WMFSG_QFT@Q FMDKMGQF@
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
L_KW^ 6 L_KW^ ^G_QKMMGI: @ABE@D C@TBKMV (00>3>><3>?) _FHV FHB\@M E@WI@M@ (00>3>327??) (00>3>327??) _FZHV ^@MDW Q. (>6>377<>47) (>6>377<>47) TWIWQ QGTF@\@M (00>3>07647) (00>3>07647)
ABGEFA@I GMLFMGG_FML DG^@_TEGMT GMLFMGG_FML C@AWITV WMFSG_QFT@Q FMDKMGQF@ DG^KH ?>04
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
0.
Agr f t`h`m Agr
^r ks ksg gs ^g ^gmlki mlki `b`m
E f my`h
O uef ,
^rksgs Qg ^rksgs Qgp`r p`r`s `sff ,
d`m d`m
Hkmvgrsfmy`! ^`d` prfmsfpmy`, t`b`p`m pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef egifputf prksgs dfstfi`sf, hkmvgrsf, pgefs`b`m ikl`e, d`m pgma`epur`m cr`hsf. ^rfmsfp ut`e` d`rf pgefs`b`m `mt`r cr`hsf y`ml tgrh`mduml d`i`e efmy`h ouef `d`i`b `d`my` pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb/u`p d`rf tf`p-tf`p cr`hsfmy`. B`i fmf dfd`s`rh`m p`d` hgmy`t``m o`bw` sgmy`w` cr`hsf y`ml tgrh`mduml d`i`e efmy`h ouef egefifhf tftfh dfdfb y`ml ogrogd`. J`df pgefs`b`mmy` ege`mc``th`m pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfbmy`. Qge`hfm ogs`r pgrogd``mmy`, e`h` sge`hfm eud`b pgefs`b`mmy`. Qga`r` ueue pgmlkib`m efmy`h ouef dfl`eo`rh`m dgml`m shge` ogrfhut. Efmy`h Egmt`b
^gmyfep`m`m
^gmlbfi`ml`m l`r`e
Dfstfi`sf Cr`hsfm`sf
Cr`hsf ogr`t d`m _fml`m
^rksgs Bfdrkh`rokm 0. Ar`ahfml ?. _gckrefml 1. @ihfi`sf d`m ^kifegrfs`sf 4. ^geurmf`m 7. ^gma`epur`m
^rkduh `hbfr efmy`h ouef
L`eo`r 0. Qhge` ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef
0
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
0.
Agr f t`h`m Agr
^r ks ksg gs ^g ^gmlki mlki `b`m
E f my`h
O uef ,
^rksgs Qg ^rksgs Qgp`r p`r`s `sff ,
d`m d`m
Hkmvgrsfmy`! ^`d` prfmsfpmy`, t`b`p`m pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef egifputf prksgs dfstfi`sf, hkmvgrsf, pgefs`b`m ikl`e, d`m pgma`epur`m cr`hsf. ^rfmsfp ut`e` d`rf pgefs`b`m `mt`r cr`hsf y`ml tgrh`mduml d`i`e efmy`h ouef `d`i`b `d`my` pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb/u`p d`rf tf`p-tf`p cr`hsfmy`. B`i fmf dfd`s`rh`m p`d` hgmy`t``m o`bw` sgmy`w` cr`hsf y`ml tgrh`mduml d`i`e efmy`h ouef egefifhf tftfh dfdfb y`ml ogrogd`. J`df pgefs`b`mmy` ege`mc``th`m pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfbmy`. Qge`hfm ogs`r pgrogd``mmy`, e`h` sge`hfm eud`b pgefs`b`mmy`. Qga`r` ueue pgmlkib`m efmy`h ouef dfl`eo`rh`m dgml`m shge` ogrfhut. Efmy`h Egmt`b
^gmyfep`m`m
^gmlbfi`ml`m l`r`e
Dfstfi`sf Cr`hsfm`sf
Cr`hsf ogr`t d`m _fml`m
^rksgs Bfdrkh`rokm 0. Ar`ahfml ?. _gckrefml 1. @ihfi`sf d`m ^kifegrfs`sf 4. ^geurmf`m 7. ^gma`epur`m
^rkduh `hbfr efmy`h ouef
L`eo`r 0. Qhge` ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef
0
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF Ogrfhut fmf `h`m h`ef o`b`s prksgs-prksgs p`d` shge` df`t`s s`tu pgr s`tu.
Dgs`itfml Qgi`fm egml`mduml ogro`l`f z`t pgmlktkr, efmy`h egmt`b jul` egml`mduml ogro`l`f z`t efmgr`i y`ml i`rut d`i`e `fr. Wmtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m l`r`e efmgr`i tgrsgout dfi`huh`mi`b prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m l`r`e `t`u y`ml of`s` dfsgout dgml`m dgml `m dgs`itfml. ^rksgs fmf dfi`huh`m dgml`m a`r` egma`epur efmy`h egmt`b dgml`m `fr sgbfmll` efmgr`i-efmgr`i tgrsgout `h`m i`rut d`i`e `fr. Qgd`mlh`m pgm`eo`b`m `s`e d`m o`s` dfi`huh`m jul` umtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` mkmbfdrkh`rokm. ^rksgs dgs`itfml dfi`huh`m umtuh egmagl`b hkrksf pfp`-pfp` efmy`h d`m egmagl`b tgrsueo`tmy` iuo`ml-iuo`ml df egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf. Qgtgi`b efmy`h egmt`b egml`i`ef prksgs dgs`itfml, sgi`mjutmy` efmy`h egmt`b df`ifrh`m hg t`mlhf pge`m`s umtuh egmlu`ph`m efmy`h egmt`b d`m hgeudf`m u`p efmy`h egmt`b df`ifrh`m d`i`e egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf (egm`r` dfstfi`sf).
Dfstfi`sf Dfstfi`sf `t`u pgmyuifml`m egrup`h`m su`tu egtkd` pgefs`b`m s`tu `t`u igofb sgmy`w` d`rf sgmy`w` i`fmmy` dgml`m ege`mc``th`m pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb d`rf sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` y`ml `h`m dfpfs`bh`mmy`. Efmy`h ouef egml`mduml ogro`l`f sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml egefifhf tftfh dfdfb ogrogd`-ogd` tgrl`mtuml d`rf struhtur ekighuimy`. Egi`iuf egtkd` dfstfi`sf, sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` d`i`e efmy`h ouef d`p`t dfpfs`b egmj`df ogro`l`f cr`hsf sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm sgsu`f dgml`m tftfh dfdfbmy`. Egtkdg dfstfi`sf dfi`huh`m dgml`m egmllum`h`m pgmdfmlfm`m ogrt`b`p `t`u o grtfmlh`t. Tftfh dfdfb d`rf sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml tgrh`mduml p`d` efmy`h ouef d`p`t dfifb`t p`d` t`ogi df o`w`b. T`ogi 0. B`sfi ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef JWEI@B @TKE
TFTFH DFDFB ( KA)
L`s-l`s ^gtrkigue
A0 ‑ A4
-034 - 1>
^gtrkigue Gtgr
A7 ‑ A<
1> ‑ 6>
C_@HQF
HGLWM@@M
O`b`m o`h`r l`s ^`i`rut, ofm`tu hfef` ?
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF Ogmsfm (L`skifm)
A7 ‑ A0?
1> ‑ ?>>
O`b`m o`h`r ektkr
Efmy`h
A00 ‑ A03
0<7 ‑ ?<7
Efmy`h i`epu, o`b`m
T`m`b
(Hgrksfm) Efmy`h
o`h`r hkepkr Dfgsgi
A07 ‑ A02
?7> ‑ 4>>
O`b`m
o`h`r
egsfm
dfgsgi
(Qki`r) Efmy`h ^giue`s
A03 hg `t`s
17> hg `t`s
^`r`cfm
A?> hg `t`s
71 ‑ 7< (egigigb)
^giue`s Ififm
lgrgj`,
pgmlgmd`p`fm `fr o`lf h`fm,
hkrgh
`pf,
d`m
pgml`wgt`m Tgr
rgsfdu
@sp`i ou`t`m
Hkh`s pgtrkigue
_gsfdu
O`b`m o`h`r, gightrkd`
Dgml`m egepgrb`tfh`m d`t` t`ogi tgrsgout d`p`t dfhgt`buf o`bw` jfh` efmy`h ouef/egmt`b dfp`m`sh`m p`d` tgepgr`turg 1> dgr`j`t agiafus e`h` l`s-l`s pgtrkigue `h`m sglgr` egmdfdfb d`m egmlu`p. Qgd`mlh`m sgmy`w` i`fmmy` tgt`p ogr`d` p`d` c`s` `w`imy`. B`i y`ml s`e` jul` dfi`huh`m p`d` sgmy`w` i`fmmy`
Ar`ahfml Ar`ahfml `d`i`b pgmlur`f`m ekighui-ekighui sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml ogs`r egmj`df ekighui-ekighui sgmy`w` bfdrkh`rokm y`ml hgafi. Akmtkb ar`ahfml fmf `d`i`b pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ski`r `t`u efmy`h t`m`b egmj`df ogmsfm. ^rksgs fmf tgrut`e` dftujuh`m umtuh egepgro`fhf hu`ift`s d`m pgrkigb`m cr`hsf l`skifm (ogmsfm). Hu`ift`s l`skifm s`ml`t dftgmtuh`m kigb sfc`t `mtf hmkah (hgtuh`m) y`ml dfmy`t`h`m d`i`e ofi`ml`m kht`m. Ofi`ml`m kht`m 0>> dfogrfh`m p`d` fskkht`m (?,?,4-trfegtfi pgmt`m`) y`ml egepumy`f sfc`t `mtf hmkahfml y`ml fstfegw`, d`m ofi`ml`m kht`m > dfogrfh`m p`d` m-bgpt`m` y`ml egepumy`f sfc`t `mtf hmkah y`ml ouruh. L`skifm y`ml dfujf `h`m dfo`mdfmlh`m dgml`m
1
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF a`epur`m fskkht`m` d`m m-bgpt`m`. Ofi`ml`m kht`m dfpgml`rubf kigb ogogr`p` struhtur ekighui bfdrkh`rokm. Tgrd`p`t 1 a`r` prksgs ar`ahfml, y`ftu : `.
Tbgre`i ar`ahfm l
Tbgre`i ar`ahfml `d`i`b prksgs pgrgmlh`l`m dgml`m pgmllum``m subu tfmllf d`m tgh`m`m y`ml rgmd`b. Akmtkb rg`hsf-rg`hsf p`d` prksgs ar`ahfml `d`i`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :
o.
