1.- INTRODUCCION............... INTRODUCCION.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................ ..................... 3 2.-JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN............ INVESTIGACIÓN....................................................... ...........................................5 5 3.- OBJETIVOS.............. OBJETIVOS......................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. ...................5 5 4.- REVISION BIBLIOGRAFIA............... BIBLIOGRAFIA......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................. ..................6 6 4.1.- DEFINICION DE TERMINOS BASICOS......................................................................6 4.2. MARCO CONEPTUAL....................................................................................................7
4.2.1 MARCO TEORICO................... TEORICO............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................7 7 4.2.2 REFERENCIAS HISTÓRICAS................ HISTÓRICAS.......................... ..................... ..................... ........................8 ..............8 4.2.3 LOS TINTES NATURALES.... NATURALES............... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. .................... 4.2.4.- CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS COLORANTES COLORANTES NATURALES................. NATURALES.....................11 ....11 4.2.5. FUENTES DE OBTENCIÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES..............15 NATURALES..............15 4.2.6 M!TODOS DE E"TRACCIÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES............15 NATURALES............15 4.2.7. ESTRUCTURA #U$MICA DE UN COLORANTE........... COLORANTE..................... .......................16 .............16 4.2.8. %LANTAS %LANTAS TINTÓREAS.................. TINTÓREAS............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ........18 18 4.2.. MORDIENTES................ MORDIENTES.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................18 ............18 4.2..1.- MORDIENTES A TRAV!S DE LOS A&OS........................ A&OS..................................1 ..........1 4..2..2.- TI%OS DE MORDIENTES #U$MICOS'..................... #U$MICOS'............................... .................2( .......2( 4.2.1(. LA %LANTA DE MOLLE )SCHINUS MOLLE.*.................................. MOLLE.*..................................21 21 5.- DESARROLLO DES ARROLLO DEL TRABAJO....................... TRABAJO.................................. .......................................... .................................. ...26 26 5.1.- OBTENCION DEL TINTE DE MOLLE.......................................................................26
5.1.2.- %ROCEDIMIENTOS'....... %ROCEDIMIENTOS'................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ............................... .....................27 27 5.1.3.- FLUGOGRAMA FLUGOGRAMA O%ERACIONES......... O%ERACIONES.................... ..................... ..................................28 ........................28 5.2.- TEÑIDO CON EL TINTE DE MOLLE.........................................................................28 5.3.- EXPERIMENTACION..................................................................................................29
5.3.1.- ELABORACION ELABORACION DEL TINTE.................. TINTE............................ ..................... ..................... .....................2 ...........2 5.3.2.- %ROCESO DE TE&IDO DE LA %RENDA DE ALGODÓN..................32 5.3.3.- %RUEBAS DE RESISTENCIA DEL TINTE + TE&IDO............... TE&IDO........................37 .........37 5.1.3.1. %RUEBA DE LAVADO LAVADO DE LA %RENDA...................................... %RENDA...................................... 37 6.- COSTOS DE ELABORACION.......... ELABORACION.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ........41 41 7.- RESULT RESULTADOS...................... ADOS................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................................... ........................... 41 8.- CONCLUCIONES........ CONCLUCIONES................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..........................42 ...............42 .- DISCUCIONES................. DISCUCIONES........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............................... .................... 42 1(.- RECOMENDACIONES.......... RECOMENDACIONES.................... ..................... ..................... .......................................... .................................... ....43 43 11.- BIBLIOGRAFIA.......... BIBLIOGRAFIA.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ............... 45 LINKORAFIA.....................................................................................................................46
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1.- INTRODUCCION D!" " #!" $%&'( )'&' )*%)% +" #%&",#" #% *'#)/'( 0,"/*"+%(0. EI )"&' #% +" /,/'*%*!" ,' %( "%,' " %(/" /%,#%,)". E, +" +/&" #)"#" (% " "$","#' &)' ,' ('+' ('+' %, +'( +",/% +",/%"& "&%,/ %,/'( '( /)'( /)'( "*" "*" ," *'#) *'#)) ),, ('(/% ('(/%, ,+% +% #% )'+'* )'+'*",/ ",/%( %( '*:, '*:,)' )'(; (; (,' (,' %, +" % %(/" (/" %, &"*) &"*)"" #% %&*% %&*%("( ("(;; #% #<%*% #<%*%,/% ,/%(( #&%,( #&%,(', ',%(; %(; #%#)"#"( "+ )+/$'; %=/*")), > "+)"), #% %(/% /' #% /,/%(. E=(/% +" I#%" )'&,; #% ?% %+ %&+%' #% /,/%( 0,"/*"+%(0 %( (,,&' #% ")/$#"# *%(%/'(" )', %+ &%#' "&%,/%. S, %&"*'; "*" ?% %(/'( /,/%( %#", (%* %/?%/"#'( )'&' $%*#"#%*"&%,/% %)'+)'(; ( *'#)), /%,% ?% *%(%/"* ,'*&"( %(%)!<)"(; A +' +"*' #% +" (/'*"; +" /,/'*%*!" " *", %()"+" " (#' ," ,#(/*" )',/"&,",/%. E, #%/%*&,"#"( ')"( +'( /,/'*%*'( %*'%'( &",%"*', *'#)/'( /", /=)'( )'&' %+ "*(,)' "*" <"* +'( )'+'*",/%( *')%#%,/%( #%+ &,#' $%%/"+. T"&, %( )%*/' (, %&"*'; ?%; %, +" ')" ",/%*'* " +'( /,/%( (,//)'(; "*" ")%* <*%,/% " +" *", #%&",#" #% +" ,#(/*" /%=/+; *"*"&%,/% (% %&+%"*', %(%)%( (+$%( (+$%(/*% /*%(; (; +' )"+ )"+ %( %(%% *'$') *'$')"#' "#' ( "'/" "'/"&% &%,/' ,/'.. L"( +",/" +",/"(( /,/*% /,/*%"( "( %*", %*", %,%*"+&%,/% )+/$"#"(; > %( &'*/",/% /%,%* %, )%,/" %(/% "(%)/' %, +" ")/"+#"#. @'> %, #!"; %( '(+% > ,%)%("*' +",/%"* ((/%&"( #% *'#)), +&'(. E, %+ )"(' #% +'( /,/%(; "*" ?