Structure and Written Expression 1. Basic Basi c Grammar Gram mar Terminol erm inologi ogies es
a. Pronoun and Noun b. Verb
: Kata Ganti Orang dan Kata Benda
: Kata Kerja
c. Adjective
: Kata Sifat
d. Adverb
: Kata Keterangan
e. Article
: Kata Sandang
f. Preposition
: Kata Depan
Pronoun
A pronoun is a ord used in place of one or !ore nouns. "e use pronouns to: •
#efer to a noun $called its antecedent% t&at usuall' co!es before t&e pronoun
•
(a)e our riting clearer* s!oot&er* and less a)ard
+n t&e sentence* ,#oberto feels t&at &e can in t&e race*- he is t&e pronoun* pronoun* and Roberto is t&e antecedent. +n t&e sentence* ,err' ,err' and /i! )no t&at t&e' are are best friends*- they is t&e pronoun* and Terry and Jim are t&e noun antecedents. &ere are are several several t'pes of pronouns. pronouns.
S
Possessi!e
"ominati!e
Re#exi!e
+
(e
('
(ine
('self
0ou 0ou
0ou 0ou
0our 0our
0ours 0ours
0ourself30 0ourself30oursel oursel
"e
2s
Our
Ours
ves
&e'
&e!
&eir
&eirs
Ourselves
S&e
1er
1er
1ers
&e!selves
1e
1i!
1is
1is
1erself
+t
+t
+ts
+ts
1i!self +tself
Example$ -
Ani!als li)e frogs &ave aterproof s)in t&at prevents t&e' fro! dr'ing out A
B
4
5uic)l' in air* sun* or ind. D &e sentence s&ould read: read: Animals like like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents prevents them from them from drying out quickly in air, sun, and wind. &erefore t&e correct anser is
$4% -
Because of its abilit' to survive close to &u!an &abitation* t&e Virginia deer &as
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A
B
4 actuall' increased t&eir range and nu!bers. D &e sentence s&ould read: read: Because of its ability to survive close to human habitation, the Virginia deer has actually increased its range its range and numbers. &erefore t&e correct
anser is $D% &ere are are also ot&er ot&er t'pes of of pronoun: pronoun: %n interrogati!e pronoun is used to as) a =uestion. &ese pronouns are &ic&*
•
&o* &o!* and &ose. % demonstrati!e pronoun is used to point out a speci< c person or t&ing. &ese
•
pronouns include t&is* t&at* t&ese* and t&ose. +n t&e sentence* ,&eresa* is t&is 'ours>- t&is is t&e de!onstrative pronoun* pronoun* and 'ours is t&e personal pronoun. %n inde&nite pronoun often does not refer refer to a speci
•
t&ing. +t usuall' does not &ave a de< nite or speci< c antecedent as a personal pronoun does. +n t&e sentence* , 7ver'bod' ill select anot&er to &elp it& ever't&ing* - t&e t&ree italici?ed ords are all inde< nite pronouns since t&e' ta)e t&e place of a noun and do not refer to a speci< c or de< nite person or t&ing. &ese are are all inde< nite pronouns: pronouns: all
eac&
!ore
one
ever'bod'
!uc&
several
an'one so!eone
ever't&ing bot&
anot&er
eit&er
an'bod'
nobod'
!ost
ever'one
so!ebod'
!an' no one
A noun is t&e na!e of of a person* place* t&ing* or idea: far! far!er er** !ec& !ec&an anic ic** fat& fat&er er** Prof Profes esso sorr 1as) 1as)in ins* s* edi edito tors rs** (ar (arcia cia
Places:ocean* 4anada* porc&* Spain* classroo! &ings: scissors* gira@e* pen* pen* s!iles* s!iles* tugboat* s)ateboar s)ateboard* d* braces* braces* drill +deas:
love* inspiration* courage* an;iet'* eagerness* &appiness
'lues to identi(y "oun (rom its position and pattern$
After ,article- )the * a * an+, "oun
Before and after ,of- )" o( "+
neit&er
an't&ing
"oun Peopl eople: e:
ot&er
O789 O789 Sectio Section n : Structur Structure e and "ritt "ritten en 7;pre 7;pressio ssion n 4o!piled b': Nur
fe
an' so!e none
A
B
4 actuall' increased t&eir range and nu!bers. D &e sentence s&ould read: read: Because of its ability to survive close to human habitation, the Virginia deer has actually increased its range its range and numbers. &erefore t&e correct
anser is $D% &ere are are also ot&er ot&er t'pes of of pronoun: pronoun: %n interrogati!e pronoun is used to as) a =uestion. &ese pronouns are &ic&*
•
&o* &o!* and &ose. % demonstrati!e pronoun is used to point out a speci< c person or t&ing. &ese
•
pronouns include t&is* t&at* t&ese* and t&ose. +n t&e sentence* ,&eresa* is t&is 'ours>- t&is is t&e de!onstrative pronoun* pronoun* and 'ours is t&e personal pronoun. %n inde&nite pronoun often does not refer refer to a speci
•
t&ing. +t usuall' does not &ave a de< nite or speci< c antecedent as a personal pronoun does. +n t&e sentence* , 7ver'bod' ill select anot&er to &elp it& ever't&ing* - t&e t&ree italici?ed ords are all inde< nite pronouns since t&e' ta)e t&e place of a noun and do not refer to a speci< c or de< nite person or t&ing. &ese are are all inde< nite pronouns: pronouns: all
eac&
!ore
one
ever'bod'
!uc&
several
an'one so!eone
ever't&ing bot&
anot&er
eit&er
an'bod'
nobod'
!ost
ever'one
so!ebod'
!an' no one
A noun is t&e na!e of of a person* place* t&ing* or idea: far! far!er er** !ec& !ec&an anic ic** fat& fat&er er** Prof Profes esso sorr 1as) 1as)in ins* s* edi edito tors rs** (ar (arcia cia
Places:ocean* 4anada* porc&* Spain* classroo! &ings: scissors* gira@e* pen* pen* s!iles* s!iles* tugboat* s)ateboar s)ateboard* d* braces* braces* drill +deas:
love* inspiration* courage* an;iet'* eagerness* &appiness
'lues to identi(y "oun (rom its position and pattern$
After ,article- )the * a * an+, "oun
Before and after ,of- )" o( "+
neit&er
an't&ing
"oun Peopl eople: e:
ot&er
O789 O789 Sectio Section n : Structur Structure e and "ritt "ritten en 7;pre 7;pressio ssion n 4o!piled b': Nur
fe
an' so!e none
%nd
Same structure
But
Same structure r
Su;es t&at for! Noun 6. C. F. H.
er $e $entertainer* pr presenter% or $actor* director% ist $scientist* ps'c&ologist% ian $co!edian* !agician%
. . . I.
