi sc biaprucdn, pir ki tn`ti, quc bi`tl`÷n cxlstlc`mi u`n frn` mlstn`bln c`trc ck slstcan turástlbi y ck scbtir bukturnk, ì cxlstlc`mi c` kn prîbtlbn u`n euslò` biapkctn c`trc ckkis quc nyumc n quc ck ]urlsai Bukturnk sc vnkirc biai u` scfac`ti u`lelbnmi. Kns l`stltubli`cs pntrlai`lnkcs, c` cstc bnsi kis auscis, rcbiìbc` kns bnrc`blns c` mctcral`nmns eu`bli`cs tnkcs biai kn mc n`nklznr kn mcan`mn i c` nquckkns rcknbli`nmns mlrcbtnac`tc bi` kn biau`lbnblò` y mleuslò`. Zir itrn pnrtc, kn elfurn mck Fuán cs uì mc kis pcrelkcs cspcbáelbis mck ]urlsai ]urlsai Bukturnk quc slcaprc sc ac`bli`n`, npnrcbc biai u` ckcac`ti bihcsli`nmir, pcri enktnrán u`n eiranblò` cspcbáelbn c` kis pkn`cs mc cstumli quc pucmc scr ck mcsc`bnmc`n`tc mc cstn enktn mc vl`buknblò` c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn. Mc hcbhi, c` ck bucstli`nrli c`vlnmi


| >>6 |

n kis auscis sc mcmugi u` pislbli`nalc`ti birrcbti pnrn kis ùcvis Frnmunmis c` ]urlsai, nu`quc ì bknrnac`tc kn l`tc`blò` mc bi`trntnrkis bi`trntnrkis.. Rc hn` pimlmi mcel`lr uìs pcrelkcs ùcvis c` rcknblò` bi` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk nu`quc kis cxpcrtis dusbn` u`n elfurn l`tcracmln mc biipcrnblò` c`trc ]urlsai y Bukturn, quc bièlfurc cstn bntcfirán. Kis auscis hn` slmi n`nklznmis n`nklznmis,, tnadlì`, mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kn capkcndlklmnm, bi` ck cstumli mc kn irfn`lznblò` mc kis mcpnrtnac`tis, ck tnanþi mc kn pkn`tlkkn mc trndngnmircs y ck n`îklsls mc kn mlstrldublò` mc kis trndngnmircs c` kis mlstl`tis mcpnrtnac`tis mc u` ausci, tian`mi ck Mcpnrtnac Mcpnrtnac`ti `ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` biai rcprcsc`tnblò` mck capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nsá, ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Mlrcbblò` prcsc`tn ck pcsi kòflbi tc`lc`mi c` buc`tn ck pcrelk mc ùcstrn aucstrn mi`mc, kn lapirtn`bln mc kis auscis pcqucþis cs auy frn`mc. Cxlstc` nmcaîs, mcpnrtnac`tis auy hiaifì`cis c`trc sá, pir ki quc rcspcbtn nk pirbc`tngc sidrc kn pkn`tlkkn titnk, kis mcpnrtnac`tis mc Bi`scrvnblò`, mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` y mc Nmal`lstrnblò`, quc pucmc` ibupnr u` tcrbli i hnstn kn altnm mc kn pkn`tlkkn. C` kn anyirán mc kis auscis kis trndngnmircs cstî` hiaifì`cnac`tc mlstrldulmis c`trc kis mcpnrtnac`tis mc Bi`scrvnblò`, Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` y Nmal`lstrnblò`. Hcais pimlmi bi`trnstnr quc, mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, ck mcpnrtnac`ti aîs rcprcsc`tntlvi pnrn kns ùcvns eu`bli`cs auscástlbns cs ck mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`. Rc trntn mc u` mcpnrtnac mcpnrtnac`ti `ti quc hn brcblmi, c` u` sc`tlmi fc`crnk. C` nkf÷` bnsi hn mlsalùlmi, pridndkcac`tc pir scr ck mcpnrtnac`ti aîs vuk`crndkc, erc`tc n kns itrns frn`mcs îrcns. Rl` cadnrfi, u` 8% mc kis auscis mcmlbn` aîs mc u` 3:% mc su pkn`tlkkn n kn mleuslò`, ki quc cs u` mnti auy rckcvn`tc y pucmc nufurnr bnadlis y ùcvns cstrntcflns. cstrntcflns. Ck tcrbcr idgctlvi pcrscfuán n`nklznr kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs, prie csli`nkcs, c` rcknblò` bi` kis `lvckcs mc eiranblò` y mc bunklelbnblò` cxlflmns. Kns rcspucstns sidrc kn nmcbunblò` mc kn eiranblò` mc kis priecsli`nkcs aucstrn u`ns mcan`mns bknrns c` ki quc rcspcbtn n su bunklelbnblò`, ck kufnr quc cstî` ibupn`mi kis Zisfrnmis, ck `lbhi birrcspi`mlc` birrcspi`mlc`tc tc n kis Blbkis Eirantlvis y, timi ckki, c` u` bi`tcxti mc prcpi`mcrn`bln ndsikutn mc kns tltuknbli`cs mc Klbc`blnturn y Frnmi. Kis `lvckcs mc cstumlis sá aucstrn` u`n frn` mlecrc`blnblò` pir mcpnrtnac`tis mcpnrtnac`tis c` kis auscis, ndrlc`mi kn pucrtn n kis Zisfrnmis c` kn Mlrcbblò` y n kis Blbkis Eirantlvis EZ pnrn kn Nmal`lstrnblò`. C` bun`ti n kn nmcbunblò` mc kis Frnmis mial`n napklnac`tc Nrtc/Hlstirln/Huan`lmnmcs slfulc`mi kn eu`blò` prlalfc`ln mck ausci, nu`quc ]urlsai sc cstî ndrlc`mi bnalì. Nsá, cstc rcsuktnmi nrrign aubhn kuz sidrc ck kufnr quc caplczn n ibupnr kn tltuknblò` mc ]urlsai mc`tri mc kn iecrtn turástlbn. Ck pislbli`nalc`ti biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi envircbc y rcvnkirlzn kis Frnmis mc ]urlsai, nu`quc cs u`n tltuknblò` quc sc cstî brcn`mi su

