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ÖZEL‹K TABLOLARI VE D‹YAGRAMLARI Tablo A–1 Tablo A–2 Tablo A–3 Tablo A–4 Tablo A–5 Tablo A–6 Tablo A–7 Tablo A–8 Tablo A–9 Tablo A–10 Tablo A–11 Tablo A–12 Tablo A–13 Tablo A–14 Tablo A–15 Tablo A–16 Tablo A–17 Tablo A–18 Tablo A–19
Mol kütlesi, gaz sabiti ve kritik-nokta özellikleri Bilinen baz› gazlar›n ideal-gaz özgül ›s›nma Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri Doymufl su - S›cakl›k tablosu Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu K›zg›n su buhar› S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su Doymufl buz - su buhar› T-ss diyagram› Su için TSu için Mollier diyagram› Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan134a— S›cakl›k tablosu Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan134a— Bas›nç tablosu K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a’ n›n P-h diyagram› Nelson–Obert genellefltirilm genellefltirilmifl ifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik s›k›flt›r›labili rlik diyagram› Yüksek seviyelerde atmosferin özellikleri Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özelikleri N2, Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri O2, Oksijenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri
Tablo A–20 Tablo A–21 Tablo A–22 Tabl ablo o A–2 A–233 Tablo A–24 Tablo A–25 Tablo A–26 Tablo A–27 Tablo A–28 Tablo A–29 Tablo A–30 Tablo A–31 Tablo A–32 Tablo A–33 Tablo A–34
CO2, Karbondioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri CO, Karbonmonoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri H2, Hidrojenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özellikleri O, Tek atomlu oksijenin mükemmel gaz özellikleri OH, Hidroksilin mükemmel gaz özelikleri 25°C, s›cakl›k ve 1atm bas›nçta Oluflum entalpisi, oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu ve mutlak entropi Bilinen baz› yak›tlar›n ve hidrokarbonlar›n özelikleri K p denge sabitinin do¤al logaritmas› Genellefltirilmifl Genellefltiri lmifl entalpi sapma diyagram› Genellefltirilmifl Genellefltiri lmifl entropi sapma diyagram› 1 atm toplam bas›nç için Psikrometrik diyagram 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için k bir-boyutlu, izantropik s›k›flt›r›labil s›k›flt›r›labilir ir ak›fl fonksiyonlar› 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için birk boyutlu normal flok fonksiyonlar› 1.4 olan bir ideal gaz için k Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar›
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Termodinamik
TABL BLO O A–1 Mol kütlesi, gaz sabiti ve kritik nokta özellikleri
Madde
Kimyasal Formül
Hava Amonyak Argon Benzen Bromin n -Büten Karbon dioksit Karbon monoksit Carbon tetrachloride Klorin Klorofrom Dichlorodifl Dichlo rodifluorome uoromethane thane (R-12) Dichlo Dic hlorof rofluo luorome rometha thane ne (R(R-21) 21) E ta n Etit alkol Etilen Helyum n -Heksan Hidrojen (normal) Kripton M e ta n Metil alkol Metil klor Neon Nitrojen Nitrous oxide Azot oksit Propan Propilan Kükürt dioksit Tetr traafluoroetan (R-134a) Tri rich chlo loro roflfluo uoro rome meta tann (R (R-1 -11) 1) Su Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCll2F CHC C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCll3F CC H2O Xe
Mool kütlesi, M M kg/kmol kg/kmol
Gaz sabiti, R kkJ/kg · K* R
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 78 159.808 58.124 58 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 3 0.070 30 46.07 2 8.054 28 4.003 86.179 86 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 44 42.081 42 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
0 .2 8 7 0 0 .4 8 8 2 0 .2 0 8 1 0. 0 .1 0 6 4 0 .0 5 2 0 0 .1 4 3 0 0 .1 8 8 9 0 .2 9 6 8 0 .0 5 4 0 5 0.1173 0 .0 6 9 6 4 0 .0 6 8 7 6 0 .0 8 0 7 8 0 .2 7 6 5 0 .1 8 0 5 0 .2 9 6 4 2 .0 7 6 9 2. 0 .0 9 6 4 7 4 .1 2 4 0 0 .0 9 9 2 1 0 .5 1 8 2 0 .2 5 9 5 0 .1 6 4 7 0 .4119 0. 0 .2 9 6 8 0 .1 8 8 9 0 .2 5 9 8 0 .1 8 8 5 0 .1 9 7 6 0 .1 2 9 8 0 .0 8 1 4 9 0 .0 6 0 5 2 0 .4 6 1 5 0 .0 6 3 3 2
Kritik nokta özellekleri
S›cakl›k, K 132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5. 3 507.9 33. 3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.2 471.2 647.1 289.8
Bas›nç, MPa 3 .7 7 11.28 4 .8 6 4 .9 2 1 0 .3 4 3 .8 0 7 .3 9 3 .5 0 4 .5 6 7 .7 1 5 .4 7 4 .0 1 5 .1 7 4 .4 8 6 .3 8 5 .1 2 0 .2 3 3 .0 3 1 .3 0 5 .5 0 4 .6 4 7 .9 5 6 .6 8 2 .7 3 3 .3 9 7 .2 7 5 .0 8 4 .2 6 4 .6 2 7 .8 8 4 .0 5 9 4 .3 8 2 2 .0 6 5 .8 8
Hacim, m3 /kmol 0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1993 0.2478 0.0560 0.1186
*Not: kJ/kg · K birimi kJ/kg · C˚ birimi ile eflde¤erdir. Gaz sabiti R M ‘den ‘den hesaplan›r ve burada R u 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K ve M ise ise molar kütledir. R u / M Kaynak: K. K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (a ) 300 K s›cakl›kta Gaz
Kimyasal formülü
Hava Argon Bütan Karbon dioksit Karbon monoksit E ta n Etilen Helyum Hidrojen Metan Neon Azot Oktan Oksijen Propan Su buhar›
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Gaz sabiti, R kJ/kg · K
c p kJ/kg · K
c kJ/kg · K
k
0 .2 8 7 0 0 .2 0 8 1 0 .1 4 3 3 0 .1 8 8 9 0 .2 9 6 8 0 .2 7 6 5 0 .2 9 6 4 2 .0 7 6 9 4 .1 2 4 0 0 .5 1 8 2 0.4119 0 .2 9 6 8 0 .0 7 2 9 0 .2 5 9 8 0 .1 8 8 5 0 .4 6 1 5
1 .0 0 5 0 .5 2 0 3 1 .7 1 6 4 0 .8 4 6 1 .0 4 0 1 .7 6 6 2 1 .5 4 8 2 5 .1 9 2 6 1 4 .3 0 7 2 .2 5 3 7 1 .0 2 9 9 1 .0 3 9 1.7113 0 .9 1 8 1 .6 7 9 4 1 .8 7 2 3
0 .7 1 8 0 .3 1 2 2 1 .5 7 3 4 0 .6 5 7 0 .7 4 4 1 .4 8 9 7 1 .2 5 1 8 3.1156 1 0 .1 8 3 1 .7 3 5 4 0 .6 1 7 9 0 .7 4 3 1 .6 3 8 5 0 .6 5 8 1 .4 9 0 9 1 .4 1 0 8
1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327
v
Not: kJ/kg kJ/kg · K birimi kJ/kg · °C birimiyle eflde¤erdir. Kaynak: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. “Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ’nin izniyle uyumlanm›flt›r.
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TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (Devam ) (b ) De¤iflik s›cakl›klarda S›cakl›k, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
c p kJ/kg · K
c kJ/kg · K v
k
Hava
1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142
0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855
c p kJ/kg · K
14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983
9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859
v
k
Karbon dioksit, CO2
1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336
0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234
Hidrojen, H 2
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
c kJ/kg · K 0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045
1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181
c p kJ/kg · K
1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167
0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870
v
Karbon monoksit, CO
1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185
Azot, N 2
1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380
c kJ/kg · K k 0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888
1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335
Oksijen, O 2
1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341
0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090
0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830
1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313
Kaynak: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Tablo A–4M. ‹lk olarak “Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955) adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r.