t' $r $responsibilit'* se securit'% nce $signi
J. ee $intervieee* e!plo'ee% 66. eer $e $engineer* vo volunteer% 6C. ant $servant* $servant* consulta consultant* nt*
)noledge% 6. do! $freedo!* )ingdo!% 6. is! $p $patriotis!* na nationalis!% 6. p&' $p&ilo $p&ilosop& sop&'* '* geograp geograp&'% &'%
infor!ant% 6F. !ent !ent $govern $govern!en !ent* t*
6. al $refusa $refusal* l* denial* denial* arriva arrival% l%
develop!ent% 6H. 6H. io ion $no $noti ti<
6I. g' $bio biolog log'* sociolo iolog' g'%% . &ood $Brot&er&ood*
6. s&ip $f $friends&ip* le leaders&ip%
4&ild&ood% . ure
C. ness $illness* brig&tness%
$pressure*failure*departure% . t& $trut&* 'out&%
Some Random "oun -ormations$ -ormations$
6. Gro $V $V% : Gr Grot& $N $N%
J. Deep $Adj%
:
Dept& $N%
. 8l' $V%
: 8lig&t $N%
6. 1i 1ig& $Adj%
: 1eig&t $N%
C. See $V%
: Sig&t $N%
66. Strong $Adj%
: Strengt& $N%
. 9ive $V%
: 9ife $N%
6. 9ong $Adj%
F. Die $V%
: Deat& $N%
. "eig& $V%
: "eig&t $N%
H. Believe $V%
: Belief
$N% I. Spea) $V%
9engt& $N% 6C. r rue $Adj%
: rut& $N%
6. 1o 1ot $Adj%
: 1eat $N%
6F. "ide $Adj% : Speec& $N%
:
$N
C O789 O789 Sectio Section n : Structur Structure e and "ritt "ritten en 7;pre 7;pressio ssion n 4o!piled b': Nur
: "idt&
Samples :
6. &e able of riters riters to precise precisel' l' record record observation observation !ade about ot&ers enables enables B 4 t&e! to include in t&eir or) a great deal of !aterials outside t&eir on 4 D e;perience. &e sentence s&ould read: The ability of writers to precisely record observation made about others enables them to include in their work a great deal of materials &erefore* t&e anser anser is $A%. outside their own experience. experience. &erefore*
. So!e of t&e earliest earliest !ec&anical !ec&anical devices devices ere ere designed designed to raise raise ater ater fro! A B 4 strea!s for t&e irrigate of crops. 4 &e sentence s&ould s&ould read: ome of the earliest mechanical mechanical devices were designed to raise water from streams for the irrigation of irrigation of crops. &erefore* t&e anser is $ 4 % C. P&ilosop& P&ilosop&' ' tries to discov discover er t&e nature nature of true true and )noledg )noledge e and to
%decti!e An adjective !odi< es $=uali< es or li!its t&e !eaning of % a noun or a pronoun. +t ansers t&e =uestions* "&at )ind> "&ic& one$s%> 1o !an'> !an'> 1o !uc&>
•
•
4arrie read an interesting stor'. stor'. $ "&at )ind of stor'>% &e recent article &as t&at infor!ation. $ "&ic& article>%
•
Kent ons those surfboards. $ "&ic& surfboards>%
•
"end' paid &(ty dollars for t&e jac)et. $ 1o !an' dollars>%
•
/uch space as devoted to &er artor). $ 1o !uc& space>%
&e ords ords a* an* and t&e are t&e !ost fre=uentl' fre=uentl' used used adjectives. adjectives. Alt&oug& t&e' t&e' are so!eti!es referred to as articles or noun !ar)ers* t&e' are reall' adjectives* plain and si!ple. 2se a before ords t&at start it& a consonant sound $ a jo)ing !an !an or a luc)' lotter' pla'er% and an before ords t&at start it& a voel sound $ an &ourLs ait or an interesting stor'%. An adjective can co!e before or after t&e noun or pronoun it describes:
O789 O789 Sectio Section n : Structur Structure e and "ritt "ritten en 7;pre 7;pressio ssion n 4o!piled b': Nur
•
lder cards are found on t&e table. $ "&ic& cards>%
•
Tall pla'ers and intelligent coac&es ere intervieed b' t&e interested
reporter. $ "&ic& pla'ers> "&ic& coac&es> "&ic& reporter>% •
•
Tired and hungry * t&e ca!pers reac&ed t&e lodge. $ "&at )ind of ca!pers>%
&e ca!pers* tired and hungry * reac&ed t&e lodge. $ "&at )ind of ca!pers>%
a. Su0xes that (orm %decti!e
6. C.
ful $beautiful* useful% less $speec&less*
poerless% F. al $industrial* political% H. ive $creative* attractive% J. ble $co!fortable* valuable% 66. ous $dangerous* fa!ous%
. .
is& $c&ildis&* sel
. I. 6. 6.
nt $di@erent* signi
b. Participial %decti!e
Present Participle Adjective $Ving%
•
7;: a as&ing !ac&ine* Adj
N
Adj
N
Past Participle Adjective $VC%
•
7;: a li!ited edition Adj
7;: t&e confusing lesson
N
7;: a ritten docu!ent Adj
N
M% Anot&er Singular N Adj
N
M% Ot&er Plural N Adj
N
M% Ot&ers N Sa!ples: 6. Video artist co!bine !an' di@erent a's of using video e=uip!ent bot& to A B create and to record various t'pes of e;pression artistic. 4 D &e sentence s&ould read: Video artist combine many di!erent ways of using video equipment both to create and to record various types of expression artistic.
. &e convention national of a 2nited States political part' no!inates candidates A B for t&e presidenc' and vice presidenc' of t&e countr' and issues a declaration of
F O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
4 polic'. D &e sentence s&ould read: The national convention of a "nited tates political party nominates candidates for the presidency and vice presidency of the country and issues a declaration of policy.
erb &ere are several t'pes of verbs to be studied: t&e action verb* t&e lin)ing verb* and t&e &elping verb. %ction erbs An action verb tells &at action $often a p&'sical action% a subject is
perfor!ing* &as perfor!ed* or ill perfor!. •
•
•
•
•
(' fat&er delivers pac)ages to depart!ent stores eac& da'. 9ouie boled a perfect ga!e last nig&t. Su?anne s)ated across t&e rin) in 4entral Par). urn at t&e ne;t corner* Noel. Oscar ill &elp Petra it& t&e project.
2in3ing erbs
A lin)ing verb connects $or lin)s% a subject to a noun or an adjective in
t&e predicate. &e !ost co!!on lin)ing verbs are t&e for!s of t&e verb ,to be- $ is* are* as* ere* been* being* a! % and appear * beco!e* feel* gro* loo)* re!ain* see!* s!ell* sound* sta'* taste* and turn. •
(' sister is a doctor. $&e lin)ing verb* is* connects t&e subject* sister* it& t&e predicate no!inative* doctor. %
•
(' sister is stud'ing to beco!e a doctor. $+n t&is sentence t&e ord is is a &elping verb for t&e !ain verb* stud'ing. +s does not function as a lin)ing verb.%
•
1e appeared tired. $&e lin)ing verb* appeared* lin)s t&e subject* 1e* it& t&e predicate adjective* tired. %
•
1e appeared at t&e ga!e. $+n t&is sentence t&e verb* appeared* is an action verb* not a lin)ing verb.%
+n t&e folloing group of sentences* t&e oddnu!bered sentences e;e!plif' t&e lin)ing verb and t&e evennu!bered sentences s&o t&e sa!e verb used as eit&er an action verb or a &elping verb. Discuss &' eac& verb functions as it does. 6.
#eggie loo)ed confused.
. #eggie loo)ed for &is !issing allet. C. a!!' gre tired during t&e long concert. . a!!' gre to!atoes in &er garden t&is 'ear. F. + feel confused in !at& class.
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
. + feel t&e penn' at t&e botto! of t&is pool. 4elping erbs or %uxulliaries
A &elping verb assists t&e !ain verb in a sentence.
&ere can be !ore t&an one &elping verb in eac& sentence. +n a =uestioning $interrogative% sentence* t&e &elping verb is usuall' separated fro! t&e !ain verb. &e co!!on &elping verbs are am5 is5 are5 6as5 6ere5 be5 been5 being5 has5 had5 ha!e5 do5 does5 did5 may5 might5 must5 can5 could5 shall5 should5 6ill5 and 6ould.
&e italici?ed ord in eac& sentence belo is t&e &elping verb. &e underlined ord is t&e !ain verb. •
&e !e!bers are going to t&e cit' to!orro evening.
•
Are t&e !e!bers going to t&e cit' to!orro evening>
•
&at jo)e &as been &eard around t&e of< ce.
•
1as t&at jo)e been &eard around t&e of< ce>
•
1er brot&ers are leaving for t&e train.
•
Are &er brot&ers leaving for t&e train>
erb Tenses in TE-2 Structure and Writen Expression Section Simple Present Tense )7s * 7es+ 78 only (or Singular or 9ncountable "oun Subect in Present Tense
1abitual3regular activit'
•
7;a!ple: S&e studies in ++ of Padang to increase &er O789 score S&e gets up at F A.( ever' !orning General rut&38act*
•
7;a!ple: &e 7art& re!ol!es around t&e Sun "ater (ree:es at te!perature belo 4 A plant obtains energ' fro! t&e Sunlig&t. Plants obtain energ' fro! t&e sunlig&t i!e signals$ -
Today5 recently5 currently5 no6adays5
-
;e!ery5 each5 any<,time.
-
When the sentence discusses (act or general truth5 time signal is not necessary.
7;a!ple: -
According to a "orld #esources +nstitute #eport* a signi
H O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
A
B
acreage disappear eac& 'ear. 4
D
&e sentence s&ould read: According to a #orld $esources %nstitute $eport, a signifcant part of forest acreage disappears each year. &erefore t&e correct
anser is $4%. -
Variations in !elod'* r&'t&! and tone of voice beco!es a !ajor feature of c&ild A
B
4
speec& toard t&e end of t&e
anser is $B%. Simple Past )7ed * irregular !erb+
i!e Signals:
•
ago last +n 6JH* in t&e eig&teent& centur'* in t&e earl' 6Is 8irst 3 earl'3 t&e earliest3 originall'3 ancient3 pre&istoric* etc "&en t&e subject is a &istorical
+n t&e late 6Is* 2nited States painter &o!as 7a)ins develop a broad* A
B
poerful #ealist st'le t&at beca!e al!ost e;pressionistic in &is later 'ears. 4
D
&e sentence s&ould read: In the late 1800s, "nited tates painter Thomas (akins developed a broad, powerful $ealist tyle that became almost expressionistic in his later years. &erefore* t&e correct anser is $A%.
