República Bolivariana de Venezuela Ministerio Popular para la Educación Superior Universidad Rafael Urdaneta Maracaibo. EDO-Zulia
Comunicación de Datos I
Integrantes.
Jonathan Chourio. 19138554 Yerald Bravo. 19.646.657 Ender Chourio. 19.450.753 Jose Vilchez. 20.863.972 Carlos Dominguez. 19.340.444
Maracaibo, abril de 2009
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Esquema
1. Historia y evolución evolución de de Wimax Wimax 2. Definición y características 3. Arquitectura y elementos de Wimax 4. Estandares de Wimax y ejemplos de implementación 5. Wimax y Wi-fi (comparativas) 6. Multiplexacion y Modulacion 7. Capa Mac de Wimax y Modelo de Referencia 8. Seguridad 9. Oportunidades y desafíos Wimax
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Introducción.
Durante muchos años los sistemas de banda ancha inalámbricos han estado basados en tecnologías propietarias de las compañías que los instalaban, tenían un rendimiento limitado y en muchos casos eran demasiado caros para ser colocados de manera masiva; razones por las cuales se gesta gesta el estándar WiMAX para acceso acceso inalámbrico a Internet. En el contexto nacional, esta nueva tecnología, apenas comienza a desplegarse y es necesario analizar la implementación a través del tiempo, apoyados en el conocimiento esencial que ésta involucra; Aunque actualmente, sólo existen pocos proyectos comerciales de prestación de servicios de banda ancha inalámbrica WiMAX en marcha, el abanico de posibilidades está abierto a que entren a participar del negocio, los operadores legalmente constituíos y habilitados que se hallan principalmente en etapa de pruebas, ofreciendo planes cada vez más competitivos, más asequibles al mercado venezolano y con la creación de nuevas propuestas de valor agregado principalmente en servicios como telemetría, televisión, y voz entre otros, potenciando nuestro país como parte de los pioneros en esta materia en América latina y el mundo. El trabajo Siguiente revelara a mas profundidad las características de esta tecnología, tomando en cuenta desde el momento en que surgió hasta lo que podría llegar a ser Por favor lea atentamente y gracias por su atención a esta pequeña introducción.
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Desarrollo
1. Historia y evolución de Wimax
a. Historia A mediados de 1990, las empresas de telecomunicaciones desarrollaron la idea de utilizar medios fijos inalámbricos de banda ancha, las redes de última generación fueron las posibles soluciones para proporcionar una alternativa de conectividad a Internet a empresas y particulares. El objetivo era producir una red r ed con la velocidad, capacidad y fiabilidad de una red cableada, manteniendo al mismo tiempo la flexibilidad, simplicidad y bajo coste de una red inalámbrica. i nalámbrica. Esta tecnología actuaría también como un versátil sistema de las empresas o redes de distribución de retroceso institucional y tratar de competir con los principales portadores de Internet. El enorme potencial de esta flexibilidad, bajo costo de red, ha generado mucha atención a dos tipos de tecnologías de banda ancha inalámbricos fijos: Servicios locales de Distribución Multipunto (LMDS) y de Servicios de canales múltiples de distribución multipunto (MMDS). LMDS, es una iniciativa destinada a acelerar el puente a las redes de área metropolitana en las grandes empresas y en los campus universitarios. MMDS era proporcionar un medio para la televisión local de distribución en la red y de servicios de banda ancha residenciales. Sin embargo, los altos costos, la falta de normas, y el temor de los proveedores de bloqueo en LMDS impedido de despegar desde el principio. Como resultado de ello, en 1999 el Instituto de Ingenieros Eléctricos y Electrónicos (IEEE) ideó el estándar 802.16 para LMDS. L MDS. Esta norma, que fue finalmente liberado en 2001, operaba en un punto a punto de enlace de radio de la red por medio de las transmisiones de la línea de visión, y había una gama de frecuencias de 10 GHz a 66 GHz. Sin embargo, dado que esta norma se basa en fuera de red de área local inalámbrica (WLAN) y la tecnología había limitado la capacidad, más desarrolladores se centraron exclusivamente en el estándar 802.16 que funcionan en el rango de 2 GHz a 11 GHz. En 2001, el WiMAX Forum se creó con el orden del día de mercado y promover el