Tony Garnier (architect) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Main entrance to Halle Tony Garnier in Lyon This page is for the architect. For the musician see To Tony ny Garnier (musician) Tony Garnier (August (August !, "#$ Lyon Lyon % % &anuary $, $'", ouefort*la*+doule ouefort*la*+doule,, France France)) -as a
noted architect architect and and city planner . He -as most acti/e in his hometo-n of Lyon Lyon.. Garnier is considered the forerunner of 01th century French architects. Contents
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1 Biog Biograph raphy y 2 Sele Selected cted projects 3 Pub Publicat lications ions 4 Refer Reference encess
5 !ter !ternal nal lin"s
2edit edit33+iography After learning painting painting and drafting at the 4cole Techniue Techniue de la Martini5re in Lyon Lyon (""!*"#), Garnier studied architecture at the 4cole nationale des 6eau7*arts de Lyon Lyon (""#*"$) (""#*"$) and the 4cole nationale
suprieure des +eau7*Arts in 8aris ("$1*$$). 9n "$$ he -on the8ri7 de ome for a design of a national 6ank. The pri:e ena6led him to reside at the ;illa Medici in ome for four years, until $1'. 23 9n $1, after e7tensi/e study of sociological and architectural pro6lems, he 6egan to formulate an ela6orate solution to the percei/ed issues concerning ur6an design. His 6asic idea included the separation of spaces 6y function through :oning into se/eral categories< industrial, ci/ic, residential, health related, and entertainment. Garnier=s dra-ings for an ideal industrial city called Une cité industrielle ha/e 6een e7hi6ited in $1' 6ut only pu6lished later in $". 23 Une Cité Industrielle -as designed as an utopian form of li/ing, for !>,111 inha6itants. 9t -as located
6et-een a mountain and a ri/er to facilitate access to hydroelectric po-er. This plan -as highly influenced 6y the -ritings of ?mile @ola, in particular his socialist utopian no/el Travail ($1).23 The plan allo-ed schools and /ocational*type schools to 6e near the industries they -ere related to, so that people could 6e more easily educated. There -ere no churches or la- enforcement 6uildings, in hope that man could rule himself. The idea of functional separation -as later taken up 6y the mem6ers of 9AM, and -ould ultimately influence the design of cities like +rasilia. 9n $1' Garnier returned to Lyon, -here he recei/ed a commission for a li/estock market and slaughterhouse ($1#*0'), later named Halle Tony Garnier . 9n $1 he -as commissioned for the design of the Grange*+lanche Hospital, completed in $0B. Further proCects included se/eral /illas, the Dtade de Gerland municipal stadium ($'*") and the lo-*cost housing Quartier des tats!Unis ($$*!>).23 9n the $01s Garnier continued the -ork on se/eral maCor proCects started 6efore the -ar. 9n $!$ he mo/ed from Lyon to ouefort*la*+doule, -here he died in $'". 23
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proCects
Tony Garnier: Une Cite Industrielle (1917)
Reviewed by S upriya Pundlik Tony Garnier's Une Cite Industrialle is one of te !ost "o!#reensive ideal #lans of all ti!e$%ublised in 1917& it is not only an outstandin "ontribution to ar"ite"tural and #lannin teories but also a sensitive e#ression of tout and "ultural "onditions of its day$ ora *iebenson's fra!in of te boo+ fo"used on te Cite, s lesser-+nown role as a #rodu"t of its "ultural "ontet& and as a bride between nineteent and twentiet "entury #lannin and between a"ade!i" and non-a"ade!i" teories and te"ni.ues$ I/USTRI0 R234UTI4/ I/ 2UR4%2 Te end of te nineteent "entury was a ti!e of reat "ane trouout 2uro#e$ Te advent of industrialisation altered te lands"a#e of te "ity forever$ 5any of te "anes were not for te better and livin "onditions in industrial "ities steadily deteriorated$ Te Industrial Revolution ad te effe"t of brinin !ore and !ore #eo#le fro! te "ountryside into te eart of te "ity loo+in for wor+$ Su" dra!ati" over-#o#ulation and unrestri"ted urban rowt led to slu! ousin& dirt& disease and a la"+ of "o!!unal reen s#a"es witin te "ity lands"a#e$ 5odern urban #lannin arose in res#onse to tis disorde$ Refor!ation of tese areas was te ob6e"tive of te early "ity #lanners& wo bean to i!#ose reulatory laws establisin ousin standards for ousin& sanitation et"$ Urban #l anners also
