REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN BARCELONA. EDO. ANZOÁTEGUI
DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN PROTOTIPO DE LEVITACIÓN SUSTENTADO EN LOS PRINCIPIOS DEL MAGNETISMO (LEVITACIÓN MAGNÉTICA) Proyecto fi!" #e "! e$%erieci! !#&'iri#! e (eto#o"o)*! #e "! i+e,ti)!ci- /err!(iet! +!"io,! %!r! 'e,tro f't'ro 'i+er,it!rio y %rofe,io!"
AUTOR P0REZ ALE1ANDRO
BARCELONA, MARZO DE 2015
ÍNDICE P!" RESUMEN..............................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCCIÓN..................................................................................................................3 CAP4TULO I...........................................................................................................................5 6.6.7 P"!te!(ieto #e" %ro8"e(!...........................................................................................5 6.9.7 :or('"!ci- #e" %ro8"e(!..............................................................................................; 6.<.7 O8=eti+o,.........................................................................................................................; 6.<.6.7 O8=eti+o )eer!".......................................................................................................; 6.<.9.7 O8=eti+o, e,%ec*fico,...............................................................................................; 6.2.7 1',tific!ci-....................................................................................................................> 6.3.7 Li(it!cioe,...................................................................................................................> 6.5.7 De"i(it!ci-...................................................................................................................? CAP4TULO II.......................................................................................................................6@ 9.6.7 Atece#ete,.................................................................................................................6@ 9.9.7 B!,e, te-ric!,................................................................................................................66 9.9.6.7 I(.......................................................................................................................66 9.9.9.7 Ti%o, #e i(!e,.....................................................................................................66 9.9.<.7 Le+it!ci- (!)tic!.............................................................................................66 9.9.2.7 Teor*! #e e8er.....................................................................................................69 9.9.3.7 Teor*! #e Ei).....................................................................................................69 9.9.5.7 Teor*! #e A(%ere...................................................................................................69 9.<.7 Defiici- #e tr(io, 8,ico,.....................................................................................6< 9.2.7 Si,te(! #e /i%-te,i,......................................................................................................62 9.2.6.7 i%-te,i, #e "! i+e,ti)!ci-.................................................................................62
9.2.6.6.7 i%-te,i, '"!.................................................................................................62 9.2.6.9.7 i%-te,i, !"ter!ti+!.......................................................................................62 9.3.7 Si,te(! #e +!ri!8"e,.....................................................................................................63 9.3.6.7 V!ri!8"e #e%e#iete..............................................................................................63 9.3.9.7 V!ri!8"e i#e%e#iete...........................................................................................63 9.3.<.7 V!ri!8"e iter+iiete.............................................................................................63 9.5.7 C'!