estándar 802.16. Allí se acuñó el término WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). En 2003 salió el estándar IEEE 802.16a con que los datos transmitidos a través de línea de vista a los canales de radio y de antenas omni-direccional. Más tarde, en 2004, el estándar 802.16-2004 fue puesto en libertad.Este estándar combinado de las actualizaciones de la IEEE 802.16a, 802.16b, y 802.16c reglamentos. Este sistema de banda ancha WiMAX amplió el servicio a una gama de 30 millas y tenía la capacidad de dispersar su red entre cientos de terminales. Sin embargo, el IEEE no se detuvo allí. En 2005, salió con el primer sistema WiMAX móvil: 802.16e.Esta versión
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El IEEE continúa actualizando y modificar el sistema de las especificaciones WiMAX para mejorar aún más sus capacidades. Han hecho un esfuerzo para publicar su próximo gran 802,16 estándar llamado 802.16m. Uno de los objetivos de esta versión es aumentar las velocidades de datos a 1Gbps. IEEE también mira adelante para aprobar e implementar el estándar 802.20 en un futuro próximo, lo que ha denominado el apodo móvilesFi. Muchos productos con certificación WiMAX Forumpara aplicaciones fijas y nómadas están disponibles comercialmente y se están desarrollando constantemente. Es entonces no es de extrañar por qué WiMAX es un líder de las nuevas normas inalámbricas y continúa escribiendo su propia historia. b. Evolución
Estándar Descripción 802.16
Utiliza espectro licenciado en el rango de 10 a 66 GHz, necesita línea de visión directa, con una capacidad de hasta 134 Mbps en celdas de 2 a 5 millas. Soporta calidad de servicio. Publicado en 2002.
802.16a
Ampliación del estándar 802.16 hacia bandas de 2 a 11 GHz, con sistemas NLOS y LOS, y protocolo PTP y PTMP. Publicado en Abril de 2003
802.16c
Ampliación del estándar 802.16 para definir las características y especificaciones en la banda d 10-66 GHz. Publicado en Enero de 2003
Revisión del 802.16 y 802.16a para añadir los perfiles aprobados por el WiMAX 802.16d Forum. Aprobado como 802.16-2004 en Junio de 2004 (La última versión del estándar) 802.16e
Extensión del 802.16 que incluye la conexión de banda ancha nómada para elementos portables del estilo a notebooks. Publicado en diciembre de 2005
2. Definición y características de Wimax
a. Definición. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Interoperabilidad Mundial para Acceso por Microondas), se define como una norma de transmisión por ondas de radio de última generación orientada al denominado bucle local inalámbrico (en inglés se utiliza el término "última milla" para delimitar el alcance de la comunicación inalámbrica) que permite la recepción de datos por microondas y retransmisión por ondas de radio (protocolo 802.16 MAN - Metropolitan Area NetWork, Red de Área Metropolitana) proporcionando acceso
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b. Caracteristicas. Una característica importante del estándar es que define una capa MAC que soporta múltiples especificaciones físicas (PHY) Mayor productividad a rangos más distantes (hasta 50 km km)) a. Mejor tasa de bits/segundo/HZ en distancias largas Sistema escalable b. Fácil adición de canales: maximiza las capacidades de las células. c. Anchos de banda flexibles que permiten usar espectros licenciados y exentos de licencia Cobertura d. Soporte de mallas basadas en estándares y antenas inteligentes. i nteligentes. e. Servicios de nivel diferenciados: E1/T1 para negocios, mejor esfuerzo para uso doméstico Coste y riesgo de investigación f. Los equipos WiMAX-CertifiedFF (certificación de compatibilidad) permiten a los operadores comprar dispositivos de más de un vendedor
3. Arquitectura Arquitect ura y elementos de Wimax. a. Arquitectura
Desde los albores del telégrafo, los planificadores de la red han tenido que planificar sus redes a fin de maximizar la fiabilidad. Esto es en gran medida una función de cómo la red está establecido o arquitectura. Los párrafos siguientes describen las arquitecturas de red y sus ventajas y desventajas. desventajas. La RTPC (Redes telefónicas públicas conmutadas) se describe mejor como una estrella de red donde están las oficinas centrales de los nodos de la red. Para la tecnología de la época (alambre de cobre que conecta las oficinas centrales), fue el más eficiente.