% (% %#", )%*/<)"* )'&' /"+%( #%%, )&+* #'( *%&("( <,# <,#"& "&%, %,/" /"+% +%( ( ,' /+ /+" "** *'# *'#) )/' /'(( (+$ (+$%( %(/*% /*%(( > ,' %&+ %&+%" %"** *') *')%# %#& &% %,/ ,/'( '( )',/"&,",/%(. L" ,)"/$" #% /%* )', )'+'*",/%( '*:,)'( %#% '%#%)%* " #'( &'/$")',%( <,#"&%,/"+%( *%)%*"* +"( /),)"( "*/%(","+%( /*"#)',"+%( #% ," *%, ' )+/*" #%/%*&,"#"( > *'#)* ,#(/*"+&%,/% /%+"( #% )'+'* *%(%/",#' %+ %,/'*,' ,"/*"+. L" %=%*%,)" %=(/%,/% ('*% +" *%)%*"), #%+ (' #% /,/%( '*:,)'( (% " )%,/*"#' "(/" "'*" <,#"&%,/"+&%,/% %, , ((/%&" #% *'#)), "*/%(",'. C',)*%/"&%,/% %, L"/,'"&*)"; #',#% +" /*"#), &+%,"*" #% +" )*%"), /%=/+ %( *%)',')#" )'&' "*/% )', &">()+"(; %*' #',#% #%(#% &%#"#'( #%+ (+' $%,/% (% "!" "",#',"#' %+ (" #% +'( /,/%( /*"#)',"+%( %, <"$'* #% +"( ",+,"(; +'( *%(+/"#'( (', "+%,/"#'*%(. L" &", &",<" <")/ )/* *"" /%=/ /%=/+ + ,#! ,#!% %," ," %(/: %(/: )"& )"&" ",# ,#'' #% #%(/ #%(/, ,"/ "/"* "*' ' ," ," "*/ "*/%% #% +" *'#)),; ,' ,%)%("*"&%,/% ,%)%("*"&%,/% #%*"#"#" (,' *%(%+/" " $%)%( )', %(',/",%#"# % &","),; (% #*% "+ &%*)"#' /*!(/)'; > '/*" "*/%; &:( *%#)#"; #% %=/*"'*#,"*" )"+#" )"+#"## > %+%$" %+%$"#' #' *%)' *%)';; +" "#? "#?% %*%, *%, )'+%) )'+%))' )',( ,(/"( /"( "*/) "*/)+" +"*%( *%(;; ,(// ,(//) )',% ',%(( > %,/0 2 46
&(%'( %/,'*:<)'(. E, %+ *&%* )"('; %+ "*/%(",' $%,#% )', &">'* <")+#"# ," *%,#" ( %(/" /%,#" )', /,/%( ,"/*"+%(; %, %+ (%,#' )"('; %+ )+%,/% %=% ?% (% ">", /+"#' /,/%( #% /*"#), (/*)". E( *%)("&%,/% %+ &%*)"#' #% %+/% %+ ?% *'"+%&%,/% ">#% " +" %*$$%,)" #% %(/% /%('*' )+/*"+ %, ( $%*/%,/% "*/%(","+. E, )",/' " +" *'#))6, ,#(/*"+; %&'( $(/' (** %, +" +/&" #)"#"; %&*%("( #%#)"#"( "+ )+/$' #% +",/"( /,/*%"( > %=/*")), #% )'+'*",/%( '*:,)'(; )>'( *')%#&%,/'( (', %%&+"*%( )'&' &'#%+' #% ('(/%,+#"#. F*",)"; E(""; @'+",#"; M=)'; C+%; P%*; EI S"+$"#'* > E(/"#'( U,#'( (', "+,'( #% +'( "!(%( #',#% >" (% %#% '/%,%* )'+'*",/%( '*:,)'( *''(; "+%( > "&"*++'( )', %/?%/" #% ('(/%,+#"#. EI R%"+ "*#!, B'/:,)' #% M"#*#; '*",(&' %*/%,%)%,/% "+ C',(%' S%*'* #% I,$%(/")',%( C%,/!<)"( #% E(""; " /*"$( #% ( D*%)/'*; D*. ',"+' N%/'; *,#" ( "$"+ )%,/!<)' " +"( *:)/)"( #% *%)%*"), #%+ (' #% +",/"( /,/*%"(. EI "'/"&%,/'; " &:( ' &%,'( +"*' +"'; #% *%(%*$"( <(+%( )'&' +" ++" > %+ %/*+%' /+"#'( "*" +" + " *'#)), #% /,/%( (,//)'( ,#)" ?% *%*%("* "+ (' #% +",/"( /,/*%"( %( ," )%(/, #% *%$(,. EI )+/$' #% %(/"( "*% "#%&:( , ,%$' )"&' " +'( "*)+/'*%( #% ',"( #',#% '/*'( )+/$'( ,' *'(%*",. C', "+ *%$(, #% </*' (% (% #%% )'&%,"* )'&%,"* " "*'$%)"* "*'$%)"* "*" /,/'*%*!" %+ &"/%*"+ &"/%*"+ #% #%(%)' <'*%(/"+ > "*!)'+" ?% %, +" ")/"+#"# (% /*" ' (% ?%&". @(/ @(/* *)" )"&% &%,/ ,/%% +'( +'( /%# /%#'( '( > *%, *%,#" #"(( #% $%(/ $%(/* * <%* <%*', ', '% '%/' /'(( $"+ $"+'( '('( '( ?% ?% (% )',(%*$"", /'#" ," $#" % ,)+(' (% +%"", " +'( %*%#%*'( %, %+ /%(/"&%,/'. @'> %, #!" (', *'#)/'( #% ("* > /*"*. P*'#)/'( &> "*"/'( '* %(/"* )',<%))',"#'( %, *", &%##" '* &",' #% '*" +%"+; (, #%*%)'( +"'*"+%(. E, )',(%)%,)"; %( /"+ +" ("/*" ("/*") ),, #% 0*'" 0*'" "(*" "(*"0; 0; ?% ,)+( ,)+('' )', )', ')"( ')"(,, #% *",#% *",#%(( )"/:( )"/:(/*' /*'<%( <%( +'( '*",(&'( #% ">#" &",/"*" #%, ?% ,' (% %,$!% *'" >" ?% (% $%, #%('*#"#'( %* +" "$"+",)". "$"+",)". L" ,) ,)" "/$ /$"" #% )*%" )*%"** /% /%#' #'(( )>' )>'(( *' *'% %/" /"*' *'(( +'( +'( )',( )',(# #%* %*%, %, #, #,'( '( #% (%* (%* )',(%*$"#'( )',/**!"; ",?% <%(% %, ," *''*), &!,&"; " ,)"* , )"&' %, +" #,:&)" #%+ )',(&' **%(',("+%. L" #%" #% /%* +'( /%#'( )', /,/%( '*:,)'( %#% (%* )',/%&+"#" )'&' , +' ,%)%("*' "*" %&%"* " )"&"* +"( )'(/&*%(. S (% %,(" %, ," )+"(% #% /,/%(; %(%)"+%( '* ( %++%" > ( )"*:)/%* %)'+)'; ,' %( )', +" #%" #% "+)"*+'( ('*% )"+?%* (''*/%; (,' ('*% <*"( %,/0 3 46
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2.-JUSTIFICACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓ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
3.- OBJETIVOS ENERAL R%"+"* , %(/#' % #%,/<)"), #%+ /,/% ,"/*"+ " "*/* #% +" %(%)% $%%/"+HMOLLE Schinus molleG > "*" *%$"+'*"* /),)"( ",)%(/*"+%(. OBETIJOS ESPECIFICOS
I#%,/ I#%,/<) <)"* "* +'( *')%( *')%('( '( *%)'+% *%)'+%)) )),; ,; (%+%)) (%+%)), ,;; *%"* *%"*") "), , #%+ &"/%* &"/%*"+ "+ $%%/"/$' ("#' "*" +" %+"'*"), %+"'*"), #% +'( /,/%( "*" #%/%*&,"* +"( $%,/""( > #%($%,/""(.
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4.- REVISION BIBLIOGRAFIA 4.1.- DEFINICION DE TERMINOS BASICOS COLOR: &*%(, ?% *'#)% %, +" $(/" +" + > ?% $"*!" (%, ( ,"/*"+%" *'" > %+ &'#' )'&' %( #<,##' ' *%<+%"#" '* +'( )%*'(.
COLORANTES: S(/",)"( ?% (% "+)" " )"+?%* )%*' "*" %<%)/"* ," &'#<)"), %*((/%,/% #%+ )'+'* '*,"+ > ?%; %, $"*"( #% +"( <'*&"( #% ( "+)"),; %#% (%* #(%+/' ' #(%*("#' %, %+ <+#'; #<,#,#'(% #% %(/% &'#' #%,/*' #%+ )%*' " )'+'*%"*.
MORDIENTE: L" "+"*" &'*#%,/% $%,% #%+ L"/!, mordere, ?% (,<)" H&'*#%*; "*%("*; ""**"* D'*'%",, M; 1965. E+ /*&,' &'*#%,/% %( "+)"#' " )"+?%* ((/",)" #% '*%, ,"/*"+ ' (,//)' ?% (*$% "*" <"* %+ )'+'*",/% %, +" <*".
ALUMBRE (Sulfato de Aluminio) E+ "+&*% #% '/"(' %( , (+<"/' "+&!,)'-'/:()' ?% )*(/"+" %, ')/"%#*'( ,)'+'*'( > ('++%( %, "". N' %( /=)'. O<*%)% %,'( *%(+/"#'( %, +" &'*#%#*" ",/%( #% /%*. N' "+/%*" +'( )'+'*%(. :( %( %+ &'*#%,/% ?% (*$% "*" *%*'#)* &"( <%+&%,/% +'( )'+'*%( ,"/*"+%(.
BICROMATO DE POTASIO (Sulfato de Cromo) E( ," ("+ '=#",/%; )*/%,/%; TXICA; %( ,%)%("*' /%,%* )#"#' )', %++" %( (( $"'*%( (', $%,%,'('(. P'+$' #% )'+'* ","*","#'. S% /+" #%+ &(&' &'#' ?% %+ "+&*% ",/%( #% /%*; %*' #% "+)"*(% /"&, #%(( #%+ /%#'. T%,#% " )"&"* %+ )'+'* #% +'( /,/%( #% +"( &"#%*"(.
LIMN C',/%,% :)#' )!/*)'. E+ ' #% +&, /%,#% "$$"* > " ")+"*"* +'( )'+'*%(.
SAL DE MESA (Cloruro de Sodio) L" ("+ %#% /+"*(% %, +" ('+), #%+ /,/% %, %+ &'&%,/' #%+ /%#'. S*$% "*" *%<'*"* %+ %<%)/' #%+ &'*#%,/% "*%:,#'+" #*",/% %+ /,/*"#' > "(! <"* %+ )'+'*; "),#'+' &:( "*%'. %,/0 5 46
BAT!N"# %#*" +"," %, ?%; )', %+ &'$&%,/' '()+"/'*' #% '/*" #% "(% )*$"; (% &%+%, +'( *",'(; )"<; "!; %/).
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ESPECIES TINTREAS"# $"*%#"#%( #% +",/"( #% #',#% (% %=/*"%, +'( )'+'*",/%(. MOLLE: :*'+ #% &%#",' /"&"'; #% +" <"&+" #% +"( ",")"*#:)%"(; *'' #% A&*)" )%,/*"+ > &%*#',"+; ?% /%,% '"( <*"",/%(; )'*:)%"( > &> ')' #%,/"#"(; <+'*%( %, %("( "=+"*%(; &:( )'*/"( ?% +"( '"(; > <*/'( *''( ?% %&+%", "*" <"*)"* ," %(%)% #% ))".
MATERIAL TINTREO: &"/%*"+ ?% %&+%"&'( "*" /%*. P&%,/'( ?!&)'( &%,/'( $%%/"+%( %=/*"!#'( #% '"(; )'*/%"(; $","(; <+'*%(; <*/'( &%,/'( &,%*"+%( )'&' /%**"(.
&I$AR: ")%* ?% , #'; ," ,/*"; %/).; ?%#% ,"+/%*"+% " +" ")), #% +" + ' #% '/*'( "%,/%( "/&'(<*)'(.
&I$ADOR: ((/",)" ?% (*$% "*" <"*. INMERSIN: ")), #% ,/*'#)* "+' %, , <+#'. TINTES 'E%ETALES: &%,/'( ' )'+'*",/%( %=/*"!#'( #% +"( +",/"(.