'ontinous*Progressi!e Tense )Tobe ;am * is * are * 6as * 6ere *be*been*being, ing<
Pa' attention to t&ese folloing Ving e;a!ples : •
•
&e meeting as cancelled $Gerund% "e are discussing gra!!ar no $Present 4ontinues ense%
I O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
+ndonesia is a de!eloping countr' $Present Participial Adjective%
•
Passi!e oice )Tobe , =+
7;a!ple: -
Prof S!it& rites !an' articles $A%
(an' articles are ritten b' Prof.
S!it& $P% -
Prof S!it& rote an article $A%
An article as ritten b'
Prof S!it& $P% 7;a!ple: -
"&en a bone is bro)e into several pieces* doctors !a' pin t&e pieces toget&er A
B
4
for proper &ealing. D &e sentence s&ould read: #hen a bone is broken into several pieces, doctors may pin the pieces together for proper healing. &erefore* t&e anser is $A% -
&e oneEuid t&eor' of electricit' as proposing b' Benja!in 8ran)lin* a !an fa!ous for &is A 4
B
D
ide interests and great attain!ents. &e sentence s&ould read: &e oneEuid t&eor' of electricit' as proposed b' Benja!in 8ran)lin* a !an fa!ous for &is ide interests and great attain!ents. &erefore* t&e anser is $B%. Note :
ing ; %cti!e !oice * 'ontinous
Tense < To Be , = ;Passi!e oice < Per(ect Tense
1as 3 1ave 3 1ad VC $Active%
•
7;: Prof S!it& &as ritten !an' novels $A% 1as 3 1ave 3 1ad been VC $Passive%
•
7;: (an' novels &ave been ritten b' Prof S!it& $P% 7;a!ple: -
9a in t&e 2nited States &as beca!e a co!ple; blend of co!!on la and
J O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
A
B
4
D statutor' la. &e sentence s&ould read: )aw in the "nited tates has become a complex blend of common law and statutory law. &erefore* t&e anser is $B% -
Since Pre&istoric ti!es* artist &ave been arranged colors on surfaces in a's A B t&at e;press t&eir ideas about people* t&e orld* and religion. 4
D
&e sentence s&ould read: ince prehistoric times, artists have arranged colors on surfaces in ways that express their ideas about people, the world, and religion.
&erefore* t&e anser is $A%. -uture Tense %uxilliaries $ Will* Shall*Would Will , 1 ;%cti!e<
7;: Prof S!it& ill rite an international /ournal $A% Will , be , = ;Passi!e<
7;: An international journal ill be ritten b' Prof S!it& $P% /odal ;'an * 'ould * Shall * Should * /ay * /ight< •
(odal V6 $Active% 7;: Prof S!it& !ust rite an international journal. $A%
•
(odal be VC $Passive% 7;: An international journal !ust be ritten b' Prof S!it&. P%
7;a!ple: -
&e rig&ts to an' ne and useful !ac&ine* !anufacturing process* or A
B
!aterial* or an' i!prove!ent to t&ese* can be protecting b' 2nited States 4
D
patent la. &e sentence s&ould read: The rights to ay new and useful machine, manufacturing process, or material, or any improvement to these, can be protected by "nited tates patent law.
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
Tobe ;am * is * are * 6as * 6ere* be * been *being , "*ad<
7;a!ple: Prof S!it& is a lecturer 1e &as been a lecturer for 6 'ears. 1e ill be a dean ne;t !ont& 1e 6as a journalist 7;a!ple: -
An'one it& absolute* or perfect pitc& are able to identif' b' ear an' note at A
B
so!e standard pitc& or to sing a speci
D
&e sentence s&ould read: Anyone with absolute or perfect pitch is able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a speci'ed note at will.
&erefore* t&e anser is $A% Pre&x and Su0xes that (orm erb
en $enric&* enjo'* entitle% i?e $!a;i!i?e* organi?e% en $s&orten* s&arpen%
ate $vibrate* educate% f' $classif'* identif'% er $loer* &ig&er%
Summary$ -
% sentence must consist o( at least Subect and erb
-
Subect must be "oun
-
To,1 > erb
-
When the !erb o( a sentence is underlined5 chec3$ a. Time Signals b. Subect )singular*plural+ c. %cti!e or passi!e !oice
=. %?ERB %d!erb o( time
No* recentl' * noada's* currentl' %d!erb o( place
1ere* t&ere * at t&e oce* etc %d!erb o( degree , %decti!e
So* too* ver'* al!ost* rat&er* =uite* prett'* so!e&at %d!erb o( -re@uency , erb
66 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
Ala's Often 2suall' So!eti!es
Verb
Seldo! 7ver Never %d!erb o( /anner )4o6A+
a. l' $beautifull'* naturall'% b. ard $bac)ard* upard% c. ise Adverb of !anner &as t&ree di@erent uses. &e' can describe verb* adjective or ot&er adverbs. &e functions: a. (odif' verb a. S&e al)s toard !e.
1o does s&e al) toard 'ou>
Slol'. -
S&e 6al3s slo6ly toard !e
-
S&e slo6ly to6ard !e
-
S&e 6al3s toard !e slo6ly
b.
&e roo! is decorated it& e;pensive painting.
1o is it decorated>
Beautifull' -
&e roo! is decorated beautiully it& e;pensive paintings
-
&e roo! is beauti(ully decorated it& e;pensive paintings.
c. (odif' adjective 7;: Albert 7instein is brilliant -
Albert 7instein is exceptionally brilliant
-
Albert 7instein is an extremely brilliant scientist
d. (odif' Adverb 7;: S&e spea)s unbelie!ably @uic3ly -
+t is an extremely @uic3ly ritten letter
Patterns: .
erb,%d! * %d!,erb
.
Tobe , ad! , =
.
%d!,%d %d!,%d,"oun
.
erb,%d!,%d!
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
%d!,%d!,%d,"oun
7;: 6. &e planet !ercur' &as a !oderatel' ellipticall' orbit A
B
4
D
Anser : ? . +n t&e Nort&ern 2nited States* to 7uropean species of s!all &ite birc& are A
B
e;tensive planted as orna!entals. 4
D
Anser : ' C. %rticle
&e
N
A
Adj N
An
AdvAdjN
1. % !ersus %n %n %
$ ocal S9"? $ 'onsonant S9"?
Article A3An bot& !ust be folloed b' Singular Noun Ex$
An 2!brella
An 1our
A 2niversit'
A europen countr' A 1ouse
A one&our
trip Ex$
&e visible orld .. $ % Art Adj N A signi
Sa!ple: (ar) Spit?* an 2nited States si!!er* on seven gold !edals at t&e 6JH Ol'!pic Ga!es* all in
6C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
A
B
4
D orld record ti!es. Anser: A . %*an !ersus The %*%"
Generali:ation or de&nition
The is used in t&e folloing conditions:
a. Speci
B
4
D
. 9a)e Superior* part of t&e 2nited States4anadian boundar'* is a largest fres&ater la)e in t&e A
B
4
D orld %ns6er 3ey $ 1. %5 D. ' . Preposition
Prepositions are s&ort ords $on* in* to% t&at usuall' stand in front of nouns $so!eti!es also in front of gerund verbs%. &e folloing table contains rules for so!e of t&e !ost fre=uentl' used prepositions in 7nglis&: Preposition i!e 7nglis&
2sage
7;a!ple
•
on
da's of t&e ee)
on (onda'
•
in
!ont&s 3 seasons
in August 3 in inter
ti!e of da'
in t&e !orning
'ear
in
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
7nglis&
2sage
after a certain period of
7;a!ple
in an &our
ti!e *when+ •
at
for night
at nig&t
for weekend
at t&e ee)end
a certain point of
at &alf past nine
since 6JI
for 'ears
ti!e *when+ •
since
fro! a certain point of ti!e $past till no%
•
for
over a certain period of ti!e $past till no%
•
ago
a certain ti!e in t&e past
'ears ago
•
before
earlier t&an a certain point
before
of ti!e •
to
telling t&e ti!e
ten to si; $F:F%
•
past
telling t&e ti!e
ten past si; $:6%
•
to 3 till 3
!ar)ing t&e beginning
fro! (onda' to3till 8rida'
1e is on &olida' until 8rida'.
in t&e sense of at the
+ ill be bac) b' oLcloc).
latest
B' 66 oRcloc)* + &ad read
and end of a period of
until
ti!e •
till 3 until
in t&e sense of how long something is going to last
•
b'
up to a certain ti!e
Prepositions F Place ;Position and ?irection<
7nglis& •
•
in
at
2sage
7;a!ple
roo!* building* street*
in t&e )itc&en* in 9ondon
ton* countr'
in t&e boo)
boo)* paper etc.
in t&e car* in a ta;i
car* ta;i
in t&e picture* in t&e orld
picture* orld
!eaning next to, by an
at t&e door* at t&e station
ob&ect
at t&e table
for table
at a concert* at t&e part'
for events
at t&e cine!a* at sc&ool* at or)
6F O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
7nglis&
2sage
7;a!ple
place &ere 'ou are to do so!et&ing t'pical $atc& a
•
•
on
b'* ne;t
attac&ed
t&e picture on t&e all
for a place it& a river
9ondon lies on t&e &a!es.
