MASTER AKADEMSKE STUDIJE UPRAVLJANJE VANREDNIM SITUACIJAMA
PROJEKTNI ZADATAK
Predmet: Sanacija udesa
Plan zaštite od udesa za skladište TNG-a u naselju Komren
Mentor:
Student:
Dr Emina Mihajlović vanr. prof.
Darijan
Niš, januar 2014. 2014.
Stanimirović 12363
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SADRŢAJ
1. OPIS LOKACIJE ................................................... ..................................................... ............................................................1 .......1 1.1. Klimatske karakteristike ............................................................................................2
1.2. Opština Crveni Krst ...................................................................................................2 2. KARAKTERISTIKE REZERVOARA SA TNG-OM ................................................. .....5 2.1. Podzemni rezervoar ...................................................................................................6 2.2. Nadzemni rezervoar ...................................................................................................7 3. OPIS OPASNE MATERIJE ..............................................................................................8 3.1. Prednosti TNG-a ........................................................................................................11 3.2. Primena TNG-a .............................................. ..................................................... ............................................................12 .......12 4. SIMULACIJA ............................................... ...................................................... .....................................................................13 ...............13 5. PROCENA RIZIKA ..........................................................................................................15 6. MERE PREVENCIJE, ODGOVORA NA UDES I SANACIJE.......................................18 6.1. Mere prevencije nastalog udesa ................................................ .................................19 6.2. Odgovor na udes ........................................................................................................19 6.3. Mere sanacije .............................................................................................................19 LITERATURA ......................................................................................................................20
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1. OPIS LOKACIJE
Rezervoar koji sadrţi 10000t TNG-a nalazi se u naselju Komren u Nišu.
Niš je drugi po veličini grad u Srbiji i jedan je od najstarijih gradova na Balkanu. Broj stanovnika, prema popisu iz 2002. godine je 250.518. Niš leţi na reci Nišavi po kojoj je dobio ime, prema predanju Nais ili Naissus znači Vilin Grad, a to je u vezi sa keltskim poreklom imena i legendom o vili Naisi po kojoj k ojoj reka Navissos dobila ime.
Slika 1. Lokacija 1. Lokacija grada Niša i njegove opštine
Niš se nalazi u niškoj kotlini uz ušće Nišave u Juţnu Moravu na 43°19' Severne geografske širine i 21°54' Istočne geografske duţine. Uţi centar grada je na 194m nadmorske visine (kod spomenika u centru). Najviša tačka na teritoriji grada je Sokolov kamen, vrh na Suvoj planini (1.523m nadmorske visine), a najniţa nizvodno od ušća Nišave u Moravu kod mesta Trupale
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Slika 2. Opštine Nišavskog okruga
1.1. Klimatske karakteristike:
Niš i šira okolina imaju umereno-kontinentalnu klimu. Srednja godišnja temperatura je 11,2°C. Najtopliji mesec je jul sa prosečnom temperaturom od 21,2°C, a najhladniji januar sa srednjom temperaturom od 0,2°C. Godišnje u proseku padne 567,25 mm kiše i snega po metru kvadratnom. Prosečni vazdušni pritisak je 992,74 milibara. Godišnje ima 123 kišovita dana i 43 dana pod snegom. Prosečna jačina vetra je nešto manja od 3 bofora. 1.2. Opština Crveni krst:
GO Crveni Krst zauzima severozapadni deo područja po dručja Niša i prostire se od reke Nišave na n a sever gde se graniči sa opštinom Aleksinac. Na zapadu se naslanja na opštinu Merošina a na istoku se graniči sa GO Pantelej.