4.2. MARCO CONEPTUAL 4.2.1 MARCO TEORICO
L" C+/*"; +'( )',')&%,/'( > /%),'+'!"( )'&,/"*"( (', )'&',%,/%( %(%,)"+%( ?% #%/%*&,", &'#%+'( #% #%("**'++'. @(/*)"&%,/% ,%(/*"( )+/*"( ",)%(/*"+%( "'*!%,%(; )"&%(,"( #% A&*)" "*/)+"*&%,/% %, +' ?% %( +" *%, %*","; &",/$%*', , "**"' #% %,(%","; +"#" " ( %,/'*,' ,"/*"+ > "+ "*%,#"%; +'( )"+%( %(/"", %(/*%)"&%,/% %,+""#'( )', %+ )',')&%,/' #% %,/0 6 46
(( ("%*%( +'( )"+%( %*", /*",(&/#'( #% %,%*"), %, %,%*"), " /*"$( #% +" T*"#), O*"+. E(/" H/*"#), '*"+ " #' %,*?%)%,#' %+ )',')&%,/' )'&,/"*' > " (#' %+ *%(+/"#' #% ," *:)/)" #"*" > )'+%)/$" ?% (% " &",/%,#' $$" '* /*",(<%** /%),'+'!"( )'&,/"*"( #% %,%*"), %, %,%*"),. A "*/* #% %(/" /*"#), (% " #,"&",#' %+ )',/")/' "*/)"/$' #% +" )'&,#"# %(/' " %*&/#' %,%*"* , "*%,#"% > )',)%,)" )'+%)/$". E(/'( )',')&%,/'(; ?% $$%, %, +" )'&,#"# > ", &",/%,#' +" /*"(&(, '*"+ #% *:)/)"( ?% " &:( #% $$* )', +" %,/% %, ( #!" " #!" %,%*", , )',')&%,/' > "*%,#"% %*&",%,/% ", %,%*"#' #"/'( (/*)'( ?% "<*&", %+ )',')&%,/' #%+ /,/*"#' )', +",/"( > '/*"( %(%)%( #%(#% ')"( ",/"( %, M%('"&*)" +'( )"+%( ,#)", +" /+"), #% +'( /,/%( #% '*%, ,"/*"+; ",&"+ ' $%%/"+. A/; 29 D%(#% +'( *&%*'( "'( #% +" )'+',"; F*"> B%*,"*#,' #% S"", %, M=)' ")!" &%,), ('*% %+ (' #% #$%*('( )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( > %(/'( (', +'( &(&'( ?% "(/" +" ")/"+#"# (% (%, *')%(",#' )', +'( &(&'( *%)*('( /),)'( #% %,/',)%(. E( ,%$/"+% *%"<*&"* ?% %('( )'+'*",/%( (', #% '*%, *%(:,)'; %( #%)* ?% (% )',')!", ",/%( #% +" ++%"#" #%+ )',?(/"#'* %("'+. "*"&++' @; 1984. 4.2.2 REFERENCIAS HISTÓRICAS
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
","*","#'; (% /%!" )', "+(' > %+ )"*&%(!; (% '/%,!" #% +'( )%*'( (%)'( #% +" )'),++".
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
L'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( (', ((/",)"( '/%,#"( #% #<%*%,/%( "*/%( #% +",/"( )', )"+#"#%( #% )'+'*%"* ' /%*; &%#",/% #<%*%,/%( *')%('( "*/%(","+%(. D%,/*' #% %(/'( *')%('( %(/: +" &")%*"),; +" <%*&%,/"), > +" )')), M'*"+%( A; 22G. %,/0 46
S%, "*"&++' @ 1988; +'( /,/%( (', ((/",)"( ?!&)"( ?% /%,%, +" *'%#"# #% /*",(<%** )'+'* " +"( <*"(. L'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( #%(%&%", "%+%( &> #$%*('( %, +"( +",/"( ' ",&"+%( #% ?% *')%#%,. E( &'*/",/% &%,)',"* ?% ,' (%&*% %=(/% ," )'**%(',#%,)" %,/*% %+ )'+'* #% +" +",/" > %+ /,/% ?% (% '/%,% #% %++". L" /+"), #% /,/%( ,"/*"+%( (% " ++%$"#' " )"' #%(#% %+ '&*% *%(/*)'; )', %+ '%/$' #% %&%++%)%* > "#'*,"* #<%*%,/%( "*/!)+'( #% (' )'**%,/%. P"*" %++'; (% "*'$%) #% , *", ,&%*' #% +",/"( )', )"*")/%*!(/)"( /,/*%"(; #',#% (% +%( %=/*"' (( *'%#"#%( #% /,), > "(! (% <%*', )*%",#' ,%$'( )'+'*%( > "&%,/",#' ( )',')&%,/' %, %(/" )%,)". S",)% P; D(', A; 1984. S, %&"*'; )', %+ "(' #% +'( "'( +" /*"#), ",)%(/*"+ #% /%* > )'+'*%"* (% " #%+/"#'. N' (+' (% %(/: %*#%,#' %+ (' #% "+,'( *%)*('( ,"/*"+%( )', *'%#"#%( )'+'*",/%(; (,' /"&, +"( /),)"( ' *')%#&%,/'( #% /,),. M'*"+%( A; 22. L" #%(""*), #%+ )',')&%,/' #% +" %=/*")), #% /,/%( > %+ "*/% #% /%*; %&% " "*/* #%+ (+' "("#'; )",#' +'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( )%#%*', /%**%,' " +'( (,//)'(; #%#' " ?% %(/'( +/&'( *'#)%, )'+'*%( &:( ++"&"/$'( > *++",/%(. A+ <"*)"* ,%$'( &"/)%( (,//)"&%,/%; (% " %)' &:( )%,/!<)' %+ %(/#' #% +"( &"/%*"( )'+'*",/%(; )',#)%,#' " , &%'* )',')&%,/' > /+"), #% &)'( /,/%( > " +" (!,/%(( #% +'( &(&'(. P%*' %(/% #%("**'++'; "#%&:( #% ++%$"* "+ '+$#' +"( ",/"( /),)"( #% %=/*")),; ", )*%"#' *'+%&"( ",/%( ,' )',')#'( '* %+ '&*% )'&' /'=)#"# > )',/"&,"), S",)% P; D(', A; 1984 A,/% %(/" (/"),; " ,")#' ," )*%)%,/% *%')"), '* *%(%*$"* +" %)'+'!" %, ,%(/*' +",%/"; > +'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( ", )'*"#' , *%,'$"#' ,/%*(. E(/'; '*?% "+ %&+%"*(% %+ (' #% +'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%(; (% %(/: ('+)',",#' %, *", "*/% %+ *'+%&" #% +" )',/"&,"), )', %<+%,/%( /=)'( +'( )"+%( *'$%,%, #%+ *')%(' ,$'+)*"#' %, %+ /%#' #% <*"( /%=/+%( ONU 1999. L'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( (', &%'*%( ?% +'( (,//)'( '*?% (&+%&%,/% ,' )',/%,%, )'&',%,/%( ?!&)'( %*#)"+%( "*" +" ("+#. E, %(" &%##" (', *'#)/'( (",'( > &:( )',<"+%( ?% +'( )'+'*",/%( #% (!,/%(( ?!&)". L"( +",/"( )'+'*",/%( (% (", '* (+'( %, +"( "+/"( )+/*"( #% +" &",#"#; *%" #% *", "<,#"# )', %+ '&*%. M)"( #% %++"( (', /+"#"( )'&' +",/"( %,/0 ! 46
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ÓN DE LOS COLORANTES NATURALES
U, )*/%*' /+ #% )+"(<)"), #% +'( )'+'*",/%( %( %, "(% " ( %(/*)/*" &'+%)+"*; ?% %*&/% "*"* )'&',%,/%( "<,%( %, )",/' " ( )'&'*/"&%,/' > *'%#"#%( %,*)"(. C', +'( )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( )'&%,"*%&'( '* %(/#"* "+ *' &:( ,&%*'('; )'&' %( %+ #% +'( )'+'*",/%( $%%/"+%(.
COLORANTES 'E%ETALES
L'( )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( $%%/"+%( (% %#%, "*"* %, (%( <"&+"(; ?% (',
Carotenoide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
Clorofli*o L'( )'&%(/'( )+'*'
$%%/"+%(; '*:,+'( %=)+($'( #% +"( +",/"( #',#% (% ++%$" " )"' +" <'/'(!,/%(( > (% )',')%, #'( /'( &'*/",/%( )+'*'<+" A > )+'*'<+" B; ?% (', +"( *%(',("+%( #%+ )'+'* $%*#% #% +"( +",/"(. L" )+'*'<+" A *%*%(%,/" #% &",%*" "*'=&"#"; 75 #% /'#" +" )+'*'<+" #% +"( +",/"( $%*#%(; %*' /"&, (% %,)%,/*" %, +"( "+"( $%*#%-"+"#"(. L" )+'*'<+" B %( , &%,/' ?% ")'&"" " +" )+'*'<+" A. A('*% + #% ," +',/# #% ',#" #<%*%,/% &:( ""G > /*",(<%*% +" %,%*!" " +" )+'*'<+" A; ?% (% %,)"*" #% )',$%*/*+" %, %,%*!" ?!&)". O/*'( /'( #% )+'*'<+" )'&' C1; C2 > D; (% "++", %, "+"( > ")/%*"(. L'( &%,/'( )+'*' +" ")%/'," ('+$%,/%( %=/*")/$'(G > %, /%/*")+'**' #% )"*',' > /%* #% %/*+%' ('+$%,/%( (%"*"#'*%(G.
Anto*ianni*o L"( ",/')",,"( <'*&", ,' #% +'( (%( *'( #% <+"$','#%( %=(/%,/%(. L'( <+"$','#%( (', &%/"'+/'( (%),#"*'( #% +"( +",/"(; %(/' %( )'&%(/'( ?% +" +",/" %+"'*"; %*' ,' (', $/"+%(; %( %, ( "(%,)" %+ '*",(&' %#% )',/,"* $$%,#'. L"( ",/')",,"( (', $%*#"#%*'( )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%(; >" ?% (', &%,/'( #*'('++%(. S', *%(',("+%( #% +'( )'+'*%( *''; ","*","#'; "+ > **" #% +"( $"(; &",","( > <*%("(. L"( <,)',%( #% +"( ",/')",,"( %, +"( +",/"( (', &+/+%(; > $", #%(#% +" *'/%)), #% +" *"#"), ('+"* "(/" +" #% "/*"%* ,(%)/'( '+,"#'*%(. L" %(/"+#"# #% +"( ",/')",,"( %(/: )',#)',"#" '* ," (%*% #% <")/'*%( )'&' %+ '/%,)"+ *%#'=; /%&%*"/*"; %+ @ #%+ &%#'; +" ,/%*")), )', '/*'( *"#)"+%( > &'+)+"(; %,/*% '/*'(. S% " %(/#"#' ?% %+ )"&' #% , @ :)#' &">'* %(/"+#"#G ")" '/*' "+)"+,' ")% $"*"* #% )'+'* ")" %+ *'' %<%)/' "/')*&)'G #",#' )'&%(/'( ,%(/"+%( ?% (% #%)'+'*", *:#"&%,/%. T"&, +"( ",/')",,"( (', "<%)/"#"( '* +" /%&%*"/*"; *'#),#'(% )"&'( %, ( %(/*)/*" &'+%)+"* *##" #%+ +)(#'G ?% *%(+/" %, ," *##" #%+ )'+'*.
