The Present Tense Between English and Arabic a Comparative by Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid

ZARQA PRIVATE UNIVERSITY

:

2006

This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense.

[email protected]

Jordan Amman 962788120771+

December 1, 2006

THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY

‫ه الرحمن‬‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫بس‬ ‫الرحي‬ I am Abdul Abdulba base seer er Eid. Eid. I was was born born in Lebanon. Lebanon. I have finished finished my secondary secondary school school in Zarqa Zarqa city city Jordan Jordan in 2003. 2003. I faced many difficulties in learning English at the the begi beginn nnin ing g duri during ng my stud study y at school school so I decide decided d to concen concentra trate te on stud studdi ding ng Engl Englis ish h lang langua uage ge and and to be specia specialis listt in this this langu language age in order order to make it easy for Arabic students to learn it. I beca became me a stud studen entt in Zarq Zarqa a Priva rivate te Univ Univer ersi sity ty imme immedi diat atel ely y afte afterr I had had finished my secondary school. During my study, I wrote three researches in English language; language; "The Sound Sound Systems Systems between between English and Arabic: a Comparative Study", "The Present Tense between English and Arab Arabic ic:: a comp compar arat ativ ive e Stud Study" y",, and and "English foundational Grammar". The idea that emerged from the first two researche researchess is to make studding studding English English familiar familiar to our Arabic students because they they deal deal with with the simila similarit rities ies and the differen differences ces between between English English and Arabic Arabic language. I have graduated from my University and I employed employed immediate immediately ly at Al-Omarey Al-Omareyah ah Schools in Amman. I am happy in working there because it has has a wide reputa reputatio tion n with with its excel excellen lentt teach teaching ing with with Islami Islamic c visio vision. n. I have have taken taken many many cour course sess that that deal deal with with my work work as a tea teacher cher and I have ave give iven ther there e a preliminary TOFEL levels. Now I am still working on myself. I am doing my higher Diploma in ICT "Information Communication Communication Technology" in Educ Educat atio ion n unde underr the the umbr umbrel ella la of Yarmouk University/Jor Jordan and INHOLLAND University/ The Netherlands. In addition; I am also I am about to finish a book under the title of "The Easy Way to the the High High Educ Educat atio ion' n' this this mate materi rial al is prep prepar ared ed for for Al-T Al-Taw awji jihe he Stud Studen ents ts in Jordan. It contains all the passages with a suff suffic icie ient nt pack packag age e of ques questi tion onss to promote students understanding "The sky is the limit to what I can do" is my slogan.

:‫تعالى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قا‬

‫كُم‬ ‫نَا‬ ْ ‫ق‬‫َل‬ ‫ِّا خ‬ ‫إ‬ُ‫ّاس‬ ‫ن‬  ‫هَا‬  ‫يَا أي‬  { ‫كم‬ ‫لْنا‬َ‫جَع‬ َ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ث‬‫أ‬َ‫و‬ ٍٍ ‫كر‬  ‫ذ‬   ِ‫إ‬  ‫ف‬ ‫َا‬‫تَع‬  ‫ئ‬ ‫بآئ‬َ ‫و‬  ُ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫كُم‬ ‫قا‬ ‫أ‬  ‫ند‬  ‫م‬  ََ  ‫كْر‬ ‫أ‬ }ٌ ‫ِر‬ ‫ب‬ َ‫خ‬  ‫م‬‫َل‬  ِ‫إ‬ -5-

Teacher Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid

Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

December 1, 2006


‫لعظيم‬ ‫ه‬‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫صد‬ "13" ‫آيه رقم‬ / ‫ات‬‫سورة الحج‬

Dedication To those people who mean something to me… To those who have touched my life in one way or another… To those who make me smile when I really need it…. To those that make me see the brighter side when I am really down… To those who I want to let them know that I appreciate their love and support… My Dear Father, Mother… My wife… To All of my family… My sisters, Brothers … To My friends whom I have non-forgettable moments with them… Those who share me the moments of pleasure and labor… Abed Al-Qader,Khaleel, Qabas … Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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I dedicate this work.

Acknowledgment I am very much indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Mua'yyed Jum'a. Without Without his invaluable suggestions, su ggestions, helps, patience and continuous guidance, I might not n ot have complete this research in its present shape. Special thanks are addressed to all the people who have helped me throughout my work and support me in every way they could. My appreciation goes also to my family for their support, and guiding me through my educational journey.

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The Abstract This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense. The first chapter shows the four forms of the present tense in English; present simple, present continuous, present perfect and perfect continuous. English like all languages; it is full of problems for the foreign learner. learner. Some of these points are easy to explain like the form for m of the verb in each type of these tenses, or the spilling of the third person singular for the present simple tense. But other problems are more tricky and cause difficulty even for advance students and teachers like the use of these tenses above. E.g. present simple may give past meaning and future meaning not only present meaning. However, this chapter shows the use of each type in an easy way to be understandable for the readers r eaders in different level. The second chapter shows the main types of the Arabic present tense and the conjugation of the Arabic present tense in an easy way, way, showing to the readers the agreement between the subject and verb v erb in the Arabic present tense, and how it changes the form of the verb. Moreover, Moreover, this chapter shows the cases of the th e Arabic Arabic present tense; Inflection Case and Non-inflection Non-in flection Case, and the use of the Arabic present tense.


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The third chapter shows the differences and similarities between English and Arabic present tense, in the use and the form, by using explanations and examples from the two languages to be clear to the readers to note the differences differences and the similarities.

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THE THE PRE PRESE SENT NT TENS TENSE E BE BETWEE TWEEN N ENG ENGLI LIS SH AND AND AR ARAB ABIC IC:: ACOMP OMPAR ART TIVE IVE STU STUD DY

List of Contents

Page Number

Chapter 1.The Present Tense in English 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………....................... 1.2 Present Simple Tense……………………………………………………. 1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense Tense……………………..

1.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense ……………………... 1.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms …………………….. 1.2.4. Pronunciation of the third person singular s ingular forms…………….. 1.2.5. The Use of the Present Simple Tense…………………………….. 1.2.5.1. Present Simple refers to the t he Present Time………… …....................... ….................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ................ .... 1.2.5.2.

Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future meaning…………………………………………………………

1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 6

… 1.2.5.3.

Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning……

……………………………………………………… 1.3. Present Continuous Tense………………………………………….. 1.3.1. The Definition of the Present Continuous Tense ………………… 1.3.2. The Use of Present Continuous Tense …………………………….. 1.3.2.1. Present continuous tense for action happening now ………… 1.3.2.2. Present continuous tense for the future ………………….... ..... 1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time) …………………………............. 1.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense Tense…………………… 1.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense Tense………………………… 1.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense………………………….. 1.4.3.1. Finish events connect with the presen t………................... 1.4.3.2. Finished events: new ……………………………………….. 1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now' … 1.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now ………………….......... 1.4.3.5. Time not mentioned ………………………………….............

2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time)….........….. 2.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous…………... 2.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense Tense……...... 2.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous…………………. Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12- 5 12 12

Dece De cem mber ber 1, 1, 200 2006 6

THE THE PRE PRESE SENT NT TENS TENSE E BE BETWEE TWEEN N ENG ENGLI LIS SH AND AND AR ARAB ABIC IC:: ACOMP OMPAR ART TIVE IVE STU STUD DY

Chapter 2.The Present Tense in Arabic………………………………. 2.1. Introduction Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 2.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense ……………………… 2.3. The inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense Tense ………………… 2.