| >>8 |


pripli cspnbli mc`tri mc kis auscis. Ck Zkn` mc Eiranblò` cs u`n cstrntcfln dlc` rcbldlmn c` kis auscis. Aîs cspcbáelbnac`tc bi` ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, buyn rckcvn`bln hcais bnrnbtcrlznmi bnrnbtcrlznmi biai u` l`mlbnmir mc ntrnbtlvlmnm turástlbn, kis Frnmis mc cstn cspcblnklmnm sc ngustn` pcrecbtnac`tc n kns eu`bli`cs mc cstc mcpnrtnac`ti nu`quc ]urlsai cs lfunkac`tc nmcbunmi. Cs cspcblnka cspcblnkac`tc c`tc slf`lelbntlvn kn csbnsn vnkirnblò` mc kis Frnmis mc Caprcsn pnrn mcsnrrikknr tnrcns c` cstc mcpnrtnac`ti, pcsc n quc ck ausci `cbcsltc mc u`n fcstlò`. C`trc kns biapctc`blns quc sc hn` aistrnmi biai aîs lapirtn`tcs, cstî kn `cbcslmnm mc quc kis nkuaìs mc ]urlsai rcbldn` u`n eiranblò` huan`ástlbn aîs prieu`mn y, c`trc kns hndlklmnmcs bi` kns quc mcdcrán bi`tnr u` trndngnmir cspcbáelbnac`tc eiranmi c` ]urlsai Bukturnk, sc hn` lmc`tlelbnmi kn ekcxldlklmnm n kn hirn mc nmnptnrsc n bunkqulcr sltunblò`, kn bnpnblmnm mc fcstli`nr y biirml`nr kn iecrtn y kn mcan`mn mc u` mcstlì i `cfibli, y hndlklmnmcs mc biau`lbnblò`. Biai hcais scþnknmi n`tcrlirac`tc, ck bunrti idgctlvi mck cstumli prctc`mán n`nklznr ck ausci biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi pi`lc`mi c` rcknblò` su irfn`lznblò` l`tcr`n bi` su scfac`tnblò` c` tìralìs mc `÷acri y pcrelk mc sus vlsltn`tcs, y timi ckki mcsmc kn pcrspcbtlvn mc su irlc`tnblò` cstrntìflbn hnbln ck ]urlsai Bukturnk. Nsá sc hn mcel`lmi u` scfac`ti mc auscis quc nbifc` acìs mc 3:.::: vlsltn`tcs, anyirltnrlnac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, y quc cstî` u`lmis nk tcrrltirli pir trnmlblò`, pucsti quc si` anyirltnrlnac`tc Nrqucikòflbis, Nrqucikòflbis, Ctìfrîelbis-n`tripikòflbis y Bnsnauscis. @i suckc` cstnr vl`buknmis bi` kis Dlc`cs mc kn S@CRBI y sc hn` brcnmi mc ùcvn pkn`tn bi` idgctlvis ml`nalznmircs ml`nalznmircs mc kn cbiìaán. Ri` kis auscis quc aîs hn` pnrtlblpnmi c` ùcstri cstumli. Cxbcpbli`cs pucmc` scr kis auscis mc Blc`bln y ]cbìkifán, bi` pibis vlsltn`tcs, pcri rcslmc`tcs, quc sc suckc` udlbnr c` c`tirìs urdnìs, y buyn eu`blò` n prlirl ì ì cs tn` turástlbn. Ck scfu`mi scfac`ti cstî l`tcfrnmi pir auscis mc c`trc 3:.::: y 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs, tnadlì` bi` anyirán mc vlsltn`tcs ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑ y quc birrcspi`mc` n auscis acmlnìs, mc aîs knrfn trnmlblò` auscástlbn. C` cstn bntcfirán cxlstc` frn`mcs mlecrc`blns c` rcknblò` bi` kns tlpikifáns y cstî` aîs vl`buknmis bi` kis Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. Kis auscis mc


| >>< |

tnanþi acmlnì cstî` eiranmis, pir cgcapki, pir kis mc Dckkns Nrtcs quc rcbldc` n`tc timi vlsltn`tcs rcslmc`tcs. Cstc hcbhi sc pucmc cxpklbnr pir su kibnklznblò` urdn`n ‒hndltunkac`tc blumnmcs blumnmcs acmln`ns‒ y pir kn pripln hlstirln mck ausci, brcnmi c` su frn` anyirán bi` kn Mcsnairtlzn Mcsnairtlznblò` blò` i bi` ck prl`blpli mc kis aivlalc`tis bikcbbli`lstns. Zir ki tn`ti, buc`tn bi` uìs frn`mcs ei`mis mi`mc sc u`c kn lmc`tlmnm mck kufnr y mc kn privl`bln. Kn blumnm sc lmc`tlelbn bi` su ausci y, nu`quc rcbldc` vlsltn`tcs ‛ì rcslmc`tcs‑, cs tnadlì` u` kufnr mc rcecrc`bln pnrn kn pidknblò` kibnk. Kis frn`mcs auscis mc aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, sc rcpnrtc` c`trc vnrlns tlpikifáns y, auy anyirltnrlnac`tc, nelran` quc kn pidknblò` vlsltn`tc cs ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑. Ri` auscis quc tlc`c` u` eucrtc l`tcrìs c` bikndirnr bi` ck scbtir turástlbi y c` pislbli`nrsc biai ntrnbtlvi. Zcri pir itri knmi, kis frn`mcs auscis bi` aîs mc 3::.::: vlsltn`tcs hn` slmi acìs pnrtlblpntlvis y, scf÷` kis rcsuktnmis idtc`lmis, ì sc bi`slmcrn` anyirltnrlnac`tc u` ntrnbtlvi turástlbi nu`quc tc`fn` u` p÷dklbi anyirltnrlnac`tc anyirltnrln ac`tc ‛ì rcslmc`tc‑. Sì mc kis tcans aîs rckcvn`tcs cs ck pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti mc kis auscis biai ntrnbtlvi turástlbi. C` csc sc`tlmi, sòki u` 3>% mc kis auscis sc mcbknrn pislbli`nmi turástlbnturástlbnac`tc. Rc pucmc` cstndkcbcr mlecrc`blns pir Biau`lmnmcs nutòìans y pir tlpis mc auscis. Kis auscis quc acgir pislbli`nmis sc bi`slmcrn` si` kis mc Hlstirln, Bnsn-Auscis y Nrtcs Mcbirntlvns, y kis quc acìs, kis mc Nrtc Bi`tcapirî`ci. ]nadlì`, sc hn mctcbtnmi u`n rcknblò` c`trc ck pislbli`nalc`ti turástlbi mc kis auscis y ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nsá biai, c` su rcknblò` bi` kis Kufnrcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm. Mc cstn an`crn, pimcais mcmublr quc kn S@CRBI sc pcrbldc biai u`n ipirtu`lmnm mleu`mlmn c`trc kis auscis mc tlpi acmli, cs mcblr, mc bnrîbtcr urdnì, mc pcqucþn i acmln`n blumnm, y bòai c` kis pcqucþis bc`tris timnván ì sc hn mcsnrrikknmi cstn ipirtu`lmnm. C` mcel`ltlvn y n aimi mc bi`bkuslò`, ck cstumli ‛]urlsai Bukturnk7 Zntrlai`li, Zntrlai`l i, Auscis y Capkcndlklmnm‑ hn prctc`mlmi nprixlanrsc n kn rcnklmnm mc u` idgcti mc cstumli quc pir su biapkcglmn biapkcglmnm m hn cstnmi siactlmi n l`ùacrndkcs mcdntcs bi`bcptunkcs bi`bcptunkcs y actimikòflbis. • Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk biai nbtlvlmnm turástlbn `nblò u`lmi nk pntrlai`li hnbc yn vnrlns