&la+onoideo E+ *%(/' #% +'( <+"$','#%( ,'-",/')",!,)'(; (% )"*")/%*", '* ( )'+'* "&"*++'; )'&' (% #%(*%,#% #% +" %/&'+'!" #%+ ,'&*% D%+ +"/!, <+"$( "&"*++'G. L'( <+"$','#%( %, %,%*"+ (% )"*")/%*", '* (%* '+<%,'+%( ('++%(
%,/0 11 46
%, ""; "+,'( )', ," %(/*)/*" #% +)(#'( ")"*%(G > '/*'( #% '+!&%*'( ,"/*"+%(. A %(/'( +/&'( %*/%,%)%, +'( tanino *ondenado; '+!&%*'( ,"/*"+%( <'*&"#'( '* &',&%*'( #% ",/')",#,"; *%(%,/%( %, (%&++"( > /%#'( $%%/"/$'( #% )%*/"( <'**"%*"(. O/*' *' #% <+"$','#%( &'*/",/%( (', +"( fla+ona; )'+'*",/%( "&"*++'( *%(%,/%( %, /"+'( #% <+'*%( )'&' +" *!&+"; ' %, +" %+ #% <*/'( )'&' +"( $"(; *%(',("+%( #%+ )'+'* "&"*++%,/' #% +'( $,'( +",)'(. F,"+&%,/% %(/:, +"( fla+onona; *%(%,/%( %, "+/"( )',)%,/*")',%( #% +'( &'( #% )!/*)'( ,"*","; &",#"*," > '&%+'G. @"(/" '> (% )',')%, &:( #% 9 <+"$','#%( > ?%#", &:( '* #%,/<)"* > "(+"*. F*" 4.2.4 F+"$','#%(
F%,/% ///",,'(./*'#.)'&&'++%%(./&
Betalani*o L"( %/"+"!,"( (', )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( )',(//#'( '* "*'=&"#"&%,/% 7 &%,/'( #*'('++%( )', %(/*)/*" #% +)(#'( > ?% (% ", )+"(<)"#' %, #'( *'( &'*/",/%( +"( %/")",,"( > +"( %/"=",/,"(. L"( %/")",,"( (', ,'( ),)%,/" )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( #%,/<)"#'( #% )'+'* *'' ' $'+%/" ?% (% %,)%,/*", %, +",/"( )'&' +" *%&'+")" B%/" $+"*(G > <*/'( #% +" /," O,/" (G > %, "+,'( "(#'&)%/'(. T%,%, ," "('*), &:=&" %, %+ %(%)/*' $(+% %,/*% 534 > 552 ,&. L"( %/"=",/,"( %, )"&'; )%,/", )', , *' #% )"( 25 )'&',%,/%( #% )'+'* "&"*++' %,)',/*"#"( %, "+,"( $"*%#"#%( #% ','( $%,%,'('( "&",/" &()"*"G; > %, +"( ">"( #% +'( )")/( /">" @>+')%*%(G. T%,%, ," "('*), &:=&" %, %+ %(%)/*' $(+% %,/*% 26 > 32 ,&. %,/0 12 46
Tanni*o L'( /",,'( (', )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( %=/*"!#'( #% +",/"( (%*'*%(. S', )'&%(/'( <%,+)'( )'+'*%"#'( %, ," "&" ?% $" #%(#% )'+'*%( "&"*++'( "(/" %+ )"(/"' '()*'. L'( /",,'( /%,%, '+'* )"*")/%*!(/)'; ("'* "&"*' > (', &> "(/*,%,/%(. S% "*", %, /",,'( #*'+"+%( > /",,'( )',#%,("#'(
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L'( /",,'( #*'+"+%( (', )'+'*",/%( '+!&%*'( %/%*',%'( <'*&"#'( '* <%,'+%( > ")"*%( (&+%(. S', &:( %?%'( ?% +'( /",,'( )',#%,("#'( > (% #*'+", (, #<)+/"# %, &%#' :)#'. E+ PM '()+" %,/*% +'( 6 > 3. L"( +",/"( &:( %&+%"#"( "*" +" '/%,), #% /",,'( (', *'+%( %*)( *'*G; )"(/"'( C"(/",%" ("/$"G; "? @>&%,"%" )'*"*+G; $%*#'+"" T%*&,"+" "&"',"G; ?%*")' )'+'*"#' )"?%' S),'(( "+",("%G; %,/*% &)' &:(.
COLORANTES ANIMALES
L"( ((/",)"( %&+%"#"( )'&' )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%( ?% %(/:, *%(%,/%( %, %+ *%,' ",&"+; (', &)'( &%,'*%( %, )",/#"# %*' ,' %, &'*/",)". P'#%&'( )+"(<)"*+'( %, #'( *'( *,)"+%( ,(%)/'( > '*",(&'( &"*,'(.
Ine*to D%,/*' #% %(/% *' "> #'( )'&',%,/%( #% &'*/",)". L" *&%*" #% %++"( %( +" #%,'&,"#" )'),++"; ?% ,$'+)*" ," $"*%#"# #% %(%)%( #% , ,(%)/' "*:(/' #% #$%*("( +",/"( (%, ( '*%,; > ?% *'#)% , )'+'* *'' &> "*%)"#'. L" '/*" %( %+ Q%*&%(; ,(%)/' "*:(/' #% #'( %(%)%( "**%"( +" %,)," %+ Q%*&%( "&%*)",'G > +" )'()'" %+ Q%*&%( %*'%'G. T"&, #% %(/% ",&"+ (% %=/*"% , )'+'*",/% *''.
Or,animo marino L'( )'+'*",/%( #% ",&"+%( #% '*",(&'( &"*,'(; /%,%, %, )'&, +" %(%)% #% &'+()'( )%<"+'#'(. U,' #% %++'( %( +" #%,'&,"#" )""#++" &*%= *",#"*(G #% +" ?% (% %=/*"% , )'+'* **" &> "*%)"#' %, +" ",/%#"# > )', , *)' ",%)#'/"*'; > %+ '/*' %( +" " ' (%" )'&,; #% +" ?% (% %=/*"% #% ( (")' #% /,/" , )'+'*",/% &"**, *''.
%,/0 13 46
T'#'( +'( )"('( ",/%*'*%( (%*:, $(/'( ,%$"&%,/% %, +"( (%,/%( (%))',%(; )",#' ,'( "#%,/*%&'( %, %+ /%&" #% <%,/%( #% '/%,), > &/'#'( #% %=/*")), #% )'+'*",/%( ,"/*"+%(. 4.2.5. FUENTES DE OBTENCIÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES
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ÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES
C",#' (% " (%+%))',"#' ," <%,/% #% )'+'*",/% ,"/*"+; %+ (%,/% "(' %( "(+"* %+ &(&' #%+ *%(/' #% +" %(/*)/*" #% +" +",/" ' ",&"+ ?% +' )',/%,%. A %(/% *')%(' (% +' #%,'&," %=/*")),. E+ &/'#' " %&+%"* "*" %=/*"%* , #%/%*&,"#' &%,/' ' )'+'*",/%; $" " %(/"* )',#)',"#' '* ," (%*% #% <")/'*%( ?% ")% ?% )"#" %=/*")), (%" , *')%(' "*/)+"* > %(%)!<)' "*" )"#" '*",(&' '*/"#'* > "*" )"#" /' #% &"/%*"+ " %=/*"%*. L' ?% (! (% %#% %(/"+%)%* #% %,/*"#"; %( ?% "+,'( &/'#'( #% %=/*")), *%(+/", (&+%( )', , *'#)/' )"( *' )'&' %( %+ )"(' #% +" %=/*")), #%+ &%,/' ",/')",," #%+ *%'++' &'*"#'; &%,/*"( ?% '/*'( *%(+/", &:( )'&+%'(; #',#% %+ *'#)/' " %=/*"%* ""*%)% &%)+"#' )', '/*"( ((/",)"(; +' ?% '+" " *%"+"* +" %=/*")), %, $"*"( %/""( )', *')%('( #% (%"*")',%( '(/%*'*%(. C'&' %%&+' /%,%&'( +" %=/*")), #% )+'*'<+" #% +",/"( )'&' +" %(,")"
S,")"
'+%*")%"G.
@"> #'( <'*&"( #% *%"+"* +" %=/*")), +" %=/*")), "*/%(","+ > +" %=/*")), ,#(/*"+. E(/" +/&" /%,% ,%$'( "'*/%( /%),'+)'( *%(%)/' " +" *&%*"; /",/' %, +" *'#)), %, (! &(&" )'&' %, %+ )',/*'+ #% )"+#"# #%+ *'#)/' '/%,#'.
%,/0 14 46
4.2.7. ESTRUCTURA %U&MICA DE UN COLORANTE
U," *%<+%=, ''*/," +%' #% +' $(/' "(/" %+ &'&%,/'; (%*!" *%,/"*(% '*?% "+,"( ((/",)"( )'+'*%", > '/*"( ,'; ' #)' #% '/*" &",%*"; ?% %( +' ?% ")% ?% ," ((/",)" (%" )'+'*",/%. L" *%(%(/" %( (&+%. U," ((/",)" )'+'*",/% /%,% '* +' &%,'( #'( *'( *%(%,/%( %, ( &'+)+" %+ *' )*'&<'*' > %+ *' "=')*'&'. A+ )'&%(/' ?% )',/%,% , *' )*'&<'*' (% +' #%,'&," )*'&%,'.
%RUPO CROM&ORO
A+,'( *'( #% :/'&'( ?% *%(%,/", ,' ' &:( %,+")%( ,("/*"#'( > ?% ( *%(%,)" %( +" *%(',("+% #% %,%*"* )'+'* "+ )'&%(/' (% +'( #%,'&," )*'&<'*'(. A+,'( %%&+'( #% +'( *'( )*'&<'*'( &:( &'*/",/%(; (',
F*" 4.2.7.1 E(/*)/*" ?!&)" #% , )'+'*",/%
F%,/% ///",,'(./*'#.)'&&'++%%(./&
%RUPO AU-OCROMO %,/0 15 46
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
F%,/% ///",,'(./*'#.)'&&'++%%(./& A+,'( %%&+'( #% "=')*'&'( (', *'( :)#'( )'&' %+ ")%/+' COO@G; #*'=+' O@G; (+<',+' SO3@G. *'( :()'( )'&' "&,' N@2G; > "&,' &',' ((//#' N@RG.
