FACULTAD DE INGENIERA DE PROCESOS
TRABAJO DE ANÁLISIS TRABAJO ANÁLISIS INSTRUMENT INSTRUMEN TAL 2 ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA INGENIERA QUÍMICA
TURNO:: JUEVES DE 5 A 7 PM TURNO
INTEGRANTES: JUAN CONDORI ALV ALVARADO ARADO JUAN CARLOS CARLOS PEREYRA PEREYRA ALI
TABLA DE CONTENIDO CONTENI DO 1
Intro!"" Intro!""#$n%%% #$n%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% 1
2
M&r"o M&r"o "on"'(t!& "on"'(t!&)%%%% )%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%1 %%%%%%%1 2%1
E*('"tr E*('"tro+oto o+oto,'tr ,'tr-&%%% -&%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%2 %%%%2
2%2
L'. ' L&,/'rt% L&,/'rt% :%%%%%%%%%% :%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%0 %%%%0
2%0
L'. ' B''r :%%%%%%%%%% :%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%
2%
Tr&n*,#t&n" r&n*,#t&n"#& #& T3 :%%%%%%%% :%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% 4
2%4
A/*or/&n" A/*or/&n"#&A #&A3%%% 3%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%4 4
2%4%1
M'#"#on' M'#"#on'** ' tr&n*,#t&n tr&n*,#t&n"#& "#& . &/*or/&n"# &/*or/&n"#&%%%%% &%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%5 %%%%%%5
2%5
D#*(o*#t#6 D#*(o*#t#6o* o* . ,'"&n#*,o*%%% ,'"&n#*,o*%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%5 %%%%%%%5
2%7
E*('"tr E*('"tro+ot$ o+ot$,'tr ,'tro%%%% o%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%8 %%%%%%8
2%7%1
R''* ' ' #+r&""#on #+r&""#on%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%9 %%%%%9
2%8
T#(o* T#(o* ' '*('"tr '*('"tro+oto o+oto,'tr ,'tr-&*%%% -&*%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%1 %%1
2%9
E*('" E*('"tr tro+o o+oto, to,'tr 'tr-& -& ' &/*or" &/*or"#$n #$n . ' ',#*#$n ',#*#$n &t$,#" &t$,#"&%%%% &%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%11 %11
2%1 E;!#(o* ' '*('"tro+oto,'tr-&%%%%%%%% '*('"tro+oto,'tr-&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%12 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%12 2%11 D#*'
*#,()'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% *#,()'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1 1 2%11%2 E*('"tro+ot$,'tro E*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' o/)' =&>%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =&>%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1 %%%%%%%%%1 2%12
$,o &(ro6'"=&r ') (ot'n"#&) ' '*to* ';!#(o*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%14
C
2%12%1 B!'n& !/#"&"#$n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !/#"&"#$n%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 14 2%12%2 Pr'(&r&"#$n Pr'(&r&"#$n ' )& ,!'*tr&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ,!'*tr&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%14 %%%%%%%%%%%%%14 2%12%0 2%12%0 M&n'?o M&n'?o &'"!&o ' )&* "!/'t&*%%%%%% "!/'t&*%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%15 %%15 0
D#*"!*#$n% D#*"!*#$n%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%% %%%15 15
B#/)#o@r&+ B#/)#o@r&+-&%% -&%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%% %%%17 17
ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS F#@!r& 1: On&* ' r&#&"#$n ')'"tro,&@nt#"&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1 F#@!r& 2: ') '*('"tro ')'"tro,&@nt#"o%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2 F#@!r& 0: '*('"tro ' &/*or"#$n ' o* "o,(!'*to*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0 F#@!r& : L'. ' L&,/'rt%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% F#@!r& 4: L'. ' B''r%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% F#@!r& 5: E*tr!"t!r& /*#"& ' !n '*('"tro+ot$,'tro%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7 F#@!r& 7: '*('"tro+ot$,'tro%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7 F#@!r& 8: &/*or/&n"#& ' 2 #+'r'nt'* "o,(on'nt'*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8 F#@!r& 9: (&rt'* ') '*('"tro+ot$,'tro%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8 F#@!r& 1: ")&*#+#"&"#$n ' '*('"tro+oto,'tr-&*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%11 F#@!r& 11: '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& ' &/*or"#$n &t$,#"&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 12 F#@!r& 12: '*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' =&> *#,()'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1 F#@!r& 10: '*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' =&> o/)'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%14
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA
1 INTRODUCCIÓN
2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL L&* on&* ' r&#&"#$n ')'"tro,&@nt#"& *' "o,(on'n ' "r'*t&* . 6&))'* "on6'n"#on&),'nt' r'(r'*'nt&&* )&* (r#,'r&* =&"#& &rr#/& . )&* *'@!n&* =&"#& &/&?o% L& #*t&n"#& 'ntr' o* "r'*t&* o 6&))'* *' 'no,#n& )on@#t! ' on& 3% L& +r'"!'n"#& ' )& on& '*t& 't'r,#n&& (or )&* 6'"'* ;!' '))& "ort& )& )-n'& /&*' 'n )& !n#& ' t#',(o "&*# *#',(r' ,'#& 'n *'@!no*3 '*t& +r'"!'n"#& '* t&n #,(ort&nt' ;!' )&* (ro(#'&'* ' )& r&#&"#$n '('n'n ' '))& . '*t && 'n 'rt>% L& &,()#t! ' on& '*t '+#n#& (or )& #*t&n"#& ;!' *'(&r& ') (#"o ' )& "r'*t& o 6&))' ' )& )-n'& ' /&*' )& 'n'r@-& ;!' tr&n*(ort& )& on& '* (ro(or"#on&) &) "!&r&o ' )& &,()#t!% L& !n#& ' ,'#& (&r& '(r'*&r '*t&* #*t&n"#&* t&n (';!'<&* 'ntr' )&* "r'*t&* '* ') n&n$,'tro F#@!r& 13
i!ura 1: On"as "e ra"ia#i$n ele#troma!n%ti#a
Lo* #+'r'nt'* t#(o* ' r&#&"#$n ')'"tro,&@nt#"& +or,&n 'n "on?!nto ') '*('"tro ')'"tro,&@nt#"o% E*t&* r&#&"#on'* (r'*'nt&n #+'r'nt'* )on@#t!'* ' on& ;!' 6&n '*' )&* ' ,'nor )on@#t! ' on& "o,o *on )o* r&.o* "$*,#"o* )o* r&.o* @&,,& 1 4 1 n,33 . )o* r&.o* H
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
1 1 1 n,3 (&*&no (or )& )!> !)tr&6#o)'t& 1 1 1 2 n,3 )& )!> 6#*#/)' '*' ') ro?o 04 n, =&*t& ') 6#o)'t& 78 n,3 . )o* r&.o* #n+r&rro?o*1 0 1 4 n,3 =&*t& )&* on&* ')'"tro,&@nt#"&* ' ,&.or )on@#t! ' on& "o,o *on )&* ,#"roon&* . )&* on&* ' r&#o "!.&* )on@#t!'* ' on& '*tn (or 'n"#,& ' 1 4 n,
i!ura 2: el es&e#tro ele#troma!n%ti#o