mìbnmns. Rc c`tc`mlò c`ti`bcs biai u`n eiran ckltlstn mc ]urlsai pcri quc cvikubli`ò y sc cxtc`mlò rîplmnac`tc c` ck anrbi mc kis aubhis bnadlis siblicbi`òalbis vlvlmis c` Cspnþn. Cstc brcblalc`ti sc nbiapnþò mc kn priklecrnblò` mc u`n iecrtn ì cxbcslvnac`tc dlc` fcstli`nmn, alc`trns quc mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn mc kn mcan`mn, ìstn sc ml`nalzndn y biapkcglzndn.

| >4: |


• Gu`ti n kis cseucrzis tcòrlbis pir bi`brctnr mc eiran ipcrntlvn ck bi`bcpti mc

]urlsai Bukturnk, c` kn prîbtlbn capárlbn, ìstc euc l`birpirn`mi u` scsfi aîs fcifrîelbi quc pcraltlò n`bknr mc u`n eiran aîs cstndkc ck idgcti mc cstumli. C` csc bi`tcxti hn` cacrflmi bi` eucrzn ck ]urlsai Srdnì y ck ]urlsai mc L`tcrlir, aîs pròxlais nk tcrrltirli y n kns bnrnbtcrástlbns bnrnbtcrástlbns mc kis mcstlìs. • Hn` surflmi tnadlì` itrns ká`cns biapkcac`tnrlns mc trndngi quc sc hn` bc`trnmi

c` ck n`îklsls mck lapnbti cbi`òalbi quc sc mcrlvn mck pntrlai`li bukturnk, c` u` l`tc`ti mc c`fkidnr nsá timns kns sl`crflns cbi`òalbns quc fc`crn` cstis dlc`cs. ]imis cstis cseucrzis pir nbitnr bi`bcptis y u`lmnmcs mc n`îklsls l`burrc` c` rlcsfis quc pnrcbc` mcdlkltnr ck irlfc` csc`blnk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. • Cstc cstumli quc hcais prcsc`tnmi hn prctc`mlmi, c` bnadli, mnr u` ùcvi lapuksi

nk ]urlsai Bukturnk biai idgcti mc cstumli, nmcaîs mc biai bntcfirán turástlbn, c` rcknblò` n kns eirans n`tcrlircs, ]urlsai Srdnì, ]urlsai mc L`tcrlir, Cbiìaán mck Zntrlai`li. Znrn ckki hcais mcsnrrikknmi mis cgcs mc n`îklsls. Zir u` knmi, kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis pntrlai`lnkcs pntrlai`lnkcs quc hcais antcrlnklznmi n trnvìs mc kis auscis. Zir itri, ck pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm mc cstc tlpi mc iecrtn c` tìralìs mc kis pcrelkcs priecsli`nkcs y mc bunklelbnblò` quc mcan`mn cstc nfc`tc eu`mnac`tnk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. • Kis auscis sc hn` nsiblnmi capárlbnac`tc nk bnapi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. C`

cecbti, kis auscis hn` pcrtc`cblmi nk bnapi mc l`vcstlfnblò` mc kn Bukturn bi` u`n eu`blò` siblicmubntlvn quc hn slmi auy vnkirnmn c` kis ÷ktlais nþis. Zcri su pitc`blnk eu`blò` turástlbn, su rcknblò` bi` kns nmal`lstrnbli`cs, caprcsns y turlstns, nsá biai sus cstrntcflns rcspcbti n cstis ckcac`tis, ì hndán` slmi ù`bn n`nklznmis biai idgctlvis prlirltnrlis. • Kn pcrspcbtlvn mc kn capkcndlklmnm hn slmi bi`trnstnmn bòai ck cìrac pitc`blnk

mc ipirtu`lmnmcs quc kis cspcblnklstns c` ]urlsai Bukturnk tc`mrî` c` ck euturi. Mis trnmlbli`cs eirantlvns, kn mck ]urlsai y kn mc kn Bukturn, quc sc l`tcfrnrî` bnmn vcz aîs c` ck scì mc u` scbtir quc trnmlbli`nkac`tc kns hn idscrvnmi idscrv nmi mc cspnkmns kn u`n n kn itrn. Un n bi`stltulr, kn capkcndlklmnm, kn eirtnkczn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk. • Kn ká`cn mc trndngi rcecrlmn n kn capkcndlklmnm c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk cstî siki c`

sus l`lblis. Kns a÷ktlpkcs enbctns mc cstc idgcti mc cstumli hnbc` `cbcsnrli napklnr ck n`îklsls mc kn iecrtn y mc kis ntrnbtlvis turástlbis. Itris aubhis bnapis cspcrn` cspcrn` pnrn scr n`nklznmis c` cstn nprixlanblò` fkidnk n u` bi`bcpti tn` piklìmrlbi biai ck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