being on a surface
on t&e table
for a certain side $left*
on t&e left
rig&t%
on t&e
for a Eoor in a &ouse
on t&e bus* on a plane
for public transport
on V* on t&e radio
for television, radio
left or rig&t of so!ebod'
under
/ane is standing b' 3 ne;t to 3 beside t&e car.
or so!et&ing
to* beside •
t&e bag is under t&e table
t&e
covered b' so!et&ing
put a jac)et over 'our s&irt
else
over 6 'ears of age
!eaning more than
al) over t&e bridge
getting to t&e ot&er side
cli!b over t&e all
a pat& above t&e la)e
getting to t&e ot&er side
al) across t&e bridge
$also over %
si! across t&e la)e
drive t&roug& t&e tunnel
!ove!ent to person or
go to t&e cine!a
building
go to 9ondon 3 +reland
!ove!ent to a place or
go to bed
on t&e ground* loer t&an $or covered b'% so!et&ing else
•
belo
loer t&an so!et&ing else but above ground
•
over
$also across %
•
above
overco!ing an obstacle
&ig&er t&an so!et&ing else* but not directl' over it
•
•
across
t&roug&
getting to t&e ot&er side
so!et&ing it& li!its on top* botto! and t&e sides
•
to
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
7nglis&
2sage
7;a!ple
countr'
for bed
•
into
enter a roo! 3 a building
go into t&e )itc&en 3 t&e &ouse
•
toards
!ove!ent in t&e direction
go F steps toards t&e &ouse
of so!et&ing $but not directl' to it% •
onto
!ove!ent to t&e top of
ju!p onto t&e table
so!et&ing •
fro!
in t&e sense of where
a Eoer fro! t&e garden
from ther important Prepositions
7nglis&
2sage
7;a!ple
•
fro!
&o gave it
a present fro! /ane
•
of
&o3&at does it belong
a page of t&e boo)
to
t&e picture of a palace
&at does it s&o
•
b'
&o !ade it
a boo) b' (ar) ain
•
on
al)ing or riding on
on foot* on &orsebac)
&orsebac)
get on t&e bus
entering a public transport ve&icle
•
in
entering a car 3 a;i
get in t&e car
•
o@
leaving a public transport
get o@ t&e train
ve&icle •
out of
leaving a car 3 a;i
get out of t&e ta;i
•
b'
rise or fall of so!et&ing
prices &ave risen b' 6 percent
travelling $ot&er t&an
b' car* b' bus
al)ing or &orseriding% •
at
for age
s&e learned #ussian at F
•
about
for topics* !eaning what
e ere tal)ing about 'ou
about
Patterns: &e
6H O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
N
•
Preposition
A
Adj N An
•
AdvAdjN
Preposition Ving Ex$ Before pic)ing up !' !o!* + ent to t&e !ar)et
Prep Ving Ex$ B' practicing a lot* students can !aster riting and spea)ing 7nglis&.
Prep
•
Ving
Preposition for i!e Ex$
&e se!inar ill be &eld in 6F &e se!inar ill be &eld in /une 6F &e se!inar ill be &eld on /une * 6F on "ednesda' at A.(
"ote$
+n 6JH $4orrect% +n t&e 6JHLs $4orrect% +n t&e nineteent& centur' $4orrect% +n t&e 6II $+ncorrect%
+n 6II
+n t&e tent' centur' $+ncorrect%
+n t&e tentiet& centur'
Anot&er t'pe of preposition is t&e compound preposition. +t does t&e sa!e as a co!!on preposition but is co!posed of to or !ore ords. 1ere are t&e !ost co!!on co!pound prepositions: according to a&ead of apart fro! addition to
as of
aside fro! because of b' !eans of in
in bac) of in front of in place of
ne;t to on account of out of
in spite of
instead of
in vie of
prior to
. Subect and erb A sentence in 7nglis& s&ould &ave a subject and a verb. &e !ost co!!on t'pes of proble! t&at 'ou ill encounter in Structure =uestions on t&e O789 test are related to Subjects and verbs per&aps t&e sentence is !issing eit&er t&e subject or t&e verb* or per&aps t&e sentence contains t&e subject and verb agree!ent proble!s. %. arious -orm o( Subects in % Sentence
6I O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
&e subject is a constituent t&at can be reali?ed in nu!erous for!s in 7nglis& and ot&er languages* !an' of &ic& are listed in t&e folloing table:
The large car stopped outside our &ouse.
Noun $p&rase% or pronoun t is red
-arming re=uires !uc& ater
A gerund or gerund p&rase 4is constant hammering as anno'ing. $p&rase% 'ollecting anti@ue stamps fro! around t&e orld as a big trend in t&e 6JIs.
A toin
A full that clause
To read is easier t&an to rite.
That he had tra!eled the 6orld as )non to
ever'one.
A free relative clause
Whate!er he did as ala's of interest.
A direct =uotation
lo!e you is often &eard t&ese da's.
Tero $but i!plied% subject
a)e out t&e tras&U
An e;pletive
t is raining.
A catap&oric it
t as )non b' ever'one t&at &e &ad traveled t&e
orld.
B. Subect and erb %greement
6J O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
Basic Rule.
&e basic rule states t&at a singular subject ta)es a singular verb* &ile a plural subject ta)es a plural verb. NO7: &e tric) is in )noing &et&er t&e subject is singular or plural. &e ne;t tric) is recogni?ing a singular or plural verb. int - Verbs do not for! t&eir plurals b' adding an s as nouns do.
+n order to deter!ine &ic& verb is singular and &ic& one is plural* t&in) of &ic& verb 'ou ould use it& he or she and &ic& verb 'ou ould use it& they . !xampl e"
Rule 1.
"&ic& one is t&e singular for!> "&ic& ord ould 'ou use it& he> "e sa'* 1e tal)s. &erefore* talks is singular. "e sa'* &e' tal). &erefore* talk is plural.
o singular subjects connected b' or or nor re=uire a singular verb. !xampl e"
Rule D.
talks, talk
y aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
o singular subjects connected b' either/or or neither/nor re=uire a singular verb as in #ule 6. !xample s"
0either 1uan nor 2armen is available. (ither 3iana or 2asey is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule =.
"&en % is one of t&e to subjects connected b' either/or or neither/nor * put it second and follo it it& t&e singular verb am. !xampl e"
Rule C.
"&en a singular subject is connected b' or or nor to a plural subject* put t&e plural subject last and use a plural verb. !xampl e"
Rule .
0either she nor % am going to the festival.
The serving bowl or the plates go on that shelf.
"&en a singular and plural subject are connected b' either/or or neither/nor * put t&e plural subject last and use a plural verb. !xampl e"
0either 1enny nor the others are available.
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
Rule .
As a general rule* use a plural verb it& to or !ore subjects &en t&e' are connected b' and. !xampl e"
Rule H.
A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
So!eti!es t&e subject is separated fro! t&e verb b' ords suc& as along with, as well as, besides * or not . +gnore t&ese e;pressions &en deter!ining &et&er to use a singular or plural verb. !xample s"
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. (xcitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
Rule I.
&e pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and re=uire singular verbs. Do not be !isled b' &at follos of . !xample s"
(ach of the girls sings well. (very one of the cakes is gone. NO7: (veryone is one ord &en it !eans everybody . (very one is to ords &en t&e !eaning is each one.
Rule .
"it& ords t&at indicate portionsW percent, fraction, part, ma&ority, some, all, none, remainder * and so fort& Wloo) at t&e noun in 'our of p&rase $object of t&e preposition% to deter!ine &et&er to use a singular or plural verb. +f t&e object of t&e preposition is singular* use a singular verb. +f t&e object of t&e preposition is plural* use a plural verb.
!xample s"
4ifty percent of the pie has disappeared. 5ie is t&e object of t&e preposition of . 4ifty percent of the pies have disappeared. 5ies is t&e object of t&e preposition. 6ne7third of the city is unemployed. 6ne7third of the people are unemployed.
NO7: 1'p&enate all spelledout fractions. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone.
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
ome of the pie is missing. ome of the pies are missing. 0one of the garbage was picked up. 0one of the sentences were punctuated correctly. 6f all her books, none have sold as well as the 'rst one.
NO7: Apparentl'* t&e SA testing service considers none as a singular ord onl'. 1oever* according to erriam #ebster8s 9ictionary of (nglish "sage, 4learl' none &as been bot& singular and plural since Old 7nglis& and still is. &e notion t&at it is singular onl' is a !'t& of un)non origin t&at appears to &ave arisen in t&e 6Jt& centur'. +f in conte;t it see!s li)e a singular to 'ou* use a singular verb if it see!s li)e a plural* use a plural verb. Bot& are acceptable be'ond serious criticis! $p. %. Rule 1K.