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auzimajući skoro trećinu površine grada Niša, GO Crveni krst prip ada najveći broj niških sela (23) ali i najmanji broj stanovnika (oko 15% stanovništva grada). Na teritoriji opšt ine nalazi se celokupna severno-zapadna industrijska zona Niša sa mnogobrojnim privrednim subjektima različitog profila. Ovako izrazito strukturuisanu Opštinu, privredom sa jedne i selom sa druge strane, karakteriše apsurd da ima veoma lošu (okskudnu) (oksku dnu) komunalnu infrastr ukturu. ukturu. Opština je nastala 2002. godine i obuhvata deo naselja Niš i više samostalnih naselja. Deo naselja Niš koji se nalazi u ovoj gradskoj opštini obuhvata sledeće mesne zajednice:
12. februar Donji Komren
naselje Ratko Jović Medoševac
Slika 4. Donji 4. Donji Kompren na mapi Srbije
U naselju Donji Komren ţivi 4456 punoletnih stanovnika, a prosečna starost stanovništva iznosi 36,8 godina (36,8 kod muškaraca i 36,9 kod ţena). U naselju ima 1858 domaćinstava, a prosečan
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Slika 5. Demografija 5. Demografija stanovnika u naselju Donji Komren
Slika 6. Površina kompleksa
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Slika 7. Lokacija 7. Lokacija rezervoara
2. KARAKTERISTIKE REZERVOARA SA TNG-OM
TNG je praktičan za skladištenje i transport jer je odnos izmeĎu zapremine tečne i gasne faze TNG-a (što zavisi od mešavine, temperature i pritiska) oko 1:250.
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Rezervoar za TNG sluţi za skladištenje tečnog naftnog gasa (propana, butana i njihove smeše). Rezervoar moţe biti podzemni i nadzemni. Raspored i broj priključaka zavisi od veličine i načina ugradnje rezervoara. Podzemni rezervoar je spolja zaštićen bitumenskom oblogom. Nadzemni rezervoar se izraĎuje u skladu sa SRPS M.E2.600 i obojen je svetlim reflektujućim aluminijumskim lakom.
Rezervoari su cilindričnog oblika, ugraĎeni prema JUS M.2.600/91 sa dozvoljenim punjenjem 85% od ukupne zapremine. Nadzemni rezervoari mogu biti prenosni (V=2.7 i 5 m³) i stabilni. Opremljeni su svom potrebnom i propisanom zapornom armaturom i opremom, mernim i sigurnosnim ureĎajima. Rezervoari manjih zapremina poseduju: priključke tečne faze (punjenje i praţnjenje), priključke gasne faze (punjenje i praţnjenje), sigurnosnu i mernu opremu,
inspekcijski otvor i otvor za čišćenje rezervoara, drenaţni vod, oslonce, uške za kačenje i dr. Rezervoari većih zapremina, pored navedenog, poseduju: unutrašnje merdevine, dok se sistem za hlaĎenje (rasprskavanjem vode), stepenište, galerija i ograda odnose samo za nadzemne rezervoare. Rezervoari se postavljaju na betonske temelje i učvršćuju temeljnim zavrtnjima, a podzemni rezervoari se posebno štite od mogućih pojavljivanja podzemnih voda.
2.1. Podzemni rezervoar:
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2.2. Nadzemni rezervoar:
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3. OPIS OPASNE MATERIJE
TEČNI NAFTNI GAS (TNG) obuhvata nekoliko vrsta zasićenih ugljovodonika kao što
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Naziva se tečnim, pošto se već na relativno niskom pritisku (1.7÷7.5 bara) lako pretvara u tečno stanje i kao tečnost se transportuje i skladišti. Naziv naftni dobio je prema svom poreklu jer su osnovne sirovine za njegovo dobijanje: prirodni gas iz zemlje, sirova nafta i u manjoj meri
ulje iz škriljaca. I u drugim zemljama, u meĎunarodnoj komunikaciji, ovaj je princip zastupljen pa imamo naziv LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) za englesko govorno područje, GPL (Gaz Petrolier Liquefiable) kod Francuza, GPL (Gaz di Petrolio Liquefatti) kod Italijana i Flüssiggas,
na Nemačkom. Svojstva: TNG je bezbojan, veoma zapaljiv i eksplozivan gas, karakterističnog mirisa. Pošto je 1,9 puta teţi od vazduha, zadrţava se na najniţim mestima, sa kojih svojim prisustvom istiskuje kiseonik. istiskuje kiseonik. Zato spada u grupu zagušljivaca. zagušljivaca. Nije otrovan već samo u veoma velikim koncetracijama ima lako narkotično dejstvo. Sagoreva burno, oslobaĎajući veliku količinu toplote, toplote, a produkti sagorevanja su ugljendioksid su ugljendioksid i vodena para. Najviša temper atura atura plamena sagorevanja (sa vazduhom) je oko ok o 1900°C 1900°C. Sa vazduhom stvara eksplozivne smeše koje
se lako mogu zapaliti u prisustvu otvorenog plamena. MeĎutim, u odnosu na druge zapaljive gasove zapaljive gasove, granice eksplozivnosti smeše TNG-a su veoma uske: granice zapaljivosti su 2 ÷ 9 vol% (za smešu propan-butan 35:65). (Za propan (Za propan - 2,1 ÷ 9,5, a za butan za butan - 1,9 ÷ 8,5.) To znači, da ako u prostoriji ili odreĎenom prostoru ima manje od 2% ili više od 9% smeše propana i butana neće doći do eksplozije čak i ako postoji izvor paljenja (zbog viška, odnosno manjka kiseonika) manjka kiseonika).. Njegov oktanski broj se kreće u rasponu 90 ÷ 110, a (gornja) toplotna 3 moć mu je izmeĎu 25,5MJ/dm3 (za čisti propan) propan) i 28,7MJ/dm (za čist butan) butan) - u zavisnosti od sastava.