DLDKLIFTNEÁN

| >44 |

DLDKLIFTNEÁN

Nlrcy,M. y @lfhttl`fnkc, A. ><8>, ‛]iurlsa ibbupntli`s, bnrccr prielkcs, oìwkcmfc, N``nks N`` nks ie ]iurls ]iurlsa a Tcscn Tcscnrbh rbh, 34-58. Nktìs, B. 4::>, ‛Ck eutur mcks priecssli``nks priecssli ``nks mc kn Bukturn c` k½êadlt turástlb‑ c` M. Ulmnk, Bukturn y ]urlsai, >42->2=. N@CBN, 4::4, ]átuki mc Frnmi c` ]urlsai , Nfc`bln `nbli`nk mc kn Bnklmnm y Nbrcmltnblò`, Anmrlm. N@CBN, 4::=, ]átuki mc Frnmi c` Hlstirln , Nfc`bln `nbli`nk mc kn Bnklmnm y Nbrcmltnblò`, Anmrlm. N@CBN, 4::3, ]átuki mc Frnmi c` Hlstirln mck Nrtc , Nfc`bln @nbli`nk mc kn Bnklmnm y Nbrcmltnblò`, Nbrcmltnbl ò`, Anmrlm. Nppkcti`, G. 4::5, ‛Auscua piklby n`m L`tcrprctn L`tcrprctntli`s7 tli`s7 Lapklbntli`s eir bukturnk tiurlsa‑, c` A. O. Ralth? A. Tidl`si`, Bukturnk ]iurlsa l` n bhn`fl`f Virkm. Zikltlbs, Znrtlblpntli` n`m (rc)prcsc`tntli` , 436-46>. Nshwirth, F. ><<2, ‛Bukturc n`m tiurlsa7 bièklbt ir sladlisls l` Curipc, c` V. Ziapl y C. Knvcry (cms.) ]iurlsa l` Curipc , Vnkkl`fti`, SO, BND, L`tcr`ntli`n L`tcr`ntli`nk,k, >2-23. Dnyò` Anrl`ì, E. ><<<, 3: nþis mck ]urlsai cspnþik , Tnaò` Nrcbcs. Dcmntc Bc`tcì, N.A.? Rn`z Knrn, G.N.? Hcrrcri Zrlcti, K.B. 4::>, ‛]urlsai Bukturnk y pntrlai`li hlstòrlbi7 npklbnblò` auktlvnrln`tc auktlvnrln`tc nk cstumli mc kn mcan`mn‑, Tcvlstn mc cstumlis turástlbis , >3:, >>2->24. Di`lenbc, Z. ><<3, An`nfl`f qunklty l` bukturnk tiurlsa , Tiutkcmfc. Ditc, U. ><<8,‑]urlsai mc blumnm y pntrlai`li bukturnk c` Cspnþn. Nkfu`ns bnrnbtcrástlbns cstrubturnkcs mcsmc ck pu`ti mc vlstn cbi`òalbi ‑, ]urlsai urdnì y pntrlai`li bukturnk7 u`n pcrspcbtlvn curipcn , Rcvlkkn, Zntri`nti Zrivl`blnk mc ]urlsai, 26-=3. Duc`ns prîbtlbns pnrn auscis y Bc`tris ]urástlbis Ulsltndkcs, Ulsltndkcs, Al`lstcrli mc L`mustrln, ]urlsai, Biacrbli, Rlbtcm, 4:>:. Bnkklzi Ri`clri, G. y Knbistn Nrnfuì, N. G. ><<<, ‛S` cstumli tlpikòflbi mc kis rcbursis turástlbis‑, c` Tìflac` gurámlbi mc kis Tcbursis ]urástlbis , ><-65. Bnanrcri Lzqulcrmi, F.? Fnrrlmi Rnan`lcfi, A.G., Anroctl`f mc ]urlsai Bukturnk , 4::=. Bnapcslì Ecr`î`mcz, N.G. 4::=, ‛Zkn`lelbnblò` cstrntìflbn mck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` blumnmcs pntrlai`lnkcs7 pntrlai`lnkcs7 bnklmnm, l`ìvnblò` y sistc`ldlkl sistc`ldlklmnm‑, mnm‑, ]urlsai Bukturnk y urdnì. 5· Bi`frcsi mc ]urlsai S`lvcrslmnm y Caprcsn, =>-82.


| >42 |

Bnstri Airnkcs,E.? Dckklmi Fn`t, Aª K. (cms)7 (cms) 7 ‛Zntrlai`li, auscis y ]urlsai Bukturnk7bknvcs pnrn kn fcstlò` mc u` ùcvi bi`bcpti mc ibli‑, Nbtns mck bursi bursi ‛Ei`s Ackknrl Ackknrln n ><<6‑ (Euc`tc Idcgu`n, Bòrmidn 4>-43 mc gukli ) , Bòrmidn, ><<8. Bhcvrlcr, E.F. y Bknlr-Rnlkkn`t, A. 4::8, ‛Tcìuvcnu mu tiurlsac bukturck‑, ]ciris, 64-6=. Birmc`tc Timráfucz, A., Cstcdn` ]nknyn, N., Ai`mìgnr Glaì`cz, G.N.y N`mrìs Anrtl`cz, Aª C.? 4:>>, ‛Acmlblò` mc kns aitlvnbli`cs mck ]urlsai Bukturnk Bukturnk c` Blumnmcs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm‑, Tcvlstn mc N`îklsls ]urástlbi , >4, 8:-83. Mc Kn Bnkkc, A. 4::5, Kn blumnm hlstòrlbn biai mcstlì bukturnk , Nrlck. Mcsnrrikki ]urástlbi, 4::2, Mcsnrrikki turástlbi l`tcfrnk mc Blumnmcs Aiùac`tnkcs. Bi`frcsi L`tcr`nbli`nk , Zntri`nti Zrivl`blnk mc ]urlsai mc Frn`nmn. Mánz Dnkcrml, L. 4:>:, ‛Kn eiranblò` mc priecsli`nkcs mc auscis. Mc kn aástlbn mc kn bi`scrvnblò` n nk ndsikutlsai mc kn fcstlò`‑, Tcvlstn mc Auscikifán , =6, 8->5. Cstumli, 4::3, Cstumli pnrn ck n`îklsls mc kis Ipcrnmircs ]urástlbis cspcblnklznmis c` ]urlsai Bukturnk , Oin` Bi`suktl`f, Rudmlrcbblò` Fc`crnk mc Bnklmnm c L`ìvnblò` ]urástlbn. Eci Znrri`mi, E. 4:>>, ‛]urlsai Bukturnk y auscis c` Nsturlns‑, Bunmcrìs mc ]urlsai , 46, 2=>-235. Ei`t Rc`táns, G. 4::=, Bnsis mc ]urlsai Bukturnk7 mc kn pkn`lelbnblò` cstrntìflbn n kn fcstlò` fcst lò` mc prim primubtis ubtis, Nrlck. Ern`fckkl, E., 4::<, Kc ìuvck ìtnt tiurlstlquc , IA]. Fnrbán Cfurc`, Anrtn, 4:>4, Tcknblò` Ausci-]crrltirli c Lapkcac`tnblò` mlmîbtlbn7 Ausci mc kn Csbuckn Turnk mc Nsturlns , S`lvcrslmnm mc Ivlcmi, ]csls mibtirnk. Fnrbán Hcr`î`mcz, A. 4::2, ]urlsai y bi`gu`tis aiùac`tnkcs. Bnpnblmnm mc nbiflmn y fcstlò fcstlò` ` mc ekug ekugis is, ]lrn`t ki Dkn`bh. Fknscr, D. y Rtrnuss, N. ><56, ]hc mlsbivcry ie Friu`mcm thciry7 Rtrntcflcs eir qunkltntlvc rcscnrbh . @cw \iro7 Nkml`c Zudklshl`f. Frnvnrl-Dnrdns, A.? Diurmcnu, K.? Tidl`si`, A.? 4:>4, ]iurlsac ct Zntrlail`c ai`mlnk , Frnvnrl-Dnrdns, S`lvcrsltì Knvnk, ûìdcb. Frceec, X, ><<:, Kn vnkcur ìbiìalquc mu pntrlail`c , Znrls. Frceec, X, 4::<, Ctumc @ntli`nkc mcs Tctiadìcs ìbiìalqucs ct siblnkcs mu Zntrlail`c, Al`lstèrc mc k½Cmubntli`. Fuán, 4:>47 Fuán mc Duc`ns Zrîbtlbns. Capkci c` ck ]urlsai Bukturnk , Gu`tn mc N`mnkubán, Eu`mnblò` Kcfnmi N`mnkusá.