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TABLO A–2 Bilinen baz› gazlar›n mükemmel-gaz özgül ›s›lar› (Devam ) (c ) S›cakl›¤›n fonksiyonu olarak _ c p a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T K ve c p kJ/kmol · K birimlerinde) Kimyasal Madde
formülü
Azot Oksijen Hava Hidrojen Karbon monoksit Karbon dioksit Su buhar› Azot oksit Azot oksit Azot dioksit Amonyak Kükürt Kükürt dioksit Kükürt trioksit Asetilen Benzen Metanol Etanol Hidrojen klorür Metan Etan Propan n -Bütan i -Bütan n -Pentan n -Heksan Etilen Propilen
N2 O2 — H2
28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11
CO CO2 H2O NO N 2O
28.16
NO2 NH3 S2 SO2
a
22.26 32.24 29.34 24.11 22.9 27.568 27.21
25.78
SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O
16.40 21.8 36.22 19.0 19.9
HCl 30.33 CH4 19.89 C2H6 6.900 4.04 C3H8 C4H10 3.96 C4H10 7.913 C5H12 6 .774 C6H14 6.938 C2H4 3.95 C3H6 3.15
b
c
0.1571 102 1.520 102
0.1967 102 0.1916 102
0.8081 105 0.7155 10 5 0.4802 105 0.4003 105
102
d 2.873 10 9 1.312 109
S›cakl›k aral›¤›, K
% hata Maks. Ort.
1.966 109 0.8704 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800
0.59 1.19 0.72 1.01
0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26
0.5372 105
2.222 109
273–1800
0.89
0.37
5.981 102 0.1923 102 0.09395 10 2 5.8632 102
3.501 105 1.055 105
7.469 109 3.595 10 9 4.187 109 10.58 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1500 273–1500
0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59
0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26
5.715 102 2.5630 102 2.218 102
3.52 10 5 0.99072 105 1.628 10 5
7.87 109 6.6909 109 3.986 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1800
0.46 0.91 0.99
0.18 0.36 0.38
102
3.812 105
8.612 109
273–1800
0.45
0.24
14.58 102 9.2143 102 48.475 102 9.152 102 20.96 102
11.20 10 5 6.527 10 5
32.42 109 18.21 109 77.62 109 8.039 10 9 20.05 109
273–1300 273–1500 273–1500 273–1000 273–1500
0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40
0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22
4.338 10 9 11.01 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500
0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73
0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17
0.1675
5.795
0.7620 102 5.024 102
17.27 102 30.48 102 37.15 102 41.60 102 45.43 102 55.22 102 15.64 102 23.83 102
0.9747 105 3.562 105
31.57 105 1.22 10 5 10.38 105
1.327 105 1.269 105 6.406 10 5 15.72 10 5 18.34 105 23.01 105 22.46 10 5 28.65 10 5 8.344 105 12.18 10 5
7.285 109 31.74 109 35.00 109 49.91 109 42.29 109 57.69 109 17.67 109 24.62 109
Kaynak: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984) izin al›narak kullan›lm›flt›r.TABLO
A–3
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–3 Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri (a ) S›v›lar
Madde Amonyak
1 atm bas›nçta kaynama verileri Donma verileri Normal Buharlaflma Füzyon kaynama gizli ›s›s› Donma gizli ›s›s› noktas›, °C h fg , kJ/kg noktas›, °C h if , kJ/kg 33.3
1357
77.7
322.4
S›v› özellikleri S›cakl›k, °C 33.3 20
Argon 185.9 Benzen 80.2 Tuzlu su (Kütlesel %20 sodyum klorür) 103.9 n -Bütan 0.5 Karbon dioksit 78.4* Etanol 78.2 Etil alkol 78.6 Etilen glikol 198.1 Gliserin 179.9 Helyum 268.9 Hidrojen 252.8 ‹zobütan 11.7 Kerosen 204–293 Civa 356.7 Metan 161.5 Metanol Azot Oktan Ya¤ (hafif) Oksijen Petrol Propan
161.6 394 — 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
124.8
306.3
— 42.1
212.7 230–384 427.8
So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a 26.1
217.0
Su
183
100
2257
189.3
5.5 17.4 138.5
28 126 — 80.3
56.6 114.2 156 10.8
18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2 97.7 210
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4 99.2 25.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
96.6
0.0
—
333.7
0 25 185.6 20 20 0.5
0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
Yo¤unluk 3 r , kg/m
Özgül ›s› c p , kJ/kg · K
682 665 639 602 1394 879
4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
* Sublimasyon s›cakl›¤›. (Üçlü-nokta bas›nc› olan 518 kPa bas›nc›n›n alt› ndaki bas›nçlarda karbon dioksit kat› veya gaz durumundad›r. Karbon dioksitin donma noktas› s›cakl›¤› da üçlü-nokta s›cakl›¤› olan 56.5˚C’dir.
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Bilinen baz› s›v›, kat› ve yiyeceklerin özellikleri (Devam ) (b ) Kat›lar (aksi belirtilmedi¤i sürece de¤erler oda s›cakl›¤›ndad›r.) Yo¤unluk, kg/m3
Madde
Özgül ›s›, c p kJ/kg · K
r
Yo¤unluk, 3 r kg/m
Madde
Metaller
Özgül ›s›, c p kJ/kg · K
Metal olmayanlar
Alüminyum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronz (%76 Cu, %2 Zn, %2 Al) Pirinç, sar› (%65 Cu, %35 Zn) Bak›r 173°C 100°C 50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Demir Kurflun Magnezyum Nikel Gümüfl Çelik, yumuflak Tungsten
8,280
0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400
8,310
0.400
2,700
Asfalt Tu¤la, bilinen Tu¤la, atefl tu¤las› (500°C) Beton Kil Elmas Cam, pencere Cam, atefle dayan›kl› Grafit Granit Alç›tafl› ve s›va Buz 200 K 220 K
0.254 240 K 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130
0.342 8,900 7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400
2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800
0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09 1.56 1.71
1.86 260 K 273 K Kireçtafl› Mermer Kontrplak (köknar) Lastik (yumuflak) Lastik (sert) Kum Tafl Tahta, sert (akçaa¤aç, mefle, vb.) Tahta, yumuflak (köknar, çam, vb.)
2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38
921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513
(c ) Yiyecekler Özgül ›s›,
Yiyecek Elma Muz S›¤›r eti Brokoli Tereya¤› Peynir, ‹swiçre Kiraz Piliç M›s›r Yumurta, Tümü Dondurma
kJ/ (kg.K) Füzyon Su gizli içeri¤i, Donma Donma Donma ›s›s›, % (kütle) noktas› °C nok. üst. nok. alt. kJ/kg 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
1.1 0.8
— 0.6
— 10.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 5.6
3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95
1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63
281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210
Özgül ›s›,
Su içeri¤i, Donma Donma Donma % (kütle) noktas› °C nok. üst. nok. alt. kJ/ (kg.K)
Yiyecek
Marul Süt, tümü Portakal Patates Som bal›¤› Karides Ispanak Çilek Domates, olgun Hindi Karpuz
95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.5
— 0.4
4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96
2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01
Füzyon gizli ›s›s›, kJ/kg 317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311
Kaynak: De¤erler çeflitli elkitaplar›ndan ve kaynaklardan al›nm›fl veya hesaplanm›flt›r. Yiyeceklerin donma noktas› ve su içeri¤i verileri “ ASHRAE, Hand- book of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Bölüm 30, Tablo 1” adl› kaynaktan al›nm›flt›r. Donma noktas›, meyve ve sebzeler için donman›n bafllad›¤› s›cakl›k, di¤er yiyecekler için ise ortalama donma s›cakl›¤›d›r.