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Una estrella de red es vulnerable en el sentido de que ofrece los puntos de fallo en las líneas que conectan las oficinas centrales. Si alguno de esos vínculos deben romper (véase la figura 1 supra), la oficina central y que sirve las decenas de miles de abonados se sirve fuera de servicio.
Malla La arquitectura de malla de captura de alta fiabilidad prevista por los primeros pioneros de Internet.Malla potencialmente ofrece ventajas para el proveedor de servicios incluyendo la negación de la necesidad de una red de backhaul y la mejora de la fiabilidad. La función de la fiabilidad de una red en malla es notable en que si un nodo falla, el tráfico de vuelta podría ser enviado en torno a que no nodo minimizar la interrupción del servicio sólo a aquellos abonados directamente por que no sirve la estación base. Hay mucho bullicio en torno a la industria de redes de malla y un cierto éxito en el mercado Wi-Fi, sin embargo, la tecnología de malla aún no se ha materializado tanto en el acceso o el WiMAX milímetro ola mercados. Como se ilustra en la Figura 2 abajo (actual Wi-Fi de malla de los productos, por
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de enrutamiento debe ser incorporado en la radio WiMAX. Muchos vendedores afirman que el matrimonio de un router WiMAX de radio y en una estación base de WiMAX puedan funcionar adecuadamente como WiMAX malla. Algunos proveedores de servicios tienen en el seno de los recursos necesarios para realizar la investigación y desarrollo para producir una solución WiMAX de malla.
Figura 2 Wi-Fi de malla de las redes no requieren separar red backhaul
De este modo, el debate, el "mallado" backhaul radios, como la onda milímetro productos que complementan la red de WiMAX en su rendimiento y más gigabit múltiples rangos de kilometros. La ventaja de esto sería que a) la utilización del espectro de vuelta que aparte de que se utilicen para el acceso WiMAX y b) las mismas ventajas de mallado que se aplican a los actuales de Wi-Fi de malla por la mejora de la fiabilidad de enrutamiento del tráfico en torno a los vínculos ailed se aplicaría. Figura 3 a continuación ilustra una malla de red backhaul.
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Figura
3
backhaul
la
arquitectura
de
red
en
malla
En el momento de escribir esto, no hay malla onda milímetro de retroceso está disponible en el mercado abierto. Milímetro ola estado vendedores de sus productos están destinados como puentes y no routers. Es decir, hablar de Internet-, que dos puntos de enlace punto a punto (puente) y no realizar una capacidad de enrutamiento mallado apoyo necesario. Figura 4 siguiente ilustra la diferencia técnica entre un puente y un router.
Figura 4 Un puente (backhaul de radio) es un punto a punto única función en lugar de un router que router que las rutas a través de una red más amplia Así como no habrá verdadera malla producto ha llegado en el mercado de WiMAX, no es producto de malla de transporte marítimo en la onda milímetro de retroceso del mercado.