| >4= |

DLDKLIFTNEÁN

Hnkk, A. B. 4::3, ]iurlsa Tcthlòl`f thc Riblnk Rblc`bc ie Aidlklty , Zcnrsi`, Zrc`tlbc Hlkk. Hcr`î`mcz Tnaárcz, G. 4:>>, ‛Kis bnalìs mck Zntrlai`li. Tutns turástlbns c ltl`crnrlis bukturnkcs‑‑, Znsis, <, 4, 443-425. Hcrdcrt, M. (cm.)7 Hcrltnfc, ]iurlsa n`m Riblcty , Ki`mi`, ><<3. Hcrrcri Zrlcti, K. B. 4:>>, ‛Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn7 u` scbtir cstrntìflbi‑, Znpckcs mc Cbiìaán, >48, >42->26. Hcrrcri, M. K., Rn`z, M. A., Fi`zîkcz, L. y Rn`z, G. K. ><<8, ‛Cbiìaán mc kn Bukturn c` Bnstlkkn y Kcò`7 ]urlsai Bukturnk y auscis‑, Fcstlò` ]urástlbn, 2, 666, >:3. Hikkl`shcnm, O., ‛Hcrltnfc tiurlsa u`mcr pist-aimcr`lty7 truth n`m thc pnst‑, ]hc tiurlst Cxpcrlc`bc7 n `cw l`trimubtli` , Ki`mi`, ><<6, >6:-><2. Hiipcr-Frcc`hlkk, Hiipcr-Frcc`hl kk, C. ><<8, Kis auscis y sus vlsltn`tcs, ]rcn. LBIAIR, ><65, Bnrtn mc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Dìkflbn7 Bialtì Blc`táelbi L`tcr`nbli`nk mc Ltl`crnrlis Bukturnkcs Bukturnkcs (BLLB) mck LBIAIR. LBIAIR, ><<<, Bnrtn l`tcr`nbli`nk sidrc ]urlsai Bukturnk. Kn fcstlò` mck ]urlsai c` kis sltlis bi` Zntrlai`li Rlf`lelbntlvi. Aìxlbi7 Bialtì Blc`táelbi L`tcr`nbli`nk mc Ltl`crnrlis Bukturnkcs Bukturnkcs (BLLB) mck LBIAIR. Lsnnb, T. 4::8, S`mcrstn`ml`f thc Dchnvliur ie Bukturnk ]iurlsts. ]iwnrms n bknsslelbntli` ie Mutbh Bukturnk ]iurlst , Rblc`bc Fulmc. Gn`sc`-Ucrdcoc, A y Klcvils, C. ><<<, ‛N`nkysl`f ‛ N`nkysl`f hcrltnfc rcssiurbc eir urdn` tiurlsa l` Bi`tcap capirn irny y lssu lssucs cs l` tiur tiurlsa lsa Curipcn` Bltlcs‑ c` M.F.Zcnrbc? T.V. Dutkcr (cms )7 Bi`t mcvckipac`t , Tiutkcmfc, 8>->:6. Ockky, B. 4::5, ‛Hcrltnfc tiurlsa pikltlbs l` Lrckn`m‑, c` Ralth, A.O.? Tidl`si`, A.? Bukturnk ]iurlsa l` Bhn`fl`f Virkm, Zikltlbs, Znrtlblpntli`, n`m (Tc)prcsc`tntli` , 25-35. N``nks nks ie ]iur ]iurlsa lsa Tcs Tcscnrb cnrbh h , 28, 2, >>23->>33. Knmol`, N. 4:>>, ‛Cxpkirl`f tiurlsa kndir‑, N``

Anki, A. N, 4:>>, ‛Ck capkci turástlbi c` Cspnþn7 acmlblò`, trnycbtirlns y ekugis drutis‑, Znpckcs mc Cbiìaán, 42, 4>-26. Bukturnk ]iurl ]iurlsa. sa. ]hc ]hc pnrt`cr pnrt`crshlp shlp dctw dctwcc` cc` ]iurl ]iurlsa sa AbOcrbhcr,D.? Bris, H. mu. 4::4 , Bukturnk n`m Bukturnk Hcrltnfc an`nfcac` t, Hnwirt Hispltnklty Zrcss.

Acstrc Dntct, R. 4:>:, ‛Tcekcxlò` sidrc ck lapnbti mc kis auscis tnrrnbi`c`scs c` ck ]urlsai. Nktcr`ntlvn nk primubti mc sik y pknyn‑, ZNRIR , 8, 82-<:. Airntc, F. y Zrlcti, G.B. 4:>:, L`ìvnblò` c` ck Rcbtir mck Zntrlai`li Hlstòrlbi. Anmrlm7 Eu`mnblò` Bitcb pnrn kn L`ìvnblò` ]cbìkòflbn. Airèrc Aikl`cri, @. 4::5, ‛]urlsai c Hlstirln‑, Tcvlstn mc N`îklsls ]urástlbi , 4, 85->:4.