A`t`iytfa ar`ahfml
A`t`iytfa ar`ahfml `d`i`b prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m dgml`m pgmllum``m h`t`ifs. H`t`ifs y`ml dflum`h`m of`s`my` QfK? `t`u @i?K1 o`uhsft. _g`hsf d`rf pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh egi`iuf egh`mfseg pgrgmlh`b`m fkm h`rokmfue. Eui`-eui` h`t`ifs h`rgm` ogrsfc`t `s`e egm`eo`bhm` prktkm hg ekighui kigvfm `t`u egm`rfh fkm bfdrfd` d`rf `ih`m` sgbfmll` egmygo`oh`m tgrogmtuhmy` fkm h`rokmfue :
a.
Bfdrkar`ahfml
Bfdrkar`ahfml egrup`h`m hkeofm`sf `mt`r` pgrgmlh`b`m d`m bfdrklgm`sf umtuh egmlb`sfih`m sgmy`w` y`ml jgmub. _g`hsf tgrsgout dfi`huh`m p`d` tgh`m`m tfmllf. Hgumtuml`m i`fm d`rf Bfdrkar`ahfml fmf `d`i`b o`bw` ogigr`ml y`ml tgrh`mduml d`i`e efmy`h dfuo`b egmj`df bfdrklgm suicfd` y`ml hgeudf`m dfpfs`bh`m.
_gckrefml _gckrefml `d`i`b pgruo`b`m d`rf ogmtuh ekighui ogm sfm y`ml ogreutu hur`ml o`fh (r`mt`f h`rokm iurus) egmj`df ogmsfm y`ml ogreutu igofb o`fh (r`mt`f h`rokm ogra`o`ml). Hgdu` jgmfs ogmsfm fmf egefifhf rueus ekighui y`ml s`e` ogmtuh struhturmy` y`ml ogrogd`. Kigb h`rgm` ftu, 4
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF prksgs fmf jul` dfsgout fskegrfs`sf. _gckrefml dfi`huh`m dgml`m egmllum`h`m h`t`ifs d`m pge`m`s`m. Akmtkb rgckrefml `d`i`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :
_gckrefml jul` d`p`t egrup`h`m pgmluo`b`m struhtur ekighui d`rf bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm egmj`df sgmy`w` `rke`tfh dgml`m ofi`ml`m kht`m tfmllf. ^`d` prksgs fmf dflum`h`m h`t`ifs ekifodgmue khsfd` d`i`e @i?K1 `t`upi`tfm` d`i`e igepuml.Akmtkb rg`hsfmy` :
@ihfi`sf @ihfi`sf egrup`h`m pgm`eo`b`m juei`b `tke d`i`e ekighui egmj`df ekighui y`ml igofb p`mj`ml d`m ogra`o`ml. D`i`e prksgs fmf egmllum`h`m h`t`ifs `s`e hu`t sgpgrtf B?QK4, BAi, @iAi1 (su`tu `s`e hu`t Igwfs). _g`hsf sga`r` ueue `d`i`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut: _B + AB?5A_‖_‖‖ _ -AB?-AB_‖_―
^kifegrfs`sf `d`i`b prksgs pgmll`ouml`m ekighui-ekighui hgafi egmj`df ekighui ogs`r. Akmtkb pkifegrfs`sf y`ftu pgmll`ouml`m sgmy`w` fskoutgm` dgml`m sgmy`w` fskout`m` egmlb`sfih`m ogmsfm ogrhu`ift`s tfmllf, y`ftu fskkht`m`.
Trg`tfml
7
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF Trg`tfml `d`i`b pgeurmf`m efmy`h ouef dgml`m a`r` egmlbfi`mlh`m pgmlktkr pgmlktkrmy`. A`r`-a`r` prksgs trg`tfml `d`i`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut :
Akppgr swggtgmfml d`m dkatkr trg`tfml, y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m pgmlktkr y`ml d`p`t egmfeouih`m o`u y`ml tfd`h sgd`p.
@afd trg`tegmt, y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m iuepur d`m pgro`fh`m w`rm`.
Dgw`xfml y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m w`x (m p`r`cfm) dgml`m ogr`t ekighui tfmllf d`rf cr`hsf efmy`h pgiue`s umtuh egmlb`sfiih`m efmy`h pgiue`s dgml`m pkur pkfmt y`ml rgmd`b.
Dg`spb`itfml y`ftu pgmlbfi`ml`m `sp`i d`rf cr`hsf y`ml dflum`h`m umtuh efmy`h pgiue`s
Dgsuicurfzfml (dgsuicurfs`sf), y`ftu prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m umsur ogigr`ml.
Oigmdfml ^rksgs oigmdfml `d`i`b pgm`eo`b`m o`b`m-o`b`m `dftfc hgd`i`e cr`hsf efmy`h ouef d`i`e r`mlh` umtuh egmfmlh`th`m hu`ift`s prkduh tgrsgout. Ogmsfm y`ml egefifhf ogro`l`f pgrsy`r`t`m hu`ift`s egrup`h`m akmtkb b`sfi efmy`h ouef y`ml p`ifml o`my`h dflum`h`m df o`ro`l`f mgl`r` dgml`m ogro`l`f v`rf`sf au`a`. Wmtuh egegmubf hu`ift`s ogmsfm y`ml o`fh, tgrd`p`t sghft`r ?? o`b`m pgma`epur y`ml d`p`t dft`eo`mbh`m p`d` prksgs pgmlki`b`mmy`. Df`mt`r` o`b`m-o`b`m pgma`epur y`ml tgrhgm`i `d`i`b tgtr` gtbyi ig`d (TGI). TGI ogrcumlsf egm`fhh`m ofi`ml`m kht`m ogmsfm. Dgefhf`m pui` b`imy` dgml`m pgiue`s, `l`r dfpgrkigb hu`ift`s y`ml o`fh e`h` p`d` prksgs pgmlki`b`m dfpgriuh`m pgm`eo`b`m z`t `dftfc. ^gm`eo`b`m TGI d`p`t egmfmlh`th`m ofi`ml`m kht`m, tgt`pf d`p`t egmfeouih`m pgmage`r`m ud`r`.
3
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
L`eo`r ?. Qhge` Igmlh`p ^rksgs ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef
?. ^rksgs @p` Q`j` y`ml Df lum`h`m Wmtuh E geou`t O gmsfm, Hgr ksfm, d`m Qki`r 1. @p` s`j` uep`m y`ml dflu m`h`m u mtuh prksgs-pr ksgs tgr sgout; (j`w`o`m umtuh mkekr ? d`m 1 dfl`ouml)
Ogmsfm ^rksgs sgp`r`sf efmy`h ouef `d`i`b prksgs pgrt`e` umtuh pgefs`b`m efmy`h ouef
egmj`df cr`hsf-cr`hsfmy`. ^rksgs fmf egifputf prksgs dfstfi`sf `tekscgr d`m dfstfi`sf v`hue, y`ml egmlb`sfih`m m`ct`, hgrksfm, dfstfi`t v`hue, d`m rgsfdu (rgsfdu `tekscgrfh d`m rgsfdu v`hue). D`i`e r`mlh` egmfmlh`th`m mfi`f t`eo`b cr`hsf efmy`h ouef tgrsgout, e`h` dfi`huh`m prksgs t`b`p hgdu`, y`ftu: hkmvgrsf, o`fh ogrup` prksgs tgre`i e`upum prksgs h`t`iftfh. _gsfdu dfrgmlh`b sga`r` prksgs tgre`i, y`ftu prksgs vfsorghgr d`m prksgs hkhgr, d`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh <
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ogmsfm d`m ski`r ogreutu rgmd`b. ^rksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh rgsfdu d`m dfstfi`t v`hue egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmsfm rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh (a`t. ar`ahgd l`skifmg) y`ml ogreutu tfmllf, tgt`pf eutu prkduh ski`r (ayaig l`s-kfi ) y`ml dfb`sfih`mmy` e`sfb rgmd`b. ^rksgs fskegrfs`sf cr`hsf m`ct` rfml`m d`m prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh cr`hsf m`ct` ogr`t d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m hkepkmg m ut`e` ogmsfm, y`ftu e`sfml-e`sfml fskegr`t d`m rgckre`t. ^rksgs pgmll`ouml`m `ihfi`sf d`m pkifhkmdgms`sf d`rf prkduh s`epfml l`s kigcfm rgmd`b (A1/A4) d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m hkepkmgm ut`e` ogmsfm, y`ftu e`sfml-e`sfml `ihfi`t d`m ogmsfm pkifegr. Ogmsfm egepumy`f hfs`r`m tftfh dfdfb d`rf 1>kA s`ep`f ?07kA y`ml egml`mduml lrup bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm, kigcfm, m`ctgm`, d`m `rke`tfh dgml`m v`rf`sf mfi`f `mlh` kht`m`my` auhup ogs`r. ^rksgs pgeou`t`m ogmsfm dfeui`f dgml`m sgp`r`sf efmy`h ouef p`d` prksgs dfstfi`sf `tekcgr d`m dfstfi`sf v`hue. Efmy`h ouef dfcr`hsfkm`sf egmj`df m`ct` (sd. 02>kA), hgrksfm (02>k ‑ ?7>kA), ski`r (?7>k ‑ 17>kA), dfstfi`t v`hue (17>k ‑ 77>kA), d`m rgsfdu v`hue (= 77>kA). Cr`hsf m`ct` dfsgp`r`sf egmj`df l`s (A0/A?), I^L (A1/A4), m`ct` rfml`m (A7/A3) umtuh uep`m prksgs fskegrfs`sf, d`m m`ct` ogr`t dfp`h`f sgo`l`f uep`m rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh. Qgbuouml`m dgml`m o`my`hmy` cr`hsf m`ct` y`ml dflum`h`m umtuh uep`m prksgs pgtrkhfef` (sghft`r 4>% d`rf tkt`i prkduh m`ct`), e`h` hgoutub`m uep`m m`ct` dfpgmubf dgml`m b`sfi d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m tgre`i d`m h`t`iftfh cr`hsf ogr`t, d`m jul` d`rf prksgs pgmll`ouml`m (`ihfi`sf d`m pkifegrfs`sf) y`ml egmllum`h`m uep`m l`s (A1/A4). ^rksgs pgeou`t`m hkepkmgm ogmsfm tgrdfrf `t`s: (0) prksgs sgp`r`sf `t`u dfstfi`sf (egmlb`sfih`m str`flbt-rum m`pbtb`) d`m (?) prksgs hkmvgrsf, y`ftu: (`) prksgs hkmvgrsf tgre`i, y`ftu prksgs vfsorghgr (vfsorg`hgr m`pbtb`), d`m prksgs hkhgr (akhgr m`pbtb`), d`m (o) prksgs hkmvgrsf h`t`iftfh y`ftu: prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh (ogmsfm rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh ‑ a`t. ar`ahgd l`skifmg), prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m (bydrkar`ahgd m`pbtb`), prksgs fskegrfs`sf (fskegr`t), prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh (rgckre`t), prksgs `ihfi`sf (`ihfi`t) d`m prksgs pkifegrfs`sf (ogmsfm pkifegr pkiyl`skifmg). ‑
0. ^rksgs ^grgmlh`b`m H`t`iftfh
Egh`mfseg rg`hsf pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh d`p`t dfur`fh`m sgpgrtf p`d` L`eo`r 0 ogrfhut. _g`hsf pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh ogrj`i`m egi`iuf pgeogmtuh`m sgmy`w`-`mt`r` fkm h`rokmfue (_+) y`ml dfb`sfih`m dgml`m pgm`rfh`m fkm bfdrfd` (B-) d`rf ekighui uep`m kigb fmtf `htfc `s`e Igwfs 2
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF h`t`ifs (F) `t`u pgeogrf`m prktkm (B+) kigb fmtf `htfc `s`e Orkmstgd h`t`ifs hg kigcfm (FF) y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf pgrgmlh`b`m tgre`i uep`m df d`i`e rfsgr (FFF). Ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`rf rg`ht`m b`rus ogrc`sg u`p `l`r sup`y` ekighui tgrsgout d`p`t dgml`m eud`b ogrdfcusf hg fmtf `htfc `s`e df d`i`e pkrf h`t`ifs. Fkm h`rokmfue d`p`t pga`b (FFF) p`d` pksfsf ogt` d`m tgrogmtuh kigcfm d`m fkm h`rokmfue rgmd`b, d`m jul` ogrfskegrfs`sf (FS) `t`u tr`mscgr bfdrklgm (L`eo`r 0).