Anillo Arquitecturas de la red de retroceso se ha señalado anteriormente, el anillo es el más popular entre las aplicaciones de onda milímetro. El anillo de la arquitectura es más conocido de anillo SONET arquitecturas populares en redes de fibra óptica. Figura 5 a continuación ilustra un simple anillo de la arquitectura.
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Figura 5 Un simple anillo de la arquitectura de la red
El éxito de la arquitectura de anillo SONET establecer consecutivos en su red de centros de tecnología. La lógica consecutivos en tecnología de punta es que el flujo de datos en una red, ya sea en sentido horario o en sentido antihorario en un patrón circular. Si un eslabón de la red de puntos consecutivos que no fueron, la inteligencia de la red inmediatamente sentidos y redirige el tráfico este en la dirección opuesta de este modo minimizar el impacto del fracaso en ese enlace. Figura 6 a continuación ilustra una red de puntos consecutivos.
Figura 6 Una red de puntos consecutivos invierte la dirección de flujo en caso de corte del suministro de una red minimizando así el impacto de la interrupción
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Figura 7 La extensión de una red de puntos consecutivos en una arquitectura de la Figura 8 puede mejorar la fiabilidad
El "gotchas" de vuelta: QoS y disponibilidad
Los dos principales detractores de QoS se jitter y latencia. Latencia y jitter puede multiplicarse cuando el tráfico debe ruta a través de múltiples saltos. Es decir, existe un "costo" para el tráfico adicional por cada salto que atraviesa. VoIP y vídeo (que puede ser el pan y la mantequilla para el proveedor de servicios WiMAX) son particularmente vulnerables a la latencia y jitter inducido cuando el flujo de paquetes deben pasar por la estación base
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Figura 8 latencia cálculo a través de una red inalámbrica
En una ingeniería de red inalámbrica de retroceso, arquitecto de la red debe minimizar la cantidad de lúpulo a partir del suscriptor a la fibra POP. Como ilustra la Figura 8 supra, la latencia es acumulativo a través de cualquier red. Hay tanto en latencia en los enlaces aéreos, así como en la radio ya través de la IP. Demasiadas lúpulo durante demasiados vínculos podría añadir inaceptables los niveles de latencia y jitter menoscabo de la QoS de VoIP y vídeo. Alta Disponibilidad
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Figura 9 redundante a múltiples conexiones troncales IP son fundamentales para proporcionar niveles superiores de disponibilidad en una red backhaul
Cabe señalar que el hecho de tener redundancia en los radios de la red backhaul hará poco bien si el proveedor de servicios de Internet de la red backhaul sufre un corte de red. Por esa razón, el proveedor de servicios múltiples deben planificar para el proveedor de servicios IP en sus conexiones de red. Esto no sólo proporcionan una solución de recuperación de desastres, también presenta el proveedor de servicios WiMAX la oportunidad de comprar la propiedad intelectual de los proveedores y de precios ventajosos acuerdos de
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B. Elementos
▪ Antena ▪ Concentrador (Hub) ▪ Puente (Bridge) ▪ Conmutador (Switch) ▪ Enrutador (Router) ▪ Pasarela (Gateway)
▪ Antena Equipo utilizado en electrónica para propagar o recibir ondas de radio o electromagnéticas. Es indispensable para emitir o recibir señales de radio, televisión, microondas, de teléfono y de radar.
Tipo de Antena: Antena:
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a. PA-3500 WiMAX antena direccional
▪ Concentrador (Hub) Concentrador (hub) es un dispositivo de interconexión que centraliza las conexiones de
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▪ Enrutador (Router) Encaminador (router ) es un dispositivo responsable a nivel de red, de adaptar los paquetes de información cuando las máquinas origen y destino se encuentran en distintas redes con diferentes protocolos
▪ Pasarela (Gateway Pasarela (Gateway) es un dispositivo que permite interconectar redes que utilizan arquitecturas diferentes. Es decir, es una puerta de enlace con una red.
