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Chapter 4: Early and Classical Criminological Theories Chapter Outline
Theory
Major Theoretical Approaches
Demonological Theory
Classical Theory
Neoclassical Theory
Ecological Theory
Forerunners of Modern Criminological Thought
Economic Theory
Theory!olicy Connection
Theory •
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Theories: help us understand and e"plain crime causation# help us ma$e sense of random and seemingly unrelated facts# are not la%s or facts# %ill not lead us to one &$ey' & $ey' e"planation of criminal (eha)ior#
Demonological Theory Demonological Theory: •
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*efers to supernatural e"planations of criminality# criminality# Criminal (eha)ior attri(uted to demons or other%orldly sources# *esponse to crime %ith &trial (y ordeal#'
Classical Theory Classical Theory: ›
Emphasi+es free %ill and rationality as the source of (e ha)ior#
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!eople are rational and ha)e free %ill
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,--. responsi(le for their actions#
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Assumes hedonism# ma"imi+e “Pleasure Principle” /The assumption that the main purpose of life is to ma"imi+e pleasure %hile minimi+ing pain#
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Classical Theory 0cont1d2 •
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Cesare 3eccaria 0,56,742: Argued that punishment should (e: 8ure9 s%ift9 and certain# No more se)ere than necessary to deter# nspired modern ;estern legal principles#
Classical Theory 0cont1d2 •
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Criti>ues of Classical Theory: Does not allo% consideration of offenderspecific circumstances# Ad)ocates ta$ing a%ay judicial discretion# Concepts of &pleasure' and &pain' are difficult to measure#
Neoclassical Theory •
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Neoclassical 8chool: Consider en)ironmental9 psychological9 and other mitigating circumstances# Focus on policies rather than crime causation# ?ess concerned %ith finding &causes' and more concerned %ith finding &%hat %or$s#'
Neoclassical Theory 0cont1d2 •
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*ational Choice Theory 0Cornish @ Clar$e9 ,762 Crime seen as a choice made (ased on costs9 (enefits9 and opportunities# &8ituational Crime Control' B One %ay to reduce crime (ased on this theory# Criticism: Most crimes are not carefully planned#
Neoclassical Theory 0cont1d2 •
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Other remnants of neoclassical theory: &Three 8tri$es ou1re Out' !olicies
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Mandatory 8entences Concept of &
Ecological Theory •
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Ecological 8chool First to apply official data and statistics to e"planations of crime# ses maps and aerial data#
Human Ecology: Deals %ith the interrelationship (et%een human organisms and the physical en)ironment#
Ecological Theory 0cont1d2 •
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Andre M# uerry 0,6-=,62 ie%ed as the founder of the ecological or cartographic school of criminology# !ioneer in comparati)e crime statistics#
Ecological Theory 0cont1d2 •
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Adolphe Guetelet 0,7,642 Credited as first scientific criminologist# Challenged notion of free %ill (y noting consistent patterns of crime# “Thermic Law” of Crime: O(ser)ed that crimes against persons increase in %armer climates %hile property crimes are most pre)alent in colder climates 0Fo"9 ,7 9 p# 42#
Criti>ue of Ecological Theory •
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These social statisticians %ere ahead of their time# 8hortcomings of their analysis: *eliance on official statistics Appropriate use of statistics The ecological school represented a critical transition from philosophical to scientific approaches#
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Ecological Theory 0cont1d2 Modernday ecological theories: Focus on social and artificial en)ironmental influences# Ac$no%ledge the %ea$nesses of official data# Highlight factors such as %eather9 population density9 and air pollutants as influences on crime# •
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Forerunners of Modern Criminological Thought Highly influential Theorists: •
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Iarl Mar" 0,6,6,6652 Charles Dar%in 0,6-7,66=2 8igmund Freud 0,6J,7572 Economic Theory
Iarl Mar" 0,6,6,6652: Economic Determinist nsisted that society1s economic su(structure shapes all other institutions and relationships# –
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dentified root of social pro(lems as capitalism and su(se>uent ine>ualities# Did not specifically address crime#
Economic Theory ;illem 3onger 0,6,74-2: –
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Applied Mar"ist thought to topic of crime# Argued that la% focuses on protecting the propertied classes# Argued pleasuresee$ing is natural9 (ut capitalism encourages egoism 0selfish indi)idualism2 to an e"treme#
Theory!olicy Connection !olicies and programs are guided (y theory# › › ›
Demonological Classical Neoclassical
inconsistent punishment effecti)e la% is sure9 s%ift9 and certain mandatory sentence and deterrence policy
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Ecological @ Economic
fight crime (y changing social and physical en)ironment
Chapter 8ummary
Theory
Major Theoretical Approaches
Demonological Theory
Classical Theory
Neoclassical Theory
Ecological Theory
Forerunners of Modern Criminological Thought
Economic Theory
Theory!olicy Connection
Iey Concepts Astrology 3ourgeoisie Classical Theory Demonological Theory Ecological Theory Economic Theory Hedonism Neoclassical Theory !roletariat Theory Thermic ?a% of Crime