E) (r#n"#(#o ;!' r#@' )& '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& *' /&*& 'n ') ',()'o ' )&* #nt'r&""#on'* 'ntr' )& r&#&"#$n ')'"tro,&@nt#"& . )& ,&t'r#&% L& '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& '* !no ' )o* ,too* &n&)-t#"o* ' ,&.or #,(ort&n"#& . !t#)#& 'n /#o;!-,#"& .& ;!' ('r,#t' ,'#r )& "&nt#& r')&t#6& ' )!> &/*or/#& o tr&n*,#t#& (or )& ,&t'r#& '?% ,o)"!)&* /#o)$@#"&* 'n #*o)!"#$n &"!o*&: (rot'-n&* &,#no"#o* ,'t&/o)#to* 't"%3 ,'#& "o,o &/*or/&n"#& A/*3 o tr&n*,#t&n"#& T3 r'*('"t#6&,'nt'% CITATION Un#15 K) 124 L&* ,o)"!)&* (!''n &/*or/'r 'n'r@-& )!,#no*& . &),&"'n&r)& 'n +or,& ' 'n'r@-& #nt'rn&% E*to ('r,#t' ;!' *' #n#"#'n "#")o* 6#t&)'* ' ,!"=o* or@&n#*,o* 'ntr' '))o* ') ' )& +oto*-nt'*#* 'n ()&nt&* . /&"t'r#&*% L& M'"n#"& C!nt#"& no* #"' ;!' )& )!> '*t "o,(!'*t& ' +oton'* "&& !no ' )o* "!)'* t#'n' !n& 'n'r@-&: Efoton =h∗V =h∗c∗ λ
Don' " '* )& 6')o"#& ' )& )!> V '* *! +r'"!'n"#& λ '* *! )on@#t! ' on& . = 5%5 10 J%* '* )& "on*t&nt' ' P)&n"% C!&no '"#,o* ;!' !n& *!*t&n"#& ;!-,#"& &/*or/' )!> ' )on@#t! ' on& '*to *#@n#+#"& ;!' )&* ,o)"!)&* ' '*& *!*t&n"#& &/*or/'n +oton'* ' '*& )on@#t! ' on&%
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
2'1 E(PECTROOTOMETR)A
E*('"tro+oto,'tr-& '* !n ,too (&r& ,'#r )& "&nt#& ' !n& *!*t&n"#& ;!-,#"& &/*or/' )& )!> ,'#&nt' )& ,'#"#$n ' )& #nt'n*#& ' )& )!> "o,o !n r&.o ' )!> (&*& & tr&6* ' )& *o)!"#$n ' ,!'*tr&% E) (r#n"#(#o /*#"o '* ;!' "&& "o,(!'*to &/*or/' o tr&n*,#t' )& )!> & tr&6* ' !n "#'rto r&n@o ' )on@#t! ' on&% E*t& ,'#"#$n t&,/#n *' (!'' !t#)#>&r (&r& ,'#r )& "&nt#& ' !n& *!*t&n"#& ;!-,#"& "ono"#&% E*('"tro+oto,'tr-& '* !no ' )o* ,too* ,* t#)'* (&r& ') &n)#*#* "!&nt#t&t#6o 'n #6'r*o* "&,(o* "o,o )& ;!-,#"& )& +-*#"& )& /#o;!-,#"& ,&t'r#&)'* ' #n@'n#'r-& ;!-,#"& . *!* &()#"&"#on'* ")-n#"&*% CITATION Vo14 K) 124 Otro #on#e&to "e es&e#tro*otometr+a nos "i#e lo si!uiente:
L& '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& '* !no ' )o* ,too* ' &n)#*#* ,* !*&o* . *' /&*& 'n )& r')&"#$n ;!' '#*t' 'ntr' )& &/*or"#$n ' )!> (or (&rt' ' !n "o,(!'*to . *! "on"'ntr&"#$n% C!&no *' =&"' #n"##r )!> ,ono"ro,t#"& ' !n& *o)& )on@#t! ' on&3 *o/r' !n ,'#o =o,o@n'o !n& (&rt' ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' '* &/*or/#& (or ') ,'#o . otr& tr&n*,#t#& "o,o "on*'"!'n"#& ' )& #nt'n*#& ') r&.o ' )!> *'& &t'n!&& '*' Po & P *#'no Po )& #nt'n*#& ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' . P )& #nt'n*#& ') r&.o ' )!> tr&n*,#t#o% D'('n#'no ') "o,(!'*to . ') t#(o ' &/*or"#$n & ,'#r )& ,!'*tr& (!'' '*t&r 'n +&*' )-;!#& *$)#& o @&*'o*&% En )&* r'@#on'* 6#*#/)'* . !)tr&6#o)'t& ') '*('"tro ')'"tro,&@nt#"o )& ,!'*tr& '* @'n'r&),'nt' #*!')t& (&r& +or,&r !n& *o)!"#$n% C&& *!*t&n"#& t#'n' *! (ro(#o '*('"tro ' &/*or"#$n ') "!&) '* !n& "!r6& ;!' ,!'*tr& )& "&nt#& ' 'n'r@-& r&#&nt' &/*or/#& A/*or/&n"#& (or )& *!*t&n"#& 'n "&& )on@#t! ' on& ') '*('"tro ')'"tro,&@nt#"o '* '"#r & !n& 't'r,#n&& )on@#t! ' on& ' )& 'n'r@-& r&#&nt' "&& *!*t&n"#& &/*or/' !n& "&nt#& ' r&#&"#$n ;!' '* #*t#nt& & )& ;!' &/*or/' otro "o,(!'*to F#@% 03 CITATION UNA15 K) 124