2.3.1. Subjunctive Case (‫ب‬ (‫لة النصب‬‫ح‬)…………………………………………… 3.2.2. Jussive Case (‫لة الجزم‬‫ح‬)…………………………………………………….. 2.3.3. Nominative Case (‫لة الرفع‬‫ح‬)………………………………………………

2.4. The Non-inflection of the Arabic Present Tense ……………………. 2.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense …………………………………….. 2.4.1 Statements of Fact…………………………………………………………… 2.4.2. Habitual Activities …………………………………………………………… 2.4.3. Present Situations……………………………………………………………. 2.4.4. Progressive Situations ………………………………………………………

Chapter 3. The Similarities and the Differences between the English and Arabic Present Tense……………………………………………. 3.1. Introduction Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 3.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense ……………… 3.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense ………… 3.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Present Tense … 3.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense ………………………………..…………………………………………………………..

13 13 14 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 24 25

Chapter 4. The Conclusion………………………………………………………..

26

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. English Bibliographies………………………………………………………... Arabic Bibliographies………………………………………………………….

27 35 56

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List of Tables Page Number Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple Tense ………………………………… Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singular …………………………………… Table 1.4 The most common of the non-progressive verbs ………………….. Table 1.5 The structure of the present continuous tense …………………….. Table 1.6 The structure of the present perfect tense ………………………….. Table 1.7 The structure of the present perfect continuous tense ……………. Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense ……………………….

2 3 3 5 8 10 12 15

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Chapter: one The Present Tense in English 1.1 Introduction: Time is frequently perceived as a continuum with three main divisions: past, present, and future. The past and future times are defined in relation to the present time (now). Past tense refers to any time before the present time, and future tense refers to any time after the present. Not all languages perceive this relationship as a linear one, nor do these categories characterize all possible times. Tense, Tense, then, is a grammatical expression of time reference. The correlation between tense and time is not necessarily one-to-one; languages do not recognize as many oppositions of tense as they have conceptions of time. English has past, present, and future times, but only a past and a non-past opposition of tense. ( encyclopedia Britannica: 2004) In English we, have For Basic Tenses Tenses that refer to the present time, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, and Perfect Continuous. It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time. For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time: 'I hope it rains tomorrow.' tomorrow.' "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow). The verb form that usually indicates present time is here used to indicate future time. Other example "That will be $5.00, $5.00, please." The second sentence, sentence, the verb form usually indicating future time is here used to indicate present time. Also past tense does not always refer to past time: 'If I had some money now, now, I could buy it.' "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now), but The past form of the verb generally refers to past time, to a narrated event prior to the speech event. (ibid)


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1.2 Present Simple Tense: 1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense: The tense of a verb that expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is always or necessarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and that is sometimes used for future events. (MerriamWebster: 2003) The natural and most frequent use of the present tense is in contexts of present time, whether actual ( The door is open ) or habitual (The door is always open / Paris is the capital of France). It is also used of past events in certain contexts, such as newspaper headlines (Clinton says he is sorry) and in narrative. (Allen: 1999)

1.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense: FORM (1)base

SYMPOL V

(2) –s form (3rd person singular present)

EXAMPLE call drink put

FUNCTIONS (a) all the present tense except 3rd person singular. I/you/we/they call every day.

3rd person singular present tense: He/she/it calls every day. Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple Tense Adopted from Quirk et al. (1973)

V-s

calls drinks puts

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Affirmative Question Negative I work . Do I work ? I don't work . You work . Do you work ? You don't work . They work . Do they work ? They don't work . We work . Do we work ? We don't work . He works. Does he work ? He doesn't work . She works. Does she work ? She doesn't work . Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense Adopted from Swan (1992)

1.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms: Most verbs: Add-s to infinitive Verbs ending in consonant + y: Change y to i and add -es Verbs ending in –s, -ch, -sh, or –x: Add-es to infinitive

Exceptions:

work-works sit-sits stay-stays cry-cries hurry-hurries reply-replies miss- misses buzz-buzzes watch-watches push-pushes fix-fixes have-has go-goes do-does

Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singular Adopted from Swan (1992)

1.2.4.

Pronunciation of the third person singular forms:

"The present allomorphs are also similar to the plural allomorphs. They belong to the present morpheme added to the base verb when subject is third person singular e.g. … he goes" (Alkhuli, M. 2005: ) 1.

"After one of the hissing sounds (/s/, /z/, / č /, / š /, /ž/, and / ĵ /) pronounced /iz/. E.g., watch/watches.


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2. After After any other voicele voiceless ss sound (/p/, (/p/, /f/, /Ө /, /t/, /t/, /k/, /h/) pronounced /s/. E.g. sit/sits. 3. If the singular final is voiced, the allomorph is /z/, e.g. go/goes stay/stays." (ibid: )

1.2.5.

The Use of the Present Simple Tense:

According to the definition of the Present Simple Tense Tense it refer to the present time, but in some cases we use it to refer for future time or even past time. However, we are going to explain each case alone.

1.2.5.1. Present Simple refer refer to the Present Present Time: a. Stat Statem emen ents ts of Fact Fact:: To express scientific statement of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it refers to express general statements of fact referring to actins and states that are expected to remain for a long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64) 1. 2. 3. 4.

The earth earth revolves revolves around around the sun. sun. Gold Gold is a shin shining ing metal. metal. Khalid Khalid runs runs a fact factory ory.. Ali Ali is a bake bakerr.

b. Present Situations: With English Verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tenses, the simple s imple present may indicate situations that exist right now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68) There are a number of verbs in English that we cannot normally be used in continuous forms. They frequently describe states of being, thinking, possessing or feeling: 5. Most people don't believe in the existence of ghosts. (Not: most people aren't believing in the existence of ghosts.) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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-I like tea. (Not: I'm liking this tea.) .I think that the world's problems are getting worse .7 .It weighs 100 kilos .8 9. The sign means 'stop' (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47) 6.

Verbs of existing or being Verbs of possessing Verbs of feeling or wanting Verbs of thinking or believing

Verbs of appearance Other verbs

be, consist of, contain, exist. belong to, have(= own), include, lack, own, possess. Adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, envy, hate, like, love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want, and wish. Believe, doubt, expect, feel, (= think), forget, imagine, intend, know,, realize, recognize, know remember, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think, understand. appear, resemble, seem. concern, depend, deserve, fit, matter, matter, measure, mean, mind, weigh.