&e e;pression the number is folloed b' a singular verb &ile t&e e;pression a number is folloed b' a plural verb. !xample s"
The number of people we need to hire is thirteen. A number of people have written in about this sub&ect.
Rule 11.
"&en either and neither are subjects* t&e' ala's ta)e singular verbs. !xample s"
0either of them is available to speak right now. (ither of us is capable of doing the &ob.
Rule 1D.
&e ords here and there &ave generall' been labeled as adverbs even t&oug& t&e' indicate place. +n sentences beginning it& here or there* t&e subject follos t&e verb. !xamples"
There are four hurdles to &ump. There is a high hurdle to &ump.
Rule 1=.
2se a singular verb it& su!s of !one' or periods of ti!e. !xample s"
Ten dollars is a high price to pay. 4ive years is the maximum sentence for that o!ense.
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
Rule 1C.
So!eti!es t&e pronoun who, that * or which is t&e subject of a verb in t&e !iddle of t&e sentence. &e pronouns who, that * and which beco!e singular or plural according to t&e noun directl' in front of t&e!. So* if t&at noun is singular* use a singular verb. +f it is plural* use a plural verb. !xample s"
alma is the scientist who writes/write the reports. &e ord in front of who is scientist * &ic& is singular. &erefore* use t&e singular verb writes . :e is one of the men who does/do the work. &e ord in front of who is men* &ic& is plural. &erefore* use t&e plural verb do.
Rule 1.
4ollective nouns suc& as team and sta! !a' be eit&er singular or plural depending on t&eir use in t&e sentence. !xample s"
The sta! is in a meeting. ta! is acting as a unit &ere. The sta! are in disagreement about the 'ndings. The sta! are acting as separate individuals in t&is
e;a!ple. &e sentence ould read even better as: The sta! members are in disagreement about the 'ndings.
Subect*erb %greement Exercises
6. &e price of t&ese jeans XXXXis3areXXXXXXXXX reasonable. . &e boo)s borroed fro! t&e librar' XXis3areXXXXXXXXXXXX on !' des). C. &e bo' &o on t&e to !edals XXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXX a friend of !ine. . Bread and butter XXXXXXXis3areXXXXXXX our dail' food. F. &e fa!ous singer and co!poser XXXXXXXX&ave3&asXXXXXXXXXXXX arrived. . 4ollecting !atc&bo;es XXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXX one of &is favorite pasti!es. H. &e =ualit' of t&e candies XXXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXX poor. I. Neit&er &is fat&er nor &is !ot&er XXXXXXpla'3pla'sXXXXXXXXXXXX !a&jong. J. Neit&er parent XXXXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXXX fond of pla'ing !a&jong. 6. None of !' friends XXXXXas3ereXXXXXXXXXXXX t&ere. 66. (an' students XXXXXX&ave3&asXXXXXXXX !ade t&e sa!e !ista)e. 6. Gold* as ell as platinu!* XXXXXXX&ave3&asXXXXXXXXX recentl' risen in price. 6C. &e boss* as ell as &is colleagues* XXXXXXX&ave3&asXXXXXXXXX been robbed b' t&e robber. 6. en tons XXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXXX a &eav' load. 6F. 8ift' !iles XXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXXXX a long distance. 6. &irt' 'ears XXXXXXis3areXXXXXX a long ti!e.
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6H. One of t&e boo)s XXX&ave3&asXXXXXXXX been !issing. 6I. &e poor XXXXXXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXX su@ering. 6J. 0ou s&ould decide &ic& one of t&e t&ree c&oices A* B* or 4 best XXXXanser3ansersXXXXXXXXXXXX t&e =uestion. . One of t&e !ost intelligent students &o XXXscore3scoresXXXXXXXXXX full !ar)s XXXXXXis3areXXXXXXXXXX /o&n.
Tas3 D
6. &e use of vita!in supple!ents and &erbs $be% XXX beco!ing increasingl' popular a!ong A!ericans.
. "&ile !an' studies clai! t&at vita!ins and &erbs can i!prove &ealt&* t&ere $be% XXX a lot of controvers' about t&eir safet'.
C. &e 8ood and Drug Ad!inistration $8DA% $do% XXX not regulate vita!ins and &erbs.
. (ost e;perts $believe% XXX t&at &erbal supple!ents are !ild and so!e&at &ar!less.
F. Still* an'one &o $ta)e% XXX too !uc& of a vita!in or &erb could su@er negative side e@ects.
. 8or e;a!ple* so!e !edical proble!s $&ave% XXX been lin)ed to overuse of ep&edra* an &erb ta)en b' people to lose eig&t.
H. So!e researc&es $suggest% XXX t&at Vita!in 4 !a' &elp prevent cancer.
I. People &o $ta)e% XXX !ore t&an 6* !iligra!s of vita!in 4 dail' !a' e;perience diarr&ea or )idne' stones.
J. Advertisers sa' t&at t&e &erb )ava )ava $reduce% XXX an;iet' and inso!nia.
6. 2sing large a!ounts of )ava )ava $be% XXX not ise as !uscle* e'e or s)in proble!s could result.
66. &e danger of longter! use of vita!ins and &erbs $be% XXX still un)non.
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6. &ere $be% XXX a lot of evidence t&at vita!inric& foods are bene
6C. 1oever* &et&er t&e use of supple!ents $be% XXX &elpful or not is still being debated.
6. (ost people $be% XXX able to get all t&e vita!ins t&e' need in t&e foods t&e' eat.
6F. A dail' diet t&at $contain% XXX foods fro! t&e groups s&ould suppl' all t&e nutrients a person needs.
6. 7ating F servings of fruits and vegetables dail' $be% XXX said to provide all t&e essential vita!ins e re=uire.
6H. &e best a' to get t&e necessar' vita!ins and !inerals $be% XXX naturall' t&roug& a &ealt&' diet.
6I. al)ing to 'our doctor before ta)ing supple!ents $be% XXX advisable.
'. Simpli(ying % Sentence
+n order to !a)e it easier to
F O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
+n t&is e;a!ple* t&e subject of t&e sentence is %he ma&or purpose . &e ord purpose is underlined !eaning t&at it is one of t&e suspects of error. &erefore t&e anser is ;%< because &en t&e subject of t&e sentence is underlined* 'ou !ust c&ec) t&e verb for!* in t&is case are. &e sentence s&ould read : %he ma&or purposes of the "nited tated 9epartment of (ducation are to ensure equal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.
. O +N8+N++V7 Y toV6 Z 7;a!ple: to E' bac)ards and upside don and to &over is ver' unusual. a. 1u!!ingbirds are able b. &e abilit' of t&e &u!!ingbird c. &e able &u!!ingbird can d. &e &u!!ingbird &as t&e abilit' C. Present Participle YVingZ3Past Participle YVCZ 7;a!ple: 6. 8ounded in Ne /erse' in 6HH as 5ueenLs college* to &onor a #evolutionar' "ar &ero in 6IF. a. #utgers 2niversit'* but rena!ed* b. #utgers 2niversit' as rena!ed c. But it as rena!ed #utgers 2niversit' d. #ena!ed it #utgers 2niversit' . A!ong t&e factor a@ecting !otivation are p&'siological ones* suc& as t&e bod' A B signals t&at tell people &en t&e' are &ungr' or tired. 4 D . Appositive $ords or p&rases beteen to co!!as% 7;a!ple: 6. XXXXXXXXXXXX* particularl' t&e o;ides of sulfur* greatl' increases t&e rate at &ic& rust for!s. a. &e presence of air pollutants b. Air pollutants are present c. Because t&e presence of air pollutants d. Air pollutants &ose presence . &e saguaro* found in desert regions in t&e sout&estern 2nited States* XXXXX cactus in t&e orld. a. &e largest b. +s t&e largest c. &at is t&e largest d. &e largest t&at is a F. Adjective 4lause Y &o* &ic&* t&at* &o!* &ose* &en* &ereZ 7;a!ple: 6. in t&e 2nited Sates began in t&e eig&teent& centur'* &en individuals* !erc&ants* and colonial govern!ents loaned !one' to one anot&er. a. +t as ban)ing b. "&en ban)ing
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
c. Ban)ing d. Ban)ing as . 7;a!ples Y suc& as* li)e* especiall'* including* for e;a!ple* etcZ. 7;a!ple: 9egu!es suc& as alfalfa or clover are often plant as cover crops to replenis& t&e nitrogen A B content of soil in &eavil' cultivated
Subect and erb Exercise
6. 2ntil about H. 'ears ago* . no tec&nolog' apart fro! si!ple tools. a. &ere as al!ost b. "as al!ost c. &ere al!ost d. Al!ost . #ipe or rotting rain forest fruits alco&ol concentration as &ig& as F percent. a. Are contained b. &at contain c. 4ontain d. 4ontaining C. . in eastern Nort& A!erica* it&in t&e belt of prevailing esterl' inds* &as given Ne /erse' a cli!ate c&aracteristic of an inland location. a. 9ocated b. +ts location c. +t is located d. Because of its location . Since t&e earl' 6JFs* . t&roug&out t&e orld &as !ore t&an doubled. a. &ere as de!and for food b. &e de!and for food c. 8ood* a de!and t&at d. Since t&e de!and for food F. &e ordinar' c&air in countless s&apes* si?es* st'les* and !aterials. a. 1as been !ade
.
