FOTO THORAKS
Mengapa seseorang melakukan pemeriksaan thorax? Karena ingin menegatahui keadaan thorax dalam dan luar. Kita memeriksa thorax luar dengan inspeksi. Untuk mengetahui bagian dalam dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan foto/pencitraan. Pencitraan tersebut menggunakan sinar x yang ditemukan Wilhelm Conrad ontgen. • •
!esuatu yang menghalang sinar x maka akan memberikan gambaran putih "opa#$ !esuatu yang ditembus sinar x akan memberikan gambaran hitam "lucent$
A. FOTO FOTO THO THORA RAX X NORM NORMAL AL
arcus aorta
costae pulmo
A.pulmonalis
dextra
jantung
Pada gambar di atas pulmo nampak lucent karena mengandung banyak udara pada al%eolinya. &amun dibandingkan dengan udara di luar tubuh' tubuh ' udara dalam paru memiliki (arna lucent yang lebih rendah. )ika (arna lucent paru*paru sama dengan udara luar tubuh maka ada kemungkinan pnemothorax "thorax memiliki udara$ misal saat luka tusuk yg mengakibatkan paru*paru mengempis' maka di luar paru*paru terdapat udara. ud ara. Ukuran +antung +antung de(asa, tidak boleh melebihi melebihi setengah diameter diameter interthoracal interthoracal "C-, "C-, Cardio -horacic atio$ Ukuran +antung +antung atita atita ,
setengah setengah "sekita "sekitarr 0'1 atau atau 0'2$ tetapi tetapi +ika +ika melebihi melebihi ukuran terseb tersebut ut
maka dicurigai bah(a +antung anak tersebut membesar.
1
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Pemotretan thorax dapat dilakukan dengan 3 cara, Posteroanterior "P4$, "P4$, sinar dari belakang ke depan 4nteroposterior "4P$, sinar dari depan ke belakang.
Menurut penelitian , sumber sinar ontgen dengan +arak 500 cm' diambil gambar 4P dalam posisi berbaring' ukuran +antung "C-$ normal alah 0'61. 7alam melihat hasil foto ontgen harus diperhatikan adanya kelainan3 seperti garis*garis putih' kabut atau gambaran bulat seperti koin "coin lesion$ pada paru*paru. 7i 8ndonesia penyakit paru seperti - "-uberculosis$ masih banyak. Cirinya , di paru*paru nampak gambaran seperti a(an' khususnya di bagian apex. Mengapa di bagian apex? Karena %askularisasi pada bagian apex relati%e sedikit' sehingga +ika terdapat infeksi mudah berkembang. -etapi kalau gambaran seperti a(an ada di ba(ah' bukan merupakan -. Kecuali pada orang yang lan+ut usia' biasanya - menyerang paru bagian ba(ah.
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9ambar di atas merupakan foto lateral thorax. Mengapa diperlukan foto lateral? Karena dengan pemotretan 4P maupun P4 sesuatu yang di tengah teng ah thorax tertutup organ di depannya. dep annya. !ehingga terlihat organ mana yang terletak di depan' tengah ' maupun belakang ca%um thorax. -ampak adanya retrosternal air space' +ika bagian tersebut hilang berarti ada +antung pasien membesar "cardio megaly$.
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&, menghitung costae dari ba(ah. Pada orang yang menderita asma biasanya ketinggian diaphragma hingga costae 53. :rang yang menderita asma +ika melakukan inspirasi mudah' tetapi kesulitan untuk ekxpirasi. •
)antung langsing "Karena diaphragma turun$ !aat ekspirasi, udara keluar
•
diaphragm melengkung/naik "ketinggian kurang dari 50 costae$
•
)antung terlihat membesar
Diaphragma
gelembung gaster
sinus costophrenicus
Warna Wa rna sinus costophrenicus costophrenicus harus lucent' +ika (arnanya opa# maka disana terdapat cairan yang disebut efusi. )ika ter+adi efusi paru maka sinus costophrenicusnya terlihat tumpul. gambar disamping merupakan emfisema pada paru*paru. ;ang ter+adi ter+adi pada orang orang yang yang mender menderita ita asma.7 asma.7ii mana mana +antun +antung g
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7i atas merupakan contoh foto ontgen yg tidak baik. arga satu film mahal..(back mahal..(back to economical problem). !ekarang ini ada teknik foto ontgen yang menggunakan C "Computeried adiography$ +adi yang di belakang/lay belakang/layar ar bukan film melainkan melainkan plat elektronik elektronik yang kemudian diproses diproses sehingga kualitasnya gambar dan pencahayaan baik.