Table 1.4 The Most Common of the Non-Progressive Verbs Adopted from Foley and Hall (2003)

We use Present Simple to describe series of events and actions: usual in radio commentary commentary on sport. It is instantaneous. instantaneous. 10. Ali kicks off, Zidan passes to Henry, Henry cuts. 11. From here you cross the road, go through an Iron Gate and follow the path west. 12. First I take a bowl and break two eggs into it, next...etc. (ibid: 46) c. Repeated action or events: expressing habitual activities: We use the simple present with adverbs of frequency like: (always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc). Similarly, Similarly, we use in Arabic some expressions to give adverbs meaning of frequency like: Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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play tennis every week. 14. Ahmad always eats a sandwich for lunch. 13. I

(Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)

1.2.5.2. Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future

meaning: We can use the present simple to talk about timetabled events, subordinate clauses, without using future forms provided it refers to the future, with as and than present and future are possible, and in some informal style. (Swan,M., 1995: 460)

a. Timetabled events: When an event is on a schedule or timetable (for example, the take-off time for a plane), we often use the present simple to express the future. We usually also use a future word (expressed or understood) like tomorrow, at 6.30pm, next week . Only a few verbs are used in this way, for example: be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, and return. (ibid: 460) bus arrives at 11.45 16. I start my new job tomorrow. 17. The summer term starts on April 10. 18. What time does the bus arrive in Seattle? 19. My plane is at three o'clock. We can also use the present simple to give suggestions by using "why don’t you …?" 20.Why don’t we go to library tomorrow? 15. The

(ibid:460)

b. Subordinate clauses: Present tenses are often used instead of will + infinitive to refer to the future in subordinate clauses. This happens not only after conjunctions of time like 'when',' until', 'after', 'before', 'as soon as', but most other subordinate clauses-for instance after 'if', 'wither', and 'on condition that', after question words and relatives, and in indirect speech. (ibid: 556) 21. I'll tell you what I find out. (NOT…I'll tell you what I will find out.) (ibid: 556) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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c. With as and than present and future are both possible to use in the sentence to refer for future: 22. He will be on the same bus as we are/will tomorrow. 23. We will get the station sooner than you do/will. (ibid: 557) d. After certain expressions: in case, I hope, I bet, it does not matter…etc. 24. I hope you enjoy your time. 25. I bet he passes the exam. 26. It does not matter where we spend our holiday. 27. It does not care who comes. (ibid: 557)

1.2.5.3. Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning: Some times, we use Present Simple form to refer to past meaning but this case is on common use, it is just in some cases like headlines in the newspapers or in narrative. (Foley and Hall: 1988, 47)

a. I hear… hear… with with thatthat-cla clause use:: The simple present tense form is used with a perfect or past meaning in introductory expressions like (I hear, I see, I gather, I understand) are often used to introduce pieces of news which one has heard, read or seen on television. 28. I hear that your sister is expecting a baby. baby. 29. I see (that) the police are going to attack. 30. I hear you're getting married. 31. I see there's been trouble down at the shop. Understand and gather are often used when the speaker is checking information. We We use the present simple form to refer to the past meaning. (ibid: 246) 32. 'I understand you're moving to a new job.' 'Yes, that's right.' 33. 'I gather you didn't like the party.' 'What makes you say that?' 34. I gather Peter's looking for a job. (ibid: 246) b. Quotations Quotations are are often introduc introduced ed with…says with…says 'in narrative'. Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about suicide. 36. It says in the paper that petrol's going up again. (ibid: 559) 35. No

c. The simple present can be used to express the past events in newspaper headlines to give more immediacy to the event : (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47)

tries to curb Hamas building in West Bank. 38. Iran suggests talks with West amid fading Prospects for UN sanctions. 39. Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call. 40. Sharia judges thank king for land allocation. 41. Rice gets Russia assurances on N.Korea. 42. Ministry downgrades factory for violating workers' rights. 43. Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain. 37. Abbas

(THE JORDAN TIMES 2003: October, 22)

1.3. Prese Present nt Conti Continuo nuous us Tens Tense: e: 1.3.1.The Definition of the Present Continuous Tense: Tense: 'The tense that you use to refer to actions or events that are happening now or developing.' The Form of the Present Continuous Tense: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb be base + ing

subject + I + You - She

auxiliary verb am are is not

? ?

are he they

We Is Are

not

main verb speaking to you. reading this. staying in London. playing football. watching TV? waiting for John?


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Table 1.5 The Structure of the Present Continuous Tense

1.3.2.The Use of Present Continuous Tense: We use the present continuous tense to talk about: 44.action happening now 45.action in the future 1.3.2.1. 1.3.2.1. Present Present continuous continuous tense tense for action happenin happeningg now: a) For action happening exactly now b) For action happening around now The action may not be happening exactly now, now, but it is happening just before and just after now, now, and it is not permanent or habitual. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)

is learning to drive. 47. I am living with my sister until I find an apartment. 46. Muriel

1.3.2.2. 1.3.2.2. Present Present continuo continuous us tense for the future: future: We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future —if we add a future word! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow , next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 74)

are eating in a restaurant tonight. We have already booked the table. 49. They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They are not working. 50. When are you starting your new job? 48. We


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In these examples, we have a firm plan or programmed before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking. (ibid: 74)

1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time) 1.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense: Tense: The Present Perfect Tense Tense in English is used to express something that happened or never happened before now at an unspecified time in the past. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 77)

1.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense: Tense: The structure of the present perfect tense is: subj subjec ectt + au auxxilia iliary ry ve verb rb + main ain ve verb rb have past participle

+ + ? ?

sub subject auxiliary verb I have You have She has not We have not Have you Have they

main verb seen eaten been played finished? done

ET. mine. to Rome. football. it?

Table 1.6 The Structure of the Present Perfect Tense

1.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense: :Finish events connect with the present .1.4.3.1 We use the simple present perfect to say that a finished action or event is connected with the present in some way. way. If we Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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say that something has happened, we are thinking about the past and the present at the same time. .I con not go on holiday because I have broken my leg .53 (Swan, 1994: 419)

Finished events: news .1.4.3.2 The simple Present perfect is the most normal tense for giving .news of recent events And here are the main points of the news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The Prime Minister has said that the government's economic policies are working. The number of unemployed has reached five million. There has been a fire…. (ibid: 420)

1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now' We often use the simple present perfect for past events when we are thinking of a period of time continuing up to now the present- for example when we use indefinite time adverbs that mean 'at some/any time to now', like ever, before, never, yet, already. 54. Have you ever seen a ghost? (ibid: 420)

1.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now We can use the simple present prefect to say s ay that something has happened several times up to the present. 55. I have written six letters since lunchtime. 56. How often have you been in love in your life? (ibid: 420) -5-

1.4.3.5. Time not mentioned Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

December 1, 2006


We use the present perfect when we are thinking of a period of 'time up to now', even if we do not mention it. On the other hand, we do not use the present perfect when we are thinking of a particular finished time, even if we do not mention it. 57. Have you seen 'Rome and Juliet'? (Have you ever seen it?) (ibid: 420)

2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time) 2.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous: English uses the present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions and state which start in the past but which have a link with the present. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 62) 2.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense: Tense: The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

subj subjec ectt + au auxi xili liar aryy ver verb b + au auxi xili liar aryy ver verb b + ma main in verb verb have been base + ing has subject + I

auxiliary verb have

+ ? ?

have has have you they

You It We Have Have

auxiliary ve verb mai main ve verb been waiting been not been not been been been

talking raining. playing seeing doing

for one hour. too much.

football. her? their homework? Table 1.7 The Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense

2.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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We use the present perfect continuous, in general, to talk about situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present result. (Swan, 1994: 424)

58. Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? 59. 'You 'You look hot.' 'Y 'Yes, es, I've been running.' (ibid: 424)