1. Estandares de Wimax y ejemplos de implementación
Integra la familia de estándares IEEE 802.16 y el estándar HyperMAN del organismo de estandarización europeo ETSI. El estándar inicial 802.16 se encontraba en la banda de frecuencias de 10-66 GHz y requería torres LOS. La nueva versión 802.16a, ratificada en marzo de 2003, utiliza una banda del espectro más estrecha y baja, de 2-11 GHz, facilitando su regulación. Además, como ventaja añadida, no requiere de torres donde exista enlaces del tipo LOS sino únicamente del despliegue de estaciones base (BS) formadas por antenas emisoras/receptoras con capacidad de dar servicio a unas 200 estaciones suscriptoras (SS) que pueden dar cobertura y servicio a edificios completos. Su instalación es muy sencilla y rápida (culminando el proceso en dos horas) y su precio competitivo en comparación con
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El 7 de diciembre de 2005, el IEEE aprobó el estándar del WiMAX MÓVIL, MÓVIL, el 802.16e, que permite utilizar este sistema de comunicaciones inalámbricas con terminales en movimiento. Muchos fabricantes de hardware y operadores estaban esperando a esta decisión para empezar a desplegar redes de Wimax. Ahora ya saben qué especificaciones técnicas debe tener el hardware del Wimax móvil, que es mucho más jugoso económicamente, con lo que es posible diseñar infraestructuras mixtas fijo-móvil. En Corea se ha materializado las ventajas de un WiMAX móvil trabajando en 2,3Ghz y se le ha acuñado el nombre de WiBRO (Wireless Broadband); esta iniciativa ha empezado sus despliegues comerciales en el 2006. Ejemplos de uso Automóviles eléctricos con conexión Wimax Los primeros vehículos deportivos eléctricos tendrán conectividad WiMax de serie. Los va a fabricar una empresa de Mónaco, Venturi Automóviles, que pretende así poder realizar un
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de calidad y con anchos de banda garantizados tanto como alternativa al ADSL/cable como en formato de última milla. En Baleares se han instalado en la capital, Palma. La provincia de Barcelona es un buen ejemplo de despliegue urbano y sus primeras coronas metropolitanas son zonas con una importante penetración del acceso WiMAX, que se abre camino entre las soluciones existentes sobre banda licenciada. Una de las principales empresas de acceso de la provincia, Conecta-Wireless, ofrece un servicio configurable tanto en las velocidades de acceso, desde 1 a 34 Mbps, como en los niveles garantizados de SLA (Service Level Agreement) que pueden ir desde el 50% al 100%. La tecnología Wimax no sólo se utiliza como medio de acceso a Internet, sino que existe una demanda creciente, por parte de las empresas Españolas, para su implantación en proyectos de comunicaciones desvinculados del acceso. Wimax en Latinoamérica
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•
Uruguay: en Uruguay la empresa de telecomunicaciones privada Dedicado, junto a Intel están trabajando actualmente en el proyecto WiMAX para toda Montevideo y parte de la Costa de Oro, durante el 2007 el servicio podría quedar activo.