H.
I.
J.
b. 1as !ade c. Been !a)ing d. as !a)ing as t&e !ost i!portant econo!ic activit' in t&e 2nited States until about 6IJ. a. Agriculture &en b. Agriculture c. +t as agriculture d. &ere as agriculture 9arc& and spruce trees .. in bogs and et areas of t&e nort&ern 2nited States. a. 8ound b. Are found c. 1ave found d. 8inding .. b' dr'ing t&e! is one of t&e oldest )non !et&ods of preventing food fro! spoiling. a. Preserving certain foods b. Preserve certain foods c. B' preserving certain food d. certain foods preserved +n teleco!!unications* ...... data ver' long distances $up to C !iles at one stretc&%. a. 8or optical
H O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6. . o E' bac)ards and upside don and to &over is ver' unusual. e. 1u!!ingbirds are able f. &e abilit' of t&e &u!!ingbird
g. &e able &u!!ingbird can &. &e &u!!ingbird &as t&e abilit'
66. &roug& reproduction .. t&e properties of a species. a. Successive generations t&at carr' on b. &at successive generations carr' on c. Successive generations carr' on d. 4arr' on successive generations 6. #efrigerating !eats .. t&e spread of bacteria. a. #etards b. #etarding c. o retard d. +s retarded 6C. .. (uscles in t&e s&oulder* pri!aril' t&e trape?ius* &ic& &elps turn t&e scapula* and t&e deltoid* &ic& !oves t&e upper ar!.
a. &at several b. Several c. &ere are several d. Several of t&e 6. (igraine* one of t&e !ost co!!on &eadac&e condition )non to &u!an )ind* .. during t&e (esopota!ian era* about C B.4. a. o be
6. 6H. 6. Saturn is surrounding b' a vast sar! of particles t&at for! !an' rings* so!e of &ic& 6I. A B 4 6J. are =uite co!ple; in co!position. . D ;. #ic&ard "rig&tLs "ncle Tom
I O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
. &e
J O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
F. "&en t&e subject is underlined* c&ec) t&e verb for! . "&en t&e verb is underlined* c&ec) i!e signal Subject $singular or plural% Active or passive voice .
H. %?JE'TE '2%9SE and %?JE'TE P4R%SE F.
An adjective clause describes a noun. Because t&e clause is an adjective* it is
positioned directl' after t&e noun t&at it describes. 8unction: o !odif' Noun "&o V "&ic&3&at $S% V "&o!3"&ose3"&en3"&ere S V . 7;a!ple: H. &is is t&e &ouse that 6ant to buy I. &e &ouse that 6ant to buy is e;pensive =>. &e ajective clause that % want to buy describe t&e noun house
• •
•
H. A reduced adjective clause begins it& eit&er a present participle $Ving% or a past participle $VC%. +t is si!ple to )no &ic& one to use: if t&e reduced clause is !ade fro! an active verb* start t&e adjective clause it& t&e present participle* but if itRs !ade fro! a passive verb* begin t&e adjective clause it& a past participle. 8or e;a!ple* t&e ordinar' adjective clause in t&e
HD.
7;a!ple 6
Example
HF. + sa a !an &o as carr'ing an u!brella.
HI. H.
H=. %decti!e 'lause
HC. erb in the adecti!e clause
H. &o carr'ing u!brella
HH. ,as carr'ingactive
as an
is
reduces to$ Example
I. + sa a !an carr'ing an u!brella.
IK. Reduced %decti!e 'lause
I1. Participle that starts the reduced clause
IC. carr'ing an u!brella
I.
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
carr'ing
IF. "e use ,carr'ing- in t&e reduced clause because it co!es fro! t&e active verb in t&e original clause. I.
IH.
7;a!ple
Example
J. &e people &o or)ed t&ere got a raise last 'ear.
=.
II. %de cti!e 'lause
I. erb in the adecti!e clause
J6. &o or)ed t&ere
J. ,or)edis active
This reduces to$ Example
. Reduce d %decti!e 'lause
. Participle that starts the reduced clause
JH. &e people or)ing t&ere got a raise last 'ear.
JI. or)ing t&ere
JJ.
C.
6.
1K1.
7;a!ple C
Example
6. &e boo)s &ic& ere publis&ed t&at 'ear are e;pensive.
1KH.
or)ing
1KD. %decti! e 'lause
1K=. erb in the adecti!e clause
6F. &ic& ere publis&ed t&at 'ear
6. ,ere publis&edis passive
reduces to$ Example
1K. Reduce d %decti!e 'lause
11K. Participle that starts the reduced clause
666. &e boo)s publis&ed t&at 'ear are e;pensive.
66. publis&e d t&at 'ear
66C.
1KI.
C6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
publis&ed
66. 66F.
Ex$
6.
ris) of diabetes. 66. 66H. diabetes. 66I. 66J. . ?;@.
?;;.
S Adj. 4lause V &e people consuming too much sugar &ave a greater ris) of S
Adj. P&rase
V
&e govern!ent released a ne polic' )that regulated the number
o political
66.
&e people '$ho consume too much sugar( &ave a greater
parties.(
S V Adj. 4lause &e govern!ent released a ne polic' regulating the number o political
parties.
6C. 6.
C.
S V Adj. P&rase &e boo)s )$hich are $ritten by )us *ur + create a lot of
controversies. 6F. S Adj. 4lause V 6. &e boo)s $ritten by )us *ur create a lot of controversies. 6H. S Adj. P&rase V 6I. 6J. . 9ouis Pasteur )$ho is a +rench ,hemist and -iologist + invented t&e Pasteuri?ation. 6C. V 6C6.
S
Adj. 4lause
9ouis Pasteur* a +rench ,hemist and -iologist , invented t&e
Pasteuri?ation. 6C. S Adj. P&rase V 6CC. 6C. ?irections$ 'hange the adecti!e clauses to adecti!e phrases. 6. Dr. Stanton* &o is t&e president of t&e universit'* ill give a speec& at t&e co!!ence!ent cere!onies. 6CF. 6C. 6CH. . Be sure to follo t&e instructions t&at are given at t&e top of t&e page. 6CI. 6CJ. 6. C. &e rules t&at allo public access to ilderness areas need to be reconsidered. 66. 6. 6C. . &e p&otograp&s &ic& ere publis&ed in t&e nespaper ere e;traordinar'. 6. 6F.
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6. F. &ere is al!ost no end to t&e proble!s t&at face a &ead of state. 6H. 6I. 6J. . &e ps'c&ologists &o stud' t&e nature of sleep &ave !ade i!portant discoveries. 6F. 6F6. 6F. H. &e e;peri!ent &ic& as conducted at t&e 2niversit' of 4&icago as successful. 6FC. 6F. 6FF. I. Kuala 9u!pur* &ic& is t&e capital of t&e cit' of (ala'sia* is a !ajor trade center in Sout&east Asia. 6F. 6FH. 6FI. J. Antarctica is covered b' a &uge ice cap t&at contains H percent of t&e eart&Rs fres& ater. 6FJ. 6. 66. 6. 6. "&en + ent to Ale;Rs &ouse to drop o@ so!e paperor)* + !et /err'* &o is &is longti!e partner. 6C. 6. 6F. 6. 66. Our solar s'ste! is in a gala;' t&at is called t&e (il)' "a'. 6H. 6I. 6J. 6. o out of t&ree people &o are struc) b' lig&tning survive. 6H. 6H6. 6H. 6C. Si!on Bolivar* &o as a great Sout& A!erican general* led t&e
CC O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6. (an' of t&e students &o &ope to enter t&e universit' ill be disappointed because onl' onetent& of t&ose &o appl' for ad!ission ill be accepted. 6HH. 6HI. 6HJ. 6I. 6F. &ere !ust e;ist in a !odern co!!unit' a sucient nu!ber of persons &o possess t&e tec&nical s)ill t&at is re=uired to !aintain t&e nu!erous devices upon &ic& our p&'sical co!forts depend. 6I6. 6I. 6IC. 6I. 6IF. 6. (an' fa!ous people did not enjo' i!!ediate success in t&eir earl' lives. Abra&a! 9incoln* &o as one of t&e trul' great presidents of t&e 2nited States* ran for public oce ti!es and lost C of t&e elections. "alt Disne'* &o as t&e creator of (ic)e' (ouse and t&e founder of &is on !ovie production co!pan'* once as
7;a!ple:
6. Scientists are no onl' beginning to understand t&e factors .. cigarette addiction. a. 4ause b. 4ausing c. &e' cause d. 4auses . /o&n Singleton 4ople'* in Boston in 6HJC* built &is reputation in colonial A!erica as a portraitist. a. Born on b. "as born c. Born d. "&o born 6J. C. An entire salt!ars& co!ple; of cree)s* !ars&es* river !out&s* and barrier 6JH. A 6JI. islands can be seen as a single co!!unit' lin)ing b' t&e tides.
