ATHY ATHY Univ Univ rsit rsit of
AN WELL WELL al mp te
Abstract ibet ibet
edic edic
di io
eriv erived ed
ewor ewor il usin usin eo na ur ls ined ined in edit edit tive tive he ling ling te hniq hnique ue
im il
fr
us ion, ion, Sinc Sinc he
In ia edic edic hine hine
urve urve
oc or er oc up io of
interna internation tional alizing izing Tibeta Tibeta cultur culture. e. to
medi medi
yste ystem, m, nd to om en
odif odific ic io
nd ls
on in itie itie
worl world, d, espec especia ially lly in exile. exile.
of Ti et edic edicin ine, e, um ises ises he es en ia fe ures ures of he Ti et edic edic em nd di us es it pr ic in preprede ibet ibet he econ econ pa lo ks io ic ib
Kailash he hang hanges es
ough ough
er
ile. ile.
ge in
ou
he ir um ic
oa
is
ef
illn illn ec
di
ve gr
na
di
ig ie other other sour source ces. s. dd is
ve ic
om
nk ng pr
wi
ly
in
Budd Buddhi hi
or
et
no
unlik unlikely elyto be severed.
ti
he
de
ides ides
omed omedic icin in
ient ientis ists ts nd pr titi tition oner er of va ious ious dh ed ve itio itio
nd pr
el ions ionshi hi
nd
nd econ econ
ed
medic medicine ine in prepre-mo modem dem Ti et wa
er ve
ee
eali ealing ng
edic edic ib
onnec onnecti tion onswi swith th Buddh Buddhis is thin thinkin kin
Tibet Tibet
ly
et
oope oope tion tion with with ot we te lter lter ve ic
.1Tib .1Tibet etan an Medic Medicine: ine: its
nces nces of he exod exodus us of efug efugee ee
omple omplexsc xschol hol ly tr diti dition on
be
erio erio
fr
en
dh
nt
di
fully
15
.medicine
Buddhist "View", ic le li
in
ec umen
it
is
er
it il
li io
ex
en
As
imen
fi
he
nditions le di
evel pe la er
to
psychologi
emotiona
nd emotiona
hi
fflictions (Sanskrit hlesa),
Fo (rgyu)
it pa erns
ntra
(rGy d-bz i)
ea
fold
la
fi
is lw
several di us ions of illnes
(rkyen),
pr
es
un
hi
lanced hu or
yc
lo ic
ex la
ee
is
prin in
om in ions
onne ed wi
on
ic
of illnes
fe
fr
Ig or
e,
ll hree poison
ends within
An to
over om
he
(Ede
ov
di ions).
16
ed
ic
if
medicine.
on
di io
ibet in
info
es en
ia
ib ta
lready
om od ed hrough he
ed
ic
.2
ould
en ione
la ic
yana do
en ik
is
icin
it
even eent
in
-r i-
in
in
in ip
en ur
yl
ngye
ya
o,
hi
Kailash
iall
il
in
ib
io
ic
In ia
iolo ic
iolo ic
ly
ie
ivin
with
ic
itio
16
em
lu Bery
es
vail
le eviden
ly
ly
in
to
lu ed
ivin
fo lo
in
illness.