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
i!ura ,: es&e#tro "e a-sor#i$n "e "os #om&uestos
E) ,too '*('"tro+oto,tr#"o *' r#@' (or o* )'.'* +!n&,'nt&)'*: L'. ' L&,/'rt . L'. ' B''r% 2'2 LE. DE LAMBERT' :
E*t& )'. '*t&/)'"' ;!' "!&no (&*& )!> ,ono"ro,t#"& (or !n ,'#o =o,o@n'o )& #*,#n!"#$n ' )& #nt'n*#& ') =&> ' )!> #n"#'nt' '* (ro(or"#on&) &) '*('*or ') ,'#o )o ;!' ';!#6&)' & '"#r ;!' )& #nt'n*#& ' )& )!> tr&n*,#t#& #,#n!.' '(on'n"#&),'nt' &) &!,'nt&r &r#t,t#"&,'nt' ') '*('*or ') ,'#o &/*or/'nt' F#@% 3:
i!ura /: Le0 "e Lam-ert
L& *#@!#'nt' r')&"#$n ,&t',t#"& & "!'nt& ' '*t& )'.: P P ' / Po : Int'n*#& ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' P : Int'n*#& ' )& )!> tr&n*,#t#& / : E*('*or ') ,'#o &/*or/'nt' : Con*t&nt' "!.o 6&)or '('n' ' )& n&t!r&)'>& ') *o)!to ' )& )on@#t! ' on& ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' ') '*('*or ') ,'#o &/*or/'nt' . ' )& n&t!r&)'>& ') ,'#o% 2', LE. DE BEER :
L& #nt'n*#& ' !n =&> ' )!> ,ono"ro,t#"& #*,#n!.' '(on'n"#&),'nt' &) &!,'nt&r &r#t,t#"&,'nt' )& "on"'ntr&"#$n ' )&
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
*!*t&n"#& &/*or/'nt' "!&no '*t' =&> (&*& & tr&6* ' !n ,'#o =o,o@n'o F#@% 03%
i!ura : Le0 "e Beer
L& r')&"#$n ,&t',t#"& ;!' & "!'nt& ' '*t& )'. *' ,!'*tr& & "ont#n!&"#$n: P P ' " D$n': Po : Int'n*#& ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' P : Int'n*#& ' )& )!> tr&n*,#t#& " : Con"'ntr&"#$n ' )& *o)!"#$n : Con*t&nt' "!.o 6&)or '('n' ' )& n&t!r&)'>& ') *o)!to ' )& )on@#t! ' on& ' )& )!> #n"#'nt' ' )& "on"'ntr&"#$n ' )& *o)!"#$n . +r'"!'nt','nt' ' )& n&t!r&)'>& ') ,'#o% A,/&* )'.'* *' "o,/#n&n 'n !n& *o)& @'n'r&no )& L'. ' L&,/'rt B''r )o@ P P & / "
$
A&/"
A )o@ P P )o@ T D$n': & : A/*ort#6#& / : Lon@#t! o '*('*or ') ,'#o )on@#t! ' )& "!/'t&3 " : Con"'ntr&"#$n ' )& *o)!"#$n PPo T : Tr&n*,#t&n"#& Lo* tr,#no* &/*or/&n"#& . tr&n*,#t&n"#& *on '+#n#o* & "ont#n!&"#$n 2'/ TRAN(MITANCIA T3 :
E* )& r&>$n 'ntr' )& )!> ,ono"ro,t#"& tr&n*,#t#& P3 (or !n& ,!'*tr& . )& 'n'r@-& o )!> #n"#'nt' Po3 *o/r' '))&% T&nto )& 'n'r@-& r&#&nt'
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
#n"#'nt' "o,o )& tr&n*,#t#& '/'n *'r ,'#&* & )& ,#*,& )on@#t! ' on&% T P P 1&/" $ T 1 P P S' &"o*t!,/r& & "on*#'r&r )& tr&n*,#t#& "o,o )& r&>$n ' )& )!> tr&n*,#t#& (or )& ,!'*tr& . )& )!> tr&n*,#t#& (or !n '*tn&r &r/#tr&r#o% E*t' '*tn&r (!'' *'r ') )-;!#o *o)6'nt'3 'n ;!' '*t& #*!')t& )& ,!'*tr& r' /)&n"o &n&)-t#"o *o)!"#$n ;!' "ont#'n' too* )o* "o,(on'nt'* ' )& *o)!"#$n (ro/)',& ,'no* )& *!*t&n"#& (ro/)',&3 ! otr& *!*t&n"#& ')'@#& &r/#tr&r#&,'nt'% D'/#o & ;!' )& tr&n*,#t&n"#& ' '*t' '*tn&r no '* n'"'*&r#&,'nt' 1 '* n'"'*&r#o '*('"#+#"&r ') '*tn&r "on ') "!&) )& ,!'*tr& '* "o,(&r&&% 2' AB(ORBANCIAA3
S' '+#n' "o,o )& "&nt#& ' 'n'r@-& r&#&nt' &/*or/#& (or !n& *!*t&n"#& (!r& o 'n *o)!"#$n% M&t',t#"&,'nt' "orr'*(on' &) )o@&r#t,o n'@&t#6o ' )& tr&n*,#t&n"#&%T tr&n*,#t&n"#& '(r'*&& "o,o +r&""#$n '"#,&) T tr&n*,#t&n"#& '(r'*&& "o,o (or"'nt&?'% A )o@ T 2 )o@ T P'ro% T P P 1&/" L!'@o :