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
6JJ.
B
4
CF O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b': Nur
D
DKK.
. Princeton 2niversit'* as founded in 6H* is one of t&e oldest universities 6. A B 4 D . in t&e 2nited States. F. An entire salt!ars& co!ple; of cree)s* !ars&es* river !out&s* and barrier C. A . islands can be seen as a single co!!unit' lin)ing b' t&e tides. F. B 4 D . 7stablis&ing outside (inneapolis* (innesota* in 6JH* &e (innesota . A H. Valle' National "ildlife #efuge contains !ore t&an J* acres of forest* I. B 4 J. prairies* !ars&es and la)es. 6. D 66.
Anser )e': 6. B* . 4* C. D* . A* F. D* .A
6. I. Preposition in %decti!e 'lause D1=. D1C. D1. Prep , D1. D1H.
Which ;Thing< S, Whom ;Person<
D1I. D1. DDK. Example$
6. 8or people: 'esterda' . C. advice.
&e teacher gave !e good advice.
+ spo3e to her
&e teacher $hom I spoke to 'esterda' gave !e good &e teacher to $hom % spoke 'esterda' gave !e
DDC.
good advice. F. . H.
8or t&ings:
&e bag as e!pt'. S&e loo3ed in it. &e bag $hich she looked in as e!pt'. &e bag in $hich she looked as e!pt'.
6. 8uneral is a ritual. 7uropeans ear blac) at funeral. 8uneral is a ritual at 6hich 7uropeans ear blac). I. . "inter is a season. (an' !a!!als suc& as bears &ibernate during inter. "inter is a season during 6hich !an' !a!!als suc& as bear &ibernate. J. C. Societies are infor!ants. Ant&ropologists obtain cultural infor!ation fro! societies. Societies are infor!ants (rom 6hom ant&ropologists obtain cultural infor!ation. C.
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
C6. D=D.
Sample (rom TE-2$
6. 1'pogl'ce!ia is a condition XXXXX concentration of glucose in t&e blood falls to an abnor!all' lo level. a. &e b. Of t&e c. +n &ic& t&e d. Suc& as t&e . #eEection occurs &en lig&t bounces o@ an objects and returns to t&e side XXXX a. o co!e fro! b. 8ro! &ic& it ca!e c. +t ca!e d. "&ic& it ca!e C. +n t&e cardiac c'cle* t&e diastole is t&e period of rela;ation of &eart !uscle CC. A B C. &ic& during t&e c&a!ber of t&e &eart
Anser )e': 6. 4* . B* C.4
. Expressions o( Luantity in %decti!e 'lause D=H. D=I. Whom ;Person< D=. Expression o( Luantity , Which ;Thing< , DCK. Whose ;Possessi!e< DC1.
. C.
.
S
7;a!ples: a. +n !' class t&ere are students. (ost of t&e! are fro! t&e 8ar 7ast. +n !' class t&ere are students* /ost o( 6hom are fro! Asia. b. 1e gave several reasons. Onl' t&e fe of t&e! ere valid.
1e gave several reasons* only o( (e6 o( 6hich ere valid.
F. c. &e teac&ers discussed /i!Ls proble!s. One of &is proble!s as poor stud' &abits
. -
-
H. I. J.
&e teac&ers discussed /i!Ls proble!s* one o( 6hose proble!s as poor stud' &abits. Note:
An adjective clause !a' contain an e;pression of =uantit' it& of : so!e of* !an' of* !ost of* none of* to of* &aft of* bot& of* neit&er of* eac& of* all of* several of* a fe of* little of* a nu!ber of* etc. &e e;pression of =uantit' precedes t&e pronoun. Onl' &o!* &ic&* and* &ose are used in t&is pattern. Adjective clauses t&at begin it& an e;pression are !ore co!!on in riting t&an spea)ing. 4o!!as are used.
CH O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
F. F6. F. 1K. %?ERB '2%9SE
8unction: o !odif' Sentence 4onnectors: FC. Because 2ntil
F. D.
Since &oug&
2nless
"&en "&ere
Before
As As if
"&ile
if
"&et&er X or As &oug& 0et
, S,
F. FH.
Alt&oug& After 7ven t&oug& Once
(ean&ile "&ereas
So So &at
DI. D. DK. Pattern$
6. . C.
4onnector S * S S 4onnector* S
( it rains5 the streets get 6et The streets get 6et5 i( it rains
DC.
F. . Ex$ H. 1. A delta is for!ed &en XXXXXXXXX and t&e process of erosion does not carr' t&e !aterials aa'. I.
a. t&e deposit of river
c. t&e deposits of river
J.
sedi!ent b. t&e river deposits sedi!ent
d. t&e sedi!entation of
river C. "&en XXXXXXXXXXX* t&e elections of t&e outer rings are e;c&anged H.
a. joining of to ato!s
c. to
ato! joint H6.
b. to ato!s join
d. to of
ato! joining . Onl' a fe sounds produces b' insects are &eard b' &u!ans XXXXXXXX !ost of t&e sounds are pitc&ed eit&er too &ig& or too lo. a. +n spite of c. as a result of b. Because d. instead of F. As a countr' develops fro! an agricultural to an industrial econo!'* t&e attitudes* values* structures* and functions of t&e fa!il' XXXXXXX. a. &e c&ange c. c&ange b. "&ic& c&ange d. c&anging H. HC. a.
Anser )e' : 6. B* . B* C. B* . 4. Note:
Despite H. HF. H. HH. HI.
+n spite of +nstead of Because of During
N3NP
CI O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
HJ.
Because &e is brilliant* &e gets an ac&ieve!ent fro! &is
Ex$
2niversit'. I. I6.
4onn. S V Because of &is brilliance* &e gets an ac&ieve!ent fro! &is
2niversit'. I.
4onn.
NP
b. o sentences one connector IC. &ree sentences to connectors
I. 11. P%R%22E2 '"STR9'T"
IF. and I. Sa!e Structure but Sa!e Structure IH. or II. IJ. J. Ex$ &e living roo! as decorated it& e;pensive paintings and elegance la!ps. J6. Adj. N N N !legance is a Noun. +t s&ould be c&anged into !legant $Adj%. J. JC. J. Ex$ &e student reads eac& c&apter* ta)es a lot of notes and !e!ories t&e !aterials. D. V V N emories is a Noun. +t s&ould be c&anged into emori/es $V%. D. DH. DI. D. 1D. P%RE? '"J9"'T"S
Bot& XXXXXXXXXX and 7it&er XXXXXXXXX or Neit&er XXXXXXXX nor Not XXXXXXXXXXX but Not onl' XXXXXXX but also "&et&er XXXXXXX or 8ro! XXXXXXXXXXto Beteen3a!ong XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXand #at&er t&an One XXXXXXX anot&er =KK.
C6. Ex$ #apid e'e !ove!ent sleep is so!eti!es called parado;ical sleep because it &as C. A B CC. c&aracteristics of eit&er t&e a)ing and sleeping state. C. 4 D CF. Anser : D C. CH. CI. CJ. C6. C66. C6.
CJ O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
C6C. C6. C6F.
1=.
TW WR? EMPRESS"S • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Based on #elate to Derived fro! 7;ile fro! Adapted to 4onsist of Na!e for3after Su@er fro! 7scape fro! Date to3fro! #efer to Aare of Deal it&
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
According to #esistant to 4apable of Date fro!3to #egarded as Originated fro! Bene
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Devoted to Si!ilar to Di@er fro! Sa!e as 4arr' on3out Native to Suited to #esult fro! 4o!e into Knon as3for Dedicated to Account for Subtitute for
=1.
C6H.
Sa!ples fro! O789:
6. A li=uid is si!ilar at a gas in t&at a li=uid can
Positi!e
=D=.
'omparati!e
=DC.
Superlati!e
CF. CI. CC6.
S!all 1app' 7;pensive
C. CJ. CC.
S!aller 1appier (ore e;pensive
CH. CC. CCC.
&e s!allest &e &appiest &e !ost
(ore beautiful 8art&er3 furt&er
e;pensive CC. &e !ost beautiful CCJ. &e fart&est3 t&e
Better "orse (ore 9ess
furt&est C. &e best CF. &e orst CI. &e !ost CF6. &e least
CC. CCH. C. CC. C. CJ.
Beautiful 8ar Good Bad (an'3!uc& 9ittle
CCF. CCI. C6. C. CH. CF.