introdu"ed #ar+s& #layround in "ity neibouroods& for re"reation as well as visual relief$ Te notion of onin was a !a6or "on"e#t of urban #lannin at tis ti!e$ *84 *0S T4/ G0R/I2R Tony Garnier was a ;ren" ar"ite"t born in yons in 1<=9 and it is "lear tat te "ity and surroundins ad a reat influen"e on i!$ *ilst rowin u# yons was an industrial "entre for tetiles and !etallury& te two industries "atered for by Garnier s #ro#osal for is industrial "ity$ Garnier studied at te >"ole des ?eau-0rts in %aris and in 19@1 won te #ri de Ro!e "o!#etition and was sent to te ;ren" 0"ade!y at te 3illa 5edi"i$ It was ere were Garnier started to for!ulate is #ro#osal for te CitA and in 19@1 Garnier sent ba"+ te #ro#osal to te >"ole$ 8owever& te >"ole refused to eibit te wor+ and instead insisted tat Garnier #rodu"e te wor+ on "lassi"al and renaissan"e ar"ite"ture$ Garnier "ontinued to wor+ on is #ro#osal alonside !ore traditional wor+ and was eventually able to eibit is wor+ in 19@B$ 0fterwards& Garnier "ontinued to develo# is #lan "ul!inatin a two-volu!e wor+ #ublised in 1917$ R2GI4/0IS5 ?y te end of 19t "entury te teory of urbanis! ad e#anded far beyond te unitarian and eora#i"al "on"erns to in"lude te total reional "ontet in wi" te "ity was situated$ 5a6or re#orts on !uni"i#al refor!s in te last #art of te 19t "entury were !ade by individuals li+e 0lbert Saw& wo basi"ally stressed te orani" relation of te "ity to te "ountry and #redi"ted teir eventual interation$ Tese teories of reionalis! attained teir reatest #o#ularity in 2nland$ Cief a!on te! was %attri"+ Geddes (1<B-19DE)$ Garnier's #iloso#y in te Cite Indutrielle was si!ilar to tat of Geddes in te e!#asis on "ity de"entraliation& it bein develo#ed in r elation to te industries& o""u#ants and "usto!s of te surroundin reion$ Geddes's teories were "onsidered si!ilar to tose e#ressed by 2beneer 8oward wit reard to is Garden City$ Two of 8oward's basi" assu!#tions were also stressed by Garnier: te e!an"i#ation of !an fro! te !onotony of is labour in order to ta+e on !ore fruitful o""u#ations and te view tat all !en are inerently "oo#erative and e.ual$ Te s"e!es are also related in su" details as te in"lusion of ele"tri" enery& te e!#asis on #lantin witin te "ity and widely a""e#ted 19 t "entury ideal of a ouse and arden for ea" fa!ily$ In is #refa"e to Une Cite Industrialle& Garnier s#e"ifi"ally in"luded !ost of te !a6or ele!ents of "onte!#orary reionalist teoryF te Cite was to re#resent one of a federation of "ities& a!on wi" a
bond would be "reated trou e!#asis on "o!!uni"ation and e"ane of oods$ o"al istori"al and botani"al !useu!s for reional e#ositions and a s"ool of arts and industries were to be in"luded in tis #ro6e"t$ o"al "rafts were to be taut$ /earby water #ower was to be used$ eliberate #roi!ity of te Railway Station to te old town to !a+e it easy for te visitors& sould be understood as an inter#retation of te reionalist teory of #reservin and #ro!otin an interest in lo"al !onu!ents$ 8owever reionalis! was never asso"iated wit so"ialis!& and tus in tis !a6or #iloso#i"al tenet te Cite industrialle doesn't "onfor! to te r eionalist tout$ Individual i!itative is not stressed in te City& #ro#erty is owned in "o!!on and #ubli" "onvenien"es are !aintained for benefit of all$ Garnier ad wor+ed in te wor+ers .uarte of te "ity& so!e of is later #lannin !ay refle"t so"ial do"trines to wi" e was e#osed wile tere$ In is "ity e!#loy!ent servi"es and free ostels as well as !eetin roo!s were "reated for wor+ers' syndi"ates tat a so"ialist overn!ent is #resu##osed$ 5any #ubli" fa"ilities were #rovided li+e slauter ouses& flour !ills et"& and e.uality to bot sees in edu"ation et"$
S4CI0 UT4%I0/ C4/C2%TS 0t te end of te 19t "entury it was believed tat !any so"ial refor!s "ould be a"ieved radually trou !oral and intelle"tual edu"ation leadin to a future ideal state$ Garnier believed in te basi" oodness of !an :wen as+ed wy is "ity "ontained no law "ourts& #oli"e for"e stations& 6ail or "ur" e is said to ave re#lied tat te new so"iety overned by so"ialist law would ave no need of "ur"es as "a#italis! would be su##ressed$ In te Uto#ias of tis #eriod& funda!ental& natural and #ri!itive "onditions were stressedF te e!#asis on eer"ise& ealt& and #ysi"al well-bein was a "orollary to te awa+enin interest in natural life$ Garniers in"lusion of a lare #ubli" area for s#orts and s#e"ta"les in is "ity related to early uto#ian #iloso#y& #aan anti.uity and love for a!es$