| >43 |

Airèrc Aikl`cri,@. y Glaì`cz Fulgnrri, G. 4::6, ‛N`îklsls mck ]urlsai nrqucikòflbi c` Cspnþn. S` cstnmi mc kn bucstlò`‑, Cstumlis ]urástlbis, >6>, >>3->2<. Airèrc, @. 4:>4, ‛Ridrc kis ltl`crnrlcs mck Lbiais y kns rutns tcaîtlbns turástlbi-bukturnkcs. S`n rcekcxlò` sidrc su l`tcfrnblò` c` ck ]urlsai‑, Tcvlstn mc n`îklsls turástlbi, >2, 36-58. Aisbnrmi, F. 4:::, ‛Bukturnk n`m Hcrltnfc ]iurlsa7 thc Frcnt mcdntcs‑, c` D. Enuko`cr? F. Aisbnrmi? C. Knws, ]iurlsa l` thc ]cw`ty-elrst Bc`tury, Tcekcbtli`s i` Cxpcrlc`bc , Bi`tlùua 4->6. IA] (V]I), 4::3, Blty ]iurlsa & Bukturc? thc Curipcn` Cxpcrlc`bc , Anmrlm, Virkm ]iurlsa Irfn`lzntli`. Auþlz Gnì`, L. 4::>-4::4, ‛Zntrlai`li y mcsnrrikki rurnk7 ck Cbiausci mck Tái Bnlbc`n mc Nkacml`lkkn (Bòrmidn)‑, Ausci, 5-6, 6>-88. IA], ><68, Cvnkunblò` mc kis rcbursis turástlbis , ><68. Irlfct mu Bkuzcnu, Bk. 4::6, Kc tiurlsac bukturck , ZSE (rccm.). Znrmi Ndnm, B.G.4:>:, ‛Ck pntrlai`li l`mustrlnk c` Cspnþn. N`îklsls turástlbi y slf`lelbnmi tcrrltirlnk mc nkfuìs priycbtis mc rcbupcrnblò`‑, Dikctá` mc kn Riblcmnm mc Fcòfrneis Cspnþikcs , 32, 42<-455. Zntl`, U. ><<6, ]iurlsac ct pntrlail`c c` Ern`bc ct c` Curipc , Kn mibuac`tntli` ern`ænlsc. Zntl`, U., Ac`fl`, Bh., Fcriìal, U., Mnkans, K., @iïk, G. Er.y ]sn`f Ol`f Rn`f, G., 4:>4, Aìthikiflc m½cvnkuntli` ìbiìalquc mu pntrlai`li`c urdnl`. S`c nppribhc pnrn kn siutc`ndlk siutc`ndlkltì ltì, (biirm. A. Ucr`lèrcs), Nfc`bc Ern`ænlsc mc mìvckippcac`t. mìvckippcac`t.

Zc`n Nkdcrml, K. y Rî`bhcz Ulbc`tc, B. 4::5, ‛Kis vlsltn`tcs mck Ausci mck Zrnmi7 ùcvn ùcv n actimikifán mc acmlblò` mck ]urlsai bukturnk‑, Cstumlis ]urástlbis, >58, 83-<8. Zcrckkò Iklvcr, R., 4::<, Actimikifán mc kn L`vcstlfnblò` Riblnk, Myol`si`. Zìrcz Fòacz, Aª Z. 4:>:, ‛@ucvns pcrspcbtlvns mck ]urlsai l`mustrlnk pnrn kn pròxlan mìbnmn‑, c` G.K. Glaì`cz Bndnkkcri? Zlknr mc Euc`tcs Tulz, LLL Gir`nmns mc L`vcstlfnblò` y ]urlsai, 626-635. Zlþn`cs Kcnk, G. 4::=, ‛Cspnþn biai mcstlì turástlbi bukturnk‑, c` ]urlsai Bukturnk y urdnì. 5· Bi`frcsi mc ]urlsai S`lvcrslmnm y Caprcsn , ]lrn`t Ki Dkn`bh, 4::=, >2-4>. Zrc`tlbc, T. ><<=, ‛N typikify ie hcrltnfc nttrnbtli`s ‛c` B. Biipcr? N. Gibowiim (cm.) Zrifrcss l` ]iurlsa, Tcbrcntli` n`m Hispltnklty An`nfcac`t, Ki`mi` 2>=-2>3.

| >45 |

DLDKLIFTNEÁN

Zrc`tlbc, T. ><<6, ‛Bukturnk n`m kn`msbnpc tiurlsa‑, l` R. Vnhnd n`m G. G. Zlfrna (cms.) ]iurlsa mcvckipac`t n`m friwth, Ki`mi`, Tiutkcmfc, 4:<-25. Tlbhnrms, F., ><<5, Bukturnk tiurlsa l` Curipc, Bnd L`tcr`ntli`n L`tcr`ntli`nk.k. Nbtns ns mck Bi` Bi`frc frc-Tlbhnrms, F. ><<8, ‛Bukturnk tiurlsa l` Curipc7 rcbc`t mcvckipac`ts‑, Nbt si Curi Curipci pci sidr sidrc c ltl` ltl`crn crnrli rlis s bukt bukturn urnkcs kcs y rutn rutns s tcaî tcaîtlbn tlbn Kif Kifriþi riþi 4:-4 4:-44 4 ìvl ìvlcad cadrc rc mc ><<6 , >:.

Tlbhnrms, F., 4::>, Bukturnk nttrnbtli`s n`m Curipcn` tiurlsa , Bndl Zudklshl`f. Tlbhnrms, F. 4::2, ‛Vhnt ls bukturnk tiurlsa‑, c` Un` Anrcc`, N (cm) . Creficm Uiir ]icrlsac. Hikn`mn7 @ntli`nnk Bi`tnbt Aiùac`tc`. Tlbhnrms, F. 4::6 (cm.), Bukturnk ]iurlsa. Fkidnk n`m Kibnk pcrspcbtlvcs , ]hc Hnwirth Hispltnklty prcss. Tlkcy, A., Knmol`, N. y Rzlvns, C. 4::>, ]iurlsa capkiyac`t. N`nkysls n`m pkn``l`f , Bhn``ck Ulcw Zudklbntli`s. Tidd, G.F., ><<8, ‛]iurlsa n`m Kcfc`ms7 Nrbhncikify ie Hcrltnfc ‑, N``nks ie ]iurlsa Tcscnrbh, 43,2, ><<8, 36<-3<5. Tufc, N. 4::8, Auscua Zriecssli`s. N Curipcn` Ernac ie Tcecrc`bc , LBIA. Rnkfnmi Bnstri, N. ><<<, ‛Kn mlac`slò` turástlbn mck Zntrlai`li Bukturnk‑, c` Tìflac` gurámlb gur ámlbi i mc kis Tcbu Tcbursis rsis ]urá ]urástlbi stlbis s , 2><-256. Rn`tnbn`n l Acstrc, G.? Kki`bh Aikl`n, @.? 4::<, Ausci kibnk. Kn bc`lblc`tn mc kn Bukturn , Flgò`, ]rcn. Rn`tis Rikkn, X. A. 4::5, ‛Ck Bnalì mc Rn`tlnfi mc Rn`tlnfi7 ]urlstns y pcrcfrlìs hnbln Biapistckn‑, Bunmcrìs mc ]urlsai, >8, >23->3:. Rbhknttcr, @.C. 4::8, Auscua bnrccrs. N prnbtlbnk Fulmc eir stumc`ts stumc`t s n`m @ivlbcs , Kcet Bicst Bnkleir`ln. Rlkmckdcrf, ]. ><<3, ‛Bukturnk tiurlsa n`m dusl`css ippirtu`ltlcs eir auscuas n`m hcrltnfc sltcs‑, ]iurlsa An`nfcac`t , >5, 3, 25>-253. Ralth, K., Vntcrti`, C. y Vntsi`, R. 4:>4, ]hc bukturnk aiac`t l` tiurlsa , Tiutkcmfc. Ralth, A.O. y Tidl`si`, A., 4::5, Bukturnk ]iurlsa l` Bhn`fl`f Virkm , Zikltlbs, Znrtlblpntli`, n`m (Tc)prcsc`tnt (Tc)prcsc`tntli`. li`. Rtyklnìu-Knadcrt, ]. 4:>>, ‛Fnzl`f eria hiac. Bukturnk tiurlsa n`m nrt auscuas‑, N``nks N`` nks ie ]iurls ]iurlsa a Tcscn Tcscnrbh rbh, 28, 4, =:2-=4>. ]l`nrm, \., ><<5, ]urlsai. Cbiìaán y fcstlò` , Dnrbcki`n, Disbh, =88-8<.