#ro #e O%er!cio!"iF!ci- #e "!, V!ri!8"e,............................................................65 CAP4TULO III......................................................................................................................6; <.6.7Ni+e" y #i,eo #e i+e,ti)!ci-.....................................................................................6; <.6.6.7 Ni+e"......................................................................................................................6; <.6.9.7 Di,eo....................................................................................................................6; <.9.7 Po8"!ci- y ('e,tr!......................................................................................................6; <.<.7 Tcic!, #e reco"ecci- #e #!to,..................................................................................6> <.2.7 I,tr'(eto, #e Reco"ecci- #e D!to,.........................................................................6> <.2.6.7 I,tr'(eto, #e Re)i,tro.......................................................................................6> <.2.9.7 I,tr'(eto #e C!%t!ci-......................................................................................6> <.2.<.7 I,tr'(eto #e Me#ici-.......................................................................................6> <.3.7 Di,eo e$%eri(et!".....................................................................................................6? RE:ERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁ:ICAS..................................................................................9@
INTRODUCCIÓN L! ,i)'iete i+e,ti)!ci- ,e cetr! e "! !%"ic!ci- #e "o, %rici%io, y "eye, &'e ri)e ! "o, c!(%o, (!)tico, o e"ectro(!)tico, (e#i!te "o, c'!"e, ,e #i,e!r ' %rototi%o c'yo #e,%"!F!(ieto ,er i(%'",!#o %or (e#io #e" efecto #e "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic!. E" fe-(eo #e "! "e+it!ci- e, cre!#o )r!ci!, ! "o, c!(%o, (!)tico, y! &'e ,to, c!',! "! re%'",i-7!tr!cci- (!)tic! etre e" i( y e" o8=eto #e iter, H(-+i". L! i(%ort!ci! #e "! co,tr'cci- #e e,te ti%o #e %rototi%o, r!#ic! e &'e "o, (i,(o, %'e#e ,er+ir co(o %"!t!for(! %!r! "! co,tr'cci- #e 'e+o, +e/*c'"o, co(o "o, f!(o,o, tree, M!)7Le+ (e#i!te "o, c'!"e, ,e %'e#! re#'cir e" i(%!cto !(8iet!" e)!ti+o %ro#'ci#o %or e" e(%"eo #e +e/*c'"o, &'e o%er! co co(8',ti8"e, f-,i"e, co(o f'ete %rici%!" #e eer)*! #i,(i'y#o,e !,* "o, i+e"e, #e e(i,i- #e )!,e, #e i+er!#ero y (e=or#o,e #e e,t! for(! "! c!"i#!# #e" !ire &'e re,%ir! "o, ,ere, /'(!o,. E" %rototi%o &'e ,e #i,e!r e e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- co,i,te e ' ,i,te(! ,eci""o #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! co(%'e,to %rici%!"(ete %or i(!e, y otro, #i+er,o, (!teri!"e, c'y! ifor(!ci- ,e %rof'#iF!r #etro #e" (!rco te-rico #e "! i+e,ti)!ci-. E" #i,eo y co,tr'cci- #e e,te %rototi%o ,er+ir co(o f'ete #e ifor(!ci- %!r! %o,teriore, i+e,ti)!cioe, &'e re&'ier! ifor(!ci- e e,t! re! y! &'e e " ,e e$%"ic!r c-(o ,e !%"ic! "!, "eye, y %rici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o %!r! e" correcto f'cio!(ieto #e" (i,(o e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- t!(8i for(! %!rte #e "o, re&'i,ito, ece,!rio, %!r! o%t!r !" t*t'"o #e B!c/i""er e cieci!,. E 8!,e ! "o #e,crito !terior(ete ,e %'e#e %"!te!r '! ,erie #e iterro)!te, "!, c'!"e, ,er cote,t!#!, ! "o "!r)o #e" #e,!rro""o #e "! i+e,ti)!ci-J
K' ti%o #e i(!e, ,o (, f!cti8"e, #e e(%"e!r e "! co,tr'cci- #e ,i,te(!, #e
"e+it!ci- (!)tic! KE, f!cti8"e eco-(ic!(ete "! co,tr'cci- #e ,i,te(!, #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! KTiee ' efecto %o,iti+o e e" (e#io !(8iete "! #i,(i'ci- #e" co,'(o #e
co(8',ti8"e, f-,i"e, (e#i!te e" e(%"eo #e "! eer)*! (!)tic! K' (!teri!"e, ,o (e=ore, %!r! "! co,tr'cci- #e ,i,te(!, #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic!
CAPÍTULO I EL PROBLEMA 1"1"# P$%&'%*&'+ $ -.+/$% Lo, fe-(eo, (!)tico, f'ero cooci#o, %or "o, !ti)'o, )rie)o,. Se #ice &'e %or %ri(er! +eF ,e o8,er+!ro e "! ci'#!# #e M!)e,i! #e" Me!#ro e A,i! Meor #e !/* e" tr(io (!)eti,(o. Se ,!8*! e !&'e" etoce, &'e ciert!, %ie#r!, !tr!*! e" /ierro y &'e "o, trocito, #e /ierro !tr!*#o, !tr!*! ! ,' +eF ! otro, e,t!, %ie#r!, ,e #eo(i!ro %o,terior(ete i(!e, !t'r!"e,. E" %ri(er fi"-,ofo &'e e,t'#i- e" fe-(eo #e" (!)eti,(o f'e T!"e, #e Mi"eto &'ie +i+i- etre 593 !. C. y 323 !. C. Etre ,', e,t'#io, (, re"e+!te, ,e ecotr!ro ot!, e "!, ,te e$%"ic!8! #e (!er! cocret! &'e e e" (o(eto e &'e e" %ri(er c'er%o ce"e,te co(eF- ! rot!r e ,' e=e ,e )eer- ' c!(%o (!)tico e ,' !"re#e#or y! &'e e e" cetro #e" c'er%o "o, e"ectroe, co(ieF! ! )ir!r )eer#o,e f'erF!, #e !tr!cci-7 re%'",i- &'e "e #iero ori)e ! "o, c!(%o, (!)tico,. De,#e &'e e" f*,ico #!, !, C/ri,ti! Oer,te# #e,c'8ri- e for(! !cci#et!" &'e '! corriete e"ctric! %o#*! %ro#'cir ' c!