EVT 525 WATER RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY AS2293A EXPERIMENT 2 TOTAL SOLIDS (TS) NAME: MUHAMAD FADZRIL B AFINDI (2014860708) GROUP MEMBERS: ANWAR IZZATY ZAMANI B MUSTAFA (2014282498) FAIZAL B ALIAS (2014225942) MOHD FAHMI B MOHD YUSOF (2014415098) MUHAMMAD AZRIN B HASSAN (2014654378) NAME OF LECTURER: DR NIK AZLIN BT NIK ARIFFIN DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 01/10/15 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 08/10/15
INTRODUCTION Total solids is a measure of the suspended and dissolved solids in water. Suspended solids are those that can be retained on a water filter and are capable of settling out of the water column onto the stream bottom when stream velocities are low. They include silt, clay, plankton, organic wastes, and inorganic precipitates such as those from acid mine drainage. Dissolved solids are those that pass through a water filter. They include some organic materials, as well as salts, inorganic nutrients, and toxins. The concentration of dissolved solids in stream water is important because it determines the flow of water in and out of the cells of aquatic organisms. Also, some dissolved inorganic elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are nutrients essential for life. Low concentrations of total solids can result in limited growth of aquatic organisms due to nutrient deficiencies. Elevated levels of total solids, however, can lead to eutrophication of the stream or increased turbidity. Both eutrophication and increased turbidity result in a decrease in stream water quality. Elevated concentrations of total solids may indicate the presence of agricultural activities, dredging, or mining upstream from your sample site.
OBJECTIVE To determine the total solids in the given water sample.
PROCEDURES 1. The water sample was shaken thoroughly to homogenise it. 2. 5 ml of sample was pipetted into the weighed porcelain crucibles or evaporating dish, which has been cleaned and dried to a constant weight in an oven previously. 3. The water was evaporated off on a steam bath until dry and then it was dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for one hour. 4. The porcelain crucibles or evaporating dish was cooled in a dessicator before it was weighing. The drying was repeated until constant weight is obtained.
DATA/RESULTS
Results and calculation: Temperature: 29.44°C DO%: 2.9 pH: 8.62 Sample
Volume (ml)
1 2 3
5 5 5
Initial weight (g) (empty crucible) 30.9243 33.0067 34.6892
Weight of crucible + water(g)
Weight of Water (g)
Weight of crucible + remaining solid(g)
35.9339 37.9920 39.7145
5.0096 4.9853 5.0253
30.9249 33.0074 34.7059
Calculations: Total Solids (TS)
¿
A−B ×10 6 C
1)
30.9249−30.9243 ×10 6 5.0096
= 119.8 ppm
2)
33.0074−33.0067 ×106 4.9853
= 140.4 ppm
3)
34.7059−34.6892 6 ×10 5.0253
= 3323.2ppm
DISCUSSION Volume of sample taken is 5 mL. The sample was taken from the recreation lake at the section 6 Shah Alam. Based on the experiment,the weight of water sample recorded was 5 g. The solids used was a sample that been dried for 1 hour. The weight of total solids recorded was 119.8 ppm for sample 1 and the weight of total solids for sample 2 is 140.4 ppm. For the sample 3 was 3323.2 ppm. For the sample 1 and 2, the weight of water sample was different from the another sample because the the water sample does not homogenous thoroughly during the the water transfer. Finally, based on the types of solids in the given sample, we can make calculation that need to be done for the sample.
CONCLUSIONS From the conclusion, we can conclude that the water sample from water sample 3 are not acceptable because it has bigger values from the another sample which is sample 1 and 2. The value obtained for sample 3 was 3 is 3233.2 ppm. So that the value for sample 1 and 2 can be acceptable.
PRECAUTION samples may need to be dried for a longer period of time, cooled under proper desiccation and weighed rapidly in order to achieve a reasonable constant weight. We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents, particularly nitrates and chlorides.
Questions: 1. Name the various TS that can be found in wastewater. Dissolved solids Suspended solids No soluble solids
2. What are the environmental impacts of TS? A high concentration of total solids will make drinking water unpalatable and might have an adverse effect on people who are not used to drinking such water. Levels of total solids that are too high or too low can also reduce the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, as well as the operation of industrial processes that use raw water. Total solids also affect water clarity. Higher solids decrease the passage of light through water, thereby slowing photosynthesis by aquatic plants. Water will heat up more rapidly and hold more heat; this, in turn, might adversely affect aquatic life that has adapted to a lower temperature regime. 3. Explain effect of total solids on wastewater treatment plant. Many rural areas do not have wastewater collection systems (sewerage
systems)
to
convey
domestic
wastewater
to
the
treatment plant. These dwellings have septic tanks and leaching fields to store solids and treat the wastewater in an onsite subsurface soil treatment system.
4. List four possible sources of error in this determination. i.
Samples may not dry for a longer period of time, cooled under proper
ii.
desiccation. Non representative particulates such as leaves, sticks, fish and lumps of fecal
iii. iv.
matter should not be included from the sample. Volume of sample has not been adjusted properly to have residue left. The samples were not weighed properly in order to achieve a reasonable constant weight.
REFERENCES 1. http://www.eolss.net/eolsssamplechapters/c06/e6-13-04-05/e6-13-04-05-txt04.aspx 2. http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm 3. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/waterq3/WQassess4g.html