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TABLO A–4 Doymufl su — S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül hacim, m3 /kg Doymufl Doymufl S›cakl›k., bas›nc›., s›v›, T °C P doy kPa v f
Doymufl buhar, v
g
0.01 5 10 15 20
0.6117 0.8725 1.2281 1.7057 2.3392
0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001002
206.00 147.03 106.32 77.885 57.762
25 30 35 40 45
3.1698 4.2469 5.6291 7.3851 9.5953
0.001003 0.001004 0.001006 0.001008 0.001010
43.340 32.879 25.205 19.515 15.251
‹ç enerji, kJ/kg
Entalpi, kJ/kg
Entropi, kJ/(kg.K)
Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g 0.000 21.019 42.020 62.980 83.913
2374.9 2360.8 2346.6 2332.5 2318.4
2374.9 2381.8 2388.7 2395.5 2402.3
104.83 125.73 146.63 167.53 188.43
2304.3 2290.2 2276.0 2261.9 2247.7
2409.1 2415.9 2422.7 2429.4 2436.1
0.001 21.020 42.022 62.982 83.915
2500.9 2489.1 2477.2 2465.4 2453.5
2500.9 2510.1 2519.2 2528.3 2537.4
0.0000 0.0763 0.1511 0.2245 0.2965
9.1556 8.9487 8.7488 8.5559 8.3696
9.1556 9.0249 8.8999 8.7803 8.6661
104.83 125.74 146.64 167.53 188.44
2441.7 2429.8 2417.9 2406.0 2394.0
2546.5 2555.6 2564.6 2573.5 2582.4
0.3672 0.4368 0.5051 0.5724 0.6386
8.1895 8.0152 7.8466 7.6832 7.5247
8.5567 8.4520 8.3517 8.2556 8.1633
50 55 60 65 70
12.352 15.763 19.947 25.043 31.202
0.001012 0.001015 0.001017 0.001020 0.001023
12.026 9.5639 7.6670 6.1935 5.0396
209.33 230.24 251.16 272.09 293.04
2233.4 2219.1 2204.7 2190.3 2175.8
2442.7 2449.3 2455.9 2462.4 2468.9
209.34 230.26 251.18 272.12 293.07
2382.0 2369.8 2357.7 2345.4 2333.0
2591.3 2600.1 2608.8 2617.5 2626.1
0.7038 0.7680 0.8313 0.8937 0.9551
7.3710 7.2218 7.0769 6.9360 6.7989
8.0748 7.9898 7.9082 7.8296 7.7540
75 80 85 90 95
38.597 47.416 57.868 70.183 84.609
0.001026 0.001029 0.001032 0.001036 0.001040
4.1291 3.4053 2.8261 2.3593 1.9808
313.99 334.97 355.96 376.97 398.00
2161.3 2146.6 2131.9 2117.0 2102.0
2475.3 2481.6 2487.8 2494.0 2500.1
314.03 335.02 356.02 377.04 398.09
2320.6 2308.0 2295.3 2282.5 2269.6
2634.6 2643.0 2651.4 2659.6 2667.6
1.0158 1.0756 1.1346 1.1929 1.2504
6.6655 6.5355 6.4089 6.2853 6.1647
7.6812 7.6111 7.5435 7.4782 7.4151
100 105 110 115 120
101.42 120.90 143.38 169.18 198.67
0.001043 0.001047 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060
1.6720 1.4186 1.2094 1.0360 0.89133
419.06 440.15 461.27 482.42 503.60
2087.0 2071.8 2056.4 2040.9 2025.3
2506.0 2511.9 2517.7 2523.3 2528.9
419.17 440.28 461.42 482.59 503.81
2256.4 2243.1 2229.7 2216.0 2202.1
2675.6 2683.4 2691.1 2698.6 2706.0
1.3072 1.3634 1.4188 1.4737 1.5279
6.0470 5.9319 5.8193 5.7092 5.6013
7.3542 7.2952 7.2382 7.1829 7.1292
125 130 135 140 145
232.23 270.28 313.22 361.53 415.68
0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085
0.77012 0.66808 0.58179 0.50850 0.44600
524.83 546.10 567.41 588.77 610.19
2009.5 1993.4 1977.3 1960.9 1944.2
2534.3 2539.5 2544.7 2549.6 2554.4
525.07 546.38 567.75 589.16 610.64
2188.1 2173.7 2159.1 2144.3 2129.2
2713.1 2720.1 2726.9 2733.5 2739.8
1.5816 1.6346 1.6872 1.7392 1.7908
5.4956 5.3919 5.2901 5.1901 5.0919
7.0771 7.0265 6.9773 6.9294 6.8827
150 155 160 165 170
476.16 543.49 618.23 700.93 792.18
0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114
0.39248 0.34648 0.30680 0.27244 0.24260
631.66 653.19 674.79 696.46 718.20
1927.4 1910.3 1893.0 1875.4 1857.5
2559.1 2563.5 2567.8 2571.9 2575.7
632.18 653.79 675.47 697.24 719.08
2113.8 2098.0 2082.0 2065.6 2048.8
2745.9 2751.8 2757.5 2762.8 2767.9
1.8418 1.8924 1.9426 1.9923 2.0417
4.9953 4.9002 4.8066 4.7143 4.6233
6.8371 6.7927 6.7492 6.7067 6.6650
175 180 185 190 195 200
892.60 1002.8 1123.5 1255.2 1398.8 1554.9
0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149 0.001157
0.21659 0.19384 0.17390 0.15636 0.14089 0.12721
740.02 761.92 783.91 806.00 828.18 850.46
1839.4 1820.9 1802.1 1783.0 1763.6 1743.7
2579.4 2582.8 2586.0 2589.0 2591.7 2594.2
741.02 763.05 785.19 807.43 829.78 852.26
2031.7 2014.2 1996.2 1977.9 1959.0 1939.8
2772.7 2777.2 2781.4 2785.3 2788.8 2792.0
2.0906 2.1392 2.1875 2.2355 2.2831 2.3305
4.5335 4.4448 4.3572 4.2705 4.1847 4.0997
6.6242 6.5841 6.5447 6.5059 6.4678 6.4302
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TABLO A–4 Doymufl su — S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül hacim, m3 /kg Doyma Doymufl S›cakl›k.,bas›nc› s›v›, T °C P doy kPa v f
Doymufl buhar, v
g
‹ç enerji, kJ/kg
Entalpi, kJ/kg
Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, u f u fg u g
Entropi, kJ/(kg.K)
Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, h f h fg h g
Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s f s fg s g
205 210 215 220 225
1724.3 1907.7 2105.9 2319.6 2549.7
0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199
0.11508 0.10429 0.094680 0.086094 0.078405
872.86 895.38 918.02 940.79 963.70
1723.5 1702.9 1681.9 1660.5 1638.6
2596.4 2598.3 2599.9 2601.3 2602.3
874.87 897.61 920.50 943.55 966.76
1920.0 1899.7 1878.8 1857.4 1835.4
2794.8 2797.3 2799.3 2801.0 2802.2
2.3776 2.4245 2.4712 2.5176 2.5639
4.0154 3.9318 3.8489 3.7664 3.6844
6.3930 6.3563 6.3200 6.2840 6.2483
230 235 240 245 250
2797.1 3062.6 3347.0 3651.2 3976.2
0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001252
0.071505 0.065300 0.059707 0.054656 0.050085
986.76 1010.0 1033.4 1056.9 1080.7
1616.1 1593.2 1569.8 1545.7 1521.1
2602.9 2603.2 2603.1 2602.7 2601.8
990.14 1013.7 1037.5 1061.5 1085.7