(%o (!)tico ,e e,ti('"- "! i(!)i!ci- #e "o, f*,ico, #e "! %oc! y ,e ('"ti%"ic- e" (ero #e e$%eri(eto, e 8',c! #e re"!cioe, 'e+!, etre "! e"ectrici#!# y e" (!)eti,(o. E "! !ct'!"i#!# ,o '(ero,o, "o, e$%eri(eto, &'e ,e /! re!"iF!#o ! i+e" #e "!8or!torio y e %r'e8!, #e e,c!"! '! #e "!, !%"ic!cioe, (, i(%ort!te, #e" (!)eti,(o i#'ci#o (e#i!te corriete, e"ctric!, e, "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic!. L! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! e, ' fe-(eo f*,ico &'e ,e #! %or e" efecto &'e tiee ' c!(%o (!)tico cotro"!#o ,o8re ' c'er%o ' o8=eto ,e /!""! e ,',%e,i- e,t!8"e e e" !ire ,i (e#i!r #e otro o8=eto f*,ico e cot!cto co e" %ri(ero &'e ,',tete !" &'e "e+it! o f"ot! "o &'e i(%"ic! )eer!r f'erF!, #e !tr!cci-7re%'",i- etre ' e"ectroi( y #ic/o c'er%o &'e #e,!f*e "! f'erF! #e )r!+e#!# %!r! %o#er (!teer !" o8=eto e ' e,t!#o e,t!cio!rio #e "e+it!ci-. L! !%"ic!ci- (, co( #e "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! ,o "o, tree, M!)7Le+ HLe+it!ci-7M!)tic! &'e ,o 'ti"iF!#o, co(o (e#io #e tr!,%orte e,to, tree, ,o
c!%!ce, #e !"c!F!r +e"oci#!#e, #e /!,t! ?@@ (Q/ e co#icioe, or(!"e,. E,to, tree, tr!8!=! co e"ectroi(!e, &'e (e#i!te e" fe-(eo #e" (!)eti,(o Hre%'",i- etre %o"o, i)'!"e, e,%ec*fic!(ete "e %ro+ee "! c!%!ci#!# #e "e+it!ci- y (o+i"i#!# ! "o, +!)oe, #e" tre. L! e,tr'ct'r! #e "o, e"ectroi(!e, e,t for(!#! %or ' c"eo #e /ierro #'"ce !" c'!" ,e "e /! ero""!#o !"re#e#or ' /i"o co#'ctor e for(! #e 8o8i! t!" &'e !" ,'(ii,tr!r"e corriete ! "! 8o8i! to#o e" #i,%o,iti+o ,e co(%ort! co(o ' i(. E e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- ,e #i,e!r y co,tr'ir ' %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- ,',tet!#o e "o, %rici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o e(%"e!#o (!teri!"e, co(o t!8"!, #e (!#er! !cr*"ico c!rt- e i(!e, !rtifici!"e, Hcer(ico, ferrit!, i(!e, f"e$i8"e,
1"2"# +.$%*3& $ -.+/$% KE, %o,i8"e y f!cti8"e "! co,tr'cci- #e ' ,i,te(! #e "e+it!ci- ,',tet!#o e "o, %rici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o KL! eer)*! (!)tic! re,'"t! (, !(i)!8"e co e" !(8iete &'e "! eer)*! %ro+eiete #e co(8',ti8"e, f-,i"e,
1"4"# O/'*6+7 1"4"1"# O/'*6+ !&.%$ Di,e!r ' %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- ,',tet!#o e "o, %rici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o HLe+it!ci- M!)tic! #e(o,tr!#o ,' f'cio!"i#!# (e#i!te "! co,tr'cci- #e" (i,(o.
1"4"2"# O/'*6+7 7-89*+7 6. I+e,ti)!r "o, %rici%io, 8,ico, %!r! e" #i,eo #e %rototi%o, #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic!. 9. E"!8or!r ' "i,t!#o #e e,%ecific!cioe, y c!r!cter*,tic!, #e "o, (!teri!"e, (, i#-eo, %!r! "! co,tr'cci- #e" %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic!.
<. Se"eccio!r "o, (!teri!"e, %!r! "! co,tr'cci- #e" %rototi%o teie#o e c'et! f!ctore, co(o ecoo(*! #i,%oi8i"i#!# y f!ci"i#!# #e (!e=o. 2. :i=!r "o, %!r(etro, #e #i,eo #e" %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! H!"to !c/o e,%e,or etre otro,. 3. Co,tr'ir e" %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! e(%"e!#o "o, %!r(etro, #e #i,eo y (!teri!"e, ,e"eccio!#o,. 5. De(o,tr!r "! f'cio!"i#!# #e" %rototi%o co,tr'i#o re!"iF!#o %r'e8!, #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic!.
1":"# ;7'*9*%*3& Lo, e,tr!)o, oc!,io!#o, %or e" /o(8re y "! !cti+i#!# /'(!! ,o8re e" (e#io !(8iete #e,ec!#e! e (!"!, co#icioe, !(8iet!"e, co(o e" c!(8io c"i(tico #e,cotro"!#o "! cot!(i!ci- y e" !)ot!(ieto #e "o, rec'r,o, !t'r!"e,. E" e(%"eo #e eer)*! %ro+eiete #e f'ete, cot!(i!te, e,t i(er,o e e" #*! ! #*! #e "!, %er,o!, e "o, /o)!re, e(%re,!, i#',tri!, y e e" tr!,%orte t!to %8"ico co(o %ri+!#o. E cotr!%o,ici- #e "o !te, ,e!"!#o ,e %'e#e #ecir &'e e" ',o #e "! eer)*! (!)tic! %ro+ee !" ,er /'(!o '! f'ete #e eer)*! "i(%i! y c!,i i!)ot!8"e c'y!, e(i,ioe, t-$ic!, ,o '"!, %or "o &'e ,e =',tific! e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- %'e, ,' %ro%-,ito e, e" #i,eo y co,tr'cci- #e ' %rototi%o #e "e+it!ci- e(%"e!#o "! eer)*! (!)tic! te(! &'e re%re,et! )r! iter, e "! !ct'!"i#!# %or ,' o8=eto #e %re,er+!r e" (e#io !(8iete y! &'e e(%"e!#o eer)*! (!)tic! e (&'i!, co(o tree, ,e (ii(iF! e ' )r! %orcet!=e "! e(i,i- #e )!,e, #e i+er!#ero co(o CO y CO9 ! "! !t(-,fer! %'#ie#o #efiir ' 'e+o ,i,te(! #e tr!,%orte (eo, cot!(i!te %!r! e" %"!et!. Por otr! %!rte e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- ,ir+e co(o 8!,e %!r! %o,teriore, i+e,ti)!cioe, re"!cio!#!, co e,t! re! #e e,t'#io.