COMPUESTOS CROM%ENOS
C'&' (%"+"&'( ",/%*'*&%,/%; "+ )'&%(/' ?% )',/%,%, *'( )*'&<'*'( (% +% #%,'&," )*'&%,'; ?% %/&'+)"&%,/% (,<)" %,%*"#'* #%+ )'+'*. D%% /%,%*(% %, )%,/" ?% %+ )*'&%,' ,' %( , *' ' *"#)"+ "/&)' (,' %+ ,'&*% %,*)' #% +'( )'&%(/'( ' ((/",)"( ?% )',/%,%, )*'&<'*'(.
%,/0 16 46
4.2.. PLANTAS TINTÓREAS
S% )',(#%*", +",/"( /,/*%"(; /'#"( "?%++"( %(%)%( ?% )',/%,%, "+,"( )',)%,/*")',%( #% )'+'*",/% %, #<%*%,/%( *",'(; )'&' *"!)%(; /"++'(; '"(; <+'*%( > (%&++"( IC; P%* 199. E(/'( )'+'*",/%( (', *'#)#'( #*%)/"&%,/% '* +" ")/$#"# <('+)" #% +"( +",/"(. S% "++", %, &">'* )',)%,/*"), %, +"( $")'+"( #% +"( )++"( $%%/"+%(; #',#% (% "(')", )', '/*'( %+%&%,/'( )'&' ")%/%(; *%(,"(; /",,'( )', )"*:)/%* "(/*,%,/% > '/*'( S",)% P; D(', A.1984. 4.2.!. MORDIENTES
L" "+"*" &'*#%,/% $%,% #%+ L"/!, mordere, ?% (,<)" H&'*#%*; "*%("*; ""**"* D'*'%",, M; 1965. E+ /*&,' &'*#%,/% %( "+)"#' " )"+?%* ((/",)" #% '*%, ,"/*"+ ' (,//)' ?% (*$% "*" <"* %+ )'+'*",/% %, +" <*". A,/"&%,/% (% %&+%"", *'#)/'( ,"/*"+%( )'&' )%,"(; '"( #% "")"/%; )'*/%" #% ,'"+ > "&)+. @'> %, #!"; %+ %&+%' #% &'*#%,/%( %( #% '*%, ?!&)'; +" &">'*!" (', ("+%( &%/:+)"( )'&' "+&,'; )'*% > %(/"'; +"( )"+%( (% #(%+$%, %, "" )"+%,/% (%"*",#' %+ &%/"+ #% +" ("+ "*" '(/%*'*&%,/% ,*(% " +" <*" "*" <"* %+ /,/% D'*'%",, M; 1965. S%, C*"#' A +'( &'*#%,/%( (', (&+%( ("+%( &%/:+)"( ?% ">#", " +"* +'( /,/%( " +"( <*"(. D)"( ("+%( (% <", %, +" <*"; > +'( /,/%( (% <", %, +"( ("+%( &%/:+)"(. E+ &'*#%,/% :()"&%,/% ")% /*%( )'("( A>#" " ?% +'( /,/%( (% <%, %, +" <*". A<%)/" %+ )'+'* *'#)#' '* +'( /,/%(; %, '/*"( "+"*"( +' ,/%,(<)", ' +' ")% &:( /%,%. A)/" "*" &",/%,%* +'( )'+'*%( %(/"+%( %, *%(%,)" #% +" +. L'( /,/'*%*'( ", /+"#' +'( &'*#%,/%( '* &+%( #% "'(; > %=(/% ," %," *", "*" %++'; )%*/'( &'*#%,/%( %,%*"+&%,/% (% /+", )', )%*/'( /,/%(. U," $% ?% (% %,/%,#% ):+%( (', +'( <,#"&%,/'( #% '* ? (% /+" , )%*/' &'*#%,/% ' ">#",/% %, , /,/% "*/)+"*; >" ,' %( ,%)%("*' (%* *%)%/"(; (,' ?% (% %#%, /+"* #<%*%,/%( &'*#%,/%( "*" #%("**'++"* +'( )'+'*%( ?% (% #%(%",. P"*" +'*"* /"+ '%/$'; %( ,%)%("*' /+"* , &'*#%,/% %(%)!<)' %, %?%"( )",/#"#%(; > +%' (%* "#)',",#' &:( )",/#"#%( #% &'*#%,/%( "(/" '/%,%* %+ )'+'* ?% (% #%(%". C*"#' A
%,/0 17 46
4.2.9.1.- MORDIENTES A TRAVÉS DE LOS AÑOS
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
/,/'*%*'; >" ?% &)"( ("+%( &%/:+)"( *"( (', &> /=)"(; )'&' '* %%&+' +" ("+ #% )'*% D'*'%",, M 1965G.
4..2.9.2.- TIPOS DE MORDIENTES QUÍMICOS:
Aluminio (Sulfato de aluminio . /otaio): %( , &,%*"+ +",)' #%'(/"#' %, %+ <',#' #% &)'( /'( #% <'*&")',%( *')'("(; %, #<%*%,/%( "*/%( #%+ &,#'. E( %+ &'*#%,/% ?% &:( <*%)%,/%&%,/% (% (" '* +'( /,/'*%*'( ,"/*"+%(. N' %( /=)' *%+"/$"&%,/%; %*' %( &> "(/*,%,/% > %#% (%)"* +" %+ D'*'%",, M 1965G. E(/% &'*#%,/% %( #% &%#"," *%((/%,)" " +" + > (% (" )"( (%&*% %, )'&,"), )', +" )*%&" #% /:*/"*' R'?%*' >
C*#'"; 1981G. Cromo (Di*romato de /otaio): %( , ?!&)' #% )'+'* ,"*"," )+"*'; %+ )"+ %( &> (%,(+% " +" + > '* +' /",/' %( ,%)%("*' "+&")%,"*+' %, +"*%( '()*'( > &",/%,%*+' /""#'. E( ," ((/",)" &> ):(/)" > $%,%,'(" %, /'#"( (( <'*&"( %, '+$'; %, ('+), +!?#" ' %, &'G; ,' (% %#% /+"* %, )',,/' )', '/*'( &'*#%,/%(. E+ )*'&' (% /+" %, %?%"( )",/#"#%( "*" '/%,%* ( %<%)/' > '* %(' ,' (% /+" &)' %, +" ")/$#"# /,/*%"; #%#' " ?% %( &> #% %+ /%&' %, ?% %+ )*'&' %(/"*: %=%(/' " +" +
D'*'%",, M 1965G. Co0re (Sulfato de *o0re): /"&, (% +% )',')% )'&' $/*'+' "+. E( , ?!&)' &> $%,%,'('. E+ )'*% %,%*"+&%,/% /%,% , %<%)/' $%*#% )+"*' )",#' (% %(/: /+",#' %, +" /,),. E+ )'*% %#% (%* /+"#' (+' )'&' &'*#%,/%; ' %#% (%* ""##' )'&' '( &'*#%,/% "*" '()*%)%* +'( )'+'*%(; ' )',$%*/* , "&"*++' ' , "&"*++' $%*#% " , $%*#% &:(
#%<,#' D'*'%",, M 1965G. 1ierro (Sulfato ferroo): (% +% )',')% /"&, )'&' $/*'+' $%*#%; > ( %<%)/' %( '()*%)%* +'( )'+'*%(. %,%*"+&%,/% %+ %**' (% ("; )",#' "+ <,"+ #% ," /,), ('*" /,/% "+ )"+ (% +% #%(%" )"&"* %+ /','. S% #%%, ")%* *%"( %, +"( <*"( " /%*; >" ?% %, <*"( <,"( %#% )"("* #"'( D'*'%",, M 1965G.
%,/0 1! 46
Tanino (!*ido t2ni*o): %( ," ((/",)" ,"/*"+ %,)',/*"#" %, +" )'*/%" #% +'( :*'+%(; %, +"( ""++"( #%+ *'+%; %, +"( '"( #% /; > %, '/*"( "*/%( #% +" +",/". E+ :)#' /:,)' %,%*"+&%,/% %( ("#' )'&' , "((/%,/% #%+ "+&,'. S, %&"*' %#% (%* /+"#' (+' )'&' &'*#%,/%; ")%,#'
?% +'( )'+'*%( (%", &:( '()*'( D'*'%",, M 1965G. Eta3o (Cloruro eta3oo): %(/" ((/",)" %( /+"#" %, %?%"( )",/#"#%(; #%#' " ?% %#% )"("* #"'( " +" <*". L" &%'* <'*&" "*" /+"* %+ %(/"' %( )'&' '( &'*#%,/%; )', %+ <, #% ")+"*"* +'( )'+'*%( D'*'%",, M 1965G. E(/% &'*#%,/% *'#)% +'( )'+'*%( &:( *++",/%(
?% '/*'( &'*#%,/%( #% )"*:)/%* "+)"+,'. SAL DE MESA (Cloruro de Sodio) L" ("+ %#% /+"*(% %, +" ('+), #%+ /,/% %, %+ &'&%,/' #%+ /%#'. S*$% "*" *%<'*"* %+ %<%)/' #%+ &'*#%,/% "*%:,#'+" #*",/% %+ /,/*"#' > "(! <"* %+ )'+'*; "),#'+' &:( "*%'.
4.2.1". LA PLANTA DE MOLLE 'SCHINUS MOLLE.( Nombre común:
P*+; *; :*'+ #%+ P%* &'++%; )>"(; "*"> ">&"*"; &%++%; <"+(' &%,/'; &%,/' &++! ""*">; :*'+ #% +" &%,/"; "+%"> &%,/%*'.