Chapter Two The Present Pres ent Tense Tense in Arabic 2.1. Introduction: Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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There are two main tenses in the Arabic Arabic language: Firstly, Perfect Tense: The action is completed in the perfect tense. You may also call this as the past tense because the action is completed before the present so it belongs to the past. E.g. 'I ate'. (ُ‫ك‬   ‫أك‬) The action of eating was finished in the past.The past could be a few minutes or a few decades before the present time. (Salim: 2006) Secondly, Imperfect Tense or the Present Tense: the action is still continuing. E.g. "you knock on the door and walk in." "I am eating." The action is still continuing, he is still eating while talking to you. This is the present tense in English. It is also the "imperfect tense" in Arabic. We say in Arabic (ُُ‫آك‬). (ibid) The Arabic Verb (ُُ‫ك‬ ‫آ‬) means, "I am eating" or "I eat". There is not such a thing as the future tense in Arabic. This is done by adding the prefix "‫ـ‬ "‫ســ‬" or the word "‫ف‬ "‫سوف‬" to the imperfect form of the verb. E.g. (ُُ‫ك‬  ‫)ي‬ we add "‫ـ‬ "‫"ســ‬ to be ( ُُ‫ك‬  َ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫)س‬ which means "I will eat".(ibid) eat ".(ibid)

2.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense: Tense:  َ‫ر‬' in Arabic The verb َ'‫م‬' َ‫س‬ Arabic conjugates into the first person singular ُ''‫سُم‬  ْ‫أر‬' like the form ' I do' in English. We add the prefix ' ‫أ‬' at the first present singular to have the verb ُ''‫سُم‬ ْ‫ر‬ ‫'أ‬ , which Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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means in English 'I draw'. This rule applies to the trilateral verbs fro example '‫ 'رسم‬the three consonant are unchanged. (ibid) The present tense is formed by adding suffixes as well as prefixes to the " ََ‫ك‬ ‫ "أ‬which it is in the perfect tense. Before we can add prefixes and suffixes, we have to derive the "stem" from the root verb. This is done by making "sakeen" of the first and the last letter of the root. The first root letter becomes "sakeen" by throwing its diacritics " ْ ‫ " أك‬then we can add prefixes and suffixes for the stem "  ْ ‫ " أك‬to be " ُُ‫ك‬ َ‫ي‬ ". (ibid) We add the prefix '‫أ‬' for the the first person singular, singular, '‫ت‬' for the second person singular and so on… and the most important is the vowels or symbols on the top of each consonant. (ibid) Pay extra attention to the diacritics written in Arabic, Arabic, the three small symbols ( َ ِُ ) are very important in the tables below, below, because because they play the role of vowels, ( ََ = vowel a) ( ُُ = vowel u) ( ِِ = vowel i or e). (Ibid)

‫ف‬‫ا‬) have some slightly Some of the trilateral verbs (‫ثية‬‫ل‬‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ different, the word ' ُَ ‫ب‬ ‫ 'أس‬swim, it has a vowel ' َ ' after '‫ــ‬ ',', basically instead of using the vowel ' ُ ' , we use the vowel " َ " with some trilateral verbs, like: ' ‫ 'لعـ‬to play, ' ‫ـع‬ ' to do, '‫ـ‬‫'ذ‬ to go, and ' ‫ ' سب‬to swim…but the rest of the consonants stay unchanged. (ibid)

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َُ  ‫ أس‬/  ُ ُ‫س‬‫أ‬ I draw =  Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

December 1, 2006


َُ  ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬  / ُ‫ترس‬ you draw (singular masculine) =  ‫ ت‬/ َ‫ِي‬ُ‫س‬ ‫تر‬  you draw (singular feminine ) = َ‫ي‬َ‫ت‬ َُ   / ُ‫َرس‬  he draws =  َُ  ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬  / ُ‫تَرس‬ she draws =  Dual َ ‫ت‬ ‫ ت‬/ ِَ ُ ‫س‬  ‫َر‬‫ت‬ you draw (dual male or female) = ِ ِَ  / ِَ ُ‫س‬ ‫َر‬  they draw draw (dual male male or female) =  Plural  / ُ‫س‬ ‫َر‬  we draw = ُَ ‫ت‬ / َ ‫ُو‬ُ‫س‬ ‫َر‬ ‫ت‬ you draw (plural masculine) = َ‫و‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ / َْ ُ‫س‬ ‫َر‬ ‫ت‬ you draw (plural feminine) = َ‫و‬َ‫ت‬ they draw (plural masculine) =َ‫و‬ َ   / َ ‫ُو‬ ُ  ‫َرس‬ 

  / َْُ  ‫َرس‬  they draw (plural feminine) = ََ  Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense Tense Based on (Salim: 2005-2006)

2.3. The Inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense: (‫ر‬ (‫ر‬‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ض‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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The diacritics of the Arabic present verbs changed according to the situations. There are three cases that it can be: (‫نصو‬) 1. Subjunctive (‫و‬ 2. Nominative (‫و‬ (‫و‬) (‫جز‬) 3. Jussive (‫ز‬ (Al-Jars and Amine, 1983: 54) 4.

2.3.1. Subjunctive Case (‫ب‬ (‫لة النصب‬‫ح‬)

5. If the Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Subjunctive articles: ْ''‫ك‬ ,ْ  َ ‫إذ‬ ,ْ  َ ‫ل‬ ,ْ َ ‫أ‬  ' then we put to the end letter the vowel ' a َ '. (ibid: 49) 1. ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َال‬  ِ  ُ ‫أ‬  ‫أ‬ ‫ُأ‬ ‫د‬ ‫أري‬ 'I need to learn swimming.' 2.  َ ِ  ‫ أك‬َْ  ‫ل‬ 'I will never lie.' 3. ‫وا ُء‬‫د ال‬َُ ْ َ‫ي‬‫ي‬  ْ ‫إذ‬ 'So, will be bad smell.' 6.

‫م‬ََ ‫َع‬ ‫ أ‬َْ  ‫ُك‬   ‫ِئ‬ 

'I come to learn.' (ibid: 48)

2.3.2. Jussive Case (‫م‬ (‫لة الجزم‬‫ح‬) If the Arabic Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Jussive articles: ', ‫لم‬ ْ ‫إ‬ , ‫ن‬ ‫الن‬  ' , in this case there there is no vowels at the end but it ends with consonant sound. (ibid: 55) 7.

‫ة‬َ ‫ل‬ ‫ٌال‬     ْ‫ع‬‫م ي‬َْ ‫ل‬

'Ali does not play football.' 8.

ْ ‫نج‬ ْ‫در‬ ْِ ‫إ‬

'If you study you will succeed.' 9.

‫ل‬ ِ‫ال‬  ْ ُ   

'Don not walk quickly.' (ibid: 54)

2.3.3. Nominative Case (‫لة الرفع‬‫ح‬) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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Arabic present tense will be Nominative if it is preceded neither by the Jussive articles nor by Subjunctive articles. The final latter is with the diacritic ' ُ '. (ibid: 60) 7. ‫ح‬ ُ‫ الح‬‫ط‬ ُ‫ط‬ The pigeon flies.' 8. ُ‫ط‬‫ ال‬ُِ‫ز‬ ‫يَن‬ 'It's raining.' 10.

ِ‫ش‬ ‫َالش‬  ‫و‬ ُ ‫رض‬‫ ا‬ُ‫ر‬‫د‬

'The earth goes around the sun.'