L`eo`r 1. Egh`mfseg _g`hsf ^grgmlh`b`m (Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
Tr`mscgr bfdrklgm ogrd`ep`h mgl`tfc p`d` eutu prkduh, y`ftu tgrogmtuhmy` ogmsfm ogrh`d`r kigcfm tfmllf dgml`m `mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b, d`m efmy`h rfml`m ogrh`d`r `rke`tfh tfmllf dgml`m `mlh` sgt`m` rgmd`b, sgrt` tgrj`df pui` pgmurum`m pgrkigb`m A1 d`m A4. ^grgmlh`b`m tgre`i d`p`t tfeoui ogrs`e``m dgml`m pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh p`d` tgepgr`tur kpgr`sf tfmllf, y`ml egrulfh`m, o`fh dftfmj`u d`rf pgrkigb`m e`upum eutu prkduh ogmsfm, y`ftu tgrogmtuhmy` prkduh ogmsfm ogrh`d`r kigcfm tfmllf dgml`m sgdfhft h`d`r fsk-kigcfm d`m p`r`cfm rgmd`b sgrt` prkduh l`s tfmllf (A0 ‑ A1).
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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ^grgmlh`b`m bfdrkh`rokm uep`m ogrj`i`m sgo`l`f ogrfhut:
^grgmlh`b`m p`r`cfm dfpgml`rubf kigb uhur`m d`m struhtur ekighui p`r`cfm, y`ftu e`hfm ogs`r juei`b `tke h`rokm (A=3), d`m y`ml egepumy`f `tke h`rokm tgrsfgr igofb eud`b pgrgmlh`b`mmy` d`m prkduh l`s y`ml dfb`sfih`m egml`mduml o`m y`h A1 d`m A4.
Dgbfdrklgm`sf m`ctgm` egmj`df `rke`tfh d`m pgeutus`m r`mt`f afmafm A ‑ A d`rf m`ctgm` tgrsgout `d`i`b du` rg`hsf ut`e` p`d` pgrgmlh`b`m m`ctgm`. ^rkduh a`fr d`m l`s egml`mduml igofb o`my`h p`r`cfm d`rfp`d` y`ml dfb`sfih`m pgrgmlh`b`m p`r`cfm.
^grgmlh`b`m `rke`tfh dgml`m lulus `ihfi ogrh`d`r `tke h`ro km A 91 tfd`h s`ml`t rg`htfc. ^geutus`m `ihfi `rke`tfh ogr`tke o`my`h tgrj`df p`d` `tke h`rokm y`ml tgrfh`t i`mlsuml p`d` afmafm `rke`tfh y`ml `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmzgm` d`m kigcfm
O`b`m o`hu prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh `d`i`b cr`hsf ogr`t efmy`h, y`ftu df `mt`r`my` cr`hsf efmy`h ?7> ‑ 77>kA d`m jul` rgsfdu y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`m hktkr`m mkm bfdrkh`rokm. Hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm uep`m egegml`rubf pgrkigb`m d`m eutu prkduh ogmsfm y`ftu:
Hgagp`t`m rgi`tfc pgrgmlh`b`m bfdrkh`rokm egmurum d`rf kigcfm = m`ctgm` = fskp`r`cfm = p`r`cfm = `rke`tfh.
Qge`hfm ogs`r uhur`m ekighui, sge`hfm tfmllf pui` hgagp`t`m pgrgmlh`b`m. Wep`m dfstfi`t v`hue `rke`tfh `h`m egmlb`sfih`m hkmvgrsf uep`m rgmd`b, pgrkigb`m prkduh ogmsfm rgmd`b ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf. ^gml`rub jgmfs uep`m dfstfi`t v`hue p`d` h`r`htgrfstfh prkduh ogmsfm dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi ?.
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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF T`ogi ?. ^gml`rub Jgmfs Wep`m Dfstfi`t S`hue p`d` H`r`htgrfstfh ^rkduh Ogmsfm
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
Wep`m rgsfdu egml`mduml o`my`h hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokmX07U y`ftu sgmy`w` krl`mfh y`ml egml`mduml `tke suicur, mftrklgm d`m khsflgm, d`m sgmy`w` `sc`itgm `t`u h`rokm rgsfdu (efark a`rokm rgsfdug) y`ml egml`mduml ikl`e (Mf, S, Cg, Au). Qgmy`w` mkm-bfdrkh`rokm tgrsgout d`p`t egmurumh`m umjuh hgrj` h`t`ifs. ^gml`rub h`d`r h`rokm rgsfdu p`d` h`r`htgrfstfh prkduh ogmsfm dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 1.
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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF T`ogi 1. Dfstrfousf ^rkduh _gmlh`b`m d`rf Wep`m Ogro`l`f H`d`r H`rokm _gsfdu Wep`m
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
?. ^rksgs _gckre`sf H`t`iftfh
^rksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh egmlkmvgrsf uep`m m`ct` ogr`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b (_KM 7> ‑ 3>) egmj`df prkduh rgckre`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf (_KM 6? ‑ 0>>) dgml`m o`mtu`m h`t`ifs ofcumlsfkm`i. ^rksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh tgi`b ogrhgeo`ml dgml`m pgs`t o`fh d`rf sglf tghmkiklfmy` d`rf sfstge sgef-rglgr`tfc s`ep`f rglgr`tfc hkmtfmu (Akmtfmkus A`t`iyst _glgmgr`tfkm ‑ AA_) e`upum pgmlgeo`ml`m h`t`ifsmy` d`rf jgmfs ekmk-egt`ifh egmj`df of-egt`ifh d`m pkif-egt`ifh, sgbfmll` d`p`t dfb`sfih`m pgrkigb`m d`m eutu d`rf prkduh rgckre`t tfmllf. _gckre`t ogrh`d`r `rke`tfh tfmllf dfp`h`f jul` umtuh pgeou`t`m `rke`tfh rgmd`b. Wep`m prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh y`ml o`fh `d`i`b m`ct` ogr`t ogrh`d`r m`ctgm` tfmllf, h`rgm` hkmvgrsf m`ctgm` tgrsgout egmj`df `rke`tfh rgi`tfc igofb eud`b d`rfp`d` hkmvgrsf p`r`cfm. Tgepgr`tur kpgr`sf rgmd`b 947>kA egeogrfh`m rg`hsf ogrj`i`m i`eo`t, sgd`ml p`d` tgepgr`tur tfmllf =74>kA `h`m tgrj`df rg`hsf s`epfml bydrkar`ahfml y`ml `h`m egmurumh`m pgrkigb`m d`m eutu prkduh rgckre`t. _g`hsf ut`e` d`rf prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh `d`i`b hkmvgrsf m`ctgm` d`m p`r`cfm egmj`df `rke`tfh ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf. Wmtuh egmurumh`m pgeogmtuh`m pgmlgmd`p`m hkh`s p`d` pgreuh``m h`t`ifs, umft prksgs rgckre`sf sgef rglgmgr`tfc dfkpgr`sfh`m p`d` tgh`m`m d`m r`sfk B?/BA y`ml rgi`tfc igofb tfmllf d`rfp`d` umftprksgs rgckre`sf rglgmgr`tfc. 0?
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
_gckre`t `d`i`b hkepkmgm ogmsfm tgrogs`r hgdu` sgtgi`b ogmsfm rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh d`i`e pgeou`t`m ogmsfm r`e`b ifmlhuml`m dgml`m pgrsgmt`sg sghft`r ?>-1>% vkiueg. @mlh` kht`m` rgckre`t _KM 6? ‑ 0>2 dgml`m dfstrfousf `mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b (tfd`h bkeklgm/tfd`h o`fh). _gckre`t egml`mduml h`d`r `rke`tfh tfmllf (=7>% vkiueg), sgbfmll` sgmsftfvft`smy` (_KM ‑ EKM) tfmllf pui`, y`ftu sghft`r 2 ‑ 01 s`tu`m (tfd`h o`fh). O`b`m o`hu prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh `d`i`b m`ct` ogr`t, o`fh d`rf b`sfi dfstfi`sf efmy`h ouef ( str`flbt-rum m`pbtb`) e`upum prkduh m`ct` d`rf ogro`l`f prksgs hkmvgrsf sgpgrtf: m`ct` rgmlh`b`m tgre`i (vfsorg`hgr m`pbtb` d`m akhgr m`pbtb`) d`m m`ct` bfdrkrgmlh`b`m (bydrkar`ahgd m`pbtb`) dgml`m tr`ygh tftfh dfdfb 2> ‑ 027kA. Qgbuouml`m ekighui bghs`m` (A3) egrup`h`m sueogr pgeogmtuh`m ogmzgm` df d`i`e prkduh rgckre`t, y`ml h`d`r `rke`tfh ftu dfo`t`sf df d`i`e ogmsfm (0 ‑ 7% vkiueg), e`h` tftfh dfdfb `w`i uep`m dfm`fhh`m egmj`df 6>kA. @d`my` hgm`fh`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr prkduh rgckre`t sghft`r 07 ‑ ?>kA tgrb`d`p tftfh dfdfb `hbfr uep`m, d`m dfo`t`sfmy` tftfh dfdfb `hbfr ogmsfm ?07kA, e`h` tftfh dfdfb `hbfr uep`m m`ct` ogr`t dfo`t`sf 9027kA. Hgm`fh`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr uep`m m`ct` sghft`r 1>kA `h`m egm`fhh`m pgeogmtuh`m hkh`s p`d` pgreuh``m h`t`ifs. Wep`m m`ct` ogr`t `d`i`b a`epur`m bfdrkh`rokm y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s p`r`cfm (^), m`ctgm` (M) d`m `rke`tfh (@) df e`m` (M+?@) d`rf m`ct` p`r`cfmfh d`m m`ct` `rke`tfh `d`i`b e`sfml-e`sfml 9 4>% vki. d`m = 4>% vki. d`m m`ct` m`ctgmfh sghft`r 4>% vki. Hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm uep`m m`ct` d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs efmy`h ouef dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 4.