1"5"# L**'%*+&7 •
E" %oco i+et!rio &'e e$i,te e e" %!*, %!r! ecotr!r "o, #i+er,o, ti%o, #e i(!e, &'e ,e re&'iere %!r! e,te e$%eri(eto.
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L! ic!%!ci#!# #e" cotro" #e "o, c!(%o, (!)tico, #e "o, i(!e, &'e tie#e ! f"'ct'!r co e" tie(%o.
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L! c!"i#!# #e "o, (!teri!"e, &'e ,e ,e"eccioe %!r! "! co,tr'cci- #e" %rototi%o.
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E" i+e" #e co(%"e=i#!# #e" #i,eo #e" %rototi%o.
1"<"# D$**'%*3& De"i(it!r ' te(! #e e,t'#io ,i)ific! efoc!r e tr(io, cocreto, 'e,tr! re! #e iter, co(o "o e, e e,te c!,o "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! e,%ecific!#o &'e ,', !"c!ce, co""e+! ! ' !+!ce teco"-)ico i(%ort!te &'e ! ,' +eF ,e %re,et! co(o '! !"ter!ti+! eco"-)ic! %!r! "! %re,er+!ci- #e" (e#io !(8iete. E c'!to !" tie(%o y e" e,%!cio %!r! ,it'!r e" %ro8"e(! e ' cote$to #efii#o y /o(o)eo ,e e,t!8"ece "! re!"iF!ci- #e "! (i,(! e ' "!%,o co(%re#i#o %or 2 ,e(!!, %!r! e" #i,eo co,tr'cci- y e" f'cio!(ieto #e" %rototi%o.
CAPÍTULO II MARCO TEÓRICO 2"1"# A&'&'7 (D8%= ; > G%.8% A? 200@)" E, ,' tr!8!=o #e )r!#o tit'"!#oJ Si,te(!tiF!ci- #e" Di,eo #e Di,%o,iti+o, #e Le+it!ci- S'%erco#'ctor! %or Efecto Mei,,er. U8ic!#o e "! Ui+er,i#!# C!r"o, III #e M!#ri#. Co(o coc"',ioe, #e e,te tr!8!=o tee(o, %'e,J L! e$%re,i- PDGP !,* +!"i#!#! e, !%"ic!8"e %!r! e" c"c'"o %or e"e(eto, fiito, #e c'!"&'ier )eo(etr*! co "! %reci,i- &'e ,e #e,ee. Se #i,%oe !,* #e '! /err!(iet! %reci,! #e c"c'"o y #e ' criterio #e #i,eo 8!,!#o e "! iter%ret!ci- )eo(tric!. Se #eter(i! "!, "eye, #e "! (ecic! #e ' i( e e" iterior #e ' ci"i#ro #efiie#o !,* "!, #i,%o,icioe, -%ti(!, %!r! #eter(i!#o, ',o, Mecico,. Se /! #e(o,tr!#o "! +!"i#eF #e"! e$%re,i- PD7GP %!r! c'!"&'ier for(! #e" ,'%erco#'ctor e e,t!#o Mei,,er. E,t! e$%re,i- %er(ite e" c"c'"o t!to #e "!, f'erF!, co(o #e "o, (o(eto, )eer!#o, etre ' ,'%erco#'ctor e e,t!#o Mei,,er y ' i( %er(!ete. L! f'erF! &'e ,e e=erce i( y ,'%erco#'ctor e, "! ,'(! #e cotri8'cioe, #e c!#! e"e(eto #e ,'%erficie "oc!" y c!#! '! #e e""!, e, e" #o8"e #e "o &'e corre,%o#er*! ! "! f'erF! #irect! etre i(!)e "oc!" e i( re!".