(ibid: 59)

2.4. The Non-inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense: (‫ض‬ (‫ض‬‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ء ال‬‫ن‬) Two cases make the Arabic present tense Non-inflection:

The First Case: When we add the suffix ' ‫د‬‫وك‬‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬' 'ّ   ' and the prefix prefi x ' ‫م‬ ‫ل‬‫ال‬  ' 'َ'' to the present form. We add 'ّ   ' and 'َ  ' to make emphasis. (ibid: 116) 10.َ ‫ح‬‫ّالنص‬  َ ‫ِع‬َ  ‫س‬ 'I must listen to the advice.' / Strong '' 11. ‫خ‬ ‫الخ‬ ْ  َ  ‫سع‬ 'I'm seeking for good.' / Weak ""

ّَ ‫ع‬ ِَ ‫َس‬ =ّ  + ‫ـ‬ ‫أســ‬ +َ ‫ـ‬ ‫ لــ‬/ strong ْَ  ‫سع‬ =ْ  + ‫أسعى‬ +َ ‫ لـــ‬/ weak

The Second Case: When we add the feminine suffix ' ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ' 'َ   ‫وة‬‫الن‬ ' to the Arabic Arabic present tense. (ibid: ( ibid: 116) 116) It gives feminine meaning. َ ‫ح‬‫نَص‬ ‫َال‬  ‫َع‬ ْ َ ‫ي‬ ُ ‫ت‬‫لِب‬ ‫الط‬ 12.  'They listen to the advice'

َ‫عْـ‬ َ‫ـ‬ْ ‫ـ‬  َ ‫ـ‬ ‫يـ‬ =َ   + ‫ـ‬ ‫يــ‬

(ibid: 116)

2.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense: 2.4.1. Statements of Fact: Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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The Arabic Present Tense Tense is used to express scientific statements of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it is used to express general statement of fact for action that may be remaining for long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64) 13. ‫ج‬ ِ‫ج‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ِ  ‫ر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ُ  ‫ء‬‫ل‬ ‫ ال‬ُ‫كو‬ 'Water 'W ater consists of hydrogen and oxygen.' ‫تد‬  14. ِ‫ش‬ ‫َالش‬  ‫و‬ُ ‫ض‬  ‫ر‬‫ ا‬ ُ ‫د‬ 'The Earth goes around the sun.' 15. ِ‫صن‬‫ال‬ ٌ ‫لد‬  ُ  'Ali works in the factory.' (ibid:64)

2.4.2. Habitual Activities: We use the Arabic Present Tense to express habitual or everyday activities; we use with the sentence some adverbs of frequency to express habitual activities like: (/ ‫و‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ /ً  ‫لب‬‫غ‬ /ً ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ً ‫را‬ /ً ‫أ‬  ‫أ‬ /ً ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ / ً  ‫ا‬‫ث‬‫كث‬ /ً ‫ة‬ / ‫ن‬ ‫سن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ /  ‫ك‬ ‫ك‬ ). (always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc). (ibid: 66)

َ      ‫ش‬‫أ‬ 16. ٍ 'I walk for two miles every morning' ً‫ائ‬ ‫ب‬ ُ‫ن‬ 17. ‫ئ‬ ِ‫الب‬  ‫داء‬‫ٌال‬ ‫د‬‫أ‬ ‫ أ‬‫ن‬ 'Ahmad always eats lunch at home.' (ibid: 66)

2.4.3. Present Situations: The Arabic Present Tense Tense may indicate situations that exist right now, now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68)

ُ 'Ahmad needs a hundred dollars.' 18. ٍ‫ر‬ِ  ‫ئ‬ ‫ٌإلى‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ أ‬ Further, Further, we use the Arabic Present Tense Tense to express a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. (ibid: 68) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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19. ‫ن‬ ‫ُسن‬  ‫ن‬   ُُ‫أسك‬ 'I have lived in Amman for two years'

2.4.4. Progressive Situations: We use the Arabic Present Tense to express situation that in progressive at the moment of speaking, it may be still to the near future and it will end. We We use adverbial markers to indicate present progressiveness. (ibid: 72) 20. ‫ا‬ ‫ ِا‬ ‫ش‬‫ع‬‫ِال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫غ‬  ‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫ى الب‬ٌ   ُ ‫ف‬  ِ ‫يعز‬ 'Ali is playing the piano in the living room.' 21.ِ  ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬‫ا‬   ‫ت‬‫وي‬‫ل‬‫ال‬ َ ‫ك‬ ‫ٌك‬ ‫د‬‫أ‬ ‫ُأ‬ ُِ‫ل‬ ‫ُؤ‬‫ي‬ 'Ahmad is writing a book on linguistics these days.' 22. ‫ا‬ ‫ِا‬  ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ٍ  ‫ل‬‫ِرس‬   ٌ    ُ ‫ُو‬َ‫ي‬ 'Ali is writing a letter in the library now.' (ibid: 73)

Chapter three Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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The Similarities and the Differences Differences between the English and Arabic Present Tense

3.1. Introduction The verb is a major component of any language, not to exclude English or Arabic. Every English sentence has a verb in its surface structure, but it may be argued that they have some kind of verb in the deep structure obligatorily delete. (Alkhuli: 1999, 43) E.g. 'Ali is a student' this sentence has the copula 'is' which calls linking verb; this verb is in the surface structure. When we translate this sentence into Arabic, we have ٌ' ِ ‫ل‬  ٌ   " in this sentence there is no verb 'it's verbless', the verb does not in the surface structure but in the deep structure, the verb is '‫و‬ '‫و‬‫ي‬'. However, it will be ٌ'‫ل‬ ٌ    ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫'ي‬ . (Farghal & Shunnaq: 1999, 39) & (Alkhuli: 1999, 24) In this chapter, we will see how verb tenses are expressed in both English and Arabic and what are the similarities and the differences between the two languages.

3.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense: Statements of facts are used in both English and Arabic. 1. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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‫ج‬ ِ‫ج‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ِ  ‫ر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ُ  ‫ء‬‫ل‬ ‫ ال‬ُ‫كو‬ .1 2. The Earth goes around the sun.

ُ‫تد‬ .2 ِ‫ش‬ ‫َالش‬  ‫و‬ ُ ‫ض‬  ‫ر‬ ‫ ا‬‫د‬ General Statement of fact is also used in both English and Arabic: 3. Ali works in the factory.

ُ .3 ِ‫صن‬‫ال‬ ٌ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬  Similarly, Similarly, we use the present simple tense and present in Arabic to express past meaning in the headlines in newspaper to give more immediacy to the event. 4. Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain. .‫ي‬ .‫ي‬ ‫البح‬ ‫ٍإلى‬  ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رة‬ ‫زي‬  ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬ُ‫قوم‬ .4 5. Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call. .‫ل‬ .‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ ال‬ ‫داء‬  ‫غم‬‫ى ال‬   ‫اق‬‫ِالع‬  ‫سوا‬‫ا‬  ٍ‫ب‬ ‫ قنب‬‫جي ُر‬‫ت‬ .5 There are no differences differences between English and Arabic to indicate situations that exist right now, English verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tense, at the moment of speaking (present situations). 6. It is raining. 7. The pigeon flies.

.ُ‫ط‬‫ ال‬ُِ‫يَنز‬ .6 .ُ‫ح‬  ‫ الح‬ ُ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ .7

Similarly, Similarly, there are no differences between English and Arabic in using habitual activities, in informal narrative and in summaries, and in word (say). 8. We look forward to hearing for you. (More formal) Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬‫ج‬‫ ل‬‫ ُع‬‫ط‬ .8 9. I play tennis every week. ‫ن‬‫ ال‬ُ‫ب‬‫أل‬ .9 10. No doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about suicide. ‫ر‬‫ح‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬  ُ  ‫قو‬ ُ ‫م‬  ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬‫ن‬ ٌ   ‫د‬‫يو‬  .10 .