A )o@ P P 3 )o@ 1&/" A&/"
E*t& '"!&"#$n #n#"& ;!' )& &/*or/&n"#& '* !n& +!n"#$n )#n'&) ' )& "on"'ntr&"#$n on' & '* !n& "on*t&nt' ' (ro(or"#on&)#& ))&,&& &/*ort#6#&% L& ,&@n#t! ' & '('n' ' )&* !n#&'* ' / . "% S# )& "on"'ntr&"#$n " '*t '(r'*&& 'n ,o)'* (or )#tro . )& )on@#t! ' )& "!/'t& / 'n "'nt-,'tro* )& "on*t&nt' & r'"#/' ') no,/r' ' &/*ort#6#& ,o)&r ξ 3 % L!'@o: A ξ / "
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
2''1 Me"i#iones "e transmitan#ia 0 a-sor-an#ia'
L&* ,'#"#on'* ' &/*or/&n"#& o tr&n*,#t&n"#& *' =&"'n (or "o,(&r&"#$n 'ntr' )& ,!'*tr& (ro/)',& . !n '*tn&r &r/#tr&r#o o r'+'r'n"#&% Co,o )& r'+'r'n"#& '/' (o*''r !n (or"'nt&?' ' tr&n*,#t&n"#& ' 1 '*t& '* ))&,&& r'+'r'n"#& ' 1% o !n& &/*or/&n"#& ' "'ro%
2'4 DI(PO(ITI5O( . MECANI(MO(
L& F#@!r& 1 #)!*tr& )& '*tr!"t!r& /*#"& ' '*('"tro+ot$,'tro*% S' "o,(on' ' !n& +!'nt' ' )!> !n "o)#,&or !n ,ono"ro,&or !n *')'"tor ' )on@#t! ' on& !n& "!/'t& ' *o)!"#$n ' ,!'*tr& !n 't'"tor +oto')"tr#"o . !n& (&nt&))& #@#t&) o !n ,'tro% ,'"&n#*,o 't&))&o *' '*"r#/' & "ont#n!&"#$n% L& F#@!r& 5 ,!'*tr& !n '*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' ,!'*tr& ,o')o: S('"tron#" 2D3%
i!ura 4: Estru#tura -ási#a "e un es&e#tro*ot$metro
Un '*('"tro+ot$,'tro 'n @'n'r&) "on*t& ' o* #*(o*#t#6o* !n '*('"tr$,'tro . !n +ot$,'tro% Un '*('"tr$,'tro '* !n #*(o*#t#6o ;!' (ro!"' (or )o @'n'r&) *' #*('r*& . )& )!> ,'#&*% Un +ot$,'tro #n#"& ') 't'"tor +oto')"tr#"o ;!' ,#' )& #nt'n*#& ' )& )!>% E*('"tr$,'tro: S' (ro!"' !n #nt'r6&)o '*'&o ' )on@#t! ' on& ' )& )!>% En (r#,'r )!@&r !n "o)#,&or )'nt'3 tr&n*,#t' !n& 6#@& r'"t& ' )!> +oton'*3 ;!' (&*& & tr&6* ' !n ,ono"ro,&or (r#*,&3 (&r& #6##r)o 'n 6&r#&* )on@#t!'* ' on& "o,(on'nt'* '*('"tro3% A "ont#n!&"#$n !n *')'"tor ' )on@#t! ' on& ='n#!r&3 tr&n*,#t' *$)o )&* )on@#t!'* ' on& '*'&&* "o,o *' ,!'*tr& 'n )& F#@!r& 1%
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
Fot$,'tro: D'*(!* ' ;!' ') #nt'r6&)o '*'&o ' )on@#t! ' on& ' )& )!> (&*& & tr&6* ' )& *o)!"#$n ' !n& ,!'*tr& 'n )& "!/'t& ') +ot$,'tro 't'"t& )& "&nt#& ' +oton'* ;!' '* &/*or/#& . )!'@o 'n6-& !n& *'<&) & !n @&)6&n$,'tro o !n& (&nt&))& #@#t&) t&) "o,o *' #)!*tr& 'n )& F#@!r& 7%
i!ura 6: es&e#tro*ot$metro
E* n'"'*&r#o !n '*('"tr$,'tro (&r& (ro!"#r !n& 6&r#'& ' )on@#t!'* ' on& '/#o & ;!' #+'r'nt'* "o,(!'*to* &/*or/'n ,'?or & #+'r'nt'* )on@#t!'* ' on&% Por '?',()o (n#tro+'no) +or,& "#&3 t#'n' )& &/*or/&n"#& ,#,& & &(ro#,&&,'nt' 02 n, . ( n#tro+'no)&to +or,& /*#"&3 &/*or/'n ,'?or & n, "o,o *' ,!'*tr& 'n )& F#@!r& 0%
i!ura 7: a-sor-an#ia "e 2 "i*erentes #om&onentes
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
2'6 E(PECTROOTÓMETRO
E) '*('"tro+ot$,'tro% E* ') no,/r' @'nr#"o ' too* )o* &(&r&to* /&*&o* 'n '*t& t"n#"&% A '*t' tr,#no* *' )' &<&'n )o* &?'t#6o* &'"!&o* & )& *!/t'"n#"& &'"!&& '?% E*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' &/*or"#$n &t$,#"&% E) '*('"tro+ot$,'tro t#'n' !n @'n'r&or ' r&#&"#$n )!,-n#"& (o)#"ro,-"&3 !n *'(&r&or (&r& o/t'n'r )& r&#&"#$n &'"!&& . )!'@o ,#' )& (ot'n"#& r&#&nt' o/t'n#&% Lo* "o,(on'nt'* +!n&,'nt&)'* ;!' t#'n'n too* )o* '*('"tr$,'tro* *on:
i!ura 8: &artes "el es&e#tro*ot$metro
F!'nt': '* ') #*(o*#t#6o ',#*or ' r&#&"#$n ')'"tro,&@nt#"&% G'n'r&),'nt' ',#t' !n& /&n& ,!. &,()#& ' r&#&"#on'* "ont#n!&* &)r''or ' )& ) '*'&&% S'@n )& >on& ') '*('"tro ;!' ',#t' =&. tr'* t#(o*: V#*#/)': L,(&r&* ' +#)&,'nto ' T!n@*t'no #n"&n'*"'nt' o ' o)+r&,#o =&)$@'no3% Son *#,#)&r'* & )&* /o,/#))&* "o,!n'*% U)tr&6#o)'t&: T!/o ' =#r$@'no o ' '*"&r@& ' '!t'r#o% A 6'"'* '*tn r'+r#@'r&o* "on &@!& (&r& #*#(&r ') ')'6&o "&)or ;!' (ro!"'n% In+r&ro?o*: F!'nt'* '*('"#&)'* ' #o* ' t#'rr&* r&r&* #*(ro*#o =o),#o 'r/#o3 o "&r/!ro* ' *#)#"#o3% E*to* ',#t'n r&#&"#$n 'n IR 14 & 2 ,,3 & ')'6&&* t',('r&t!r&* 12WC3% Mono"ro,&or o *')'"tor ' ): t#'n' "o,o o/?'t#6o "ontro)&r )& (!r'>& ' )& r&#&"#$n ',#t#& "on*#@!#'no ') ,'nor &n"=o ' /&n& ' )on@#t! ' on& (o*#/)'% Con*t& ' !n "on?!nto ' )'nt'* '*('?o* . r'n#?&* (&r& #*('r*&r . *'(&r&r 'n+o"&r . r'*tr#n@#r )& r&#&"#$n no '*'&&% Lo* "o,(on'nt'* ' )o* ,ono"ro,&or'* *on: PRISMAS: (ro!"'n )&
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
r'+r&""#$n ' )& )!> *#'no ') Xn@!)o ' r'+r&""#$n ,&.or "!&nto ,'nor '* )& ) ' )& r&#&"#$n% D'*(!* ') (r#*,& =&. !n& r'n#?& (or on' *' =&"' (&*&r )& r&#&"#$n '*'&&% S'@n ') t#(o ' r&#&"#on'* *' !*&n (r#*,&* ' 6#r#o VIS3 "!&r>o o *-)#"' UV3 . "r#*t&)'* ' N&C) (&r& IR% 2'6'1 REDE( DE DIRACCION
E* !n& ),#n& ,'t)#"& A)3 &)t&,'nt' (!)#& *o/r' )& ;!' *' =&n ='"=o !n& @r&n "&nt#& ' '*tr-&* )-n'&* (&r&)')&*3% E*t&* '*tr-&* &"t&n "o,o "'ntro* ' #*('r*#$n ' to&* )&* r&#&"#on'* #n"#'nt'*% &. !n& #*('r*#$n )#n'&) ' )&* ) ' !n& 't'r,#n&& /&n& "ro,t#"& (or )o t&nto *' (!'' !*&r 'n to&* )&* r'@#on'* ') '*('"tro% F!n"#on& ,'?or ;!' ') (r#*,& 'n ') IR% C')&* (&r& )& ,!'*tr&: r'"#(#'nt'* on' *' "o)o"& )& ,!'*tr& & &n&)#>&r% V&r-&n ,!"=o *'@n )& t"n#"& & !t#)#>&r ('ro "o,o "&r&"t'r-*t#"& "o,n '/'n *'r tr&n*(&r'nt'* 'n )& r'@#$n ') ;!' *' 6& & ,'#r% VIS . UV 'n "!/'t&* "!&r&&* ' 6#r#o "!&r>o ' 1 ", ' )&o% IR < "!/'t&* ' N&C) A@C)% D't'"tor tr&n*!"tor3: Pro!"' !n& *'<&) ')"tr#"& "!&no r'"#/' !n +ot$n% E*t& *'<&) ')"tr#"& )!'@o '* "on6'rt#& 'n !n#&'* ' (ot'n"#& r&#&nt' tr&n*,#t#& o &/*or/#&% Lo* 't'"tor'* t&,/#n '('n'n ' )& r'@#$n ' ) 'n )& ;!' *' tr&/&?&: FOTOTUBO% P&r& )& >on& ') VIS . UV% Con ') ,#*,o (r#n"#(#o ' +!n"#on&,#'nto ;!' )& ")!)& +oto')"tr#"&% A) @o)('&r !n +ot$n 'n ') "too '*t' ',#t' !n ')'"tr$n =&"#& ') Xnoo )o "!&) (ro6o"& !n +)!?o ' "orr#'nt' ')"tr#"& ;!' '* ,'#& (or !n 6o)t-,'tro% L& r'*(!'*t& ') ,&t'r#&) +oto ',#*#6o '('n' ' )& ) (or t&nto *' !*&n #+'r'nt'* t#(o* ' +otot!/o* *'@n )& ) 'n )& ;!' *' tr&/&?&% C!&no *' !t#)#>&n r&#&"#on'* ' /&?& #nt'n*#& )& *'<&) ')"tr#"& '* ,!. /#) . *!?'t& & !n @r&n 'rror% En '*t' "&*o *' !t#)#>& ') t!/o FOTOMULTIPLICADOR ;!' #n")!.' 6&r#o* +otot!/o* 'n *'r#'% En '*t' "&*o ') "=o;!' ' !n +ot$n +or,& !n& "&*"&& ' ')'"tron'* ;!' &n !n& *'<&) ,* #nt'n*&% FOTODIODO ARRAY: So/r' !n *',#"on!"tor *' +&/r#"&n #oo* 'n *'r#' (&r&)')o* ' ,&n'r& ;!' &) #n"##r *o/r' Z) !n& r&#&"#$n #+r&"t&& *' (!'' t'n'r !n& *'<&) #n*t&ntn'& (&r& !n &,()#o r&n@o ')%