| >46 |

]iurlsac, 4:::, ]iurlsac ct c`vlri``cac`ts7 kcs c`gcux `nturcks, bukturcks ct sibliìbiìalqucs mu tiurlsac murndkc , Rtrnsdiurf, Bi`sclk mc k½Curipc. ]rcsscrrns, G.G. y Antnankn, G. B. 4::3, ‛Ck ]urlsai Bukturnk c` Cspnþn biai euc`tc mc capcki pnrn kis priecsli`nkcs mck pntrlai`li‑, Dikctá` mck L`stltuti N`mnkuz mck Zntrlai`li Hlstòrlbi , 3=, 62-82. ]rcsscrrns, G. 4::8, ‛]urlsai nrqucikòflbi‑, Kn nbtlvlmnm turástlbn cspnþikn c` 4::6 , NCBL], 563-5<:. ]rl`lmnm, N. mc, Bnrrcri, U. y Rirlnì, T.A. 4::5, ] cirán Eu`mnac`tnmn (Friu`mcm ]hciry)7 kn bi`strubblò` mc kn tcirán n trnvìs mck n`îklsls l`tcrprctnbli`nk . Anmrlm7 Bc`tri mc L`vcstlfnbli`c L`vcstlfnbli`css Riblikòflbns. ]riltlþi Ulùcsn, A.N.y ]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, K. 4::8, ‛Mcstlìs pntrlai`lnkcs pntrlai`lnkcs y ]urlsai7 vlsltn`tcs y usi turástlbi mc kn blumnm‑, Ssi p÷dklbi c l`tcrprctnblò` mck Zntrlai`li, >:5->34. ]riltlþi Ulùcsn, A.N. 4::=, Kns blumnmcs hlstòrlbns biai pntrlai`li bukturnk y rcbursi turástlbi‑, c` Zkn`lelbnblò` tcrrltirlnk y biacrblnklznblò` turástlbn, S`lvcrsltnt Gnuac Gnua c L , 26-=8. , Kn eu`bli`nklm eu`bli`nklmnm nm turástlbn turástlbn mck mck pntrlai`l pntrlai`li i bukturnk bukturnk (D.L.B.) (D.L.B.) ]riltlþi Ulùcsn, A.N. 4:>> , c` kn Biau`lmnm mc Anmrlm , BNA.

]riltlþi ]irrnkdn, K. 4:>4, Kns K ns blumnmcs pntrlai`li mc kn huan`lmnm mc kn rcflò` turástlbn mc Anmrlm7 `lvcks acmlis mc eu`bli`nklmnm y nmcbunblò` turástlbn mck pntrlai`li, Znpcrs mc ]urlsac , 3>>, 4:>4, >:<->2>. ]urcspnþn, 4::>, ]urlsai Bukturnk, Rnknan`bn. Ucrn Tcdikki, E.? Mîvlkn Kl`nrcs, A. ><<3, ‛]urlsai y pntrlai`li hlstòrlbi bukturnk‑, Cstumlis ]urástlbis, >45, >5>->6<. Ucrmufi Rn`tis, G. y Znriml Nkvnrcz, A.G. 4:>>, ‛Kn vnkirlznblò` mck pntrlai`li c` Nrqucik ucikifán ifán y ]urls ]urlsai ai c` ck Bárb Bárbuki uki N`mnkubán7 ùcvns tc`mc`blns y cstrntcfln cstrntcflns‑, s‑, Nrq mck Cstrcbhi, S`lvcrslmnm mc Bîmlz, 26-5<. Ulmnk l Bnsckkns, M. (mlr.) ><<6, Zntrlai`li bukturnk y sus rcknbli`cs bi` ck ]urlsai. Nklbn`tc 6->> mc ndrlk mc ><<6 , Nklbn`tc, SLAZ. Vn`f, @. ‛Tc-thlòl`f Nuthc`tlblty l` ]iurlsa Cxpcrlc`bc ‑, N``nks ie ]iurlsa Tcscnrbh , 45, ><<<, 2=<-26:.

TCKNBLÒ@ MC ]NDKNR \ ELFSTNR

| >2: |


Tcknblò` mc tndkns ]ndkn >.

Ulngcs mc rcslmc`tcs c` Cspnþn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| =4 |

]ndkn 4.

]lpikifán mc auscis c`bucstnmis c`bucstnmis,, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . .

| =< |

]ndkn 2.

Mlstrldublò` fcifrîelbn mc kis auscis c`bucstnmis, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 3> |

]lpikifán mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 3= |

Zcrelk mck vlsltn`tc mc kis auscis mlstrldulmis pir su ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . .

| 33 |

]lpikifán mc auscis mlstrldulmis pir ck pcrelk mck vlsltn`tc, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 35 |

Auscis vl`buknmis n Dlc`cs Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm mlstrldulmis pir ck `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 38 |

Zislbli`nalc`ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi pir Biau`lmnmcs Zislbli`nalc`ti nutòìans, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 5> |

Zislbli`nalc`ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi pir tlpi Zislbli`nalc`ti mc ausci, c` pirbc`tngc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 52 |

Zislbli`nalc`ti Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi y `÷acri Zislbli`nalc`ti mc vlsltn`tcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 5= |

Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk mlstrldulmi pir Ul`buknblò` S@CRBI y `÷acri mc vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . ... . . . . .

| 53 |

Bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs nuti`òalbns pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 63 |

Bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`tis pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 65 |

Bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngc pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 66 |

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns nuti`òalbns, c` pirbc`tngc. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 68 |

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` l`stltubli`cs p÷dklbns au`lblpnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . .

| 6< |

]ndkn =. ]ndkn 3. ]ndkn 5. ]ndkn 6.