iasanya pasien yang akan
difoto thorax berada
dalam posisi berdiri' namun
kalau keadaan pasien
sakit
duduk
diperbolehkan..
posisi
upright /tegak /tegak$' $'
kanan
merupakan
maka
posisi
"pokoknya
sinar sinar
dari belakang "P4$. !edangkan thorax
gambar supine
"pasien
terlentang/tidur$'
foto
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pada gambar disamping terdapat bulatan "panah pendek$ yang terletak di midcla%icular line' ini bukanlah kanker. 7ikatakan kanker +ika bulatan terletak agak di atas "lihat panah pan+ang$
kanker
menga mengapa pa kank kanker er bent bentuk ukny nyaa bulat bulat'' kare karena na sel sel kanker kanker berkem berkembang bang
scr terat teratur ur dari suatu suatu titik titik
men+adi suatu bola.
Kalau - titik/bulatan ber+umlah banyak tersebar sebesar bi+i (i+en sehingga disebut milliary"kecil* kecil$. )ika penyebaran - melalui bronchus' biasanya titik*titik yang tampak di apex kecil*kecil semakin ke ba(ah semakin besar titiknya.
B. TUBE TUBERK RKUL ULOS OSIS IS PARU PARU G!"rn #$inis • • •
9e+ala repiratorik , batuk 3 minggu' hemoptysis' sesak napas' nyeri dada 9e+ala sistemik , demam' malaise' keringat malam' anoreksia' menurun Pemeri Pemeriksa ksaan an fisik fisik , adanya adanya kelaina kelainan n pada lobus lobus superi superior or'' suara suara napas napas melemah melemah'' ronkhi basah' tanda penarikan paru' difragma dan mediastinum.
Peni$in %!"rn r&io$o%i . TB p pru #ti' ti' -ampak bercak bera(an disertai ka%itas pada kedua lapangan paru • )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal • Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik • -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak • ". TB pru pru $! $! #ti #ti' ' -ampak bercak bera(an pada kedua lapangan paru atas yang disertai ka%itas' •
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c. TB pru pru $! $! ten tenn% n% -ampak -ampak bintik*bintik kalsifikasi serta garis fibrosis pada kedua lapangan atas paru • )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal • Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik • -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak • &. TB !i$ir -erdapat -erdapat bercak*bercak granulaer pada seluruh lapangan kedua paru • )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal • Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik • -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak •
- paru (. PNEU PNEUMO MONI NIA A G!"rn K$inis ) 7emam' menggigil
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• •
Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak
Pneumonia , tampak perselubungan homogen pada lapangan paru dextra
*. BRON BRONKO KOPN PNEU EUMO MONIA NIA 9ambaran radiologi , -ampak bercak infiltrate pada lapangan ba(ah/tengah paru kiri dan kanan • )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal • Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik • -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak •
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-ampak bercak infiltrate pada lapangan tengah dan ba(ah paru dextra et sinistra. E. E*EM E*EMA A PULM PULMON ONUM UM 9ambaran radiologi , -ampa -ampak k persel perselubu ubungan ngan perihi perihilia liarr bilate bilateral ral yang yang member memberika ikan n gambar gambaran an “bat •
• • •
wings appearance” )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak
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-ampak -ampak perselubungan perselubungan perihiliar perihiliar bilateral bilateral yang memberikan memberikan gambaran gambaran “bat wings appearance” F. BRON BRONKI KIEK EKT TASIS SIS Ge+$ #$inis ) atuk kronik disertai produksi sputum' sputum terdiri dari @ lapisan , mukus* •
• • • • •
sali%a* nanah dan +aringan febris >emoptysis !esak napas 7emam berulang !ianosis' clubbing finger onkhi basah pada lobus ba(ah paru
G!"rn r&io$o%is ) •
• • •
-ampak cincin*cincin lusen pada lapangan paru kiri dan kanan yang memberikan gambaran honeycomb appearance )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak
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•
!uhu tubuh hingga A00C' perkusi pada daerah paru yang terkena redup' suara
•
nafas bronkial )ari tabuh
G!"rn r&io$o%i ) •
• • •
-ampak ka%itas pada lapangan paru kiri atau kanan dengan dinding tebal' tepi regular' air fluid level (+) )antung , bentuk dan ukuran dalam batas normal Kedua sinus dan diafragma baik -ulang*tulang yang ter%isualisasi intak
H. EMFI EMFISE SEMA MA G!"rn r&io$o%i ) -ampak -ampak hiperlusen %askuler pada kanan ka nan atau kiri kedua lapangan paru
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* * * *
-ampa -ampak k hiper hiperlus lusen en %ask %askule ulerr pada pada kedua kedua lapanga lapangan n paru paru 8nte 8nterc rcos osta tall space pace mele meleba bar r Cost Costaa tampa ampak k menda endata tar r 7iaf 7iafra ragma gma leta letak k ren renda dah h dan dan menda mendata tar r
I. EFUSI PL PLEURA Bfusi pleura adalah suatu keadaan dimana cairan terkumpul pada ruang antara lapisan
parietal dan %isceral dari pleura' biasanya berisi cairan serosa' namun dapat +uga
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,. ATEL ELEK EKT TASIS SIS G!"rn r&io$o%i ) -ampak perselubungan homogen pada lapangan paru kanan atau kiri -ampak shift trakea dan mediastinum kea rah lesi dan hiperaerasi pada paru
disebelahnya 8C! pada hemithoraks kanan atau kiri 7ifragma dan batas +antng kanan atau kiri sulit dinilai
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•
Simple , tidak berhubungan dengan udara di luar atau mediastinum' tidak ada
pergerakan midline Tensi Tension on : akumulasi udara dengan tekanan yang progresif dalam ca%um pleura sehing sehingga ga menyebab menyebabkan kan perges pergesera eran n medias mediastin tinum um dengan dengan kompre kompresi si dari dari paru paru kontrolateral dan pembuluh darah besar. G!"rn #$inis )
•
&yeri dan sesak napas tiba*tiba Pemeriksaan fisik , dada asimetris' fremitus menurun atau hilang Tension pneumothoraks , takikardi' distensi %ena +ugularis' tidak adanya bunyi
•
pada paru yang terkena' pergeseran trakea ke paru yang sehat Open pneumothoraks , tampak luka terbuka pada dinding thoraks disertai ge+ala
• •
klinis pneumothoraks "nyeri dada' sesak napas$ G!"rn r&io$o%is ) • •
-ampak -ampak hiperlusen a%askuler pada lapangan lapang an paru kanan atau kiri 4danya gambaran paru kanan atau kiri kolaps dengan bayangan pleura %isceralis
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-ampak -ampak perselubungan homogeny pada bagian basal paru dextra setinggi 8C! yang menutupi sinus dan diafragma
M. FLAIL FLAIL (HEST (HEST
keseluruhan dinding dada. Keadaan tersebut ter+adi karena fraktur iga multiple pada dua
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-ampak -ampak gambaran fraktur multiple pada costae
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*AFTAR PUSTAKA #lmu pen$akit dalam %&'# (edical mini notes %&')*A+ https://misc09.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/rad1.doc