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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF T`ogi 4. Hkepksfsf Bfdrkh`rokm M`ct` d`rf Ogro`l`f Jgmfs Efmy`h Ouef d`m M`ct` Bfdrkrgmlh`b
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
1. ^rksgs Fskegrfs`sf H`t`iftfh
^rksgs fskegrfs`sf h`t`iftfh dftujuh`m umtuh egmlhkmvgrsf uep`m m`ct` rfml`m (A7 ‑ A3) ogr`mlh` kht`m` rgmd`b (_KM 37 ‑ <>) egmj`df prkduh fskp`r`cfm ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf _KM 2< ‑ 6? dgml`m sgmsftfvft`s (_KM ‑ EKM) rgmd`b (o`fh) dgml`m o`mtu`m h`t`ifs ofcumlsfkm`i. Wep`m mkre`i p`r`cfm d`m fskp`r`cfm ogra`o`ml tumll`i egml`i`ef fskegrfs`sf egmj`df fskp`r`cfm ogra`o`ml o`my`h, ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf. @mlh` kht`m` prkduh fskegr`t dgml`m prksgs fskegrfs`sf i`mlsuml (s`tu t`b`p) b`my` egma`p`f _KM 2? ‑ 24, tgt`pf dgml`m pgefs`b`m mkre`i p`r`cfm d`rf fskp`r`cfm ogra`o`m l s`tu d`rf prkduh a`epur`m fskegr`t d`m egmsfrhui`sfh`mmy` hgeo`if o grs`e` uep`m m`ct` rfml`m (prksgs fskegrfs`sf du` t`b`p) `h`m dfpgrkigb hgm`fh`m `mlh` kht`m` prkduh fskegr`t sghft`r 3 ‑ 2 `mlh`, y`ftu _KM 6?.
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TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ^rksgs fskegrfs`sf d`p`t pui` dfp`h`f umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh fskout`m` y`ml egrup`h`m s`i`b s`tu uep`m prksgs `ihfi`sf dgml`m pgm`eo`b`m s`tu hkike dgfskout`mfzgr p`d` umft prksgs tgrsgout. H`t`ifs fskegrfs`sf `d`i`b fdgmtfh dgml`m h`t`ifs rgckre`sf ofcumlsfkm`i y`ml egml`mduml fmtf `htfc ikl`e pi`tfm` d`m fmtf `htfc `s`e `iuefm` hikr d`m/`t`u zgkift y`ml jul` ogrcumlsf sgo`l`f pgmy`mll` h`t`ifs. ^rksgs fskegrfs`sf pgmt`m` (A7) dgml`m sfrhui`sf uep`m d`p`t egm`fhh`m `mlh` kht`m` d`rf uep`m _KM <> ‑ <7 egmj`df prkduh fskegr`t _KM 6?. ^gmfmlh`t`m `mlh` kht`m` d`rf prksgs fskegrfs`sf bghs`m` (A3) `d`i`b igofb rgmd`b d`rfp`d` prksgs fskegrfs`sf pgrt`e` tgrsgout, y`ftu sghft`r 0> ‑ 07 s`j`. Hgm`fh`m `mlh` kht`m` d`rf prksgs fskegrfs`sf A7/A3 dfpgml`rubf kigb hkepksfsf A7 d`m A3 d`rf uep`m m`ct` rfml`m. Fskegrfs`sf bgpt`m` b`my` egeogrfh`m fskp`r`cfm rgmd`b ogra`o`ml s`tu y`ml `mlh` kht`m`my` tfd`h oglftu ogs`r. ^`d` fskegrfs`sf A3 d`m A< d`p`t tgrj`df rg`hsf s`epfml bfdrkrgmlh`b. @mlh` kht`m` prkduh fskegr`t d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs uep`m dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 7.
T`ogi 7. @mlh` Kht`m` Ogro`l`f Jgmfs Wep`m ^rksgs Fskegrfs`sf d`m ^rkduhmy`
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
4. ^rksgs @ihfi`sf
^rksgs `ihfi`sf d`rf uep`m a`epur`m `mt`r` ekighui kigcfm A1/A4/A7 d`m fskp`r`cfm A4 dgml`m o`mtu`m h`t`ifs `s`e, `d`i`b umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh `ihfi`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf y`ml egrup`h`m s`i`b s`tu hkepkmgm ut`e` ogmsfm. Wep`m kigcfm y`ftu prkpfigm`, outfigm` d`m `efigm` dfpgrkigb d`rf prksgs rgmlh`b`m o`fh tgre`i (akhfml d`m vfsorg`hgr ) e`upum h`t`iftfh (rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh). Queogr fskp`r`cfm sgpgrtf 07
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF fskout`m` d`m fskpgmt`m` dfb`sfih`m d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh, rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh, pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m d`m prksgs fskegrfs`sf out`m` d`m pgmt`m`. Fskout`m` igofb o`my`h dfp`h`f p`d` prksgs `ihfi`sf d`rfp`d` fskpgmt`m` y`ml d`p`t i`mlsuml dfp`h`f sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm. Wep`m kigcfm d`m fsk-p`r`cfm b`rus hgrfml dgml`m h`mduml`m suicur rgmd`b umtuh egmlur`mlf hgoutub`m h`t`ifs `s`e d`m egmj`l` eutu prkduhmy`. _`sfk tfmllf `mt`r` fsk-out`m` d`m kigcfm egmlb`sfih`m prkduh `ihfi`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf dgml`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr rgmd`b. @mlh` kht`m` (_KM) prkduh `ihfi`t d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs uep`m kigcfm prkpfigm`, outfigm`, fskoutfigm`, `efigm` d`m prkpfigm`/ outfigm` `d`i`b sghft`r 22 ‑ 6<. H`r`htgrfstfh prkduh `ihfi`t d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs uep`m kigcfm dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 3. ^`d` tgepgr`tur tfmllf, rg`hsf `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh `ihfi`t ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf dgml`m tftfh dfdfb `hbfr rgmd`b, tgt`pf rg`hsf `ihfi`sf tfd`h ogrj`i`m o`fh p`d` tgepgr`tur 917kA. ^rksgs `ihfi`sf dgml`m h`t`ifs `s`e suic`t igofb sgmsftfc tgrb`d`p tgepgr`tur rg`htkr d`rfp`d` dgml`m h`t`ifs `s`e ciukrfd`. Tgh`m`m kpgr`sf b`rus auhup umtuh egmj`l` bfdrkh`rokm uep`m d`m h`t`ifs `s`e d`i`e hg`d``m a`fr. ^`d` hkmdfsf kpgr`sf y`ml s`e`, h`r`htgrfstfh prkduh `ihfi`t tfd`h ogrogd` o`my`h ofi` egmllum`h`m h`t`ifs `s`e o`fh `s`e suic`t e`upum `s`e ciukrfd`.
03
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF T`ogi 3. H`r`htgrfstfh @ihfi`t d`rf Ogro`l`f Jgmfs Wep`m Kigcfm
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
7. ^rksgs ^kifegrfs`sf
^rksgs pkifegrfs`sf `t`u prksgs hkmdgms`sf h`t`iftfh uep`m kigcfm rgmd`b dgml`m h`t`ifs `s`e `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh kiflkegr kigcfm (ogmsfm pkifegr `t`u pkiyl`skifmg) ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf _KM 61 ‑ 0>> dgml`m tr`ygh tftfh dfdfb egmdgh`tf tr`ygh dfdfb ogmsfm. Wep`m kigcfm `d`i`b prkpfigm` (A1) d`m outfigm` (A4) y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf prksgs pgrgmlh`b`m o`fh tgre`i e`upum h`t`iftfh, d`m prkduh ogmsfm pkifegr y`ml dfb`sfih`m egml`mduml kigcfm A3, A <, d`m A2 (ogmsfm pkifegr). ^rksgs WK^ A`t`iytfa Akmdgms`tfkm Kigcfm A1/A4 egmllum`h`m h`t`ifs `s`e cksc`t hfgsgilubr (h`t`ifs p`d`t) umtuh egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmsfm pkifegr. ^rksgs fmf `d`i`b prksgs pkifegrfs`sf mkm-sgightfc y`ml d`p`t jul` dfp`h`f umtuh pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm A 1/A4 egmj`df prkduh kigcfm ogr`t ogrtr`ygh tftfh dfdfb tfmllf sgpgrtf o`b`m o`h`r `vtur d`m ski`r, y`ml prkduhmy` fmf e`sfb pgriu dfbfdrklgmgr`sf umtuh egmjgmubh`m bfdrkh`rokm kigcfmmy`. 0<
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ^rksgs FC^ Dfegrski egepkifegrfs`sf kigcfm prkpfigm` (A 1) dgml`m egmllum`h`m h`t`ifs `s`e cksc`t d`m jul` h`t`ifs `ihfi `iuefm` umtuh pgeou`t`m prkduh dfegr (bghsgm`) y`ml dflum`h`m sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm dfe`t. ^rksgs dfegrski fmf `d`i`b prksgs pkifegrfs`sf sgightfc y`ml d`p`t jul` dfp`h`f umtuh dfegrfs`sf kigcfm A1/A4 hbusus umtuh p`orfh `ihkbki. ^kifegrfs`sf gtfigm` `h`m egmlb`sfih`m prkduh pkifegr ogr`t, sgd`ml pgmtg m` sud`b d`p`t i`mlsuml dfp`h`f sgo`l`f hkepkmgm ogmsfm. ^rksgs pkifegrfs`sf prkpfigm` ogrj`i`m igofb i`eo`t d`rfp`d` outfigm`. ^`d` tgepgr`tur rgmd`b, tgh`m`m tfmllf dgml`m hkmvgrsf uep`m rgmd`b, prksgs pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm tgrsgout d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ogmsfm pkifegr ogr`mlh` kht`m` tfmllf. ^rkduh pkifegr ogr`t dfb`sfih`m p`d` prksgs pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm p`d` tgepgr`tur d`m tgh`m`m tfmllf. Hkmdfsf kpgr`sf prksgs pkifegrfs`sf kigcfm `d`i`b tgepgr`tur sghft`r 0<> ‑ ??7kA d`m tgh`m`m sghft`r ?2 ‑ 2> hl/ae?. Ogmsfm pkifegr dgml`m h`mduml`m kigcfm tfmllf =6>% vki egepumy`f `mlh` kht`m` tfmllf dgml`m sgmsftfvft`s (_KM-EKM) tfmllf (hur`ml o`fh) (T`ogi 3). Qgmsfvft`s tfmllf d`rf ogmsfm pkifegr tgrsgout egrup`h`m su`tu hgige`b`mmy` dfo`mdfml hkepkmgm ogmsfm `ihfi`t tgt`pf hgdu` ogmsfm (pkifegr d`m `ihfi`t) egepumy`f dfstrfousf `mlh` kht`m` bkeklgm (o`fh). Hgumtuml`m prksgs pkifegrfs`sf fmf, f`i`b o`bw` f` tfd`h egegriuh`m uep`m fskout`m` y`ml prkduhsfmy` tgro`t`s sgpgrtf b`imy` prksgs `ihfi`sf.