1812.8 1789.5 1765.5 1740.8 1715.3
2802.9 2803.2 2803.0 2802.2 2801.0
2.6100 2.6560 2.7018 2.7476 2.7933
3.6028 3.5216 3.4405 3.3596 3.2788
6.2128 6.1775 6.1424 6.1072 6.0721
255 260 265 270 275
4322.9 4692.3 5085.3 5503.0 5946.4
0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001303 0.001317
0.045941 0.042175 0.038748 0.035622 0.032767
1104.7 1128.8 1153.3 1177.9 1202.9
1495.8 1469.9 1443.2 1415.7 1387.4
2600.5 2598.7 2596.5 2593.7 2590.3
1110.1 1134.8 1159.8 1185.1 1210.7
1689.0 1661.8 1633.7 1604.6 1574.5
2799.1 2796.6 2793.5 2789.7 2785.2
2.8390 2.8847 2.9304 2.9762 3.0221
3.1979 3.1169 3.0358 2.9542 2.8723
6.0369 6.0017 5.9662 5.9305 5.8944
280 285 290 295 300
6416.6 6914.6 7441.8 7999.0 8587.9
0.001333 0.001349 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404
0.030153 0.027756 0.025554 0.023528 0.021659
1228.2 1253.7 1279.7 1306.0 1332.7
1358.2 1328.1 1296.9 1264.5 1230.9
2586.4 2581.8 2576.5 2570.5 2563.6
1236.7 1263.1 1289.8 1317.1 1344.8
1543.2 1510.7 1476.9 1441.6 1404.8
2779.9 2773.7 2766.7 2758.7 2749.6
3.0681 3.1144 3.1608 3.2076 3.2548
2.7898 2.7066 2.6225 2.5374 2.4511
5.8579 5.8210 5.7834 5.7450 5.7059
305 310 315 320 325
9209.4 9865.0 10,556 11,284 12,051
0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001528
0.019932 0.018333 0.016849 0.015470 0.014183
1360.0 1387.7 1416.1 1445.1 1475.0
1195.9 1159.3 1121.1 1080.9 1038.5
2555.8 2547.1 2537.2 2526.0 2513.4
1373.1 1402.0 1431.6 1462.0 1493.4
1366.3 1325.9 1283.4 1238.5 1191.0
2739.4 2727.9 2715.0 2700.6 2684.3
3.3024 3.3506 3.3994 3.4491 3.4998
2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0881 1.9911
5.6657 5.6243 5.5816 5.5372 5.4908
330 335 340 345 350
12,858 13,707 14,601 15,541 16,529
0.001560 0.001597 0.001638 0.001685 0.001741
0.012979 0.011848 0.010783 0.009772 0.008806
1505.7 1537.5 1570.7 1605.5 1642.4
993.5 945.5 893.8 837.7 775.9
2499.2 2483.0 2464.5 2443.2 2418.3
1525.8 1559.4 1594.6 1631.7 1671.2
1140.3 1086.0 1027.4 963.4 892.7
2666.0 2645.4 2622.0 2595.1 2563.9
3.5516 3.6050 3.6602 3.7179 3.7788
1.8906 1.7857 1.6756 1.5585 1.4326
5.4422 5.3907 5.3358 5.2765 5.2114
355 360 365 370 373.95
17,570 18,666 19,822 21,044 22,064
0.001808 0.001895 0.002015 0.002217 0.003106
0.007872 0.006950 0.006009 0.004953 0.003106
1682.2 1726.2 1777.2 1844.5 2015.7
706.4 625.7 526.4 385.6 0
2388.6 2351.9 2303.6 2230.1 2015.7
1714.0 1761.5 1817.2 1891.2 2084.3
812.9 720.1 605.5 443.1 0
2526.9 2481.6 2422.7 2334.3 2084.3
3.8442 3.9165 4.0004 4.1119 4.4070
1.2942 1.1373 0.9489 0.6890 0
5.1384 5.0537 4.9493 4.8009 4.4070
Kaynak: A–4 - A–8 Tablolar›, S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado taraf›ndan gelifltirilen “Engineering Equation Solver” ( EES) yaz›l›m› kullan›lar›k üretilmifltir. Hesaplarda, yüksek do¤ruluktahebap yapan Steam_(IAPWS)” taraf›ndan yay›nlanan “1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use” adl› yay›na dayal›d›r. Bu yay›ndaki formülasyon, ayn› zamanda EES yaz›l›mda da STEAM rutini olarak kullan›labilir olan, “Hear, Gallagher ve Kell”in 1984 fomülasyonunun (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984) yerini alm›flt›r. Yeni formülasyon Saul ve Wagner’in (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 893, 1987) korelasyonlar›na dayanmakta olup, “Internat›onal Temperature Scale of 1990”a göre düzenlenmifltir. Söz konusu düzenlemeler Wagner ve Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993) taraf›ndan aç›klanm›flt›r. Buzun özellikleri Hyland ve Wexler’e (“Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H 2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHARE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983) dayal›d›r.
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–5 Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu Özgül hacim, m3 /kg Doyma Doymufl Bas›nç., s›cakl›¤›., s›v›, P kPa T doy °C v f 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 75 100 101.325 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
6.97 13.02 17.50 21.08 24.08 28.96 32.87 40.29 45.81 53.97 60.06 64.96 69.09 75.86 81.32 91.76 99.61 99.97 105.97 111.35 116.04 120.21 123.97 127.41 130.58 133.52 136.27 138.86 141.30 143.61 147.90 151.83 155.46 158.83 161.98 164.95 167.75
Doymufl buhar, v
g
0.001000 1 29.19 0.001001 87.964 0.001001 66.990 0.001002 54.242 0.001003 45.654 0.001004 34.791 0.001005 28.185 0.001008 19.233 0.001010 14.670 0.001014 10.020 0.001017 7.6481 0.001020 6.2034 0.001022 5.2287 0.001026 3.9933 0.001030 3.2403 0.001037 2.2172 0.001043 1.6941 0.001043 1.6734 0.001048 1.3750 0.001053 1.1594 0.001057 1.0037 0.001061 0.88578 0.001064 0.79329 0.001067 0.71873 0.001070 0.65732 0.001073 0.60582 0.001076 0.56199 0.001079 0.52422 0.001081 0.49133 0.001084 0.46242 0.001088 0.41392 0.001093 0.37483 0.001097 0.34261 0.001101 0.31560 0.001104 0.29260 0.001108 0.27278 0.001111 0.25552
‹ç enerji, kJ/kg
Entalpi, kJ/kg
Entropi, kJ/(kg.K)
Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, u f u fg u g
Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
29.302 54.686 73.431 88.422 100.98 121.39 137.75 168.74 191.79 225.93 251.40 271.93 289.24 317.58 340.49 384.36 417.40 418.95 444.23 466.97 486.82 504.50 520.47 535.08 548.57 561.11 572.84 583.89 594.32 604.22 622.65 639.54 655.16 669.72 683.37 696.23 708.40