Etimología:
S),( %( %+ ,'&*% +"/,'; #% '*%, *%' "*" #%(,"* "+ +%,/()' <% "+)"#' "+ &%,/%*' <"+('; '*?% *'#)% ," *%(," '+'*'(" &> (&+"* " +" #%+ +%,/()'. M'++% <% , ",/' ,'&*% %,*)' "*" %(/" +",/"; /+"#' '* T'*,%<'*/; > #%*$" #%+ ,'&*% ?%)" &++; ,' #%+ +"/!, &'++% <+''G Historia distribución y habitad:
E+ &'++% %( , :*'+ '*,"*' #%+ P%* > %=/%,##' " /'#" %+ :*%" ",#," #*",/% %+ %*!'#' *%-(:,)' E)"#'* " C+% > B'+$"G. D%(( #% +" C',?(/"; <% ++%$"#' '* +'( %("'+%( " C%,/*'"&*)" > " M=)'; #',#% *%); '* %('; %+ ,'&*% #% 0P%*0 ' #% 0V*'+ #%+ P%*0. P'(/%*'*&%,/%; " <,%( #%+ (+' XJIII; (% ,/*'#' %, C"+<'*,"; " "*/* #% +" M(, #% S", L( R%> %, S", D%'. P"*%)% ?%; (&+/:,%"&%,/%; ++% " E*'"; >" ?% $"*'( '/:,)'( #% %(% (+' +'
%,/0 2" 46
&%,)',", %, E("". E, +" ")/"+#"#; %=(/% %, /'#' %+ /*)' > ( (' %( &%,)',"#' %, %+ M%#/%**:,%'; %, V<*)" > %, +" I,#". S #(/*), "+//#,"+ $"*!" #% " 38 &(,&. T%,% *", )"")#"# #% *%*'/%; *'*%(" %, /%**%,'( (%)'( > *')'('( *")"( " (( *"!)%( %, #%("**'++"#"(; +"( ?% %#%, ++%"* "(/" 2 " 3 & #% *'<,##"# "*" ()"* "". R%?%*%, (%+'( "*)++'('( ' "*%,'('(; %( %=%,/% %, +; +%*"&%,/% *%((/%,/% " +"( %+"#"(; *%((/%,/% " +"( /%*&/"( > " +" (%?!". Taxonomía:
T"+" 1 C+"(<)"), )%,/!<)" #%+ &'++%
F%,/% MOLLE. //%(.Q#".'*Q(),(-&'++%
De*ri/*i4n:
E( , :*'+ #% )*%)&%,/' *:#'; &#% #% 1 " 15 & #% "+/*"; *'$(/' #%
Tron*o %,%*"+&%,/% *'(/'; &> *"&<)"#'; +"( *"&"( > *"&++"( )'+",/%(; )', %()"('( > %?%'( %+'( ?% (% %*#%, )', +" %#"#.
1o5a: A+/%*,"(; *%+"*&%,/% &"*,,"#"( %( #%)* '"( )'&%(/"( '* ,&%*'('( <'+'+'( " "&'( +"#'( #%+ *"?( > (/% *%&"/"#' '* , <'+'+'G; #% 1 " 3 )& #% +"*'; ('*% %)'+'( #% 2 " 6 )& #% +"*'; %+ *"?( +%*"&%,/% "+"#'; +'( <'+'+'( 21 " 27 %, )"#" '"; (', ((+%(; > '* ( )"), '%(/'(; ' "+/%*,'(; ( <'*&" $" #% +,%"* " +",)%'+"#"; > ( /"&"' #% 2.5 " 6 )& #% +"*' > #% .3 " 1 )& #% ",)'; ( :)% $" #% "#' " ")&,"#' > ("+&%,/% %(/: )*$"#' %, %+ %,/0 21 46
%=/*%&'; %+ &"*%, %( %,/%*' ' "+' "(%**"#'; ( /%=/*" %( &%&*",:)%" " +%*"&%,/% )'*:)%"; *%(%,/", %+'( %?%'( > %()"('(; > "#%&:( '(%%, ",#",/% *%(," "*'&:/)".
Inflore*en*ia: P",)+"#"; (', "=+"*%( ",?% " $%)%( #", +" ""*%,)" #% /%*&,"+%(; #% 8 " 15 *"*"&%,/% 2G )& #% +"*'; )', %()"('( > %?%'( %+'( +"( *:)/%"( (', #%+/'#%(; )', %+'( %, %+ #'*(' > %, %+ &"*%, +'( %#)%+'( #% ,'( 2 && #% +"*'; *%(%,/", %()"('( %+'(.
&lore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
&ruto . emilla: F*/' %, <'*&" #% #*" #% )'+'* *'(" **,"; #% 4-6 && #% #:&%/*' %?%'; )"*,'(' #*",/% ( #%("**'++'; (%)' %, +" &"#*%; +''('; #% "+*%#%#'* #% 4-6 && #% #:&%/*'; )', ," ('+" (%&++". E+ <*/' %( )",/%.
Semilla (', #% )'+'* ,%*"(; *'("(; *%#',#%"#"(; #% 3-5 && #% #:&%/*'. Com/oi*i4n 6umi*a: 1o5a: C',/%,%, <+"$','#%( ?%*)%/,"; */,"; ?%*)/*," % ('?%*)/*,"G; &%,/'( ",/')",!#)'(; /*/%*%,'(; W-(/'(/%*'+; /",,'(; :)#' :+)'; :)#' *'/')"/?)'; +)'("; <*)/'(" > ")%/% %(%,)"+ ;5G. A#%&:( +'( :)#'( +,'+,)'; +,'+%)'; +,')*)' > %(/%:*)' *%(%,/% /"&, %, )'*/%" > (%&++"(G.
&ruto: S% ", "(+"#' ")%/%( %(%,)"+%( 2;4G )',/%,%,#' -%*"&',/*",(%,'; '*',%,'; > Y- )"#,%,'; > Z-)"+")'*%,'; )"+"&%,%,'; )",<%,'; )"*$")*'+; W)"*'<+%,'; Z-)'"%,'; )*'%"),"; Z-)%%,'; p-)&%,'; /*"/' #% %*",'+; %=",'"/' #% ,%*'+; > W-<%+",#*%,'; > W-,%,'; /%*,%'+; Z-/%*,%,'; > Z&*'+%,'; %/). A#%&:( )",#,"-3-"+")/(#'; )",#,"-3-*/,(#' > %',#,"-3-+)(#'. %,/0 22 46
Pro/iedade medi*inale:
A %(/" %(%)% (% +% *%)',')%, #$%*("( *'%#"#%( &%#),"+%(; &)"( #% +"( )"+%( <%*', #%()%*/"( > )',<*&"#"( '* +" )%,)"; (%,#' *%)'&%,#"#"( %(/"( *'%#"#%( %, "#%)&%,/'( #%(/$'( )+)'(; %(/*%&%,/'; #'+'* #% %(/&"'.G; #'+'* #% #%,/%(; ))"/*"), #% %*#"( )', "+)"), #% ( *%(,"G; &'+%(/"( #%+ *%&"/(&' "+)"), +')"+ )', %&+"(/'( #% (( *"&"( &")%*"#"( %, "+)''+G; "<%))',%( )'&' /'(; *%; "(&"( > /%*)+'(( )'&' ,<(,G; %, %,<%*&%#"#%( )'&' ','**%" "(! )'&' %, +'( )"('( #% ''( **/"#'(; )',,/$/( > )"/"*"/"( %, /*"/"&%,/' )', '"( &")")"#"( "*" +"$"#'( ,)'( %=/%*,'( /" [ E('(/'; 1995G. P'(%% *'%#"#%( ",/%("(&#)"(; ",/*%&:/)"; %&%,"'"; A,/,<+"&"/'*" > ))"/*",/%. E(/#'( ", #%/%*&,"#' ?% +" ")/$#"# ))"/*",/% #% +" '&"#" #%+ ")%/% %(%,)"+ <"$'*%)% +" ))"/*"), #% +"( %*#"( ,<%)/"#"( %, %+ ","#' $"),' > %, *"/',%( "+,'( A+" et al.; 29G. L'( ")%/%( %(%,)"+%( /"&, '#*!", (%* /+"#'( "*" %+ )',/*'+ #% Pediculus humanus capitis '' #% +" )"%"G /%**% et al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usca domestica Linnaeus
> &'(/*"*', /%,%* ")/$#"# ",/ "+&%,/"*" >'
*%%+%,/%. S% %$"+ %, +"'*"/'*' +" ")/$#"# ,(%)/)#" #% +'( %=/*")/'( )*#'( #% #*"( #% S),( &'++% L. ('*% +"*$"( ,%',"/"( #% Cydia pomonella Linnaeus . L'( *%(+/"#'( ,#)", %<%)/'( *%%+%,/%(. C*,' [ F%**%*'; 21G. E(/#'( ", #%&'(/*"#' ?% %+ ")%/% %(%,)"+ *'#)% *%%+%,)" )', %+ Sitophilus oryzae; '* +' ?% (% )',(#%*" )'&' ," "+/%*,"/$" ,"/*"+ %, ( )',/*'+. B%, et al.; 29G. E+ ")%/% %(%,)"+ #% +"( '"( (% /+" /"&, %, %*<&%*!" > %, +" %+"'*"), #% )*%&"( #%,/"+%(. L"( (%&++"( *%(%,/", , ")%/% ?% %#% (%* %&+%"#' )'&' <,)#" ,"/*"+. L'( <*/'( > (%&++"( /"&, '(%%, $"*'( ")%/%( ?% #%,/*' #% %,/0 23 46
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et al .; 1997G. S% ", %$"+"#' +'( %<%)/'( ",/")/%*",'( > ",/<,)'( #% +'( ")%/%(
'/%,#'( #% '"( <*%()"(; "(+"#'( '* #*'#%(/+"), '/%,%,#' ")/$#"# %, )',/*" #% +"( (%,/%( %(%)%( ")/%*","( Klebsiella pneumoniae, Alcaligenes faecalis,
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa,
L%)','(/*')
cremoris,
aerogenes, Proteus ulgaris, Echerichia coli y !acillus subtilis,
Enterobacter
%,/*% '/*"(. L"(
%(%)%( <,)"( Aspergillus ochrac%(; A(%*++( parasiticus, "usarium culmorum y Alternaria alternata,
%=%*', ," (%,(+#"# (,<)"/$" " +'(
")%/%( $'+:/+%( \%+"()' N%%*%+"; 1995G.