T`ogi <. @mlh` Kht`m` Ogmsfm ^kifegr
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
02
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
Qki`r Qki`r egepumy`f hfs`r`m tftfh dfdfb `mt`r` ?>>k s`ep`f dgml`m 1<>kA d`m tgrdfrf `t`s
bfdrkh`rokm p`r`cfm, kigcfm, m`ctgm` d`m `rke`tfh. Weuemy` hkepkmgm ski`r tgrdfrf `t`s bfdrkh`rokm dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml d`rf efmy`h ouef ( str`flbt rum l`skfi ), m`eum hkepkmgm ski`r i`fmmy` sgpgrtf ski`r rgmlh`b`m tgre`i (vfsorkhgm l`skfi d`m akhgr l`skfi ) d`m prksgs h`t`iftfh (ayaig l`skfi d`m bydrkar`ahgd l`skfi ) jul` o`my`h dflum`h`m. Eutu ski`r dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml d`rf efmy`h ouef dfpgml`rubf kigb sfc`t uep`m efmy`h ouef tgrsgout, `mt`r` i`fm hkepksfsf bfdrkh`rokm d`m h`d`r suicur. H`d`r suicur d`rf ski`r dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml egmfmlh`t dgml`m m`fhmy` h`d`r suicur uep`m. Efmy`h ouef p`r`cfmfh egmlb`sfih`m prkduh ski`r y`ml e`ss` jgmfsmy` igofb rgmd`b d`rfp`d` ski`r y`ml ogr`s`i d`rf efmy`h ouef m`ctgmfh. Qki`r rgmlh`b`m, o`fh y`ml ogr`s`i d`rf rgmlh`b`m tgre`i e`upum rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh (hgau`if b`sfi pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m ‑ bydrkar`ahgd l`skfi ) egml`mduml pgrsgmt`sg `rke`tfh d`m kigcfm y`ml igofb ogs`r d`rfp`d` ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml. Eutu hkepkmgm ski`r dfpgml`rubf kigb ogro`l`f c`htkr, df `mt`r`my` e`ss` jgmfs, h`d`r bfdrkh`rokm t`h -jgmub (`rke`tfh d`m kigcfm), h`d`r mkm- bfdrkh`rokm (ogigr`ml, mftrklgm d`m khsflgm), w`rm` d`m st`ofift`s.
0. ^rksgs ^gmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m
^rksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m `d`i`b rg`hsf `mt`r` bfdrklgm d`m dfstfi`t ogr`tefmy`h ouef, y`ftu dfstfi`t v`hue (v`auue dfstfii`tg), efmy`h `w`-`sp`i, (dg`spb`itgd kfi ) d`m dfstfi`t-tgre`i ogr`t (bg`vy tbgre`i dfstfii`tg), dgml`m o`mtu`m h`t`ifs ofcumlsfkm`i. ^rksgs fmf egmlb`sfih`m ogro`l`f jgmfs prkduh ogrmfi`f tfmllf, `mt`r` i`fm o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h ogreutu tfmllf (hgrksfm, `vtur, d`m ski`r), o`b`m d`s`r pgiue`s, sgrt` m`ct` rfml`m umtuh uep`m prksgs bfdrkfskegrfs`sf d`m m`ct` ogr`t sgo`l`f uep`m prksgs rgckre`sf h`t`iftfh umtuh pgeou`t`m hkepkmgm-hkepkmgm ut`e` ogmsfm (fskegr`t, d`m rgckre`t) ogreutu tfmllf: BKEA (bflb kat`mg ekl`s akepkmgmt ). Wep`m bfdrkrgmlh`b `d`i`b a`epur`m bfdrkh`rokm (p`r`cfm, m`ctgm`, d`m `rke`tfh) d`m sgdfhft pgmlktkr mkm-bfdrkh`rokm (suicur, mftrklgm, khsflgm, d`m ikl`e: Mf d`m S). @rke`tfh pgrt`e`-t`e` ogrg`hsf egmj`df m`ctgm`, d`m hgeudf`m m`ctgm` tgrsgout pga`b egmj`df ekighui hgafi. ^`r`cfm rgi`tfc st`ofi p`d` hkmvgrsf uep`m sghft`r 37% vki. p`d` prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m s`tu t`b`p. Eutu prkduh hgrksfm, d`m ski`r m`fh dgml`m dfm`fhh`mmy` hkmvgrsf uep`m, y`ftu tftfh `s`p hgrksfm ?7 ee d`m `mlh` sgt`m` ski`r 06
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF ^`d` prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m du` t`b`p, bfdrklgm`sf `rke`tfh ogrt`eo`b d`m jul` bfdrkfskegrfs`sf p`r`cfm sgbfmll` eutu prkduh `h`m egmfmlh`t i`lf, y`ftu tftfh `s`p hgrksfm 4> ee d`m `mlh` sgt`m` ski`r <>, dgml`m h`d`r fskp`r`cfm tfmllf y`ml d`p`t egmfmlh`th`m sfc`t `ifr prkduh ski`r (akid cikw). _g`hsf bfdrkrgmlh`b dfb`eo`t kigb hktkr`m hkepkmgm mkm-bfdrkh`rokm (mftrklgm) d`rf uep`m y`ml tgrhkmvgrsf egmj`df `ekmf` d`m tgro`w` d`i`e sfrhui`sf l`s bfdrklgm sgrt` e`suh hg d`i`e zkm` h`t`ifs. Wep`m rg`htkr hgdu` d`rf prksgs pgmlbfdrkrgmlh`b`m du` t`b`p tgi`b ogo`s d`rf hktkr`m hkepkmgm mftrklgm tgrsgout sgbfmll` h`t`ifs d`p`t oghgrj` sga`r` kptfe`i. H`r`htgrfstfh prkduh ski`r bfdrkrgmlh`b d`rf uep`m dfstfi`t v`hue d`m efmy`h `w`-`sp`i dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 2. T`ogi 2. ^rkduh Qki`r Bfdrkrgmlh`b
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r%?>_`e`b%?>Ifml huml`m.pdc)
Wep`m prksgs bfdrkrgmlh`b `d`i`b ogro`l`f jgmfs dfstfi`t ogr`t y`ftu dfstfi`t v`hue, efmy`h `w`-`sp`i d`m dfstfi`t-tgre`i ogr`t y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s ekighui bfdrkh`rokm (p`r`cfm, kigcfm, m`ctgm` d`m `rke`tfh) d`m hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokm y`ml egml`mduml `tke suicur, mftrklgm, khsflgm d`m ikl`e (Mf, S). Bfdrklgm`sf `rke`tfh egmj`df m`ctgm` egrup`h`m rg`hsf pgrt`e`, y`ml hgeudf`m afmafm m`ctgm` tgrsgout dfpga`b egmj`df p`r`cfm dgml`m rg`hsf bfdrkdgsfhifs`sf. ^`r`cfm rgi`tfc igofb st`ofi ?>
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF p`d` hkmvgrsf uep`m 937% vkiueg. Hktkr`m hkepkmgm mftrklgm uep`m y`ml pga`b egmj`df `ekmf` d`m tgro`w` df d`i`e sfrhui`sf l`s bfdrklgm d`p`t egmlb`eo`t rg`hsf bfdrkrgmlh`b. Wmtuh egmst`ofih`m hkmvgrsf uep`m, e`h` tgepgr`tur kpgr`sf b`rus dfm`fhh`m.
?. ^rksgs ^gmlbfdrkeurmf`m
Hkepkmgm ski`r y`ml dfprkduhsf df hfi`ml-hfi`ml efmy`h dgw`s` fmf ueuemy` tgrdfrf `t`s ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml efmy`h ouef, sgi`fm ogogr`p` hkepkmgm ski`r ki`b`m sgpgrtf ski`r rgmlh`b`m tgre`i d`m ski`r rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh. M`eum hu`ift`s/eutu hkepkmgm-hkepkmg m ski`r tgrsgout e`sfb pgriu dftfmlh`th`m dgml`m prksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m. Qki`r rgmlh`b`m, o`fh y`ml ogr`s`i d`rf rgmlh`b`m tgre`i e`upum rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh egml`mduml pgrsgmt`sg `rke`tfh d`m kigcfm y`ml igofb ogs`r d`rfp`d` ski`r dfstfi`sf i`mlsuml. Qki`r d`rf efmy`h ouef m`ctgmfh egepumy`f e`ss` jgmfs y`ml igofb tfmllf dfo`mdfml dgml`m ski`r dfstfi`sf efmy`h ouef p`r`cfmfh. ^rksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m hkepkmgm ski`r dgml`m ege`h`f h`t`ifs ekmkcumlsfkm`i d`p`t egmfmlh`th`m `mlh` sgt`m`, w`rm`, st`ofift`s d`m
egmurumh`m h`d`r bfdrkh`rokm t`h jgmub
(`rke`tfh, kigcfm) sgrt` hktkr`m mkm-bfdrkh`rokm (ogigr`ml, mftrklgm, khsflgm). H`t`ifs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m tgrdfrf `t`s fmtf `htfc ikl`e s`j` dgml`m pgmumj`ml `iuefm` (@i?K1). Hkepkmgm ski`r tgrdfrf `t`s ski`r b`sfi dfstfi`sf efmy`h egmt`b ( str`flbt rum l`skfi ), ski`r b`sfi rgmlh`b`m tgre`i (vfsorkhgm l`skfi d`m akhgr l`s kfi ), d`m ski`r rgmlh`b`m h`t`iftfh (ayaig l`skfi d`m bydrkar`ahgd l`skfi ). E`ss` jgmfs, ogigr`ml d`m `mlh` sgt`m` d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs hkepkmgm dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 2.