29.303 54.688 73.433 88.424 100.98 121.39 137.75 168.75 191.81 225.94 251.42 271.96 289.27 317.62 340.54 384.44 417.51 419.06 444.36 467.13 487.01 504.71 520.71 535.35 548.86 561.43 573.19 584.26 594.73 604.66 623.14 640.09 655.77 670.38 684.08 697.00 709.24
2355.2 2338.1 2325.5 2315.4 2306.9 2293.1 2282.1 2261.1 2245.4 2222.1 2204.6 2190.4 2178.5 2158.8 2142.7 2111.8 2088.2 2087.0 2068.8 2052.3 2037.7 2024.6 2012.7 2001.8 1991.6 1982.1 1973.1 1964.6 1956.6 1948.9 1934.5 1921.2 1908.8 1897.1 1886.1 1875.6 1865.6
2384.5 2392.8 2398.9 2403.8 2407.9 2414.5 2419.8 2429.8 2437.2 2448.0 2456.0 2462.4 2467.7 2476.3 2483.2 2496.1 2505.6 2506.0 2513.0 2519.2 2524.5 2529.1 2533.2 2536.8 2540.1 2543.2 2545.9 2548.5 2550.9 2553.1 2557.1 2560.7 2563.9 2566.8 2569.4 2571.8 2574.0
2484.4 2470.1 2459.5 2451.0 2443.9 2432.3 2423.0 2405.3 2392.1 2372.3 2357.5 2345.5 2335.3 2318.4 2304.7 2278.0 2257.5 2256.5 2240.6 2226.0 2213.1 2201.6 2191.0 2181.2 2172.0 2163.5 2155.4 2147.7 2140.4 2133.4 2120.3 2108.0 2096.6 2085.8 2075.5 2065.8 2056.4
2513.7 2524.7 2532.9 2539.4 2544.8 2553.7 2560.7 2574.0 2583.9 2598.3 2608.9 2617.5 2624.6 2636.1 2645.2 2662.4 2675.0 2675.6 2684.9 2693.1 2700.2 2706.3 2711.7 2716.5 2720.9 2724.9 2728.6 2732.0 2735.1 2738.1 2743.4 2748.1 2752.4 2756.2 2759.6 2762.8 2765.7
0.1059 8.8690 0.1956 8.6314 0.2606 8.4621 0.3118 8.3302 0.3543 8.2222 0.4224 8.0510 0.4762 7.9176 0.5763 7.6738 0.6492 7.4996 0.7549 7.2522 0.8320 7.0752 0.8932 6.9370 0.9441 6.8234 1.0261 6.6430 1.0912 6.5019 1.2132 6.2426 1.3028 6.0562 1.3069 6.0476 1.3741 5.9100 1.4337 5.7894 1.4850 5.6865 1.5302 5.5968 1.5706 5.5171 1.6072 5.4453 1.6408 5.3800 1.6717 5.3200 1.7005 5.2645 1.7274 5.2128 1.7526 5.1645 1.7765 5.1191 1.8205 5.0356 1.8604 4.9603 1.8970 4.8916 1.9308 4.8285 1.9623 4.7699 1.9918 4.7153 2.0195 4.6642
8.9749 8.8270 8.7227 8.6421 8.5765 8.4734 8.3938 8.2501 8.1488 8.0071 7.9073 7.8302 7.7675 7.6691 7.5931 7.4558 7.3589 7.3545 7.2841 7.2231 7.1716 7.1270 7.0877 7.0525 7.0207 6.9917 6.9650 6.9402 6.9171 6.8955 6.8561 6.8207 6.7886 6.7593 6.7322 6.7071 6.6837
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TABLO A–5 Doymufl su - Bas›nç tablosu (Devam) Özgül hacim, m3 /kg Doyma Doymufl Bas›nç., s›cakl›¤›., S›v›, P kPa T doy °C v f
Doymufl buhar,
800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 22,000 22,064
0.24035 0.22690 0.21489 0.20411 0.19436 0.17745 0.16326 0.15119 0.14078 0.13171 0.11344 0.099587 0.088717 0.079952 0.066667 0.057061 0.049779 0.039448 0.032449 0.027378 0.023525 0.020489 0.018028 0.015988 0.014264 0.012781 0.011487 0.010341 0.009312 0.008374 0.007504 0.006677 0.005862 0.004994 0.003644 0.003106
170.41 172.94 175.35 177.66 179.88 184.06 187.96 191.60 195.04 198.29 205.72 212.38 218.41 223.95 233.85 242.56 250.35 263.94 275.59 285.83 295.01 303.35 311.00 318.08 324.68 330.85 336.67 342.16 347.36 352.29 356.99 361.47 365.75 369.83 373.71 373.95
0.001115 0.001118 0.001121 0.001124 0.001127 0.001133 0.001138 0.001144 0.001149 0.001154 0.001166 0.001177 0.001187 0.001197 0.001217 0.001235 0.001252 0.001286 0.001319 0.001352 0.001384 0.001418 0.001452 0.001488 0.001526 0.001566 0.001610 0.001657 0.001710 0.001770 0.001840 0.001926 0.002038 0.002207 0.002703 0.003106
v
g
‹ç enerji, kJ/kg
Entalpi, kJ/kg
Entalpi, kJ/(kg.K)
Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, ls›v›, Buhar., buhar, u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g 719.97 731.00 741.55 751.67 761.39 779.78 796.96 813.10 828.35 842.82 876.12 906.12 933.54 958.87 1004.6 1045.4 1082.4 1148.1 1205.8 1258.0 1306.0 1350.9 1393.3 1433.9 1473.0 1511.0 1548.4 1585.5 1622.6 1660.2 1699.1 1740.3 1785.8 1841.6 1951.7 2015.7
1856.1 1846.9 1838.1 1829.6 1821.4 1805.7 1790.9 1776.8 1763.4 1750.6 1720.6 1693.0 1667.3 1643.2 1598.5 1557.6 1519.3 1448.9 1384.1 1323.0 1264.5 1207.6 1151.8 1096.6 1041.3 985.5 928.7 870.3 809.4 745.1 675.9 598.9 509.0 391.9 140.8 0
2576.0 2577.9 2579.6 2581.3 2582.8 2585.5 2587.8 2589.9 2591.8 2593.4 2596.7 2599.1 2600.9 2602.1 2603.2 2603.0 2601.7 2597.0 2589.9 2581.0 2570.5 2558.5 2545.2 2530.4 2514.3 2496.6 2477.1 2455.7 2432.0 2405.4 2375.0 2339.2 2294.8 2233.5 2092.4 2015.7
720.87 731.95 742.56 752.74 762.51 781.03 798.33 814.59 829.96 844.55 878.16 908.47 936.21 961.87 1008.3 1049.7 1087.4 1154.5 1213.8 1267.5 1317.1 1363.7 1407.8 1450.2 1491.3 1531.4 1571.0 1610.3 1649.9 1690.3 1732.2 1776.8 1826.6 1888.0 2011.1 2084.3
2047.5 2038.8 2030.5 2022.4 2014.6 1999.6 1985.4 1971.9 1958.9 1946.4 1917.1 1889.8 1864.3 1840.1 1794.9 1753.0 1713.5 1639.7 1570.9 1505.2 1441.6 1379.3 1317.6 1256.1 1194.1 1131.3 1067.0 1000.5 931.1 857.4 777.8 689.2 585.5 450.4 161.5 0
2768.3 2770.8 2773.0 2775.2 2777.1 2780.7 2783.8 2786.5 2788.9 2791.0 2795.2 2798.3 2800.5 2801.9 2803.2 2802.7 2800.8 2794.2 2784.6 2772.6 2758.7 2742.9 2725.5 2706.3 2685.4 2662.7 2637.9 2610.8 2581.0 2547.7 2510.0 2466.0 2412.1 2338.4 2172.6 2084.3
2.0457 2.0705 2.0941 2.1166 2.1381 2.1785 2.2159 2.2508 2.2835 2.3143 2.3844 2.4467 2.5029 2.5542 2.6454 2.7253 2.7966 2.9207 3.0275 3.1220 3.2077 3.2866 3.3603 3.4299 3.4964 3.5606 3.6232 3.6848 3.7461 3.8082 3.8720 3.9396 4.0146 4.1071 4.2942 4.4070
4.6160 4.5705 4.5273 4.4862 4.4470 4.3735 4.3058 4.2428 4.1840 4.1287 4.0033 3.8923 3.7926 3.7016 3.5402 3.3991 3.2731 3.0530 2.8627 2.6927 2.5373 2.3925 2.2556 2.1245 1.9975 1.8730 1.7497 1.6261 1.5005 1.3709 1.2343 1.0860 0.9164 0.7005 0.2496 0