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
INFRAROJO% Lo* 't'"tor'* ' #n+r&rro?o* *' /&*&n 'n )& (ro(#'& tr,#"& ' '*t&* r&#&"#on'* . tr&!"'n ') "&)or &*o"#&o & )& r&#&"#$n tr&n*,#t#& 'n !n& *'<&) ')"tr#"&% Lo* ,* !t#)#>&o* *on )o* TERMOPARES . BOLOMETROS +or,&o* (or ,'t&)'* "!.& r'*#*t'n"#& ')"tr#"& "&,/#& "on )& t',('r&t!r&% R'@#*tr&or: En )o* #n*tr!,'nto* ,* &nt#@!o* )& *'<&) *' ,o*tr&/& 'n !n ,'#or ' &@!?& ;!' t'n-& !n& '*"&)& 'n !n#&'* ' tr&n*,#t&n"#& . ' &/*or/&n"#&% Lo* #n*tr!,'nto* ,* ,o'rno* t#'n'n !n #*()&. #@#t&) 'n ') ;!' &(&r'"' ') 6&)or n!,r#"o ' &/*or/&n"#& o ') 6&)or ' "on"'ntr&"#$n "!&no (!'' r'&)#>&r &!to,t#"&,'nt' )o* ")"!)o* ' "&)#/r&"#$n% En ') "&*o ' o/t'n'r ') '*('"tro ' &/*or"#$n 'n !n #nt'r6&)o ' )3 ' !n& *!*t&n"#& ') r'@#*tr&or no* ,!'*tr& !n @r+#"o "on ') 6&)or ' ) 'n &/*"#*&* . )& &/*or/&n"#& 'n or'n&&*% 2'7 TIPO( DE E(PECTROOTOMETR)A('
En )& t&/)& *#@!#'nt' *' ,!'*tr& !n& ")&*#+#"&"#$n ' )o* (r#n"#(&)'* t#(o* ' '*('"tro+oto,'tr-&* &@r!(&o* *'@n ') t#(o ' #nt'r&""#$n )!> ,o)"!)& &/*or"#$n o ',#*#$n3 . *'@n )& >on& ') '*('"tro 'n )& ;!' *' tr&/&?&% Y & "ont#n!&"#$n *' '*"r#/'n )&* "&r&"t'r-*t#"&* (r#n"#(&)'* ' "&& t#(o )o* #n*tr!,'nto* !t#)#>&o* . )&* &()#"&"#on'* &n&)-t#"&* ,* #,(ort&nt'*% CITATION D'L15 K) 124
i!ura 19: #lasi*i#a#i$n "e es&e#tro*otometr+as
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
2'8 E(PECTROOTOMETR)A DE AB(ORCIÓN . DE EMI(IÓN ATÓMICA'
P'r,#t' )& 't'r,#n&"#$n "!&nt#+#"&"#$n3 ' !no* 7 ')','nto* ;!-,#"o* 'n "on"'ntr&"#on'* ;!' o*"#)&n 'ntr' ((/ & ((,% L& ,'#& ' )o* ')','nto* ;!-,#"o* *' =&"' 'n '*t&o &t$,#"o ,'#&nt' !n& &to,#>&"#$n ' )& ,!'*tr& 'n '*t&o @&*'o*o% E*to* Xto,o* '('r#,'nt&n &/*or"#$n ',#*#$n o +)!or'*"'n"#& ' r&#&"#on'* VIS UV o r&.o* H '/#&* & tr&n*#"#on'* ')'"tr$n#"&* 'ntr' or/#t&)'* &t$,#"o*% E*t& t"n#"& no & #n+or,&"#$n *o/r' 'n)&"'* ,o)'"!)&r'* 'n &/*o)!to . no* & #n+or,&"#$n '*('"-+#"& *o/r' !n ')','nto ;!-,#"o% L& (r#n"#(&) #+'r'n"#& "on )&* otr&* '*('"tro,'tr-&* '* )& &to,#>&"#$n (ro"'*o (or ') "!&) )& ,!'*tr& *' #ntro!"' 'n !n ,'"='ro ?!nto "on ') "o,/!*t#/)' . *' ;!',& & ')'6&& t',('r&t!r&% L&* ,o)"!)&* ') &n&)-to *' ro,('n tot&),'nt' )#/'r&no )o* ')','nto* ;!-,#"o* 'n '*t&o &t$,#"o . '*to* (!''n '('r#,'nt&r +'n$,'no* ' &/*or"#$n ',#*#$n o +)!or'*"'n"#&% En )& +#@!r& *#@!#'nt' *' ,!'*tr& !n '*;!',& ' '*t&* (o*#/#)#&'*% S'@[n ') *#*t',& ' &to,#>&"#$n . )& t',('r&t!r& & )& ;!' *' (ro!"' *' t#'n'n )o* *#@!#'nt'* ,too* ' '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& &t$,#"&: ))&,& ')'"tro tr,#"o ()&*,& &r"o 6o)t"o . "=#*(& ')"tr#"&% E*('"tro+oto,'tr-& ' &/*or"#$n &t$,#"& "on ))&,&% E* ') ,too ,* !t#)#>&o ' )& '*('"tro+oto,'tr-& &t$,#"&% M!. &'"!&o (&r& )& 't'r,#n&"#$n ' ((, ' F' C A! P/ \n C! Mn 'n #*o)!"#on'* &"!o*&* ' &@!&* +'rt#)#>&nt'* *!')o* 'tr&"to* 6'@'t&)'* 't"% Lo* Xto,o* 'n )& ))&,& &/*or/'n r&#&"#$n ' 't'r,#n&&* ) VIS . UV3 *'@n *! n&t!r&)'>& (or )o ;!' '* !n& t"n#"& ,!. '*('"-+#"& (&r& "&& ')','nto% L& &/*or"#$n 'n )& ))&,& *#@!' )& )'. ' B''r ('ro 'n )& (r"t#"& '* n'"'*&r#o =&"'r !n "&)#/r&o "on #*o)!"#on'* (&tr]n ' )&* ;!' *' o/t#'n'n 6&)or'* ' &/*or/&n"#& . ;!' ('r,#t'n "&)"!)&r )& r'"t& ' "&)#/r&o% E) #n*tr!,'nto *' 'no,#n& E*('"tro+ot$,'tro ' A/*or"#$n At$,#"& EAA3% En #n@)*: F)&,' Ato,#" A/*or(t#on S('"tro(=oto,'t'r F3AAS%