T`ogi 6. H`r`htgrfstfh ^rkduh Qki`r d`rf ogro`l`f jgmfs ^rksgs ^geou`t`m
?0
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
Hgrksfm ^rksgs pgeou`t`m hgrksfm, b`epfr s`e` dgml`m ogmsfm d`m ski`r. Eui`-eui` dfi`huh`m
prksgs arudg dfstfii`tfkm dgml`m uep`m efmy`h ouef sgsu`f shge` ogrfhut fmf.
??
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF V`ml dfpgrkigb d`rf arudg dfstfii`tfkm `d`i`b sgo`l`f ogrfhut.
T`ogi 0>. Vfgid ^rksgs Arudg Dfstfii`tfkm
(Queogr: bttp://www.prkagssgmlr.ake/ppt[prgsgmt`tfkms/kfi[rgcfmgry[prkagssgs.pdc)
Hgeudf`m umtuh prkduhsf hgrksgmg ogrhu`ift`s tfmllf (jgt cugi), hgrksgmg b`sfi dfstfi`sf `h`m egi`iuf prksgs pgmlbfdrkeurmf`m sgo`l`fe`m` shge` ogrfhut.
L`eo`r 4. Qhge` ^rksgs Hkmvgrsf Arudg Kfi (Queogr:bttp://liko`i.orft`mmfa`.ake/GOabgahgd/tkpfa/47444>/pgtrkigue-rgcfmfml/20204/Hgrksgmg)
?1
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
^rksgs pgmlbfdrkpgeurmf`m `d`i`b rg`hsf ghsktgrefs y`ml tgrdfrf `t`s: rg`hsf bfdrklgm`sf bfdrkh`rokm t`h jgmub (`rke`tfh d`m kigcfm), rg`hsf bfdrkdgsuicurfs`sf, rg`hsf bfdrkdgmftrfcfh`sf d`m bfdrkdgkhsflgm`sf. Hgtfl` rg`hsf y`ml tgrsgout tgr`hbfr dfs`jfh`m p`d` T`ogi 00 ogrfhut.
T`ogi 00. _g`hsf ^geurmf`m Bfdrk
(Queogr: bttp://www.igefl`s.gsde.lk.fd/fd/pdc/ouhu[pkpuigr/^rksgs%?>^geou`t`m%?>OOO%?>Qki`r% ?>_`e`b%?>Ifmlhuml`m.pdc)
?4
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
4. Jgi`sh`m sga`r` spgsfc fh prksgs d`m prkduh y`ml dfb`sfi h`m d`rf hf i`ml ef my`h ouef pgr t`efm`! Hfi`ml `t`u _gcfmgry Wmft egrup`h`m o`lf`m y`ml s`ml`t pgmtfml d`i`e pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef dfe`m` efmy`h egmt`b y`ml hgiu`r d`rf d`i`e pgrut ouef dfki`b egmj`df ogro`l`f e`a`e prkduh, sgpgrtf l`skifmg, `vtur, iuorfa`tfml kfi `t`upum prkduh-prkduh i`fmmy` tgre`suh o`b`m o`hu fmdustrf pgtrkhfef`. Oglftu str`tglfsmy` pgr`m`m d`rf rgcfmgry umft fmf sgbfmll` pgeo`b`s`m tgmt`ml pgrckre` kpgr`sfkm`i hfi`ml, prksgs y`ml tgrj`df df sgtf`p umftmy` sgrt` tumtut`m d`rf prkduh-prkduh y`ml fmlfm dfb`sfih`m egmj`df s`ml`t egm`rfh. D`i`e pgeo`b`s`m fmf, h`ef `h`m egmako` egmfmj`u prksgs-prksgs y`ml tgrj`df p`d` pgmlfi`ml`m sgrt` prkduh prkduh `p` s`j` y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf hfi`ml efmy`h ouef ^grt`efm`. Q``t fmf pgrt`efm` egefifhf gm`e Wmft ^gmlki`b`m (W^) y`ml ogrkpgr`sf, `mt`r` i`fm _W FF Due`f - Qgf ^`hmfml, _W FFF ^i`ju, _W FS Afi`a`p, _W S O`ifhp`p`m, _ W SF O`ikml`m `md _W SFF Qkrkml dgml`m tkt`i h`p`sft`s 0,>43 jut` o`rgi. D`ct`r hfi`ml ^grt`efm` d`m h`p`sft`smy` dfjgi`sh`m d`i`e t`ogi 0. T`ogi 0?. Hfi`ml ^grt`efm`
Mk 0 ? 1 4 7 3
_gcfmfml Wmft _W FF Due`f _W FFF ^i`ju _W FS Afi`a`p _W S O`ifhp`p`m _W SF O`ikml`m _W SFF H`sfe
A`p`afty (EOQD) 0<> 011,< 142 ?3> 0?7 0>
Qgogiue egeo`b`s egmlgm`f prkduh d`rf hfi`ml ^grt`efm`, tgrigofb d`buiu hft` egmlgm `i egmlgm`f prksgs-prksgs y`ml tgrj`df p`d` pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef. @d` ogro`l`f e`a`e prksgs, efs`imy` prksgs pgrsf`p`m, pgefs`b`m, pgrgh`b`m (ar`ahfml), pgeogmtuh`m (rgckrefml), dso. ^`d` t`b`p pgrsf`p`m tgrj`df pgeurmf`m d`rf fepurftfgs (suicur, l`r`e, dii) y`ml ofs` egmll`mllu prksgs p`d` rgcfmgry. Qgi`mjutmy` pgefs`b`m dfi`huh`m egi`iuf prksgs dfstfi`sf dfe`m` efmy`h egmt`b dfu`ph`m i`iu dfpfs`bh`m egmj`df cr`hsf-cr`hsf tgrtgmtu. I`iu `d` jul` prksgs ar`ahfml dfe`m` r`mt`f h`rokm p`mj`ml dfputus umtuh egmlb`sfih`m r`mt`f h`rokm y`ml igofb pgmdgh, sgd`mlh`m p`d` rgckrefml tgrj`df pgmyusum`m ui`ml struhtur h`rokm, efs`imy` egeogmtuh ?7
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF struhtur r`mt`f iurus egmj`df r`mt`f ogra`o`ml umtuh egmlb`sfih`m l`skifmg dgml`m hu`ift`s igofb o`fh (mfi`f kht`m y`ml tfmllf). ^geo`b`s`m sga`r` igofb spgsfcfh egmlgm`f prksgs p`d` hfi`ml dfjgi`sh`m sgo`l`f ogrfhut.
@. ^_KQGQ-^_KQGQ WT@E@ DF _GCFMG_V WMFT Qga`r` ueue tgrd`p`t 3 prksgs ut`e` d`i`e _gcfmgry Wmft, eui`f d`rf pgrsf`p`m, pgefs`b`m, trg`tfml, hkmvgrsf, pgro`fh`m hu`ift`s e`upum prksgs i`fmmy` sgpgrtf pkifegrfs`sf d`m fskegrfs`sf. 0. ^grsf`p`m
Wmft prksgs : Dgs`itgr Tuju`m prksgs : Egmurumh`m w`tgr, egmurumh`m h`d`r l`r`e ^rksgs dgs`itfml egrup`h`m prksgs pgmlbfi`ml`m l`r`e y`ml dfi`huh`m dgml`m a`r` egma`epurh`m efmy`h egmt`b dgml`m `fr, tuju`mmy` `d`i`b umtuh egi`ruth`m z`t-z`t efmgr`i y`ml i`rut d`i`e `fr. ^`d` prksgs fmf jul` dft`eo`bh`m `s`e d`m o`s` dgml`m tuju`m umtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m sgmy`w`-sgmy`w` sgi`fm bfdrkh`rokm. Qgtgi`b egi`iuf prksgs dgs`itfml, e`h` sgi`mjutmy` efmy`h `h`m egmj`i`mf prksgs dfstfi`sf. ^rksgs dgs`itfml dfi`huh`m umtuh egmagl`b hkrksf pfp`-pfp` efmy`h d`m egmagl`b tgrsueo`tmy` iuo`ml-iuo`ml df egm`r` cr`hsfm`sf. Qgtgi`b efmy`h egmt`b egml`i`ef prksgs dgs`itfml sgi`mjutmy` df`ifrh`m hg t`mlhf pge`m`s umtuh egmlu`ph`m efmy`h egmt`b d`m hgeudf`m df`ifrh`m d`i`e hkike dfstfi`sf. ?. ^gefs`b`m
Wmft prksgs : Arudg Dfstfiifml Wmft (ADW), Bflb S`hue Wmft (BSW) Tuju`m prksgs : ^gefs`b`m prfegr ogrd`s`rh`m tftfh dfdfb Efmy`h egmt`b y`ml tgi`b egi`iuf prksgs dgs`itfml hgeudf`m dfki`b igofb i`mjut dgml`m prksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t, y`ftu a`r` pgefs`b`m a`epur`m ogrd`s`r pgrogd``m tftfh dfdfb. Cr`hsfcr`hsf y`ml dfpgrkigb d`rf prksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t fmf `d`i`b a`epur`m bfdrkh`rokm y`ml egmdfdfb p`d` fmtgrv`i (r`mlg) subu tgrtgmtu. ^rksgs dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t d`m cr`hsf y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t dfl`eo`rh`m egi`iuf l`eo`r 0 ogrfhut.