6.6616 6.6409 6.6213 6.6027 6.5850 6.5520 6.5217 6.4936 6.4675 6.4430 6.3877 6.3390 6.2954 6.2558 6.1856 6.1244 6.0696 5.9737 5.8902 5.8148 5.7450 5.6791 5.6159 5.5544 5.4939 5.4336 5.3728 5.3108 5.2466 5.1791 5.1064 5.0256 4.9310 4.8076 4.5439 4.4070
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Page 894
Termodinamik
TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› T v u 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3 /kg
P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* Doymufl† 14.670 2437.2 2583.9 8.1488 50 14.867 2443.3 2 592.0 8.1741 100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4489 150 19.513 2587.9 2783.0 8.6893 200 21.826 2661.4 2879.6 8.9049 250 24.136 2736.1 2977.5 9.1015 300 26.446 2812.3 3076.7 9.2827 400 31.063 2969.3 3280.0 9.6094 500 35.680 3132.9 3489.7 9.8998 600 40.296 3303.3 3706.3 10.1631 700 44.911 3480.8 3929.9 10.4056 800 49.527 3665.4 4160.6 10.6312 900 54.143 3856.9 4398.3 10.8429 1000 58.758 4055.3 4642.8 11.0429 1100 63.373 4260.0 4893.8 11.2326 1200 67.989 4470.9 5150.8 11.4132 1300 72.604 4687.4 5413.4 11.5857
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.05 MPa (81.32°C) 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 3.4187 3.8897 4.3562 4.8206 5.2841 6.2094 7.1338 8.0577 8.9813 9.9047 10.8280 11.7513 12.6745 13.5977 14.5209
2511.5 2585.7 2660.0 2735.1 2811.6 2968.9 3132.6 3303.1 3480.6 3665.2 3856.8 4055.2 4259.9 4470.8 4687.3
2682.4 2780.2 2877.8 2976.2 3075.8 3279.3 3489.3 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4 4398.2 4642.7 4893.7 5150.7 5413.3
7.6953 7.9413 8.1592 8.3568 8.5387 8.8659 9.1566 9.4201 9.6626 9.8883 10.1000 10.3000 10.4897 10.6704 10.8429
v
m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P 0.10 MPa (99.61°C) 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 7.3589 1.6959 1.9367 2.1724 2.4062 2.6389 3.1027 3.5655 4.0279 4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8755 6.3372 6.7988 7.2605
2506.2 2582.9 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2968.3 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0 3856.7 4055.0 4259.8 4470.7 4687.2
2675.8 7.3611 2776.6 7.6148 2875.5 7.8356 2974.5 8.0346 3074.5 8.2172 3278.6 8.5452 3488.7 8.8362 3705.6 9.0999 3929.4 9.3424 4160.2 9.5682 4398.0 9.7800 4642.6 9.9800 4893.6 10.1698 5150.6 10.3504 5413.3 10.5229
P 0.20 MPa (120.21°C) Doymufl 0.88578 2529.1 2706.3 7.1270 150 0.95986 2577.1 2769.1 7.2810 200 1.08049 2654.6 2870.7 7.5081 250 1.19890 2731.4 2971.2 7.7100 300 1.31623 2808.8 3072.1 7.8941 400 1.54934 2967.2 3277.0 8.2236 500 1.78142 3131.4 3487.7 8.5153 600 2.01302 3302.2 3704.8 8.7793 700 2.24434 3479.9 3928.8 9.0221 800 2.47550 3664.7 4159.8 9.2479 900 2.70656 3856.3 4397.7 9.4598 1000 2.93755 4054.8 4642.3 9.6599 1100 3.16848 4259.6 4893.3 9.8497 1200 3.39938 4470.5 5150.4 10.0304 1300 3.63026 4687.1 5413.1 10.2029
P 0.30 MPa (133.52°C) 0.60582 2543.2 2724.9 6.9917 0.63402 2571.0 2761.2 7.0792 0.71643 2651.0 2865.9 7.3132 0.79645 2728.9 2967.9 7.5180 0.87535 2807.0 3069.6 7.7037 1.03155 2966.0 3275.5 8.0347 1.18672 3130.6 3486.6 8.3271 1.34139 3301.6 3704.0 8.5915 1.49580 3479.5 3928.2 8.8345 1.65004 3664.3 4159.3 9.0605 1.80417 3856.0 4397.3 9.2725 1.95824 4054.5 4642.0 9.4726 2.11226 4259.4 4893.1 9.6624 2.26624 4470.3 5150.2 9.8431 2.42019 4686.9 5413.0 10.0157
P 0.40 MPa (143.61°C) 0.46242 2553.1 2738.1 6.8955 0.47088 2564.4 2752.8 6.9306 0.53434 2647.2 2860.9 7.1723 0.59520 2726.4 2964.5 7.3804 0.65489 2805.1 3067.1 7.5677 0.77265 2964.9 3273.9 7.9003 0.88936 3129.8 3485.5 8.1933 1.00558 3301.0 3703.3 8.4580 1.12152 3479.0 3927.6 8.7012 1.23730 3663.9 4158.9 8.9274 1.35298 3855.7 4396.9 9.1394 1.46859 4054.3 4641.7 9.3396 1.58414 4259.2 4892.9 9.5295 1.69966 4470.2 5150.0 9.7102 1.81516 4686.7 5412.8 9.8828
P 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) Doymufl 0.37483 2560.7 2748.1 6.8207 200 0.42503 2643.3 2855.8 7.0610 250 0.47443 2723.8 2961.0 7.2725 300 0.52261 2803.3 3064.6 7.4614 350 0.57015 2883.0 3168.1 7.6346 400 0.61731 2963.7 3272.4 7.7956 500 0.71095 3129.0 3484.5 8.0893 600 0.80409 3300.4 3702.5 8.3544 700 0.89696 3478.6 3927.0 8.5978 800 0.98966 3663.6 4158.4 8.8240 900 1.08227 3855.4 4396.6 9.0362 1000 1.17480 4054.0 4641.4 9.2364 1100 1.26728 4259.0 4892.6 9.4263 1200 1.35972 4470.0 5149.8 9.6071 1300 1.45214 4686.6 5412.6 9.7797
P 0.60 MPa (158.83°C) 0.31560 2566.8 2756.2 6.7593 0.35212 2639.4 2850.6 6.9683 0.39390 2721.2 2957.6 7.1833 0.43442 2801.4 3062.0 7.3740 0.47428 2881.6 3166.1 7.5481 0.51374 2962.5 3270.8 7.7097 0.59200 3128.2 3483.4 8.0041 0.66976 3299.8 3701.7 8.2695 0.74725 3478.1 3926.4 8.5132 0.82457 3663.2 4157.9 8.7395 0.90179 3855.1 4396.2 8.9518 0.97893 4053.8 4641.1 9.1521 1.05603 4258.8 4892.4 9.3420 1.13309 4469.8 5149.6 9.5229 1.21012 4686.4 5412.5 9.6955
P 0.80 MPa (170.41°C) 0.24035 2576.0 2768.3 6.6616 0.26088 2631.1 2839.8 6.8177 0.29321 2715.9 2950.4 7.0402 0.32416 2797.5 3056.9 7.2345 0.35442 2878.6 3162.2 7.4107 0.38429 2960.2 3267.7 7.5735 0.44332 3126.6 3481.3 7.8692 0.50186 3298.7 3700.1 8.1354 0.56011 3477.2 3925.3 8.3794 0.61820 3662.5 4157.0 8.6061 0.67619 3854.5 4395.5 8.8185 0.73411 4053.3 4640.5 9.0189 0.79197 4258.3 4891.9 9.2090 0.84980 4469.4 5149.3 9.3898 0.90761 4686.1 5412.2 9.5625
*Parantez içinde verilen s›cakl›klar, belirtilen bas›nçtaki doyma s›cakl›¤›d›r. † Belirtilen bas›nçta doymufl buhar›n özelikleri.