pl nt
grew
nd
es in
differen
hola ly opinions (Meyer in
fionovit h,
Kailash ee
fi el in ion. he presum ly prim il
em hi is pree inen ly ed on heor ofna li nu erou ub nces he po en of hi is ym olic or in tance, ea from ou hole fa in
impo tance: medi ines we
itually
on ec te usin
meditation nd mant
ig it epilepsy, troke, pl gues nd leprosy. In
es
he
in
ll
edic tion wa in pp op ia
or in uffi ient
de
wi
compresses,massage, lood-letting,moxi ustion an mino surgery general classificationof illnesses accounte for differencesin treatment ou omes (P fionovit h, orje nd eyer ). en ible in neg tive for es (gdon) di
es it
he
of pp op ia
emedie
il
lu e" di ea es
hi
treatment. Th Ti et wo ds whic fionovit h, orje nd eyertr nslate as "imaginary (kun-brtags), "dependent" (gzhan-dbang) an "a solute (yongsystem, wher th "imagina y" or "con eptu lly on tructed" is ttrisoabluiua) imil level of pp en eality Th "imagina y" or "con tructed"leve onnote th
nd umptions differen
olute"le el indi in
heno en
he Yoga ut he
es
ea
of ppea
naly is is on erne onno
ions
is
it edic
es
differen levels of la ific io
16 le ly
iv
fr
li it
logy
it
he
he
ic
ic
if lain il le
in isin
ppropriate for differen
ondition
ur
nd ir um tances
3T
ic
~ho ic
ic
is
ie no ledg
olle
li ie
(D
ov
).
in it io
ospe iv
ud
in
ib
Kailash
to
come migh
.,
67
le
is io
of he
ic
io
iv
he
ll
in
im
il clear in
io
isle di in
li
ll
im is
io
(bla),
il fo
im
fo in in fe le in
ft ilit
pe fo le
or lt ur gdg po
is
iall ic in with
.perform
do to
nd
iomedicine
ibut
ly
ligi
ituals
io
imul
in
ic
remedy woul
usly
il
be
je
ic
lo
to
An ordina
do or
in
it
il ie it
ll
ir il le
to reject
in
io
ie
li ib
di
ve
,1
partn
.1Th
Chines
up io
).
ys em involvin
ocia
ICags-po-ri ol ly
em
edic
di io
it
nd economic ubordina io
lleg
ir ly
igorou ly
ibet
to
edicin
ed in
er
li
ed
in
ul ur
ev lu io
ed
-.~
":;
17
in
effe ivel
ines
onopolizes on
n.s Tibetans
fi
over ll
if
inin
la ic
in
ibet
edicin
it
ia
in
in
Exile
n.s.i
in organisation to
ey
etel
if er
ec
or
Kailash
impl
ub ituted in th over ll la ific to
idesprea ould
proble
is usuall
efer ed
yste
he
(Wel
ngli
).
uc
term, pronounced in
"glo-nad" or "glo-gcong", nd iomedi ineis een as
la ified, uc
medicine. to
no
ic ll ondu te
ec esea
gener
trend
ro
11.2.2 "Fol
nd ibet
ev im in he pe ific llyon he ling am
il
ntex
in
am
Cures"5
ed
in iden
In
in 'Stan
ir
umfo d'
ud
er or
of ibet ns nd
im le
refer
ic
lo here.
to
folk
er
ge ha
to
urungs
l- ec lling"ri
it hc uddhis
only differ in hi
espo
ecit ions fo guidin
e,
on
ic is to
iousne
ept th inevit
ilit
im of de
hi
ex ple, knowledg le ou ie nd nyon itte uspe ed id do ould im edia el go fo he io edic ea en Se ondl individu or family ituals fo exor isingtrou lesom pi it have de line in Indi This is pa he ider phen en ofth de li of he folkreligion in exile. lk overnmen -in-exil ha projec im ge of Ti et overnmen -in-exil
elemen
ut
ew ls
er
ende to exiles
po itio
he
is de igne
el ivel ompa it ls lf ji
elicit In ia to he
overnmen -in-exil po
di fieldwor in
la inis ould ee to ny of he folk ites
ivilised nd in elle tu ll
io er
ea ly
et le en
it
er in
on
ediu in
ls
unitie
lo
ha d, he it
he
involvin
on ic le
lo
th ela or te mona tic expellingritu ls (Ceeh
ibet pi it ep l, no
uc folk it
ea
erie
in erna iona hi es empt to
ya of it people". fficia lk ,wa no offi ia Tibetan
he di no pe fo pe ific
ophi ic ed
on inue hriv in es er nd ep le
87:227).