=D. Patterns$ Positi!e ?egree ;as ad as< )more+ad 'omparati!e ?egree
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
==.
%d )7er+
, than
CF.
Superlati!e ?egree ; the , )most+
, =.
%d %d,"oun %d! , ad , "oun
CF. CFH. 7;a!ple: 6. Pri?ed for centuries for t&eir beaut'* roses are t&e orldLXXXXXXXXXXXXXX plants. a. 4ultivated orna!ental !ost idel' b. Orna!ental idel' cultivated !ost c. (ost idel' cultivated orna!ental d. "idel' orna!ental !ost cultivated . Of t&e !ore IF species of trees in t&e 2nited States* t&e !ost oldest* t&e CFI. A B CFJ.
bristlecone pine* gros in t&e Nevada and Sout&ern 4alifornia
dessert. C. 4 D C6. C. "&en 8ran)lin #oosevelt as inaugurated as President in 6JCC* t&e 2nited C. A CC. States as in t&e !idst of t&e orse econo!ic depression in its &istor'. C.
B
D CF.
4
Anser )e': 6. 4* . B* C. 4
To in&niti!e in Superlati!e ?egree
C. CH.
&e
CI.
To + be + V3
Ex$ Sall' #ide is the frst A!erican astronaut o!an XXXXXX on
t&e !oon. CJ. CH.
a. landed b. &o landed
c. landing d. to land
=H1. =HD. =H=. =HC. E@ualisation =H.
CH. CHH.
Pattern: The more NNNNNNNNNO The more ;S<
Ex$ 6. 1ubbleLs la states t&at t&e greater t&e distance beteen an' to
gala;ies*
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX is t&eir relative speed of separation. CHI. CHJ.
CI.
a. t&e greatest b. t&e greater
. &e !ore )inetic energ' in t&e particles of a !aterial* t&e
&ottest t&e !aterial CI6. A D CI. CIC.
c. greater t&an d. as great as
B
+s. Anser )e': 6. B* . D
Repetition in 'omparison =IC. Pay attention to these indicators$ %s 77777777777 as -
6 O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
4
Same as Resemble to 2oo3 similar to ?ier (rom /ore* less 777777 than77777 =I. Rules$ a. The items that are compared or repeated must be similar or -
e@ual ;apple to apple< b. That ;Singular< 8Q Those ;Plural< =I.
Example$ •
&e c&e!ical co!position of sand stone is the same as t&e c&e!ical co!position of sand. &e repeated ords the chemical composition could be
8.
c&anged CII.
into that. &erefore* t&e sentence beco!es : &e c&e!ical
co!position of sandstone is t&e CIJ. sa!e as that of sand. CJ. &e rules in "ritten 7nglis& are more stringent than t&e rules of spo)en 7nglis&. 21. &e repeated ords the rules could be c&anged into those.
CJ.
&erefore t&e sentence beco!es: t&e rules of ritten 7nglis&
are !ore stringent t&an those of spo)en 7nglis& ==.
CJ.
Ex$ 1. Ostric& eggs are larger XXXXX of ot&er birds t&e' are F !! long and
6F !! t&ic). CJF. a. t&an t&e' are c. t&an t&ose CJ. b. t&an t&at d. t&at t&an t&ose CJH. . Veterinar' !edicine is practiced separatel' fro! &u!an !edicine since ani!al diseases di@er largel' fro! XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX &u!ans. CJI. a. t&ose a@ecting c. t&e' are a@ecting CJJ. b. &at a@ecting d. a@ecting of . Anser )e': 6. 4* . A
1. "ERS" • • • • • • •
Not until Not onl' #arel' +n no a' Never Scarcel' Onl'
• •
• • • • •
Never 2nder t&e circu!stances "it& no e;ception At no ti!e Seldo! 1ardl' No sooner
6. .
Auxiliary Does/Do/Did Has/Have/Had
S+V
To be Modal
Ex$
1. elevision did not get its start as a fullscaled broadcasting
service in t&e 2.S until 6JI C. "ot until 6JI did television get its start as a fullscaled broadcasting in 2.S
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
. F. .
D. + &ave never seen suc& a beautiful rose "e!er ha!e + seen suc& a beautiful rose
C. 7art&=ua)e not onl' destro's t&e buildings but also t&e
fragile ecos'ste! H.
"ot nly does t&e eart&=ua)e destro' t&e buildings but
also t&e fragile ecos'ste!. C. #endang is seldo! !ade of
CKI.
J. 6. 66.
7;a!ple:
6. Not until 6H6 and t&e
6F.
8or Singular
Noun 6H. 8or Plural Noun
C1.
%5 an5 e!ery5 any5 each5 e!ery5 another
6I.
T6o5 three5 ..5 both5 se!eral5 !arious5
numerous5 most5 all5 all o(5 o( all5 some5 bet6een5 among5 many5 (e65 a (e65 a number
6J.
o(5 one o(5 a group o(5 a lot o(5 lot o(5 other CDK. /any5 (e65 a (e65 a number o(
8or
4ountable Noun 6. 8or
CDD.
/uch5 little5 a little5 the amount o(
2ncountable Noun C. 8or bot&
CDC.
a lot o(5 some5 most5 all5 all o(5 o( all5 a
4ountable and
lot o(5 a lot5 more5 none5 one o(5 the maority o(
2ncountable Noun CD. CD.
"ote$ %nother CDH. CDI. CD.
, Singular oun ther , Plural "oun Each %ny ther , Singular "oun
C O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
C=K. E!ery The other , "oun ;Plural< C=1. %d C=D. The others ; must not be (ollo6ed by "oun< C==. The other elements ; 'orrect< C=C. The others elements ; ncorrect< C=. -
-
Example$
4one s&ells live in !uc& di@erent seas and feed !ainl' on s!all
t&e correct anser is $A% . F. 1H. "9" '2%9SE
. A noun clause is a dependent clause t&at acts as a noun. Noun clauses !ost often begin it& t&e subordinating conjunction. -
Who Which That 6hat
7 7 7 7
4o6 Why When Where
7 4o6 much 7Whate!er 7 4o6 many 7 ( 7 Whene!er 7 Whether 7 Where!er 7Whoe!er
H. Since a noun clause acts as a noun* it can do an't&ing t&at a noun can do. A noun clause can be a subject* a direct object* an indirect object* an object of a preposition* a subject co!ple!ent* an object co!ple!ent or an appositive. I.
Examples$
J. F.
Whate!er you decide is
subjectZ F6. S F. That Jo3o6i chose many businessmen to oin his cabinet is not surprising. YN4 as SubjectZ FC. F. 1e ondered 6hy he had to li!e there alone . . .. 1e ondered 6here his (riends 6ere 5 6here his (amily 6as . 1e ondered 6hat he had done to earn himsel( this precarious and uncom(ortable circumstance . 1e re!e!bered 6hen he 6as a po6er(ul man5 success(ul5 6ell7regarded . Y Noun 4lause as Object of t&e verb onder and re!e!berZ
O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
FF.
9ace' tal)ed at lengt& about ho6 she had 6on the perogy7eating
contest.
Y Noun 4lause as object of t&e preposition about% F. FH. a. b. c. d.
Sa!ple fro! O789:
di@erent )inds of sleep &as long been recogni?ed. &ere are Alt&oug& t&ere are "&' t&ere are &at t&ere are
CI. C. CK.
6. 1I. REERSE? WR?S
. 7;a!ple: C. Speciali?ation in industr' creates or)ers lac) &o versatilit' in t&eir abilit' to . A B 4 D F. step in to ot&er jobs. . H. &e sentence s&ould read: pecialiCation in industry creates workers $ho lack versatility in their ability to step in to other &obs. &erefore* 'ou t&e correct anser is $4%. I. 1.mitted Words
J. H. all H6. H. HC. H. HF.
7;a!ple: 0ose!ite National Par) is !ost ell )non its beautiful spouting ge'sers of A
B
4
si?es. D
&e sentence s&ould read: Dosemite 0ational 5ark is most well known or its beautiful spouting geysers of all siCes. &erefore* t&e correct anser is $B%.
H. DK.9""E'ES%R WR?S
HH. 7;a!ple: HI. "&ile pus&ups build 'our ar!s* s&oulders and c&est* sitsups t&e' strengt&en HJ. A B I. 'our abdo!inal !uscles. I6. 4 D I. IC. &e sentence s&ould read:- #hile push7ups build your arms, shoulders and chest, sits7ups strengthen your abdominal muscles. The word they is omitted.
&erefore* t&e correct anser is $B%. I. DK. Purpose !s. Eect CI. S T4%T P9RPSE
I. A state!ent of action or intended action is folloed b' t&e preposition so and t&at clause e;pressing purpose or goal. IH. 7;a!ple:
F O789 Section : Structure and "ritten 7;pression 4o!piled b' : Nur