Fizičke i hemijske karakteristike gasa: Tečni naftni gas sastavljen je od takvih ugljovodonika koji se na temperaturi okoline i atmosferskom pritisku nalaze u gasnom stanju. Osnovne komponente tečnog naftnog gasa su zasićeni ili parafinski ugljovodonici od kojih je naviše pr ipana ipana i butana. Osnovne osobine propana i butana su sledece:
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Hemijski naziv supstance
SASTAV/PODACI O SASTOJCIMA Propan- butan butan smeša
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Nakon dodira sa očima Napomena za osobu koja pruţa prvu pomoć
Isprati oči vodom najmanje 15min. U zatvorenom prostoru u većim koncentracijama izaziva gušenje.
MERE ZA GAŠENJE POŢARA Sredstva za gašenje poţara Protivpoţarne mere za posebne opasnosti Posebne metode gašenja poţara Posebna oprema za zaštitu vatrogasaca
Lične mere opreza
Za manje suvi prah ili CO2, a za veće vodeni mlaz. Zaustaviti dotok plina. ukloniti sve izvore i
mogućnosti zapaljenja.Obavestiti vatrogasce i policiju i pristupiti gašenju poţara. Kada poţar gasimo vedenim mlazom hladiti poţarište, rezervoar, cisternu, zatvoriti ventile i ispuste plina. Izolacioni aparati sa komprimovanim
vazduhom, komplet za zaštitu od toplote.
MERE KOD SLUĈAJNOG ISPUŠTANJA Koristiti zaštitna sredstva, izbegavati ugroţeno područje, postaviti se uz vetar, zatvorene prostorije izvetriti pre ulaţenja. Ukloniti sve izvore zapaljenja i varničenja. Što
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3.2. Primena TNG-a:
Domaćinstava (kuvanje, grejanje, priprema sanitarne vode, hlaĎenje); hlaĎ enje);
Kola sa benzinskim motorima; Poslovni objekti - grejanje pomoću potrošaca koji direktno koriste gas ili centralno grejanje; Rashladna tehnika; Poljoprivreda;
Prehrambena industrija, pekare, sušare;
Industrija stakla, keramike i porcelana; Industrija za preradu metala (termička obrada); GraĎevinarstvo - niskogradnja -putna privreda;
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4. SIMULACIJA
Za odreĎivanje procene opasnosti od hemijskog udesa i od zagaĎenja ţivotne sredine, za skladište proizvodnog pogona „XXXXX“ na lokaciji Komren u Nišu i šire okoline od opasne materije TNG (10000 t) u slučaju udesa neophodno je uraditi simulaciju izlivanja opasne materije. Simulacija je raĎena u programu ALOHA 5.4.2. PODACI O LOKACIJI
Lokacija: Srbija, Niš Razmena vazduha na sat unutra objekta: 0.37 Vreme: 21. januar 2014. 18:00 PODACI O HEMIKALIJI Ime hemikalije: LPG (TNG) Molarna masa: 44.80 [g/mol] PAC-1: 3000 [ppm] PAC-2: 3200 [ppm] Normalna tačka ključanja: -40.0 [oC]
PAC-3: 19000 [ppm]
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ZONA PRETNJE Pokrenut model: Gaussian Crvena: 6.9 [km] --- (19000 [ppm] = PAC-3) P AC-3) Narandţasta: više od 10 [km] --- (3200 [ppm] = PAC-2) Ţuta: više od 10 [km] --- (3000 [ppm] = PAC-1)
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5. PROCENA RIZIKA
Procena rizika je proces koji se koristi za dodeljivanje vrednosti stepenu izvesnosti, da se
pojavljivanje odreĎenog skupa okolnosti desi, i ishodnom dogaĎaju. Procena rizika moţe obuhvatiti: troškove, koristi, značaj za nosioce rizika i ostale promenljive, koje su primerene vrednovanju rizika.