(E7-*&+7% U/%$+, A67 A$%&.+ > V!% A$%&.+? 2005)" E ,' e,t'#io tit'"!#o Si,te(! #e Le+it!ci- M!)tic! %re,et!#o e "! E,c'e"! Mi"it!r #e I)eiero, M$ico D. :. Di,e!ro ' #i,%o,iti+o #e ,',%e,i- (!)tic! c'yo o8=eti+o #i#ctico
er! &'e "o, e,t'#i!te, ,e itro#'=er! e e" cotro" #e "! eer)*! (!)tic! y ! tr!+, #e "! re!"iF!ci- #e %rctic!, %'#ier! %re,et!r"! co(o '! !"ter!ti+! +i!8"e. O8=eti+o &'e e" #i,%o,iti+o %'e#! ,',%e#er e ' %'to #eter(i!#o '! e,fer! (et"ic! (e#i!te e" !=',te #e" c!(%o (!)tico %ro#'ci#o %or ' e"ectroi(. L"e)!#o ! "!, ,i)'iete, coc"',ioe, ,e o8,er+- "! ,',%e,i- (!)tic! )eer!#! %or ' !rre)"o #e ' e"ectroi( e" c'!" ,',%e#e ! ' o8=eto cotr!rre,t!#o "! f'erF! #e )r!+e#!#. Lo %ri(ero &'e ,e #e8e #eter(i!r #e" ,i,te(! e, ,' (o#e"o (!te(tico ! fi #e %o#er c!"c'"!r "!, +!ri!8"e, &'e e " iter+iee. Se co,i#er! e e,te c!,o ' #e,%"!F!(ieto !$i!". P'e#e o8,er+!r,e &'e e$i,tir cot!cto f*,ico ,i "! #i,t!ci! #ecrece y &'e e" o8=eto c!er ,i "! #i,t!ci! ,e icre(et!. L! co(%oete !$i!" #e "! f'erF! (!)tic! e, etoce, ie,t!8"e y "! co(%oete r!#i!" e, e,t!8"e. E" e=e #e "! ,',%e,i- e,t e "*e! co "! #irecci- #e "! !ce"er!ci- #e "! )r!+e#!#.
2"2"# B%77 '3.*%7 2"2"1"# I& U i( e, ' c'er%o o #i,%o,iti+o co ' (!)eti,(o ,i)ific!ti+o #e for(! &'e !tr!e ! otro, i(!e, y (et!"e, ferro, (!)tico, %or e=e(%"oJ /ierro co8!"to *&'e" y !"e!cioe, #e e,to, HGior#!o 9@@5.
2"2"2"# T*-+7 *%&7 I(!e, !t'r!"e,J ,e refiere ! (ier!"e, !t'r!"e, "o, c'!"e, tiee "! %ro%ie#!# #e !tr!er e"e(eto, co(o e" /ierro e" *&'e" etc. HGior#!o 9@@5. L! (!)etit! e, ' i( #e e,te ti%o co(%'e,to %or -$i#o ferro,o frrico c'y! %!rtic'"!ri#!# %rici%!" co,i,te e !tr!er fr!)(eto, #e /ierro !t'r!" HGior#!o 9@@5. I(!e, !rtifici!"e,J e,t! #eo(i!ci- rec!e ,o8re !&'e""o, c'er%o, (!)tico, &'e tr!, friccio!r"o, co (!)etit! ,e tr!,for(! #e (!er! !rtifici!" e i(!e, HGior#!o 9@@5.
2"2"4"# L6*'%*3& %!&'*% L! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! e, ' (to#o %or e" c'!" ' o8=eto e, (!tei#o ! f"ote %or !cci- ic!(ete #e ' c!(%o (!)tico. E otr!, %!"!8r!, "! %re,i- (!)tic! ,e cotr!%oe ! "! )r!+e#!#. C!8e #ecir &'e c'!"&'ier o8=eto %'e#e ,er "e+it!#o ,ie(%re y c'!#o e" c!(%o (!)tico ,e! "o ,'ficiete(ete f'erte HG!rc*! 9@6<. E" %rototi%o &'e ,e +! ! e"!8or!r tiee '! fi!"i#!# #e %re,er+!r e" (e#io !(8iete %!r! !,* !%ort!r '! i#e! e e" c!(%o #e tr!8!=o o ! i+e" ('#i!" y! &'e cre!#o e,te %rototi%o o /!r f!"t! e" ',o #e co(%'e,to, &'*(ico, co(o "! )!,o"i! o !") otro #eri+!#o #e" %etr-"eo %!r! "o, (e#io, #e tr!,%orte y !,* tr!8!=!r co e" ',o #e "! eer)*! HG!rc*! 9@6<.
2"2":"# T+.8% /. E" (!)eti,(o ,e) M!$ e8er ,e #e8e i(!e, (o"ec'"!re, %'e, #ec*! &'e ' i( ,e %'e#e %!rtir i#efii#!(ete y c'!"&'ier! #e "!, %!rte, coti'! ,ie#o ' i( e ic"',o e t!" %!rtici- ,e %'e#e ""e)!r ! "! (o"c'"! #e" i( y ,t! co,er+! ,', %o"o, (!)tico, co(o c!r!cter*,tic! f'#!(et!" #e "o, (i,(o, HC!%o'FFo 9@69. E,t! teor*! e,t!8"ece t!(8i &'e e" %roce,o #e i(!t!ci- #e c'!"&'ier (!teri!" ferro (!)tico co,i,te e !"ie!r "o, i(!e, (o"ec'"!re, e fi"ete, (!)tico, &'e !te, #e "! i(!t!ci- te*! #ireccioe, !"e!tori!, c!#! 'o HC!%o'FFo 9@69.