%,/0 24 46
5.- DESARROLLO DEL TRABAJO 5.1.- OBTENCION DEL TINTE DE MOLLE
M"/%*"+%(
P+",/"( • • •
@'"( #% M'++%. F*/'( #%+ M'++%. T"++'( #%+ &'++%; %/).
E?'( • • • • • • •
O++" P%#*" #% &'+%* T," C')," #% +%"( ",/%( C)"*" C'+"#'*
M'*#%,/%( • • •
] Q #% S"+ E+ ' #% 1 +&',%( "+&*%
5.1.2.- PROCEDIMIENTOS)
T"+" 2 P*')%#&%,/'
PASO 7
Re*ole*tar la 8o5a9 tallo9 rama9 fruta . mordiente %,/0 25 46
;, de al $u,o de 7< limone 7=, de molle PASO >
7L de a,ua T*/*"* +"( '"(; *"&"( > /"++'( #% +" +",/" #% &'++% )', +" ">#" #% %#*"( #%
PASO ?
&'+%*. E+ "" #%% %(/"* *$%,#' *%$"&%,/% L%' )'+')"&'( +" +",/" /*/*"#" >
PASO @
#%"&'( %*$* '* 3 &,. I,)'*'*"&'( " %(/% %+ (&' #% 1 +&',%( > ] Q #% ("+. D%"&'( %*$* 3 &, &:(; (%&*% &'$%,#' "*" %$/"* ?% (% "(%,/%.
PASO D%"&'( *%'("* "("#' +'( /*%,/" &,
PASO
"*" ( %,<*"#'. U,"( $%( %,<*"#"(; )'+')"+"&'( +"( ('+), #% 1-.5 $%)%( "(/" ?% ,'
PASO
*%(%,/% ('+#'( %, (%,)',. P"*" ( )'&%*)"+")', (% %,$"(" %, '/%++"( #% 25 &+ )"#" ,"; +'( %,$"(%( #%%, (%* '()*'( "*" *'/%%*+'( #% +'( *">'( #%+ ('+. F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
5.1.3.- FLUGOGRAMA OPERACIONES
%,/0 26 46
5.2.- TE*IDO CON EL TINTE DE MOLLE C",#' %+ "' #% /,/% %(/: <*!' ,/*'#)&'( %+ /%#' &%#' > "&%,/"&'( #%(")' +" /%&%*"/*" "(/" "+)","* +'( 82 ^C; &",/%,%&'( *$%,#' #*",/% 3 ' 4 &,/'( > *%/*"&'( %+ /%#' /"&, +' '#%&'( #%"* %,<*"* %, %+ /,/%; $"*",#' %(/'( /%&'( )',(%&'( , )'+'* &:( ' &%,'( ,/%,('. E,""#' > (%)"#' E,""&'( %+ /%#' $"*"( $%)%( )', "" "*" %+&,"* %+ %=)%(' #% /,/% > (%)"&'(.
%,/0 27 46
5.3.- E$PERIMENTACION 5.3.1.- ELABORACION DEL TINTE
P*&%*' *')%#%&'( " )'*/"* #%+ :*'+ #% &'++% +" &"/%*" *&" " /+"*; %, ,%(/*' )"(' )'*/"&'( +"( *"&"(; *'/%(; <*/'( % ,<+'*%()%,)"( /%*,/"(. J%* F*" 5.1. F*" 5.1 C'*/"#' #% +"( *"&"( #%+ :*'+ #% &'++%.
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
P%("&'( +" &"/%*" *&"; "*" '#%* ")%* +'( ):+)+'( )'**%(',#%,/%( #% "+",)% #% &"/%*". J%* <*" 5.2. F*" 5.2 P%("#' #% +" &"/%*" *&"
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
T*/*"&'( +"( '"(; /"++'(; *'/%(; ,<+'*%()%,)"(; )', +" ">#" #% %#*"( #% &'+%* ' )', , "/",. J%* F*"5.3. F*"5.3 T*/*"#' #% +" &"/%*" *&"
%,/0 2 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
E, ," '++" #% "+&,' "*%"&'( "*'=&"#"&%,/% 5 +/* #% " > #%"&'( %*$*; +%' "*%"&'( %+ &'++% /*/*"#' > +' #%"&'( #*",/% 3 &,. J%* <*" 5.4. F*" 5.4 P*%"*"), #% +" &%)+"
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
L%' ,)'*'*"* " +" ('+), #% "" > &'++% %+ &' #% 1 +&',%( (% %#% /+"* "). C!/*)'G.\ "*%"&'( " +"( $% 12Q #% ("+. \ #%"&'( "+
%,/0 2! 46
<%' #*",/% 3 &, &"(; "/",#' (%&*% "*" %$/"* ?% (%#&%,/% +" &%)+".
L%' #% %(/% /%&' #%"&'( *%'("* +" &%)+" #*",/% 1 '*"; "*" ?% (% %,<* +" &%)+" > +%' +' )'+"&'( #% 1-5 $%)%( "(/" *%/*"*+% '* )'&+%/' +"( &*%"(. J%* <*" 5.5. F*" 5.5 T,/% #% &'++%( +(/' > )'+"#'
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
L%' $%*/%&'( +" &%)+" "*" ( )'&%*)"+"), %&'/%++"( #% 5&+.. #% %,$"(% '()*' "*" *'/%%*+'( #%+ ('+. J%* <*" 5.5. F*" 5.6 E,$"("#' #% %+ /,/%
5.3.2.- PROCESO DE TE*IDO DE LA PRENDA DE ALGODÓN
PRIMERA PRENDA:
C+')"* +'( 5 &+ #% /,/% #%+ %,$"(% %, ," '++" #% "+&,' > ++%$"* " )"+%,/"*. J%* F*" 5.7 A+)"), #% )"+'* "+ /,/%. %,/0 3" 46
F*" 5.7 A+)"), #% )"+'* "+ /,/%
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
C",#' (% %,)%,/*% " ," /%&%*"/*" #% %,/*%7-8 'C; "*%"&'( 2 ))"*"( #% #%/%*%,/%1 *; ">#" "+ /,/% " %,%/*"* &%'* %, +" *%,#"G; > ," ))"*"#" #% ("+ 5*G.J%* F*" 5.8 > 5.9. F*" 5.8 A+)"), #%+ &'*#%,/% #%/%*%,/%.
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
F*" 5.9 A*%"&'( +" ("+
%,/0 31 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
. A"*/% %, , &'*/%*' /*/*"&'( 1 * #% "+&*%; > "*%"&'( " +" '++" )', %+ /,/%. J%* F*" 5.1.
&i,ura "7<: In*or/ora*ion del alum0re
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
A+)"* )"+'* "(/" ?% +"( ((/",)"( ('+#"( "*%"#"( %(/, '* )'&+%/"( #+#"(. J%* F*" 5.11.
&i,ura "77: 1omo,enia*i4n de la dilu*i4n
%,/0 32 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
I,)'*'*"* " +" ('+), +" *%,#" %, ,%(/*' )"(' 1 '+' #% "+'#, +",)'G. A/"* )',(/",/%&%,/% #*",/% 5 &,. J%* F*" 5.12. F*" 5.12 T%#' #% +" *%,#"
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
L%' #% %(/% /%&'; *%/*"* +" *%,#" #% +" '++" > #%"* %,<*"* %, , *%)%,/% ""*/%.
D% ," $% <*'; %=*&* +" *%,#" "*" *%/*"* %+ %=)%(' #% /,/% > $'+$%*+' " *%("* "*" %+ (%,#' /%#' )', '/*' '+' #% +"( &(&"( )"*")/%*!(/)"(. J%* F*" 5.13. F*"5.13 E=*&#' #% +" *%,#"
%,/0 33 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
T%,#%*+' > #%"*+' " (%)"* . J%* F*" 5.14.
&i,ura "7@: Se*ado de la /renda te3ida
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
SE%UNDA PRENDA P"*" %+ /%#' #% +" (%,#" *%,#" (% *%"+"*', +'( &(&'( "('( #% %+ /%#' #% +" *&%*" *%,#". S'+' $"*"&'( +"( *''*)',%( #% "+&*% > #%/%*%,/% %,/0 34 46
"*%"#'(. P"*" %(/% )"(' /+"&'( %+ #'+% #% )',)%,/*"), #% +'( &'*#%,/%(#%/%*%,/% > "+&*%G.J%* <*"( 5.15; 5.16; 5.17.
&i,ura "7: Te3ido de la e,undo /renda
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
&i,ura "7: Se,unda /renda te3ida
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
&i,ura "7: Primera . e,unda /renda te3ida
%,/0 35 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'" 5.3.3.- PRUEBAS DE RESISTENCIA DEL TINTE + TE*IDO
P"*" ,%(/*' '%/' #% %(/#' (% )*%' )',$%,%,/% "*" %+ #%("**'++' #%+ /*""'; %(/#"* #'( <")/'*%( &'*/",/%( %, +" #*"), > )"+#"# #% ,%(/*' /%,/% ?% (', L" )",/#"# #% /,/% %*##' #%(( #% )"#" +"$"#' #% +" *%,#" > +" *%((/%,)" #% +" *%,#" " +" %='(), #%+ ('+. 5.1.3.1. PRUEBA DE LAVADO DE LA PRENDA
P"*" ,%(/*" *&%*" $"*"+% #% %(/#' #%+ #% /,/% %*##' #%(( #% )"#" +"$"#'; +' ?% (% ' <% +' (%,/%
L"$"* +" *%,#" >" /%#" > )'&+%/"&%,/% (%)" %, ",#",/% "" )', #%/%*%,/% > '(%*$"* %+ "" ?% ?%#" #%+ +"$"#' "*" #%/%*&,"* %+ #% /,/%
%*##' #*",/% %+ +"$"#'. E(/" *%" (% *%"+' /*%( #!"( (%#'( #%(( #%+ /%#'; > +'( #"/'( ?% #&'( *%)'+"* <%*', +'( (%,/%(.