?3
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
L`eo`r 7. Dfstfi`sf `tekscgrfh
Df`lr`e egm`r` cr`hsfkm`sf (dfstfi`sf ogrtfmlh`t) umtuh pgmyuifml`m efmy`h ouef. ^`md`ml`m frfs`m egmumjuhh`m o`l`fe`m` c`s` u`p d`m a`fr`m dfj`l` `l`r sgi`iu hkmt`h s`tu s`e` i`fm, sgbfmll` pgmlgeoum`m d`m pgmyuifml`m ogri`mlsuml egmygiurub sgp`mj`ml hkike. Qgi`fm dfstfi`sf `tekscgrfh, jul` tgrd`p`t dfstfi`sf v`hue y`ml egrup`h`m prksgs dfstfi`sf i`mjut`m umtuh egmlki`b rgsfdu d`rf dfstfi`sf `tekscgrfh y`ml juei`bm y` egma`p`f 3>% d`rf tkt`i cggd. ^`d` dfstfi`sf v`hue ogrkpgr`sf p`d` tgh`m`m dfo`w`b 0 `te umtuh egmurumh`m tgh`m`m u`p sgbfmll` cr`hsf efmy`h ogr`t y`ml suift tgrcr`hsfm`sf ofs` egmlu`p p`d` d`m tgrcr`hsfm`sf. Cr`hsfcr`hsf y`ml dfd`p`th`m sgtgi`b prksgs dfstfi`sf sgi`mjutmy` dfki`b igofb i`mjut dgml`m prksgs rgckrefml, pkifegrfs`sf, trg`tfml, d`m oigmdfml. 1. Trg`tfml
Wmft prksgs : Bydrktrg`tfml d`m dgegt`ifs`sf (BDQ, @_BDE, DBDT), @efmg @oskrogr Tuju`m prksgs : ^geurmf`m
4. Hkmvgrsf
Wmft prksgs : Bydrkar`ahgr, Ciufd A`t`iytfa Ar`ahfml (CAA), _CAA, Dgi`ygd Akhgr, Sfsorg`hgr, ^i`tckrefml, B? ^i`mt Tuju`m prksgs : ^geogmtuh`m / rgckrefml
?<
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
7. ^gro`fh`m hu`ift`s
Wmft prksgs : Bydrktrg`tgr (BDQ) Tuju`m prksgs : pgro`fh`m hu`ift`s
3. ^rksgs-prksgs i`fm
Wmft prksgs : ^kifegrfs`sf, fskegrfs`sf, EDW Tuju`m prksgs : ^kifegrfs`sf, `rke`tfs`sf, cfitr`sf
O. _GCK_EFML _gckrefml egrup`h`m prksgs pgm`t``m ui`ml struhtur ekighui bfdrkh`rokm d`rf m`ct` d`m p`r`cfm egmj`df `rke`tfh d`m fskp`r`cfm dgml`m `mlh` kht`m tfmllf. ^rksgs fmf ogrtuju`m umtuh egruo`b ogmtuh ekighui ogmsfm y`ml ogreutu hur`ml o`fh (r`mt`f h`rokm iurus) egmj`df ogmsfm dgml`m eutu tfmllf (r`mt`f h`rokm ogra`o`ml). Tgrd`p`t tfl` e`a`e prksgs rgckrefml, y`ftu fskegrfs`sf, bydrkar`ahfml d`m dgbfdrk lgm`sf y`ml `h`m dfur`f igofb dgtfi sgo`l`f ogrfhut : 0. Fskegrfs`sf
Fskegrfs`sf egrup`h`m prksgs pgeogmtuh`m fskegr. Tgrd`p`t ? e`a`e fskegrfs`sf p`d` pgmlki`b`m efmy`h ouef, y`ftu fskegrfs`sf mkre`i p`r`cfm egmj`df fskp`r`cfm d`m fskegrfs`sf `ihfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df sfhikpgmt`m`. `. Fskegrfs`sf mkre`i p`r`cfm egmj`df fskp`r`cfm.
o. Fskegrfs`sf `ihfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df sfhikpgmt`m`, dft`eo`b hkmvgrsf i`mjut`m egmj`df ogmzgm`. Vfgid fskegrfs`sf `h`m egmfmlh`t sgfrfml dgml`m subu tfmllf, hgagp`t`m ru`ml rgmd`b, d`m tgh`m`m rgmd`b.
?2
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
?. Bydrkar`ahfml
Bydrkar`ahfml egrup`h`m prksgs egmluo`b uep`m ogrup` efmy`h ogr`t egmj`df prkduh prkduh efmy`h y`ml igofb rfml`m dgml`m hgb`dfr`m bydrklgm dgml`m o`mtu`m h`t`ifs d`m egmllum`h`m tgh`m`m tfmllf d`m tgepgr`tur egdfue. ^rksgs fmf egifo`th`m pgrgh`b`m d`m pgmjgmub`m p`r`cfm, dfi`huh`m p`d` o`lf`m `hbfr rg`htkr h`rgm` rg`hsf ogrj`i`m rgi`tfc i`eo`t. Tuju`m d`rf prksgs fmf `d`i`b umtuh egmlhkmvgrsf rgsfdu`i e`tgrf`i (efddig okfifml pkfmt) egmj`df bfdrkh`rokm hu`ift`s y`ml igofb tfmllf sgpgrtf l`skifmg ogrmfi`f kht`m tfmllf, jgt cugi, d`m bflb lr`dg cugi kfi. T`ogi 01. Wep`m d`m prkduh y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf prksgs bydrkar`ahfml Cggd
^rkduats
Hgrksfmg
M`pbt`
Qtr`flbt-rum dfgsgi
M`pbt` `md/kr jgt cugi
@tekspbgrfa l`s kfi
M`pbt`, jgt cugi `md/kr dfgsgi
S`auue l`s kfi
M`pbt`, jgt cugi, dfgsgi, tuog kfi
CAA IAK
M`pbt`
CAA BAK
M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs
Akhgr IALK
M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs
Akhgr BLAK
M`pbt` `md/kr dfstfii`tgs
T`ogi 04. ^grogd``m `mt`r` a`t`iytfa ar`ahfml d`m bydrkar`ahfml Hkmdfsf
A`t`iytfa Ar`ahfml
Bydrkar`ahfml
?6
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
Wep`m
@tekspbgrfa d`m
M`pbtb` `t`u dfstfii`tgs
(Cggdstkah)
v`auue l`s kfi
(hgrksgmg `t`u dfgsgi)
Hkmdfsf Kpgr`sf
Tgepgr`tur rg`htkr
Qubu (T)
r`t`-r`t` 2<>-67> kC
Tgh`m`m rg`htkr(^): 0>>-?>>
: 17>-47> kA
hl/ae? H`t`ifs
Zgkiftg
Zgkiftg
_g`hsf
Gmdktgrefs
Ghsktgrefs
^rkduh Wt`e`
L`skifmg
L`skifmg `md jgt cugi
_g`hsf y`ml tgrj`df p`d` prksgs bydrkar`ahfml y`ftu :
_g`hsf ut`e` :
Bydrklgm`sf ^M@ (^kiy Muaigfa @rke`tfa)
_fml kpgmfml d`m pgefs`b`m r`mt`f s`epfml
_g`hsf ar`ahfml p`r`ccfmg _g`hsf i`fm:
Fskegrfs`sf (Qgmy`w` afmafm, r`mt`f s`epfml, p`r`ccfmg)
^gmjgmub`m kigcfm
^gmlbfi`ml`m suicur, mftrklgm, khsflgm
Hkmvgrsf pkiym`pbtbgmg d`m ^M@
@hueui`sf p`r`cfm df umakmvgrtgd kfi/WAK
1>
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF
L`eo`r 3. Wrut`m rg`hsf Bydrkar`ahfml p`d` rg`htkr bydrkar`hagr
1. Dgbfdrklgm`sf
Dgbfdrklgm`sf egrup`h`m prksgs rgcfmfml y`ml
s`ml`t ogrsfc`t gmdktgrefs d`m d`p`t
egmurumh`m subu rg`hsf hgtfh` prksgs ogri`mlsuml, jul` egefifhf i`ju rg`hsf y`ml p`ifml tfmllf d`i`e prksgs rgckrefml. Tuju`m d`rf prksgs fmf `d`i`b umtuh egmlbfi`mlh`m Bfdrklgm (B?) `l`r egmlb`sfih`m bfdrkh`rokm dgml`m hu`ift`s y`ml igofb o`fh/egmfmlh`th`m mfi`f kht`m. Tgrd`p`t 1 e`a`e rg`hsf dgbfdrklgm`sf, `mt`r` i`fm :
Dgbfdrklgm`sf `ihfisfhikbghs`m` egmj`df `rke`tfh. Akmtkb: Dgbfdrklgm`sf Egtfisfhikbghs`m`
Dgbfdrkfskegrfs`sf `ihfisfhikpgmt`m` egmj`df `rke`tfh Akmtkb: Dgbfdrkfskegrfs`sf Egtfisfhikpgmt`m`
Dgbfdrksfhifs`sf p`r`cfm egmj`df `rke`tfh. 10
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF Akmtkb: Dgbfdrksfhifs`sf m-Bgpt`mg
A. ^_KDWH-^_KDWH HFI@ML ^G_T@EFM@ ^`d` pgmlfi`ml`m efmy`h ouef `h`m dfb`sfih`m ogro`l`f e`a`e prkduh, efs`imy` o`b`m o`h`r (`vtur, prgefue, pgrt`e`x, dfgsgi, hgrksgmg), efmy`h pgiue`s (iuorfa`tfml kfi), `sp`i sgrt` ogro`l`f e`a`e prkduh turum`m i`fmmy` umtuh fmdustrf pgtrkhfef`. Ogrfhut fmf ogro`l`f e`a`e prkduh y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf hfi`ml ^grt`efm` :
^rkduh mkm-OOE 0. I^L
Egrup`h`m l`s rfml`m y`ftu A1 d`m A4 y`ml tgr`sksf`sf ogrs`e` efmy`h ouef. ^rkduh fmf of`s` dflum`h`m umtuh hkmsuesf rue`b t`mll` sgo`l`f o`b`m o`h`r umtuh ege`s`h.
?. M`pbtb`
M`ct` (ogmsfm ogr`t) m`ct` `d`i`b cr`hsf efmy`h ouef y`ml dfpgrkigb sgo`l`f dgstfi`t p`d` subu 04>>-02>> lum` m`ct` : o`b`m pgm`eo`b p`d` ogmsfm, o`b`m o`hu pgeou`t`m gtfigm d`m sgmy`w` `rke`tfh
1. @sp`i
@sp`i dfprkduhsf kigb Hfi`ml IKA F/FF/FFF, dfb`sfih`m kigb jgmfs Arudg Kfi jgmfs @spb`itfa ogrogmtuh sgefskifd, ogrsfc`t Mkm Egt`ifh, i`rut d`i`e AQ? (A`rokm Dfsuipbfdg), egepumy`f sfc`t w`tgrprkkcfml d`m `dbgsfvg. Df Fmdkmgsf` b`my` ^grt`efm` Wmft ^gmlki`b`m FS Afi`a`p y`ml d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m @spb`it d`rf efmy`h ouef. Qgtgi`b sgigs`fmy` prkygh Dgokttigmgahfml e`h` prkduhsf `sp`i egmfmlh`t d`rf 7?> hfiktkm/t`bum egmj`df hfiktkm/t`bum. Jgmfs `sp`i y`ml dfprkduhsf `d`i`b ^gmgtr`sf 3>/<> d`m ^gmgtr`sf 2>/0>>.