2"2"5"# T+.8% E*&! B!,!#o e e$%eri(eto, Ei) co,i#er! &'e "o, #i%o"o, (!)tico, (o"ec'"!re, o er! %ro%i!(ete "o, &'e ,e (o+*! oriet#o,e !" (!)etiF!r ' (!teri!" ferro (!)tico ,io &'e e "o, (!teri!"e, ,e for(!8! )r'%o, #e to(o, co e" (i,(o (o(eto (!)tico "oc!"iF!#o, e re)ioe, "i(it!#!, %or otro, )r'%o, co (o(eto, (!)tico, #iferete, y &'e !" (!)etiF!r ' (!teri!" "o, )r'%o, ,e !)r!#!8! y oriet!8! co e" (i,(o c!(%o &'e "o, i#'c*! %!r! (!)etiF!r e" (!teri!". A e,t!, re)ioe, ,e "e, #eo(i! #o(iio, (!)tico, y ,o #e" t!(!o #e '! %!rt*c'"! #e %o"+o HB'ec/e y etc/ 9@@;.
E" %roce,o #e (!)etiF!ci- #e ' (!teri!" co,i,te ,e) Ei) eJ •
E" !)r!#!(ieto #e "o, #o(iio, &'e te)! "! #irecci- - #irecci- cerc!! ! "! #e" c!(%o (!)etiF!#or ,i ,te e, #8i" HB'ec/e y etc/ 9@@;.
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E" )iro #e "o, #o(iio, y !)r!#!(ieto #e ,to, e #irecci- #e" c!(%o (!)etiF!#or ,i "! ite,i#!# #e ,te e, f'erte HB'ec/e y etc/ 9@@;.
2"2"<"# T+.8% A-. L! teor*! #e A(%ere e, %!reci#! ! "! #e e8er ,o"o &'e (ecio! corriete, e"e(et!"e, e e" iterior #e ' (!teri!" ferro (!)tico co #ireccioe, #i+er,!, e "')!r #e #i%o"o, (!)tico, HTi%%e, 9@@;. M!)etiF!r ' (!teri!" ,e) A(%ere ,i)ific!8! or#e!r "!, corriete, e"e(et!"e,. E" re,'"t!#o #e e,te or#e!(ieto e, '! corriete e "! %eriferi! #e ' i( #e 8!rr! %or e=e(%"o corriete &'e oc!,io!8! #o, %o"o, #e o(8re cotr!rio e "o, e$tre(o, #e "! 8!rr!. Act'!"(ete ,e /! &'eri#o re"!cio!r ! "!, corriete, e"e(et!"e, co "o, (o+i(ieto, e$tero, #e "o, e"ectroe, !"re#e#or #e ,', c"eo, HTi%%e, 9@@;. L! ,'(! #e "!, corriete, e"e(et!"e, e "! (i,(! #irecci- e '! re=! for(! '! corriete %erifric! #e re=! y "! ,'(! #e "!, corriete, #e re=! for(! e" c!(%o (!)tico co %o"o, e "o, e$tre(o, #e "! 8!rr! HTi%%e, 9@@;.
2"4"# D9*&**3& '.*&+7 /7*+7 C!(%o e"ctricoJ E, ' c!(%o f*,ico &'e e, re%re,et!#o (e#i!te ' (o#e"o &'e #e,cri8e "! iter!cci- etre c'er%o, y ,i,te(!, co %ro%ie#!#e, #e !t'r!"eF! e"ctric! Heitt 6???. C!(%o, (!)tico,J E, '! #e "!, f'erF!, f'#!(et!"e, #e "! !t'r!"eF!. L!, f'erF!, (!)tic!, ,o %ro#'ci#!, %or e" (o+i(ieto #e %!rt*c'"!, c!r)!#!, co(o %or e=e(%"o e"ectroe, "o &'e i#ic! "! e,trec/! re"!ci- etre "! e"ectrici#!# y e" (!)eti,(o Heitt 6???.