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895
TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› (Devam) T v u h 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
s v kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P 1.00 MPa (179.88 C) Doymufl 0.19437 2582.8 2777.1 6.5850 200 0.20602 2622.3 2828.3 6.6956 250 0.23275 2710.4 2943.1 6.9265 300 0.25799 2793.7 3051.6 7.1246 350 0.28250 2875.7 3158.2 7.3029 400 0.30661 2957.9 3264.5 7.4670 500 0.35411 3125.0 3479.1 7.7642 600 0.40111 3297.5 3698.6 8.0311 700 0.44783 3476.3 3924.1 8.2755 800 0.49438 3661.7 4156.1 8.5024 900 0.54083 3853.9 4394.8 8.7150 1000 0.58721 4052.7 4640.0 8.9155 1100 0.63354 4257.9 4891.4 9.1057 1200 0.67983 4469.0 5148.9 9.2866 1300 0.72610 4685.8 5411.9 9.4593
P 1.20 MPa (187.96 C) 0.16326 2587.8 2783.8 6.5217 0.16934 2612.9 2816.1 6.5909 0.19241 2704.7 2935.6 6.8313 0.21386 2789.7 3046.3 7.0335 0.23455 2872.7 3154.2 7.2139 0.25482 2955.5 3261.3 7.3793 0.29464 3123.4 3477.0 7.6779 0.33395 3296.3 3697.0 7.9456 0.37297 3475.3 3922.9 8.1904 0.41184 3661.0 4155.2 8.4176 0.45059 3853.3 4394.0 8.6303 0.48928 4052.2 4639.4 8.8310 0.52792 4257.5 4891.0 9.0212 0.56652 4468.7 5148.5 9.2022 0.60509 4685.5 5411.6 9.3750
P 1.60 MPa (201.37 C) Doymufl 0.12374 2594.8 2792.8 6.4200 225 0.13293 2645.1 2857.8 6.5537 250 0.14190 2692.9 2919.9 6.6753 300 0.15866 2781.6 3035.4 6.8864 350 0.17459 2866.6 3146.0 7.0713 400 0.19007 2950.8 3254.9 7.2394 500 0.22029 3120.1 3472.6 7.5410 600 0.24999 3293.9 3693.9 7.8101 700 0.27941 3473.5 3920.5 8.0558 800 0.30865 3659.5 4153.4 8.2834 900 0.33780 3852.1 4392.6 8.4965 1000 0.36687 4051.2 4638.2 8.6974 1100 0.39589 4256.6 4890.0 8.8878 1200 0.42488 4467.9 5147.7 9.0689 1300 0.45383 4684.8 5410.9 9.2418
P 1.80 MPa (207.11 C) 0.11037 2597.3 2795.9 6.3775 0.11678 2637.0 2847.2 6.4825 0.12502 2686.7 2911.7 6.6088 0.14025 2777.4 3029.9 6.8246 0.15460 2863.6 3141.9 7.0120 0.16849 2948.3 3251.6 7.1814 0.19551 3118.5 3470.4 7.4845 0.22200 3292.7 3692.3 7.7543 0.24822 3472.6 3919.4 8.0005 0.27426 3658.8 4152.4 8.2284 0.30020 3851.5 4391.9 8.4417 0.32606 4050.7 4637.6 8.6427 0.35188 4256.2 4889.6 8.8331 0.37766 4467.6 5147.3 9.0143 0.40341 4684.5 5410.6 9.1872
P 2.00 MPa (212.38 C) 0.09959 2599.1 2798.3 6.3390 0.10381 2628.5 2836.1 6.4160 0.11150 2680.3 2903.3 6.5475 0.12551 2773.2 3024.2 6.7684 0.13860 2860.5 3137.7 6.9583 0.15122 2945.9 3248.4 7.1292 0.17568 3116.9 3468.3 7.4337 0.19962 3291.5 3690.7 7.7043 0.22326 3471.7 3918.2 7.9509 0.24674 3658.0 4151.5 8.1791 0.27012 3850.9 4391.1 8.3925 0.29342 4050.2 4637.1 8.5936 0.31667 4255.7 4889.1 8.7842 0.33989 4467.2 5147.0 8.9654 0.36308 4684.2 5410.3 9.1384
P 2.50 MPa (223.95 C) Doymufl 0.07995 2602.1 2801.9 6.2558 225 0.08026 2604.8 2805.5 6.2629 250 0.08705 2663.3 2880.9 6.4107 300 0.09894 2762.2 3009.6 6.6459 350 0.10979 2852.5 3127.0 6.8424 400 0.12012 2939.8 3240.1 7.0170 450 0.13015 3026.2 3351.6 7.1768 500 0.13999 3112.8 3462.8 7.3254 600 0.15931 3288.5 3686.8 7.5979 700 0.17835 3469.3 3915.2 7.8455 800 0.19722 3656.2 4149.2 8.0744 900 0.21597 3849.4 4389.3 8.2882 1000 0.23466 4049.0 4635.6 8.4897 1100 0.25330 4254.7 4887.9 8.6804 1200 0.27190 4466.3 5146.0 8.8618 1300 0.29048 4683.4 5409.5 9.0349
P 3.00 MPa (233.85 C) 0.06667 2603.2 2803.2 6.1856
P 3.50 MPa (242.56 C) 0.05706 2603.0 2802.7 6.1244
0.07063 0.08118 0.09056 0.09938 0.10789 0.11620 0.13245 0.14841 0.16420 0.17988 0.19549 0.21105 0.22658 0.24207
0.05876 0.06845 0.07680 0.08456 0.09198 0.09919 0.11325 0.12702 0.14061 0.15410 0.16751 0.18087 0.19420 0.20750
2644.7 2750.8 2844.4 2933.6 3021.2 3108.6 3285.5 3467.0 3654.3 3847.9 4047.7 4253.6 4465.3 4682.6
2856.5 2994.3 3116.1 3231.7 3344.9 3457.2 3682.8 3912.2 4146.9 4387.5 4634.2 4886.7 5145.1 5408.8
6.2893 6.5412 6.7450 6.9235 7.0856 7.2359 7.5103 7.7590 7.9885 8.2028 8.4045 8.5955 8.7771 8.9502
P 1.40 MPa (195.04 C) 0.14078 2591.8 2788.9 6.4675 0.14303 2602.7 2803.0 6.4975 0.16356 2698.9 2927.9 6.7488 0.18233 2785.7 3040.9 6.9553 0.20029 2869.7 3150.1 7.1379 0.21782 2953.1 3258.1 7.3046 0.25216 3121.8 3474.8 7.6047 0.28597 3295.1 3695.5 7.8730 0.31951 3474.4 3921.7 8.1183 0.35288 3660.3 4154.3 8.3458 0.38614 3852.7 4393.3 8.5587 0.41933 4051.7 4638.8 8.7595 0.45247 4257.0 4890.5 8.9497 0.48558 4468.3 5148.1 9.1308 0.51866 4685.1 5411.3 9.3036
2624.0 2738.8 2836.0 2927.2 3016.1 3104.5 3282.5 3464.7 3652.5 3846.4 4046.4 4252.5 4464.4 4681.8
2829.7 2978.4 3104.9 3223.2 3338.1 3451.7 3678.9 3909.3 4144.6 4385.7 4632.7 4885.6 5144.1 5408.0
6.1764 6.4484 6.6601 6.8428 7.0074 7.1593 7.4357 7.6855 7.9156 8.1304 8.3324 8.5236 8.7053 8.8786
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–6 K›z›n su buhar› (Devam) T u h v 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