efugee et le en Pokhara, el Ti et lien
II.2.3
attracted
uddhis
ealing
ices
lk
it
li
ls
li
ic
in
to
all th
li
ie
il
ia
is
io
li
17
he hree poison
prim
uses fo illnes
in lude
ocia di en ion:
pr
titioner nd deprec io of eligious pr ti e, gene indi to of th en is es ible fo in ea ed nd malignant tumour in th wo ld (Donden 86:1 7).However ocia fa tors
edit io pr ices hi fo us on he individu emotiona ibet edicine, ic ives or ntio fa uc nd individua eh viour It is nteres in
ftli ions or in li ie
to
udiences in luding non-Buddhi ts with he proces er iz fe in fo in
it
). In
in erna ionaliza io
il ul im el
es
hi
Indi
it
ffec he pr
yoga us ve
om
ices
he
pe fo
em
ed
to
pr
titioner
hu or
im
ould en
lances
le patien
he
have imila implic tion
pe iali
to
ould di pl
he pa ient's
esponsibilit
fo
Kailash
it
ib
is
do
imil ly
iv
ga
og
inpo he in hi
ve
ecen
in
es -selling
he
ym olism. Sogy
ha in
ook,
io Buddhi
icin
inpo he's Essentia Phow it
is io
Practice for example,
le in
is
in
it
ic
hi
pr
he emph ises
ti e, no
only
odifyingthe tr dition
om itte Buddhi elaborate practice.
itio
ised
pr
fter he pp op ia
ti
uch, ut
take th ne es
ec ivesar
to Tibetans
pr
ic
ia le
he
empowe
em
ther introducin
ents nd pe fo
iven
en
ns is io
en le isin
im le
he
in eres
to
it iv
onfidencein their religious tr ditions
ll.2.4 Tibeta Medicine
in er
es iall in it on es
la es
fi en ill- ealt
In de
ea ly in
exile,
support for Indi iomedical doctors. hile goodbio edic fa ilitie do exis in ny ea lo or unqu lified pr itione of io edicine, eliant onph
pr
titioner
of
edicine"
wide pread, ut no "p
ly
ir
es
do to is
poorly nd hu
titioner of indigenous
inis ivel la ifie edic (D er ), ea ly pe iod, Ti et do to ttemptin to practise edicin frequently ha to ontend wi of en poorly qu lified io edic do to wh felt th ea ened lini
efugee
in
lhou ie lo
do to
te pted to discredit
im
Kailash
~1
hi
Ir
Dr.
ibet Engli
ic ly
fter
ia
ic
fi
evid
In it e,
inin
language journal, Th sMan-rTsis Journal. In li ib edic In it io -p -r edic lleg in
.p medi in
nd
pi ituality
in
fo
elin ik
CChagpori News,
curriculum. ev lo
en
es
io
imul neou
ic
ppor fo
ibet
fu ee fr
edicine.
en
en
in in hi pe io edicin lt ll el iv no neces rily pplic le ross-cultur lly limit tions of iomedi ine,especiallyin dealin with hroni disorder In fa t, ecog isin hi eshi onde is ex li it ha it is it onic di or er
is "complementa y"medicin of va ious kind ha
indigenou medic pr titioner int healt es de el pmen have ee vour le
involves tr inin om le en empt hi
lo "amchi (docto ei expe is in ibet
ecom omin fr
or "p ofes ional" eredit
.I eceive erious ttention
progr mmes (W O1978:4 ). he ibet efugee nd have
in th udiments of iomedi in edicine. long it uc offi ia olla or in in
line of oc or
ut ju
ettlements to tr in with qu lified efugee do to communication).