In English, with the present simple, the only subject-verb agreement is the present morpheme suffixed to the verb if the subject is third-person singular, e.g., he look+s, she go+es, it seem+s. (Alkhuli, 1999: 43) In Arabic, with every verb in any tense, the verb morphology is made to agree with the subject, and a subject copy is suffixed to the verb. The agreement often requires adding a prefix to the verb as well, e.g.,  ‫أ ذ‬ , , ,‫ي‬ ‫ ي‬. (ibid: 43)

3.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense: In Arabic, the present progressive is expressed by the present form. This means that present facts, present habits, and present progressive acts are expressed in the same form. However, However, in terms of translation, the Present Progressive is problematic because Arabic Arabic does not formally mark present verbs for progressiveness. (ibid: 44) & (Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 72) 11. They are playing.

11. ‫عبو‬‫ ي‬‫م‬

Arabic depends on the time adverb to make the difference between facts and habits on one side and progressive acts on the other side, whereas English varies the forms of the verbs. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44) 12. Ali is playing in the garden now. Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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َ‫ ا‬ٌ ‫ي‬ ِ‫الحدي‬  ‫ا‬ ُ ‫ع‬‫ي‬ .12 In addition, we can express the present progressive in Arabic by utilizing the present form of the Arabic verb '‫و‬ '‫و‬‫ي‬' 'to perform' plus the nominalized form of the verb in the sentence. (Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 73) 13. Ali is writing a letter in his office now. now. .‫ا‬ .‫به ا‬ ٍ ‫ل‬‫ِرس‬   ٌ    ُ ‫و‬‫ي‬ .13 14. The engineer is examining the equipment now. now. 14. ‫ا‬ ‫ِا‬ ‫ت‬  ‫زا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ج‬‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬  ‫د‬ ‫ند‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬. (ibid: 73) We can use Present Progressive in English to express futurity, futurity, but we cannot do this in Arabic. (See page 9 & 1) 15. Maha is seeing the doctor next week . .ِ ِ  ‫ق‬‫ِال‬ ‫و‬‫س‬‫ ا‬ِ   ‫ب‬‫الطب‬ ‫الى‬ ‫ى‬  ُ‫ذهب‬‫ س‬.15 16. I am leaving for Cairo tomorrow morning. ُ‫غ‬‫ س‬.16 .ً‫ب‬  ‫ب‬  ً ‫ا‬ ‫ة غد‬ِ ‫ل‬ ‫ الى ال‬‫غ‬ (ibid: 73) We can express to futurity in Arabic Arabic by adding the prefix pr efix '‫ســ'ـ‬' to the present form. E.g.ُ َ ‫ع‬َ ‫َـ‬‫س‬ =  ُ ‫ع‬‫ي‬ + ‫ســ‬ (ibid: 73)

3.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Arabic Present Tense: Formally, Formally, the present perfect has no corresponding tense in Arabic. Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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English uses 'has' or 'have' plus the past participle to express the present perfect. The formula is have/has+ V3. A perfect tense in English requires verb to have plus the past participle, e.g., 'I have done the homework'. Tense Tense is an obligatory component; the choices are present, past, and future resulting in have/has, had, and will have, respectively. respectively. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44) Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not formally classified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle '‫قد'د‬' or '‫د'د‬‫ل‬' to make the perfect aspect. (Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77) & (Alkhuli, 1999: 44) The following English sentences s entences along with their Arabic counterparts illustrate this: 17. George and Mary have moved into a new apartment. .ٍ‫ة‬ ‫ديد‬ ٍ   ‫الى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬   ‫ر‬ ‫ور‬ َ‫ق‬‫ا‬‫لقد ا‬ .17 18. He has done the homework. .‫ب‬ .‫الب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ الوا‬ِَ  َ  ‫د‬ .18 Further, Further, the present perfect in English may be used to express a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. In this case, Arabic Arabic uses the simple present or simple past form of the verb as can be illustrated i llustrated bellow: 19. I have lived in Amman Amman for two years. y ears.  ُ ‫َكن‬ ‫س‬ .19 ‫ن‬ ‫ُسن‬  ‫ن‬   ‫ أسك‬/  (Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77)

3.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense: The present perfect progressive in English is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present or a general activity in progress Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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recently. recently. In Arabic, the meaning of the present perfect progressive is expressed by using ‫ز‬ ‫لم يز‬ ,‫ا‬ ,‫يزا‬  ,‫ا‬ ,‫ا‬  , plus the simple present form of the verb. (ibid: 78) English uses this formula to express the present perfect progressive: has / have + been + V-ing. V-ing. In contrast, Arabic uses this formula: ‫ا‬  or ‫ا‬ ‫يزا‬  or ‫لم يز‬ + present form, and itit requires Subject Verb Verb agreement with the two verbs, ‫ا‬ and the present form. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44-45) 20. I have been playing basketball since ten o'clock. .ِ‫ة‬‫ع‬ ‫ِالع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ُال‬  ‫ن‬ ِ  ‫ل‬ ‫َال‬ ‫ة‬‫ُك‬ َ ‫ع‬ ‫ُال‬   ‫ل‬  / ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫لم‬ /ُ  ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬  20. 21. Huda has been thinking about changing her major. .‫ص‬ .‫خصص‬  ُ ِ    ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬  / ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫لم‬ /ُ ‫زا‬  21.

Chapter 4. The Conclusion According this research, we note that there are some differences and similarities between the two languages; English and Arabic. We cannot make all languages completely similar or completely different because each language has separate Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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linguistic system. However, we study this contrast between the two languages English and Arabic, for basic purpose, which is to accommodate one's language to those who learn English or Arabic as second languages with correct way. way. There are some similarities and differences between English and Arabic Arabic in using the present; we can use the present simple in English and Arabic present tense in statements of facts, general statement, and habitual activities. In addition, present continuous in English and Arabic present tens with actions that happen now. We use the present simple and continuous in English to refer for future time but we cannot do it in Arabic present tense without adding prefix '‫ســ'ـ‬' to the present form or the word '‫ف‬ '‫' سوف‬ before the Arabic present verb. English language use the present perfect and perfect continuous as a present tense to give an attention to the duration of the action, but it refer to past time in Arabic Arabic present tense. Arabic language can do this by using both forms past and present with using the word to show the duration like '‫ن‬ '‫ن‬' and ' ‫ا‬'. Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not formally classified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle '‫قد'د‬' or '‫د'د‬‫ل‬' to make the perfect aspect. We can note that the differences between the two languages in my research are not only in the form of the verb or the use of the verb, but we find that it's in the structure of the sentence; we find the verb like copula 'is' is shows in the English present sentence, but it's not in Arabic Arabic present sentence.