4. Bg`vy @rke`tg
Bg`vy @rke`tg `d`i`b prkduh s`epfml`m y`ml dfprkduhsf kigb umft M`ptb` Bydrk Trg`tgr. Bg`vy @rke`tg dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m skivgmt.
1?
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF 7. Iudg O`sg Kfi
Iuog O`sg Kfi `d`i`b o`b`m o`hu pgiue`s `t`u dfsgout pgiue`s d`s`r, dfprkduhsf kigb EGH Dgw`xfml Wmft (EDW) F, FF, d`m FFF d`i`e ogmtuh a`fr. Iuog O`sg kfi dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`hu efmy`h pgiue`s ogro`l`f jgmfs pgregsfm`m o`fh ogr`t e`upum rfml`m. Qgi`fm ftu iuog o`sg kfi jul` dflum`h`m umtuh o`b`m hksegtfh`.
3. Ikw Quipbur \`xy _gsfdug (IQ\_)
Ikw Quipbur \`xy _gsfdug (IQ\_) egrup`h`m okttke prkduh d`rf Arudg Dfstfiifml Wmft (CKA FF). IQ\_ dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`hu umtuh dfprksgs igofb i`mjut egmj`df ogro`l`f prkduh OOE d`m MOE, dfs`epfml d`p`t dfe`mc``th`m sgo`l`f efmy`h o`h`r umtuh pge`m`s df mgl`r`-mgl`r` ogrsubu dfmlfm.
<. Efm`rgx (^grt`efm` Gxtr`at)
Qgpgrtf tgi`b dfhgt`buf o`bw` arudg kfi (efmy`h egmt`b /efmy`h ouef), d`p`t egmlb`sfih`m ogre`a`e jgmfs prkduh, tfd`h b`my` prkduh OOE tgt`pf jul` prkduh mkm OOE sgrt` prkduh pgtrkhfef`. ^rksgs ghstr`hsf d`rf IKA F,FF&FFF tfd`h b`my` egmlb`sfih`m o`sg kfi, p`r`cfmfa, `spb`it d`m FCK (Fmdustrf`i Cugi Kfi), tgt`pf jul` egmlb`sfih`m prkduh b`sfi ghstr`hsf y`ml dfogrf m`e` Efm`rgx (^grt`efm` Gxtr`at). Efm`rgx d`p`t dflum`h`m umtuh prksgs fmdustrf p`d` fmdustrf h`rgt sgpgrtf o`m d`m tfmt` agt`h, h`rgm` d`p`t egepgro`fhf prksgs pgium`h`m d`m pgegh`r`m h`rgt d`m egmurumh`m hghgmt`i`m hkepkmgm h`rgt.
2. ^`r`cfmfa Kfi
^`r`ccfmfa kfi `d`i`b prkaagssfml kfi d`rf jgmfs ^`r`ccfmfa dgml`m hkepksfsf ^`r`ccfmfa Bydrka`rokm, Mgptbgmfa, d`m sgdfhft @rke`tfa Bydrka`rokm. ^`r`ccfmfa kfi p`d` ueuemy` dflum`h`m sgo`l`f prkaagssfml kfi p`d` prkduh h`rgt y`ml ogrw`rm` tgr`ml y`ftu sgo`l`f :
o`b`m hfef` pgeo`mtu p`d` fmdustrf pgmlb`sfi o`r`ml h`rgt sgpgrtf o`m hgmd`r``m ogrektkr, t`if hfp`s, suhu a`d`ml hgmd`r``m.
prkaagssfml kfi d`m gxtgmdgr umtuh pkiyegr h`rgt `i`e d`m h`rgt sfmtgsfs.
o`sg kfi umtuh tfmt` agt`h.
11
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF 6. Tkiugmg
Tkiugmg dfprkduhsf d`i`e ogmtuh a`fr. Tkiugmg dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`hu TMT, skivgmt, pgw`rm`, pgeou`t rgsfm. Jul` umtuh o`b`m p`rcue, pgeou`t pi`stfafzgr d`m ko`t-ko`t`m.
^rkduh OOE (O`b`m O`h`r Efmy`h) 0. Ogmsfm ^rgefue
^rgefue `d`i`b o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h jgmfs dfstfi`t ogrw`rm` hghumfml`m y`ml jgrmfb. \`rm` humfml tgrsgout `hfo`t `d`my` z`t pgw`rm` t`eo`b`m (dyg). ^gmllum``m prgefue p`d` ueuemy` `d`i`b umtuh o`b`m o`h`r hgmd`r``m ogrektkr ogregsfm ogmsfm, sgpgrtf : ekofi, sgpgd` ektkr, ektkr tgepgi d`m i`fm-i`fm. O`b`m o`h`r fmf sgrfml jul` dfsgout ektkr l`skifmg `t`u pgtrki.
?. Qki`r/L`skfi (BQD: Bflb Qpggd Dfgsgi)
Efmy`h ski`r `d`i`b o`b`m o`h`r jgmfs dfstfi`t ogrw`rm` humfml hgakhi`t`m y`ml jgrmfb. ^gmllum``m efmy`h ski`r p`d` ueuemy` `d`i`b umtuh o`b`m o`h`r p`d` sgeu` jgmfs egsfm dfgsgi dgml`m put`r`m tfmllf (df`t`s 0.>>> _^E), y`ml jul` d`p`t dfpgrlum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`h`r p`d` pgeo`h`r`m i`mlsuml d`i`e d`pur-d`pur hg afi, y`ml tgrut`e` dffmlfmh`m pgeo`h`r`m y`ml ogrsfb. Efmy`h ski`r fmf of`s` dfsgout jul` L`s Kfi, @utkektfvg Dfgsgi Kfi, Bflb Qpggd Dfgsgi.
1. @vtur/@vl`s
Dflum`h`m sgo`l`f o`b`m o`h`r pgs`w`t
4. Hgrksgmg
Efmy`h t`m`b `t`u hgrksgmg egrup`h`m o`lf`m d`rf efmy`h egmt`b y`ml egefifhf tftfh dfdfb `mt`r` 07> ¾A d`m 1>> ¾A d`m tfd`h ogrw`rm`. Dflum`h`m sgi`e` ogrt`bum-t`bum sgo`l`f `i`t o`mtu pgmgr`ml`m, ege`s`h, w`tgr bg`tfml, dii y`ml ueuemy` egrup`h`m pge`h`f`m dkegstfh (rue`b`m).
7. FDC (Fmdustrf`i Dfgsgi Cugi)
14
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF Efmy`h Dfgsgi `d`i`b b`sfi pgmyuifml`m efmy`h y`ml ogrw`rm` bft`e y`ml ogrogmtuh a`fr p`d` tgepgr`turg rgmd`b. Of`s`my` egefifhf h`mduml`m suicur y`ml rgmd`b d`m d`p`t dftgrfe` kigb Egdfue Qpggd Dfgsgi Gmlfmg df sghtkr fmdustrf. Kigb h`rgm` ftui`b, dfgsgi kfi dfsgout jul` Fmdustrf`i Dfgsgi Kfi (FDK) `t`u E`rfmg Dfgsgi Cugi (EDC).
3. FCK (Fmdustrf`i Cugi Kfi)
Qgou`b a`epur`m o`b`m o`h`r efmy`h l`skfi d`m ogr`t, dgml`m l`skfi hur`ml d`rf efmy`h dfgsgi i`ut. D`ct`r hfi`ml sgrt` uep`m d`m prkduh p`d` Hfi`ml ^grt`efm` dfjgi`sh`m egi`iuf t`ogi 4 ogrfhut fmf. T`ogi 0<. Wep`m d`m prkduh y`ml dfb`sfih`m d`rf hfi`ml ^grt`efm` Hfi`ml Efmy`h Hfi`ml Due`f / Q. ^`hmfml (_W FF)
Wmft ^rksgs
Wep`m
^rkduh
ADW
Efm`s
I^L
BSW
Durf
Ekl`s
B. Ar`ahgr
Ifrfh
@vtur
D. Akhgr
^gd`d`
Hgrksgmg
^i`tckregr
Qgi`t ^`mj`ml
@DK FDK/EDC FCK/ECK IQ\_ Akhg
Hfi`ml ^i`ju (_W FFF)
Hfi`ml Afi`a`p (_W FS)
ADW
Q^D
I^L
BSW
T@^
Ekl`s
CAAW
_`eo`/Hu`ml
@vfl`s
^kiy ^rkpyigmg
Jgmg
Hgrksgmg
^T@
I`i`ml
@vtur
QIA
@DK
Lgr`l`f
Dfgsgi Kfi
Efxgd Q^D/T@^
Cugi Kfi
Efxgd Arudg
QI\_
Hi`ekmk
Qkivgmt
Oui`
_@\ ^^
Cugi Akep F & FF
@r`of`m Iflbt Arudg 00,70
I^L
Iuog-Kfi ^i`mt F, FF, FFF
Efxgd arudg ?17, 16
L`skifmg
@spb`it ^i`mt
Hgrksgmg
^`r`xyigmg ^i`mt
@DK/FDK FCK/ECK
17
TWL@Q ^GMLKI@B@M EFMV@H OWEF BSF 3> BSF 03> BSF 37> Efm`rgx Qi`ah \`x
Hfi`ml O`ifhp`p`m (_W S)
ADW
Ogh`p`f/B`mdfi 30,?7
I^L
BSW
O`d`h/\`iuyk
Bg`vy M`pbtb`
B. Ar`ahgr
Efxgd Arudg ?0>,63
^rgefue
^i`tckregr
Hgrksgmg
\`x ^i`mt
@vtur @DK FDK/EDC \`x Ckkd Kfi ^KD IQ\_
Hfi`ml O`ikml`m (_W SF)
ADW
Durf
I^L
@_BDE
Efm`s
^rkpyigmg
_AA Akepigx
^rgefue
^rkpyigmg _ga.
^grt`e`x
IML ^i`mt
Hgrksgmg @DK FDK/EDC ECK Dga`md Kfi Quicur
Hfi`ml H`sfe (_W SFF)
Arudg kfi 2,63
Iflbt M`pbtb`
Iflbt sikp >.00
^rgefue _gckre`tg @DK _gsfdu
_GCG_GMQF _`e`db`mf, @dbg Qury`. ^gmlki`b`m Efmy`h Ouef. bttp://www.pi`mgthfef`.ake/?>0?/ 0>/pgmlki`b`m-efmy`h-egmt`b/. (df`hsgs p`d` ?4 E`rgt ?>04) M`sutfkm. E`tgrf ^rgsgmt`sf Hfi`ml Efmy`h ^grt`efm`. 13