]ndkn 8. ]ndkn <. ]ndkn >:. ]ndkn >>. ]ndkn >4. ]ndkn >2. ]ndkn >=. ]ndkn >3. ]ndkn >5.

| >2> |


]ndkn >6. ]ndkn >8. ]ndkn ><. ]ndkn 4:.

]ndkn 4>.

]ndkn 44. ]ndkn 42. ]ndkn 4=.

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` caprcsns mc nkignalc`ti, c` pirbc`tngc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 8: |

Ul`buki bi` kn S@CRBI pir bikndirnblò` bi` ]iur Ipcrnmircs y Nfc`blns mc Ulngc, c` pirbc`tngc . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . .

| 8> |

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc nbbli`cs bi`gu`tns pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 8= |

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn brcnblò` mc u` Mcpnrtnac`ti mc ]urlsai Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 83 |

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn brcnblò` mck mcsnrrikki mck Zkn` mc Eiranblò` c` ]urlsai Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 83 |

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc u`n cstrntcfln c` ck Rcbtir Bukturnk pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . .

| 85 |

Ck ausci biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi scf÷` kn nmcbunblò` mck Frnmi mc ]urlsai, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| >:8 |

Acgirn pislbli`nalc`ti pislbli`nalc`ti n trnvìs mc kn bi`trntnblò` mc cspcblnklstns cspcblnkls tns c` ]urlsai pir vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:< |

Tcknblò` mc frîelbis Frîelbi >.

Ck ]urlsai biai slstcan. Kn l`bkuslò` mck capkci y mck ]urlsai Bukturnk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >> |

Frîelbi 4.

L`tcrprctnblò` L`tcrprctnb lò` mck Acrbnmi mc kn Bukturn

. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ..

| 42 |

Frîelbi 2.

Rckcbblò` mc u` Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . .

| 43 |

Frîelbi =.

]lpikifán mc kis turlstns bukturnkcs aîs bia÷àc`tc rcbiìblmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 46 |

Frîelbi 3.

@÷acri vlsltn`tcs nùnkcs, c` pirbc`tngc

. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .

| 34 |

Frîelbi 5.

Zcrelk mc kis vlsltn`tcs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . .

| 32 |

Frîelbi 6.

Auscis bi` kn bi`mlblò` mc Dlc` Zntrlai`li mc kn Huan`lmnm, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . .

| 38 |

Zislbli`nalc`ti Zislbli`nalc` ti biai Ntrnbtlvi ]urástlbi Bukturnk . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .

| 5: |

Frîelbi 8.

| >24 |

Frîelbi <.


Tcknbli`cs c`trc auscis c L`stltubli`cs Z÷dklbns/Zrlvnmns pnrn ck mcsnrrikki mck ]urlsai Bukturnk, c` pirbc`tngc . ... . . . . . . . .

| 62 |

Zislbli`nalc`ti c` ]urlsai Bukturnk biai cstrntcfln Zislbli`nalc`ti mck ausci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| 84 |

Frîelbi >>.

Acmlmns pnrn ck Zislbli`nalc`ti c` ]urlsai Bukturnk . ... . . . . . . . .

| 82 |

Frîelbi >4.

@÷acri mc trndngnmircs, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . .

| <8 |

Frîelbi >2.

Mlstrldublò` mc kis trndngnmircs c`trc kis mcpnrtnac`tis mc kis auscis, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| << |

@lvck aá`lai mc bunklelbnblò` cxlflmi pir mcpnrtnac`tis, pirbc`tngc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:4 |

Nmcbunblò` mc kis Frnmis n kis capkcis mc u` ausci, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:2 |

Nmcbunblò` Frnmis nk Mcpnrtnac Mcpnrtnac`ti `ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:= |

Biapctc`blns `cbcsnrlns c` ck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:3 |

Cvikublò` mck Mcpnrtnac`ti mc Biau`lbnblò` y Mleuslò`, c` pirbc`tngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

| >:6 |

Frîelbi >:.

Frîelbi >=. Frîelbi >3. Frîelbi >5. Frîelbi >6. Frîelbi >8.

NFTNMCBLALC@]IR

| >2= |

NFTNMCBLALC@]IR

ûcrcais cxprcsnr ùcstri nfrnmcblalc`ti aîs sl`bcri n timns kns pcrsi`ns c l`stltubli`cs quc hn` hcbhi pisldkc cstn idrn. Kn priecsli`nklmnm, biaprialsi y mcmlbnblò` mc kis mlrcbtircs mc kis auscis y kis rcspi`sndkcs mc kis Mcpnrtnac`tis mc Biau`lbnblò`-Mleuslò` c`bucstnmis, nsá biai mc timis kis cxpcrtis mck scbtir turástlbi y bukturnk c`trcvlstnmis c`trcvlstnmis hn` slmi vltnkcs pnrn pimcr prieu`mlznr bi` rlfir c` ck bnapi mck ]urlsai Bukturnk mcsmc timns kns pcrspcbtlvns quc l`birpirn ùcstri trndngi. N timis ckkis aubhns frnblns.

Kis nutircs y ck Cqulpi mc L`vcstlfnblò`

turlsai bukturnk


pntrlai`li, auscis y capkcndlklmnm

www.cil www. cil.cs .cs

Kn idrn ‛]urlsai Bukturnk. Zntrlai`li, auscis y capkcndlklmnm‑ sc nprixlan n u` scbtir quc pir su hctcrifc`clmnm cs mc u`n auy biapkcgn bi`brcblò` tcòrlbn y capárlbn. C` ck anrbi mc u`n actimikifán bun`tltntlvn y bunkltntlvn mlscþnmn cspcbáelbnac`tc pnrn cstc cstumli, kis nutircs n`nklzn` kn iecrtn mc auscis biai u` ntrnbtlvi turástlbi bknvc pnrn acgirnr ck pitc`blnk mc capkcndlklmnm mck bi` gu`ti gu`t i mck mck scbt scbtir, ir, nmca nmcaîs îs mc cstn cstndkcb dkcbcr cr pcrelkcs y cstrntcflns mc bikndirnblò` quc bi`siklmc` kn rcnklmnm priecsli`nk mck ]urlsai Bukturnk.

bi` kn biel`n`blnblò` mc

S@LÒ@ CSTIZCN Ei`mi Riblnk Curipci ‛Ck ERC l`vlcrtc c` tu euturi‑

Turismo cultural: museos, patrimonio y empleabilidad

Recommend Documents