Appendix A Infinitive arise awake B

Simple Past arose awakened / awoke

Past Participle arisen awakened / awoken


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backslide be bear beat become begin bend bet bid (farewell) bid (offer amount) bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast browbeat build burn burst bust buy C cast catch choose cling clothe come cost creep crossbreed cut D daydream deal dig disprove dive (jump head-first) dive (scuba diving) do draw dream drink drive dwell E

backslid was, were bore beat became began bent bet / betted bid / bade bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast / br broadcasted browbeat built burned / burnt burst busted / bust bought

backslidden / backslid been born / borne beaten / beat become begun bent bet / betted bidden bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast / br broadcasted browbeaten / browbeat built burned / burnt burst busted / bust bought

cast caught chose clung clothed / clad came cost crept crossbred cut

cast caught chosen clung clothed / clad come cost crept crossbred cut

daydreamed / daydreamt dealt dug disproved dove / dived dived / dove did drew dreamed / dreamt drank drove dwelt / dwelled

daydreamed / daydreamt dealt dug disproved / disproven dived dived done drawn dreamed / dreamt drunk -5driven dwelt / dwelled


December 1, 2006


eat F fall feed feel fight find fit (tailor, (tail or, change size) fit (be right rig ht size) size ) flee fling fly forbid forecast forego (also forgo) foresee foretell forget forgive forsake freeze frostbite G get give go grind grow H hand-feed handwrite hang have hear hew hide hit hold hurt I inbreed inlay input interbreed interweave interwind J jerry-build K

ate

eaten

fell fe d felt fought found fitted fitte d / fit fit / fitted fled flung flew forbade forecast forewent foresaw foretold forgot forgave forsook froze frostbit

fallen fed felt fought found fitted / fit fit / fitted fled flung flown forbidden forecast foregone foreseen foretold forgotten / forgot forgiven forsaken frozen frostbitten

got gave went ground grew

gotten / got given gone ground grown

hand-fed handwrote hung had heard hewed hid hit held hurt

hand-fed handwritten hung had heard hewn / hewed hidden hit held hurt

inbred inlaid input / inputted interbred interwove / int interweaved interwound

inbred inlaid input / inputted interbred interw terwooven / interwe rweaved interwound -5-

jerry-built

jerry-built


December 1, 2006


keep kneel knit know L lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie lie (not tell truth) REGULAR light lip-read lose M make mean meet miscast misdeal misdo mishear mislay mislead mislearn misread misset misspeak misspell misspend mistake misteach misunderstand miswrite mow O offset outbid outbreed outdo outdraw outdrink outdrive outfight outfly

kept knelt / kneeled knitted / knit knew

kept knelt / kneeled knitted / knit known

laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let la y lied lit / lighted lip-read lost

laid led leaned / leant leaped / leapt learned / learnt left lent let lain lied lit / lighted lip-read lost

made meant met miscast misdealt misdid misheard mislaid misled mislearned / mislearnt misread misset misspoke misspelled / misspelt misspent mistook mistaught misunderstood miswrote mowed

made meant met miscast misdealt misdone misheard mislaid misled mislearned / mislearnt misread misset misspoken misspelled / misspelt misspent mistaken mistaught misunderstood miswritten mowed / mown

offset outbid outbred outdid outdrew outdrank outdrove outfought outflew

offset outbid outbred outdone outdrawn outdrunk outdriven outfought outflown


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outgrow outleap outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR outride outrun outsell outshine outshoot outsing outsit outsleep outsmell outspeak outspeed outspend outswear outswim outthink outthrow outwrite overbid overbreed overbuild overbuy overcome overdo overdraw overdrink overeat overfeed overhang overhear overlay overpay override overrun oversee oversell oversew overshoot oversleep overspeak overspend overspill overtake overthink overthrow overwind overwrite

outgrew outleaped / outleapt outlied outrode outran outsold outshined / outshone outshot outsang outsat outslept outsmelled / outsmelt outspoke outsped outspent outswore outswam outthought outthrew outwrote overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcame overdid overdrew overdrank overate overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overrode overran oversaw oversold oversewed overshot overslept overspoke overspent overspilled / overspilt overtook overthought overthrew overwound overwrote

outgrown outleaped / outleapt outlied outridden outrun outsold outshined / outshone outshot outsung outsat outslept outsmelled / outsmelt outspoken outsped outspent outsworn outswum outthought outthrown outwritten overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcome overdone overdrawn overdrunk overeaten overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overridden overrun overseen oversold oversewn / oversewed overshot overslept overspoken overspent overspilled / overspilt overtaken overthought -5overthrown overwound overwritten


December 1, 2006


P partake pay plead prebuild predo premake prepay presell preset preshrink proofread prove put Q quick-freeze quit R read reawake rebid rebind rebroadcast rebuild recast recut redeal redo redraw refit (replace parts) refit (retailor) (retai lor) regrind regrow rehang rehear reknit relay (for example tiles) relay (pass along) REGULAR relearn relight remake repay reread rerun resell resend reset resew retake

partook paid pleaded / pled prebuilt predid premade prepaid presold preset preshrank proofread proved put

partaken paid pleaded / pled prebuilt predone premade prepaid presold preset preshrunk proofread proven / proved put

quick-froze quit / quitted

quick-frozen quit / quitted

read (s (sounds lilike "r "red") reawoke rebid rebound rebr rebroa oadc dcas astt / rebro rebroad adca cast sted ed rebuilt recast recut redealt redid redrew refit / refitted refitt ed refitted refit ted / refit reground regrew rehung reheard reknitted / reknit relaid relayed relearned / relearnt relit / relighted remade repaid reread reran resold resent reset resewed retook

read (s (sounds lilike "r "red") reawaken rebid rebound rebr rebroa oadc dcas astt / rebro rebroad adca cast sted ed rebuilt recast recut redealt redone redrawn refit / refitted refitt ed refitted refit ted / refit reground regrown rehung reheard reknitted / reknit relaid relayed relearned / relearnt relit / relighted remade repaid reread rerun resold resent -5reset resewn / resewed retaken


December 1, 2006


reteach retear retell rethink retread retrofit rewake rewear reweave rewed rewet rewin rewind rewrite rid ride ring rise roughcast run S sand-cast saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shit shoot show shrink shut sight-read sing sink sit slay (kill) slay (amuse) REGULAR sleep slide sling

retaught retore retold rethought retread retrofitted / retrofit rewoke / rewaked rewore rewove / reweaved rewed / rewedded rewet / rewetted rewon rewound rewrote rid rode rang rose roughcast ra n

retaught retorn retold rethought retread retrofitted / retrofit rewaken / rewaked reworn rewoven / reweaved rewed / rewedded rewet / rewetted rewon rewound rewritten rid ridden rung risen roughcast run

sand-cast sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shed shined / shone shit / shat / shitted shot showed shrank / shrunk shut sight-read sang sank / sunk sat slew / slayed slayed slept slid slung

sand-cast sawed / sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn / sewed shaken shaved / shaven sheared / shorn shed shined / shone shit/ shat / shitted shot shown / showed shrunk shut sight-read sung sunk sat slain / slayed slayed slept slid slung


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slink slit smell sneak sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spoon-feed spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike (delete) strike (hit) string strive sublet sunburn swear sweat sweep swell swim swing T take teach tear telecast tell test-drive test-fly think throw thrust tread typecast


slinked / slunk slit smelled / smelt sneaked / snuck sowed spoke sped / speeded spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt spun spit / spat split spoiled / spoilt spoon-fed spread sprang / sprung stood stole stuck stung stunk / stank strewed strode struck struck strung strove / strived sublet sunburned / sunburnt swore sweat / sweated swept swelled swam swung

slinked / slunk slit smelled / smelt sneaked / snuck sown / sowed spoken sped / speeded spelled / spelt spent spilled / spilt spun spit / spat split spoiled / spoilt spoon-fed spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn / strewed stridden stricken struck / stricken strung striven / strived sublet sunburned / sunburnt sworn sweat / sweated swept swollen / swelled swum swung

took taught tore telecast told test-drove test-flew thought threw thrust trod typecast

taken taught torn telecast told test-driven test-flown thought thrown thrust trodden / trod typecast