•
Venezuela: en Venezuela, Omnivisión desplegó la red WiMAX en Caracas junto a Samsung en la banda de 2.5 Ghz, sin embargo, recientemente CONATEL (ente regulador de las telecomunicaciones en ese país) asignó las bandas de 3.5 y 3.7 Ghz para el uso de esta tecnología, lo que ha retrasado un poco el lanzamiento comercial. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, proveedor de sistemas de Telecomunicaciones y Omnivisión C.A. operador de televisión han desarrollado el servicio WiMAX móvil en Venezuela bajo la marca MOVILMAX. El acuerdo fue firmado el 16 de diciembre 2005, convirtiendo a Omnivisión en uno de los primeros operadores en Latinoamérica en instalar servicio WiMAX móvil de Banda Ancha Personal. En enero de 2007 MOVILMAX pasó a formar parte de la junta de directores de WCA (Wireless Communications Association International), organismo encargado de velar por los intereses de los proveedores inalámbricos que ofrecen datos a alta velocidad,
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* 5 bps/Hz. Hasta 100 Mbps en un u n canal de 20 MHz. Calidad de servicio (QoS): Wi-Fi no soporta QoS actualmente, pero se está trabajando en el estándar 802.11e para implementarla. WiMAX, por el contrario, si que soporta QoS, optimizada para voz o vídeo, dependiendo del servicio. Comparativa de Wi-fi y Wimax 802.11 Rango
•
•
Optimizado para los usuarios dentro de un radio de 100 metros
802.16 Optimizado para tamaños de celda entre 7 y 10 Km. •
Se pueden añadir puntos de Puede llegar a tener acceso o incrementar la alcances de 50 Km. ganancia de las antenas para conseguir mayor No tiene problemas con los alcance “nodos ocultos” •
•
Explicación Técnica 802.16 PHY tolera 10 multi rutas mas retraso y propagación que 802.11 •
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6.- Multiplicación y modulación - TDM (Multiplexación por división de tiempo) - FDM (Multiplexación por división de Frecuencia) Se Sub-divide: - OFDM - W-OFDM - Flash-OFDM
Modulación Adaptativa
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de datos (MPDUs) para su transmisión por aire. Para las transmisiones recibidas, la capa MAC no a la inversa. El IEEE 802.16-2004 e IEEE 802.16e-2005 MAC diseño incluye una convergencia sublayer que puede interactuar con una variedad de capas superiores protocolos, como ATM de voz TDM, Ethernet, IP, y cualquier futuro protocolo desconocido. El 802,16 MAC está diseñada para el punto a multipunto (PMP) y las aplicaciones se basa en colisión sentido de acceso múltiple con la evitación de colisiones (CSMA / CA).
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Modelo de Referencia A continuación se muestra el modelo de referencia asociado al estándar IEEE 802.16d, el mismo se compone de una capa física y una capa MAC.
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La capa MAC intercambia información que debe ser enviada al medio físico por medio del punto de acceso físico (PHY SAP), el cual depende de la implementación i mplementación en particular.
8. Seguridad Como cualquier otra red de comunicación al servicio de empresas y usuarios individuales que desean mantener su información segura, los sistemas WiMAX necesitan
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Debido a factores agnósticos a la tecnología, tales como la adquisición de sitios y los costos de preparación, por no mencionar los requisitos de energía, tanto de RF como eléctrico, el costo de desplegar una red WiMAX es aproximadamente el mismo que el de una red 3G [excluyendo los costos del espectro ya incurridos] y mucho más caro que el de una típica red Wi-Fi. Por supuesto, la cobertura Wi-Fi sería mucho más limitada mientras que WiMAX podrá aprovechar los beneficios con relación a los costos asociados con una red núcleo “All-IP” (todo-IP) ubicada “detrás” de las estaciones base. Más aun, las tarjetas de datos Wi-Fi o las soluciones Wi-Fi incorporadas ya están alcanzando precios en extremo atractivos mientras que las soluciones 3G están bajando rápidamente los precios y es
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presentar los argumentos para sólo desplegar más puntos de acceso Wi-Fi y renunciar a la necesidad de una nueva red WiMAX portátil/móvil. Dicho esto, el operador también cree que Wi-Fi no es adecuado para brindar una cobertura completa en caso de que esto se torne un requisito y, para ofrecer un servicio diferenciado, el operador quiere que los usuarios experimenten una velocidad de datos de >500Kbps en un ámbito portátil/móvil. 7.4.2.2 Las aplicaciones y los servicios 3G siguen siendo convincentes y aún son necesarios Desde el punto de vista del consumidor, para que haya una necesidad convincente de adquirir un dispositivo habilitado por WiMAX y luego suscribirse a la oferta del servicio, el servicio WiMAX
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Conclusión
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