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
i!ura 11: es&e#tro*otometr+a "e a-sor#i$n at$mi#a
2'19 EUIPO( DE E(PECTROOTOMETR)A SEG^N ISO 0502
C&(&"'* ' ,'#r )& &/*or/&n"#& 'ntr' 2 . 7 n, 0502 2 1013 ISOTS 05022 1%0%13
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
No* ('r,#t': D&r #n+or,&"#$n *o/r' )& n&t!r&)'>& ' )& ,!'*tr&%
E*('"tro t-(#"o ' !n 'tr&"to &"!o*o &>&+rn
S!*t&n"#&* 'tr&<&*
In#"&r #n#r'"t&,'nt' )& "&nt#& ' )& *!*t&n"#& ;!' no* #nt'r'*& ;!' '*t (r'*'nt' 'n )& ,!'*tr&% Por '?',()o "ro"#n&*%
C!/'t& ' *-)#"' ' 1 ", ISOTS 05022 1%0%23
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
2'11 DI(E;O DE EUIPO( 2'11'1
Es&e#tro*ot$metro "e
N'"'*#t& !n& +!'nt' '*t&/#)#>&or& ' 6o)t&?' (&r& '6#t&r 'rror'* ;!' r'*!)t&r-&n ' 6&r#&"#on'* 'n )& #nt'n*#& ') =&> 'ntr' )& ,'#& ') /)&n"o . )& ' )& ,!'*tr&
i!ura 12: es&e#tro*ot$metro "e
2'11'2
Es&e#tro*ot$metro "e "o-le
Co,('n*&n to&* )&* +)!"t!&"#on'* ' )& r&#&"#$n ' )& +!'nt' &*- "o,o )& 'r#6& ') 't'"tor . ') (ro"'*&or
Co,('n*&n )&* 6&r#&"#on'* ' )&* #*t#nt&* )on@#t!'* ' on& (ro"''nt'* ' )& +!'nt'
E) #*'
Análisis Instrumental 2
i!ura 1,: es&e#tro*ot$metro "e
2'12 CÓMO APRO5EC>AR EL POTENCIAL DE E(TO( EUIPO( 2'12'1
Buena u-i#a#i$n
So/r' !n& /&*' +#r,' . *#n 6#/r&"#on'*
En !n &,/#'nt' )#/r' ' (o)6o . ' &@'nt'* "orro*#6o*
S#n r'"#/#r #r'"t&,'nt' )& )!> ') *o)
Con t',('r&t!r& "on*t&nt' 1404 WC3
2'12'2
Pre&ara#i$n "e la muestra
S#n (&rt-"!)&* 'n *!*('n*#$n
F#)tr&&
Turno: B
Análisis Instrumental 2 2'12',
Turno: B
Mane?o a"e#ua"o "e las #u-etas
Son #*(o*#t#6o* $(t#"o* +or,&n (&rt' ') *#*t',& $(t#"o ') ';!#(o "on ') ;!' *' !*&n
L& "&)#& ' )o* &to* '('n' ' *! ,&n'?o . "on*'r6&"#$n
Co@'r)&* (or )&* *!('r+#"#'* '*,'r#)&&*
Prot'@'r)&* ' &r&<&>o*
E6#t&r &@'nt'* ' )#,(#'>& &/r&*#6o* A*'@!r&r*' ' ;!' no ;!'&n /!r/!?&*
C&)#/r&r . ,'#r "on "!/'t&* ') ,#*,o t#(o . "o)o"&r)&* "on )& ,#*,& or#'nt&"#$n
E#*t'n ,!"=o* &(&r&to* ' '*('"tro+ot$,'tr-& "&& !no (r'*'nt&r& &)@!n& "&r&"t'r-*t#"& '*('"#&) )!'@o *#',(r' ;!' !t#)#"',o* (or (r#,'r& 6'> !n &(&r&to ',o* "on*!)t&r ') )#/ro ' #n*tr!""#on'*% D' +or,& @'n'r&) )o* (&*o* & *'@!#r *on )o* *#@!#'nt'*:
Con'"t&r ') &(&r&to & r'%
En"'n'r )& ),(&r&%
S')'""#on&r )& )on@#t! ' on& '*'&&%
A?!*t&r ') "'ro%
R'&)#>&r ') /)&n"o%
M'#r )& &/*or/&n"#& ' '*tn&r'* . ,!'*tr&*%
D'*"on'"t&r ') &(&r&to%
, DI(CU(IÓN
Análisis Instrumental 2
Turno: B
/ BIBLIO@RA)A
C&(r'tt' D% 12 ' J!n#o ' 2143% RICE - Unconventional Wisdom% R'"!('r&o
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=tt(:"=',%)#/r't't*%or@Cor'P=.*#"&)a&naT='or't#"&)aC=',#*tr.#n' t#"*R'&"t#onaR&t'*E('r#,'nt&)aD't'r,#n&t#onao+a#n't"*S('"tro(=ot o,'tr.