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December 1, 2006

typeset typewrite U unbend unbind unclothe underbid undercut underfeed undergo underlie undersell underspend understand undertake underwrite undo unfreeze unhang unhide unknit unlearn unsew unsling unspin unstick unstring unweave unwind uphold upset W wake waylay wear weave wed weep wet whet REGULAR win wind withdraw withhold withstand wring write


typeset typewrote

typeset typewritten

unbent unbound unclothed / unclad underbid undercut underfed underwent underlay undersold underspent understood undertook underwrote undid unfroze unhung unhid unknitted / unknit unlearned / unlearnt unsewed unslung unspun unstuck unstrung unwove / unweaved unwound upheld upset

unbent unbound unclothed / unclad underbid undercut underfed undergone underlain undersold underspent understood undertaken underwritten undone unfrozen unhung unhidden unknitted / unknit unlearned / unlearnt unsewn / unsewed unslung unspun unstuck unstrung unwoven / unweaved unwound upheld upset

woke / waked waylaid wore wove / weaved wed / wedded wept wet / wetted whetted won wound withdrew withheld withstood wrung wrote

woken / waked waylaid worn woven / weaved wed / wedded wept wet / wetted whetted won wound withdrawn withheld withstood wrung Written Englishpage.com (1998-2005)


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December 1, 2006


English Bibliographies …… . (2003), October 22. The Jordan Times. Amman : Jordan: Jordan Press Foundation. 2. …… . (2003). Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary . Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press). 3. Alkhuli, M. (2004). English Phonetics and Phonology . (Amman: Dar Alfalah). 4. Alkhuli,M. (1999). Comparative Linguistics: English and Arabic. (Amman: Alfarah). Alfarah). 5. Azar, B.S. (1999). Understanding and Using English . (New York: Prentice Hall). Aziz,Y. (1989). A Contrastive Grammar of English and 6. Aziz,Y. Arabic. (Baghdad: Al-Watania). 7. Farghal, M., and A. Shunnaq. (1999). Translation with Reference Reference to English and Arabic: a Practical Guide . (Irbid: Dar Al-Hilal for Translation). 8. Foley, M., and Hall, D. Advanced Learners' Grammar . (London: Longman). 9. Murphy, R. (1994). English Grammar in Use . Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press). 10. Quirk, R. et al. (1985). A University English Grammar . (London: Longman). York: 11. Swan, M. (1995). Practical English Usage . (New York: Oxford University Press). 12. Salim ( 2006). Arabic Present Tense. speak7.com. 1.

Arabic References ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬‫ال‬ Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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December 1, 2006


‫ل‬ ‫د ال‬‫قوا‬  ‫ا‬ ‫النحو الوا‬ :‫ى‬ :‫ى‬‫صط‬ ،‫أ‬ ‫أ‬   ، ‫ج‬ ‫الج‬ .1 .(1983) ‫رف‬‫ع‬‫ار ال‬ – .... / ‫ع‬ ‫الع‬ / ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬‫ال‬ :‫ي‬ :‫الدي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ،‫د‬‫ح‬ ‫بد الح‬ .2 .(2000) ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬‫العص‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ – ‫ت‬

‫ة‬‫خ‬ ‫الخ‬

ٍ‫لفات‬‫ضارع من إخ‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫يح‬‫و‬ ‫ث هو‬‫ب‬ ‫ذ‬‫من هذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫غة‬َ    ‫بة‬‫ط‬ ‫ى‬ ‫س‬ ‫يس‬ .‫ة‬.‫ة‬‫يز‬ ‫ية‬ ‫غ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬‫ك‬‫ك‬ ٍ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫شا‬ .‫يح‬‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬‫ا‬ ‫سبة‬ Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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December 1, 2006


 ‫ضارع‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ث‬‫ب‬ ‫من‬  ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ح‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬  ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ضارع‬  ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫ضارع‬  ‫ي‬ ‫بسي‬ ‫ضارع‬ ‫ة ؛‬‫يز‬ ‫غة‬ ‫شاك‬ ‫من‬   ‫غات‬ ‫ها من‬‫ة كغ‬‫يز‬ ‫غة‬‫ا‬‫فا‬ .‫س‬ .‫س‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫أ‬‫؛ كأ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ة‬ ‫شاك‬ ‫ذ‬‫هذ‬  .‫ا‬ .‫جا‬  ‫من‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬ُ  ‫مشاك‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬  .‫ة‬.‫ة‬ ‫م‬  ‫ذ‬‫هذ‬ ‫ء‬‫ملء‬  .‫ر‬ .‫ذكور‬  ‫م‬ ‫م‬  ‫من‬ ،‫ر‬ ‫در‬  ‫ى‬   ‫م‬ ‫قدم‬ ‫بة‬‫ط‬ ‫ى‬  ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ضارع‬  ‫زمن‬  :ً‫ل‬  ‫م‬ .‫ة‬.‫ة‬ ‫م‬  ‫ذ‬‫هذ‬ ‫من‬    ‫مات‬‫د‬‫إ‬ ‫؛ إ‬‫ى هذ‬ ‫ة‬‫م‬‫م‬ ‫ب‬  ‫ق‬ ‫فق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬  ‫ب‬‫قب‬‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬  ‫م‬‫م‬‫د‬‫إ‬ ‫ن إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بسي‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫مات‬‫د‬‫إ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ذ‬‫ح هذ‬‫و‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ذ‬ .‫س‬ .‫س‬‫ ف‬‫ا‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫ن‬  ِ ِ ‫ء‬ِ  ‫ق‬ ٍ ‫ة‬ ‫وم‬ ‫م‬‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬  ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬  ‫ة‬‫قة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ة‬ ‫يز‬  ‫غة‬   ‫ضارع‬  .‫ا‬‫و‬‫مس‬ ‫ية‬ ‫ٍكي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫سيط‬  ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬  ‫ة‬‫قة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬  ‫هذ‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬  ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬  ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬‫إخ‬ ‫م‬‫م‬ ‫ة‬   ‫ية‬ ‫غة‬    ‫ي‬ ‫كي‬ ،  ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ‫غة‬  ‫ضارع‬  ‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ظ‬   ،‫س‬‫ف‬ ‫ذ‬‫هذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ .‫ا‬ .‫ا‬ ‫ما‬ .‫ة‬.‫ية‬ ‫غة‬  ‫ضارع‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫مات‬‫د‬‫إ‬ ‫إ‬  ‫م‬  ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ية من مب‬ ‫ا‬‫ك‬‫ك‬  ‫ات‬‫شا‬ ‫لفات‬‫خ‬ ‫ح‬‫ث فيو‬‫ب‬ ‫ذ‬‫ث من هذ‬‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ٍ ‫ات‬‫ي‬‫و‬   ‫م‬‫دم‬‫س‬‫مس‬ . ‫ضارع‬ ‫زمن‬ ‫ة‬‫يز‬ ‫ية‬ ‫غ‬ ‫غ‬ .‫قارئ‬ ‫ية‬‫ج‬ ً ‫ة‬ ‫مبي‬ ‫صبح‬ٍ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬‫م‬

‫ا‬ ‫ء ا‬‫الزرق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬ Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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December 1, 2006


:‫اد‬‫إع‬ ‫عي‬ ‫م‬ ‫أحم‬ ‫م‬ ‫صير جم‬‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ع‬

2006 ‫لعا‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬‫ا‬‫كا‬/‫بر‬‫س‬

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The Present Tense Between English and Arabic a Comparative by Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid

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