4/S ?0CHGR4U/ yons ad underone etensive urban re!odellin fro! !id 19 "entury$ 8ere #ubli" s"ools bean& syndi"ates were for!ed& a new industrial .uarter was #lanned$ Reinfor"ed "on"rete was used for industries as well as ousin$ In 1<9B te 1 t "onress of te So"iete ;ran"aise Geora#i.ue !et in yons and establised a #rora! for te reion& in"ludin "onstru"tion of #ubli" utilities and da!s$ 8e was e!#ati" about se#aratin te fun"tions of te "ity fro! ea" oter in order to allow for inde#endent e#ansion& fun"tional "onvenien"e and ease of trans#ortation$ Garnier stated in is #refa"e tat te sitin of te "ity was deter!ined by te lo"ation of water& te sour"e of #ower$ T82 C4/C2%T Garnier s #ro#osal was an industrial "ity for a##ro D&@@@ inabitants situated on a area in souteast ;ran"e on a #lateau wit i land and a la+e to te nort& a valley and river to te sout$ Une Cite industrialle is a well "oordinated and !onu!entally "on"eived #lan #la"ed in a #ar+ li+e settin were bot te "lassi"al s#irit of te a"ade!i" tradition and te #ri!itive si!#li"ity of uto#ian ideas is de!onstrated$ In is #ro#osal& Garnier tried to ta+e into a""ount all as#e"ts of te "ity in"ludin overn!ental& residential& !anufa"turin and ari"ultural #ra"ti"es$ Te various f un"tions of te "ity were "learly related& but se#arated fro! ea" oter by lo"ation and #atterns$
Te #ubli" area at te eart of te "ity was rou#ed into D se"tions: ad!inistrative servi"es and asse!bly alls& !uesu! "olle"tions and s#orts fa"ilities$ Te residential area is !ade u# of re"tanular blo"+s runnin east-west wi" ives te "ity its "ara"teristi" elonated for!$ Te residential distri"ts are te first atte!#t towards #assive solar ar"ite"ture$ Garnier ad enery effi"ien"y in !ind as te "ity was to be #owered by a ydroele"tri" station wit a da! wi" was lo"ated in te !ountains alon wit te os#ital$ Te "ity was "o!#leted by a railroad d station to te east$
T82 I/;U2/C2 4; UI2/ G0U2T Garnier found a sy!#ateti" #oint of view in te tea"in of ulien Gaudet& a #rofessor of ar"ite"tural teory at te 2"ole$ Guadet's "on"ern wit rational #lannin& based on aiality and "lear arti"ulation of te se#arate #arts of te buildin and is interest in te relationsi# of ar"ite"ture to "onte!#orary fun"tions$ Te #rora!!e for te Cite os#ital is "lose to Gaudet,s analysis of os#ital #lannin$ Gaudet favoured an arrane!ent of se#arate #avilions in"ludin se#arate buildin blo"+s for different fun"tions$ J4/I/G Te !ain fa"tory is lo"ated in te valley at te "onfluen"e of te strea! and river$ 0 railway #asses between te fa"tory and te "ity& wi" is on a #lateau& and furter u# are te !edi"al fa"ilities$ In te o!es& te roo!s sould ave at least one lare window oriented sout for te entry of sunlit Te land for te "onstru"tion of te residential o!es& are initially divided into 1@ !eters fro! east to west and D@ !eters fro! nort to sout& dividin into lots of 1 by 1 !eters& wit one side fa"in te street$ %ri!ary s"ools are s"attered trouout neibouroods and in te norteast "orner are te se"ondary s"ools$ C4/CUSI4/S
Garnier,s CitA Industrielle was never built but e"oes of is vision "an be seen in yon were te !ayor a##ointed i! te "ity ar"ite"t in 19@& a #osition e eld until 1919$ Te !ost i!#ortant wor+ to e!ere fro! is CitA Industrielle was te lare sto"+yards "o!#le& te stadiu!& te Grane ?lan"e 8os#ital and te ousin #ro6e"t +nown as es >tats Unis$ Te !ost i!#ortant "onne"tion of Garnier wit later #lanners is definitely trou e Corbusier$ e Corbusier was te first well-+nown ar"ite"t to dis"uss Garnier's wor+ and #ossibly te reason wy Garnier be"a!e +nown as a #ioneer of !odern ar"ite"ture and urban #lannin$ Tis is not to say tat Garnier's vision of urban uto#ia is neiter i!#ortant nor su""essful$ 5u" of wat e #ro#osed is at te least relevant today and tere is no doubt tat at te ti!e so!eone wit Garnier's vision was re.uired to #ro#ose wat e saw as a solution to te #roble!s tat fa"ed so"iety at tat ti!e$ Tis brins !e ba"+ to te start& a uto#ia by its very nature is i!#ossible to realise$ *itout #eo#le #ro#osin teir visions of a Uto#ia tere "an be no #roress as out of enerous drea!s "o!e benefi"ial realities$ In is #raise& 2douard 8erriot said: “This builder, this realistic person, was spontaneously human. His sensitivity was only equal to his modesty. His culture proved to be often surprising. Indeed, Tony Garnier was a master, with all the nobleness and intelligence included in this word. A master, which means a guide and an eample! "ut the #an was as admirable as the scholar$ his moral qualities were equal to his genius.%