P"*" %+ *&%* #!" #% +"$"#' J%* <*"( 5.18 5.19 5.2 5.21 5.22G. %,/0 36 46
&i,ura"7: La+ado de la /rimera /renda
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
F*" 5.19 A" '/%,#" #% +" *&%*" *%,#" +"$"#".
F*" 5.2 L"$"#' #% +" (%,#" *%,#"
%,/0 37 46
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'" F*" 5.21 P*&%*" > (%,#" *%,#" #%(%( #%+ +"$"#'
F*" 5.22 A" '/%,#" #%+ (%,#' +"$"#'
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
P"*" %+ (%,#' #" #% +"$"#' J%* <*"(5.235.245.25G %,/0 3 46
F*" 5.23 L"$"#' #% +" *&%*" *%,#" %+ (%,#' #"
F*" 5.24 L"$"#'# % +" (%,#" *%,#"; (%,#" #"
F*" 5.25 A" '/%,#" #%+ (%,#' +"$"#'
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
%,/0 3! 46
6.- COSTOS DE ELABORACION COSTOS DE PRODUCCIN PARA 3 LITROS DE TINTE
M"/%*" *&"_____________________ S.2. E,%*!" +%"G____________________.... S. 2. 1 +&',%(_____._________________ S. 1. S"+___________________.______ S. .5 2 *. D% #%/%*%,/%_____________..____. S. .3 E,$"(%(_______________________.. S. 6.
TOTAL_________________________S.11.8
7.- RESULTADOS P*%" #% +" %='(), "+ ('+ #% +" *%,#" P"*" ,%(/*" (%,#" $"*"+% #% *%((/%,)" #% +" *%,#" " +" %='(), #%+ ('+; +' ?% (% ' <% +' (%,/%
E=',%&'( +"( *%,#"( #%#"( " +'( *">'( #% ('+"*%( #*",/% 3 (%&","(. O(%*$"* ( "> $"*")',%( #% )'+'* #",/% '( #!"( #% %='(),.
T"+" 6.1 R%(+/"#'( #% +" *%" #% #%(/%&%,/'
Prenda
F dete3imiento L"$"#' 1
L"$"#' 2
L"$"#' 3
Prenda <7
2
4
5
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3
5
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F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
T"+" 6.2 R%(+/"#'( #% +" *%" #% #%)'+'*")',
%,/0 4" 46
Prenda
F De de*olora*i4n S%&"," 1
S%&"," 2
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Prenda <7
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
Prenda <>
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
M",/%,% ( )'+'*
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
.- CONCLUCIONES L'( &"/%*"+%( #%%, (%* (%+%))',"#'( #% /"+ &",%*" ?% +"( '"( (%", /%*,"( "*" ," &%'* %=/*")), #%+ /,/% #%+ &'++%. L" /),)" ("#" %( %+ /%#' (&+% > /+"&'( )'&' &'*#%,/% %+ #%/%*%,/% > %+ "+&*% %+ )"+ (% )'&*' ?% %+ )'+'* $"*!" #% ")%*#' " +"( )',)%,/*")',%( #% +'( &'*#%,/%(.
!.- DISCUCIONES E, %+ &,#' /%=/+; +'( "%,/%( <"#'*%(; "+&*% > ")%/"/' #% %**'; ">#", " "* %+ /,/% #% &%'* &",%*". E+ "+&*% %( ," ("+ ?% ,' &'#<)" +'( )'+'*%( #% +'( /,/%(; &%,/*"( ?% %+ ")%/"/' #% %**' +'( '()*%)%. A+ /+"* )'&' )%*' "(% +" &%)+" #% "*)++"; (% #%()* ?% %+ %<%)/' #% +'( <"#'*%( %( #(/,/' "+ %<%)/' ?% %(/'( /%,%, %, <*"( /%=/+%(; >" ?% +"( %"( ?% /$%*', )',/")/' )', %+ "+&*% '/$%*', )'+'*%( ,/%,('(; &)' &:( ,/%,('( ?% +"( %"( ?% /$%*', )',/")/' )', %+ ")%/"/' #% %**'; /",/' +"( ?% (% /%*', )', '" $%*#% )'&' +"( #% '" (%)". E=(/% ," )',)%,)" #% ?% %+ (' #% /,/%( ,"/*"+%( %( ," %," "+/%*,"/$" %(%)"+&%,/% "*" +" ("+#; %*' <*%,/% " , &%*)"#' ?% ,' $"+'*" %+ /*""' "*/%(","+ <*%,/% " ?% )"#" ,' #% +'( *')%('( /%,% , ("%* > /*"#), %( %$#%,/% ?% +'( *')%('( "*/%(","+%( (%*:, (%,#' "",#',"#'(. %,/0 41 46
J%,#%* +'( *'#)/'( *%(+/",/%( #% +'( /,/%( ,"/*"+%( *%(+/" )',<+)/$'; >" ?% %+ $"+'* "*%"#' ?% /%,% %+ *'#)/' ")% %+ *%)' (% #+?% " +'( #%+ &%*)"#'. E(/' ')"( %*(',"( +' $"+'*", "(! ?% %+ *%)' %, ?% (% $%,#% %( '* +" &/"# #% +' ?% *%"+&%,/% )%(/"
1".- RECOMENDACIONES A+ (%* ((/",)"( $'+:/+%(; +'( ")%/%( %(%,)"+%( (% ", #% %(/"+"* > *'/%%* "*" "(%*"* +" )',(%*$"), #% (( *'%#"#%( #*",/% %+ "+&")%,"&%,/'. E<%)/"* %(/#'( ('*% +" #%,(#"# '+")',"+ (+$%(/*% #% +"( %(%)%( S),( &'++% > S),( /%*%,/<'+( "*" ('&%/%*+"( " </*"( ,$%(/")',%( )', %+ <, #% "*'$%)"* ( '/%,)"+ %, #$%*('( )"&'( #% +" ,#(/*". P*')*"* %, +' '(+% ")%* ," *%)'+%)), > (%+%)), "#%)"#" #% +" &"/%*" $%%/"+ (+$%(/*% #% +' )',/*"*' (% '#*!" "<%)/"* %, +' '(/%*'* +" '/%,), #% *%(+/"#'(. D%("**'++"* '/*'( %(/#'( ('*% +" )"*")/%*"), #% ,%$"( %(%)%( (+$%(/*%( ?% ", ,' ", (#' %$"+"#"( > )',')%* (( '/%,)"+#"#%( "*" %+ "*'$%)"&%,/' ,/%*"+. R%"+"* %(/#'( '(/%*'*%( )', %+ <, #% "(+"* )'&%(/'( &">'*/"*'( "*" +" %+"'*"), #% </'<:*&")'( %, %+ /*"/"&%,/' #% %,<%*&%#"#%( > '/*'( ('( ,#(/*"+%(. E( &'*/",/% /*"""* %, )%,/*'( "*/%(","+%( #',#% %(/" &%&'*" (%" $"+'*"#"; +'( &%*)"#'( #% *%)' (/' ">#", " ?% (% %#" "#?** *'#)/'( ,' ('+' '* ( )'+'* ' &'#" ; %,%*"* ," )+/*" ?% (%" )',()%,/% #% #',#% $%,% +' ?% (% %(/: )',(&%,#' ">#"*!" %, *", "*/% " ?% ">#%&'( " *')%('( #% <'*/"+%)&%,/' (')"+ > *'#)/$'. E+ &'++% /%,% *'%#"#%( /,/*%"(; #% +" )')), #% (( '"( > )'*/%" (% '/%,% , /,/% )'+'* "&"*++' ?% %*&/% /%* %+ "+'#, > +" +",". L"( )%,"( #%+ &'++% /"&, (*$% "*" "*" +"$"* > <"* /,/%(; > "*" %+"* &"!; /*' > )%"#". S( (%&++"( &'+#"( /%,%, *", #%&",#" )'&' &%,/" *'("#"; > /"&, (*$%, "*" %+"'*"* ))"; $,"*% > &%+. \ '* ( <%*" ')' /%,% *'%#"#%( +")#"(. E, &%#)," /*"#)',"+ (% /+" )'&' ",/**%&:/)'; *",/%; )',/*" %+ #'+'* #% "*",/"; #% )"%" > #% &%+"(. S &"#%*" (% (" %, %",(/%*!" > )'&' '*)',%(; > %, "*'<'*%(/%*!" )'&' )'*/," *'&% $%,/'( > )'&' ('&*". %,/0 42 46
`C&' /%* )', &'++%a C'+'* A&"*++' )'*/%" > '"(G M"/%*"+ P'* )"#" Q+' #% +"," (% (", 2Q #% '"( > )'*/%"( #% &'++%. T%#' D% +" )')), #% +" )'*/%" > #% +"( '"( (% '/%,% , +!?#' "&"*++'; (% ""#% "+&*% > (% *%&'" +" +"," > /%#'( (% '/%,% , /%#' %*&",%,/%&%,/% #% )'+'* "&"*++'. D))',"*' E,))+'#)' #% P+",/"( b/+%( #%+ P%* - A,/',' B*")QG
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ALNICOLSA (.<.G.- M'++%. S),( &'++% ///",,'(./*'#.)'&&'++%%(./&
D(',+% %, +" "," d% //.*%#/%=/+"*%,/,".)'&."*,#%=.<*"(<-%,,'+%)&%,/'223,(&'(-"*"-%+-%,,'+%)&%,/'-#%-<*"()'+'*",/%(-/%=/+%()'+'*",/%(,"/*"+%(393-)'+'*",/%(-,"/*"+%(
%,/0 44 46
1. ANEXO F*" 5.26 P*&%*" (%&"," #% %='()', #% +"( *%,#"( "+ ('+.
F%,/% E+"'*"), P*'"
&i,ura ">: Se,unda emana de eG/oi*ion de la /renda al ol"
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