Corriete e"ctric!J E, "! circ'"!ci- #e c!r)! e"ctric! ! tr!+, #e ' e"e(eto #e8i#o ! "! e$i,teci! #e '! te,i- e "o, ter(i!"e, y ! "! %o,i8i"i#!# #e &'e e""o oc'rr! #!#o %or "!, c!r!cter*,tic!, #e" e"e(eto. L! corriete e"ctric! e, e,eci!" e e,te %royecto y! &'e ,i e""! e, i(%o,i8"e cre!r "o, e"ectroi(!e, &'e %ro%orcio!r! e" c!(%o (!)tico %!r! "o)r!r "! "e+it!ci- Hi",o y B'ff! 9@@<. E"ectroi(J E, ' i( &'e f'cio! co(o t!" e "! (e#i#! &'e %!,e corriete %or ,' 8o8i!. De=! #e (!)etiF!r !" (o(eto e &'e ,e cort! "! corriete. U e"ectroi( e, co(%'e,to e ,' iterior %or ' c"eo #e /ierro H!""i#!y y Re,ic 9@@2. Gr!+e#!#J E, "! f'erF! &'e /!ce &'e "o, c'er%o, ,e #iri=! /!ci! e" cetro terre,tre %or ('t'! !tr!cci- #e "! (!,! #e" c'er%o y #e "! tierr! HTi%%e, 9@@;. I(J Mier!" #e /ierro (!)tico &'e tiee "! %ro%ie#!# #e !tr!er e" /ierro e" !cero y e )r!#o (eor otro, c'er%o, Heitt 6???. Le+it!ci-J E, e" efecto %or e" &'e ' c'er%o ' o8=eto ,e /!""! e ,',%e,i- e,t!8"e e e" !ire ,i (e#i!r #e otro o8=eto f*,ico e cot!cto co e" %ri(ero &'e ,',tete !" &'e "e+it! o f"ot! HTi%%e, 9@@;. M!)eti,(oJ E, ' fe-(eo f*,ico %or e" &'e "o, (!teri!"e, e=erce f'erF!, #e !tr!cci- o re%'",i- ,o8re otro, (!teri!"e, Heitt 6???. Po"o, (!)tico,J Lo, i(!e, tiee #o, %o"o, (!)tico, orte y ,'r. Do, %o"o, i)'!"e, y! ,e! #o, %o"o, orte o #o, %o"o, ,'r ,e re%e"e etre ,* e t!to &'e "o, %o"o, o%'e,to, ,e !tr!e 'o orte co otro ,'r. De c'!"&'ier (!er! &'e ' i( ,e! cort!#o ,ie(%re te#r e,to, #o, %o"o, HTi%%e, 9@@;. Re%'",i- (!)tic!J E, c'!#o ,e !cerc! #o, c'er%o, c!r)!#o, co e"ectrici#!# co "! (i,(! %o"!ri#!# %o,iti+! o e)!ti+! ,e #!r e" fe-(eo #e re%'",i- (!)tic!. E,to ,e #e8e ! &'e c!r)!, i)'!"e, ,e re%e"e, y cotr!ri!, ,e !tr!e H!""i#!y y Re,ic 9@@2.
2":"# S*7'% *-3'7*7 2":"1"# *-3'7*7 $% *&67'*!%*3& Si ,e #i,e! y co,tr'ye ' ,i,te(! #e "e+it!ci- ,',tet!#o e "o, %rici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o ,e "o)r! '! co#'cci- #e ' c'er%o efecti+! &'e ! ,' +eF %ro%orcioe ' i(%!cto %o,iti+o !" (e#io !(8iete.
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E, e" efecto &'e ,e o8,er+! c'! # o ' o8=eto e, "e+!t!#o #e "! ,'%erficie %or "! !cci- #e /!8er,e !%"ic!#o ' c!(%o (!)tico.
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CAPÍTULO III MARCO METODOLÓGICO 4"1"#N*6$ > *7F+ *&67'*!%*3& 4"1"1"# N*6$ E" i+e" #e i+e,ti)!ci- ,e refiere !" )r!#o #e %rof'#i#!# co &'e ,e !8or#! ' o8=eto o fe-(eo HAri!, 9@@5. E t!" ,eti#o e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- corre,%o#e !" i+e" e$%"or!torio %'e, ,e efect! ,o8re ' te(! %oco cooci#o o e,t'#i!#o co(o "o e, "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! %or "o &'e ,', re,'"t!#o, co,tit'ye '! +i,i- !%ro$i(!#! #e" (i,(o. T!(8i e, #e i+e" e$%"ic!ti+o y! &'e ,e ec!r)! #e 8',c!r e" %or&' #e "o, /ec/o, (e#i!te e" e,t!8"eci(ieto #e re"!cioe, c!',!7efecto e, #ecir e$%"ic!r c'" e, e" f'cio!(ieto #e" ,i,te(! #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! y ,' efecto e e" (e#io !(8iete
CAPÍTULO III MARCO METODOLÓGICO 4"1"#N*6$ > *7F+ *&67'*!%*3& 4"1"1"# N*6$ E" i+e" #e i+e,ti)!ci- ,e refiere !" )r!#o #e %rof'#i#!# co &'e ,e !8or#! ' o8=eto o fe-(eo HAri!, 9@@5. E t!" ,eti#o e,t! i+e,ti)!ci- corre,%o#e !" i+e" e$%"or!torio %'e, ,e efect! ,o8re ' te(! %oco cooci#o o e,t'#i!#o co(o "o e, "! "e+it!ci- (!)tic! %or "o &'e ,', re,'"t!#o, co,tit'ye '! +i,i- !%ro$i(!#! #e" (i,(o. T!(8i e, #e i+e" e$%"ic!ti+o y! &'e ,e ec!r)! #e 8',c!r e" %or&' #e "o, /ec/o, (e#i!te e" e,t!8"eci(ieto #e re"!cioe, c!',!7efecto e, #ecir e$%"ic!r c'" e, e" f'cio!(ieto #e" ,i,te(! #e "e+it!ci- (!)tic! y ,' efecto e e" (e#io !(8iete.