Stepenovane verovatnoće se mogu izabrati kao:
skoro nikada/ malo verovatno/ umereno verovatno/ verovatno/ skoro sigurno;
nemoguće/ neverovatno/ retko/ povremeno/ verovatno/često;
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Na osnovu procene verovatnoće nastanka udesa i veličine posledica tog u udesa vrši se kvantifikacije rizika. Verovatnoće se mogu odrediti na osnovu tabele 1. Tabela 1. Klasifikacija 1. Klasifikacija mogućih verovatnoća nastanka udesa
VELIKA VEROVATNOĆA 0
-1
10 - 10 događaja/god događaja/ god
SREDNJA
VEROVATNOĆA 10-1 - 10-2 događaja/god događaja/ god
pretakanju tečnosti i prosipanje čvrstih materija pri
- pucanje cevovoda tečnih materija - pucanje cevovoda gasova pod pritiskom - prosipanje celokupnog
manipulaciji - oštećenje jediničnih
sadrţaja iz rezervoara tečnosti - prosipanje auto i ţelezničkih
- Curenje opasnih materija na spojevima cevovoda ventilima i sl . - prosipanje pri
MALA VEROVATNOĆA < 10-2 događaja/god događaja/ god
- pucanje sudova za transport - pucanje suda za skladištenje - poţar celog postrojenja - poţar celog skladišta - eksplozija celog postrojenja - eksplozija celog skladišta - stvoreni uslovi za poţar i
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Mrtve divlje ţivotinje
< 0,1 t
0,1-1 t
1-2 t
2-10 t
> 10 t
Mrtve domaće ţivotinje
< 0,5 t
0,5-10 t
10-50 t
50-500 t
> 500 t
Mrtve ribe
< 0,5 t
0,5-5 t
5-20 t
20-100 t
> 100 t
-
1-10 ha
10-100 ha
1-5 km2
> 5 km
< 0,02
0,02-0,2
0,2-2
2-10
> 10
Kontaminirana
površina
2
Šteta od udesa (u milionima dinara)
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Ovakva matrica predlaţe pet nivoa rizika: zanemarljiv rizik, mali rizik, srednji rizik , veliki rizik i veoma veliki rizik. Rizik je prihvatljiv ako je procenjen kao: zanemarljiv rizik, mali rizik, srednji rizik i veliki rizik. Rizik nije prihvatljiv ako je procenjen kao veoma veliki rizik. Ukoliko rizik nije prihvatljiv funkcionisanje postrojenja sa ovim nivoom rizika nije prihvatljivo, i operater postrojenja je obavezan da pristupi uvoĎenju dodatnih tehničko - tehnoloških i drugih mera zaštite na objektima, tehnološkom procesu, opremi, kao i u organizaciji sistema bezbednosti i rada, kako bi ga sveo u granice prihvatljivosti. Dodatne mere zaštite moraju biti definisane i pro jektovane izmenama iz menama i dopunama tehničke dokumentacije d okumentacije predmetnog p redmetnog postrojenja po strojenja i ugraĎene
u Plan zaštite od udesa. Na osnovu definisanih i projektovanih dodatnih mera potrebno je izvršiti
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6.1. Mere prevencije nastanka udesa Da bi se smanjila verovatnoća nastanka udesa, pucanja rezervoara ili nekog drugih otkaza potrebno je preduzeti sledeće tehničke, tehničko-tehnološke i organizacione mere zaštite.
6.2. Odgovor na udes Odmah po nastanku udesa potrebno je izvr šiti šiti alarmiranje stanovništva i koji su se zatekli na toj lokaciju u trenutku udesa. TakoĎe istovremeno potrebno je obavestiti i sluţbe nadleţne za odgovor na udes. Prva mera predustroţnosti ko ju treba da preduzme vatrogasno-spasilačka jedinica grada Niša i policija je da sprovedu izolovanje mesta nesreće najmanje 50 metara u svim pravcima, a 300 metara niz vetar. U daljem razvoju situacije potrebno je izolovati sve zone koje
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LITERATURA
1. http://www.serbiamap.net/maps.html