de ized"and ecul
orde to ju tify
ha
in
ibet
nd en ou ge we te
ee tone down.7Ther have een om
ld nd
it
or fo er
y. nt
(M ia hyla tou: pe on
le uden
ientificinte es
einte pret tion
ibet
edic
the cross-cultural
of Ti et
medi
on
he
hine e- yl
edic
do
in Taiw n:
di io
on ep
ha
:1
"e en e" or "intelligence"
"rajas"
expe ti
equall
of io edicine,
Ti et
reinterpreting
edic
pr
titioner
"sattua" "tamas"
impo tant nd in titu ions
exil frequently expres
ll
doctors.f
er or]" (Donden
86:68) in
as
81
im lify
imitin
in
edic
ep
to
in itutiona
icines
nd heoretic
es es
.are
er
fr
ewor fo
heir pr
ed
ices
ei
en
eo
es
er
-i
fe
ecio
emedie
diacussesIong
(sman-sgrub) fo
lt
ice.
in
ed
ec
ib
edicin
ed
fa li es
(Avedon 1985:189-190, 320-321).
Kailash
real final
onfidenc
nd ol
hrou ho
is ea
in prison
secularization.
et them elves "spiritu
References Publications.
illm he ler ".
ed
ey
all th id
ndon
isdo
References
83 Berglie,
er-Arne, 1992, Ti et
tudi s, Narita Japan: it Cech, Krystyna 1987,
pi it
ediu
ip
89 Ih Shoren nd Ya Shin hoji.
it sp cial referenc
nd
on inui
gu hi Zuih (eds).
ia or h-west Himala
.Phil. thesis niv. of xford. Chophel, or u, 1983, Work nd rchive Colem n, raha (ed.) 1993, Found tion, ider
ha ge
it
settleme t. Unpublished
ha
la
ib
of Ti et
London: Orient
1986,
Publications. Dummer Tom, 1988, London: outledge. Ep tein, _L wren e, 1977, npublishe Transformations. rrer einri h, 1953, th BookSo iety. lein n, thur 1980,
lora io of th bord
h.D thesis niver it of London uper
be we
thro
logy
hington rt-D vis nd
edic ne
Berkeley: Univer ity of California re s. 1992, eslie, le yu ve In
sy holo le
li
California ress. umford St oy l, 1989, Madison:The University ofWisconsin ress urphy, ervla n.d., Tibeta Foothold London:John Murr y. or erg- odge elena with ze us ell 1994, il in in Zangskar. In Himalaya Buddhist Villages environment, resources, societ
Banarsidas. Norbu, Jamy ng, 1979, ha ms la
Info
tion
Secretariat. hnuki-Tierney Emiko, 1984, anthropologica view. Cambridge, Mass Univer ity
ffice, Cent
re s.
Ti et
Kailash 1992 Tibetan
i,
Gyamtso (1653-1705). London: Serindia
ublic tions
ei el ichel, 1979, Publications.
London Futura 1990,
Londo
nd Boston: Shambhala
Samuel,
eoffrey 1993, hing on nd ondon: Smithsonia In titu io Snellg ove, vi nd ug icha dson 1980,
es
Sogyal
inpoche, 1992, tric Gaffne nd ndre rvey ed London ider. illm lf ., 1994, ib In Tibeta Reuiew September 4: 2-14. St us Sa h, 1993, iv is ik lo hi ie in he produc io nsna io ice. npubli he paper. Taring inche Dolm 1970, au te Tibe London:Joh Murr y. 1976,
London:Univer ity of California ress Trog wa inpoche 1986, presen fu ure. pu li ed pa er Tucci, Giuseppe, 1967, London: ul le ., 1980, Kega ul. els h, obert, 1983,
le
le
om nu i- os oe n, Trancredi, 1983, eds raege ublishers. WHO, 1978, he prom io nd de el pmen of di iona edicin (W.H.O ech. ep er 622). ited in ecil el n, 1984, Illness, 49-50. Bristol: Wright.. Zimmerm nn, Fr ncis 1992, le fl In Ch le eslie nd lla Youn (eds). Berkeley, Lo ngeles xford:University of California ress