4"1"2"# D*7F+ E, "! e,tr!te)i! &'e !#o%t! e" i+e,ti)!#or %!r! re,%o#er !" %ro8"e(! %"!te!#o HAri!, 9@@5. E e,te c!,o ,e tr!t! #e '! I+e,ti)!ci- E$%eri(et!" "! c'!" ,e %erci8e co(o ' %roce,o &'e co,i,te e ,o(eter ! ' o8=eto HPrototi%o ! #eter(i!#!, co#icioe, o e,t*('"o, HPrici%io, #e" (!)eti,(o %!r! o8,er+!r "o, efecto, &'e ,e %ro#'ce e e" (i,(o HLe+it!ci- (!)tic!.
4"2"# P+/$%*3& > 7'.% L! %o8"!ci- o 'i+er,o ,e refiere !" co='to %!r! e" c'!" ,er +"i#!, "!, coc"',ioe, &'e ,e o8te)! e, #ecir ! "o, e"e(eto, i+o"'cr!#!, e "! i+e,ti)!ci- %or ,' %!rte "! ('e,tr! e, ' ,'8co='to re%re,et!ti+o #e ' 'i+er,o o %o8"!ci- HAri!, 9@@5. P!r! e,te e,t'#io "! %o8"!ci- y ('e,tr! ,o ifiit!, y! &'e ic"'ye to#o e" (e#io !(8iete y "!, %er,o!, &'e e " iter!ct! "o c'!" o %'e#e ,er c'!tific!#o.
4"4"# T&*%7 .+$*3& %'+7 E i+e,ti)!ci- "!, tcic!, ,o "!, #i,tit!, (!er!, for(!, o %roce#i(ieto, 'ti"iF!#o, %or e" i+e,ti)!#or %!r! reco%i"!r ' o8teer "o, #!to, o "! ifor(!ci- &'e re&'iere. Co,tit'ye e" c!(io /!ci! e" "o)ro #e "o, o8=eti+o, %"!te!#o, %!r! re,o"+er e" %ro8"e(! &'e ,e i+e,ti)! HS!8io 9@@@. E e,te ,eti#o %!r! "! %re,ete i+e,ti)!ci- "! tcic! e(%"e!#! e, "! o8,er+!ci- "! c'!" /!ce refereci! ! '! !cci- re!"iF!#! %or ' ,er +i+o &'e #etect! y !,i(i"! "o, r!,)o, #e ' e"e(eto 'ti"iF!#o "o, ,eti#o, co(o i,tr'(eto, %rici%!"e,. E" tr(io t!(8i %'e#e referir,e ! c'!"&'ier #!to reco)i#o #'r!te e,t! !cti+i#!#.
4":"# I&7'.&'+7 R+$*3& D%'+7 So "o, rec'r,o, #e &'e %'e#e +!"er,e e" i+e,ti)!#or %!r! !cerc!r,e ! "o, %ro8"e(!, y fe-(eo, y e$tr!er #e e""o, "! ifor(!ci- HS!8io 9@@@. E f'ci- ! e,to %!r! e" %re,ete e,t'#io "o, i,tr'(eto, e(%"e!#o, ,oJ
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4"5"# D*7F+ -.*&'%$ E, e" %roce,o &'e %er(ite e$%"ic!r ' e$%eri(eto (e#i!te "! reco"ecci- #e #!to, !%ro%i!#o, &'e "'e)o ,er !!"iF!#o, co "! fi!"i#!# #e o8teer coc"',ioe, +"i#!, y %reci,!,. E" #i,eo #e e$%eri(eto, ,e 'ti"iF! c'!#o ,e tiee (, #e #o, %o8"!cioe, HAri!, 9@@5. E t!" ,eti#o y e cocor#!ci! co "o !te, e$%'e,to !" %re,ete e,t'#io o corre,%o#e "! !%"ic!ci- #e" #i,eo e$%eri(et!".
REERENCIAS BIBLIOGRHICAS Ari!, :. G. H9@@5. El Proyecto de Investigación. Introducción a la Metodología Científica H3 e#.. C!r!c!, VeeF'e"!J E#itori!" E%i,te(e. B'ec/e :. y etc/ E. H9@@;. Física General. Serie Schaum. D.:. M$icoJ Mc. Gr! i"". C!%o'FFo G. H6@ #e 3 #e 9@69. Teorías del Magnetísmo. O8tei#o #e Teor*! #e e88erJ /tt%JQQ.!c!#e(ico.cecyt;.i%.($Q:i,ic!IVQ'i#!#6Qteori!,./t( D*!F 1. y G!rc*! A. H9@@>. Sistematiación del dise!o de dis"ositivos de levitación su"erconductora "or efecto Maissner. Te,i, Doctor!" Ui+er,i#!# C!r"o, III #e
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