s v kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P 4.0 MPa (250.35 C) Doymufl 0.04978 2601.7 2800.8 6.0696 275 0.05461 2668.9 2887.3 6.2312 300 0.05887 2726.2 2961.7 6.3639 350 0.06647 2827.4 3093.3 6.5843 400 0.07343 2920.8 3214.5 6.7714 450 0.08004 3011.0 3331.2 6.9386 500 0.08644 3100.3 3446.0 7.0922 600 0.09886 3279.4 3674.9 7.3706 700 0.11098 3462.4 3906.3 7.6214 800 0.12292 3650.6 4142.3 7.8523 900 0.13476 3844.8 4383.9 8.0675 1000 0.14653 4045.1 4631.2 8.2698 1100 0.15824 4251.4 4884.4 8.4612 1200 0.16992 4463.5 5143.2 8.6430 1300 0.18157 4680.9 5407.2 8.8164
P 4.5 MPa (257.44 C) 0.04406 2599.7 2798.0 6.0198 0.04733 2651.4 2864.4 6.1429 0.05138 2713.0 2944.2 6.2854 0.05842 2818.6 3081.5 6.5153 0.06477 2914.2 3205.7 6.7071 0.07076 3005.8 3324.2 6.8770 0.07652 3096.0 3440.4 7.0323 0.08766 3276.4 3670.9 7.3127 0.09850 3460.0 3903.3 7.5647 0.10916 3648.8 4140.0 7.7962 0.11972 3843.3 4382.1 8.0118 0.13020 4043.9 4629.8 8.2144 0.14064 4250.4 4883.2 8.4060 0.15103 4462.6 5142.2 8.5880 0.16140 4680.1 5406.5 8.7616
P 5.0 MPa (263.94 C) 0.03945 2597.0 2794.2 5.9737 0.04144 2632.3 2839.5 6.0571 0.04535 2699.0 2925.7 6.2111 0.05197 2809.5 3069.3 6.4516 0.05784 2907.5 3196.7 6.6483 0.06332 3000.6 3317.2 6.8210 0.06858 3091.8 3434.7 6.9781 0.07870 3273.3 3666.9 7.2605 0.08852 3457.7 3900.3 7.5136 0.09816 3646.9 4137.7 7.7458 0.10769 3841.8 4380.2 7.9619 0.11715 4042.6 4628.3 8.1648 0.12655 4249.3 4882.1 8.3566 0.13592 4461.6 5141.3 8.5388 0.14527 4679.3 5405.7 8.7124
P 6.0 MPa (275.59 C) Doymufl 0.03245 2589.9 2784.6 5.8902 300 0.03619 2668.4 2885.6 6.0703 350 0.04225 2790.4 3043.9 6.3357 400 0.04742 2893.7 3178.3 6.5432 450 0.05217 2989.9 3302.9 6.7219 500 0.05667 3083.1 3423.1 6.8826 550 0.06102 3175.2 3541.3 7.0308 600 0.06527 3267.2 3658.8 7.1693 700 0.07355 3453.0 3894.3 7.4247 800 0.08165 3643.2 4133.1 7.6582 900 0.08964 3838.8 4376.6 7.8751 1000 0.09756 4040.1 4625.4 8.0786 1100 0.10543 4247.1 4879.7 8.2709 1200 0.11326 4459.8 5139.4 8.4534 1300 0.12107 4677.7 5404.1 8.6273
P 7.0 MPa (285.83 C) 0.027378 2581.0 2772.6 5.8148 0.029492 2633.5 2839.9 5.9337 0.035262 2770.1 3016.9 6.2305 0.039958 2879.5 3159.2 6.4502 0.044187 2979.0 3288.3 6.6353 0.048157 3074.3 3411.4 6.8000 0.051966 3167.9 3531.6 6.9507 0.055665 3261.0 3650.6 7.0910 0.062850 3448.3 3888.3 7.3487 0.069856 3639.5 4128.5 7.5836 0.076750 3835.7 4373.0 7.8014 0.083571 4037.5 4622.5 8.0055 0.090341 4245.0 4877.4 8.1982 0.097075 4457.9 5137.4 8.3810 0.103781 4676.1 5402.6 8.5551
P 8.0 MPa (295.01 C) 0.023525 2570.5 2758.7 5.7450 0.024279 2592.3 2786.5 5.7937 0.029975 2748.3 2988.1 6.1321 0.034344 2864.6 3139.4 6.3658 0.038194 2967.8 3273.3 6.5579 0.041767 3065.4 3399.5 6.7266 0.045172 3160.5 3521.8 6.8800 0.048463 3254.7 3642.4 7.0221 0.054829 3443.6 3882.2 7.2822 0.061011 3635.7 4123.8 7.5185 0.067082 3832.7 4369.3 7.7372 0.073079 4035.0 4619.6 7.9419 0.079025 4242.8 4875.0 8.1350 0.084934 4456.1 5135.5 8.3181 0.090817 4674.5 5401.0 8.4925
P 9.0 MPa (303.35 C) Doymufl 0.020489 2558.5 2742.9 5.6791 325 0.023284 2647.6 2857.1 5.8738 350 0.025816 2725.0 2957.3 6.0380 400 0.029960 2849.2 3118.8 6.2876 450 0.033524 2956.3 3258.0 6.4872 500 0.036793 3056.3 3387.4 6.6603 550 0.039885 3153.0 3512.0 6.8164 600 0.042861 3248.4 3634.1 6.9605 650 0.045755 3343.4 3755.2 7.0954 700 0.048589 3438.8 3876.1 7.2229 800 0.054132 3632.0 4119.2 7.4606 900 0.059562 3829.6 4365.7 7.6802 1000 0.064919 4032.4 4616.7 7.8855 1100 0.070224 4240.7 4872.7 8.0791 1200 0.075492 4454.2 5133.6 8.2625 1300 0.080733 4672.9 5399.5 8.4371
P 10.0 MPa (311.00 C) 0.018028 2545.2 2725.5 5.6159 0.019877 2611.6 2810.3 5.7596 0.022440 2699.6 2924.0 5.9460 0.026436 2833.1 3097.5 6.2141 0.029782 2944.5 3242.4 6.4219 0.032811 3047.0 3375.1 6.5995 0.035655 3145.4 3502.0 6.7585 0.038378 3242.0 3625.8 6.9045 0.041018 3338.0 3748.1 7.0408 0.043597 3434.0 3870.0 7.1693 0.048629 3628.2 4114.5 7.4085 0.053547 3826.5 4362.0 7.6290 0.058391 4029.9 4613.8 7.8349 0.063183 4238.5 4870.3 8.0289 0.067938 4452.4 5131.7 8.2126 0.072667 4671.3 5398.0 8.3874
P 12.5 MPa (327.81 C) 0.013496 2505.6 2674.3 5.4638 0.016138 0.020030 0.023019 0.025630 0.028033 0.030306 0.032491 0.034612 0.038724 0.042720 0.046641 0.050510 0.054342 0.058147
2624.9 2789.6 2913.7 3023.2 3126.1 3225.8 3324.1 3422.0 3618.8 3818.9 4023.5 4233.1 4447.7 4667.3
2826.6 3040.0 3201.5 3343.6 3476.5 3604.6 3730.2 3854.6 4102.8 4352.9 4606.5 4864.5 5127.0 5394.1
5.7130 6.0433 6.2749 6.4651 6.6317 6.7828 6.9227 7.0540 7.2967 7.5195 7.7269 7.9220 8.1065 8.2819
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897
TABLO A–6 K›zg›n su buhar› T u v 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg
P 15.0 MPa (342.16 C) Doymufl0.010341 2455.7 2610.8 5.3108 350 0.011481 2520.9 2693.1 5.4438 400 0.015671 2740.6 2975.7 5.8819 450 0.018477 2880.8 3157.9 6.1434 500 0.020828 2998.4 3310.8 6.3480 550 0.022945 3106.2 3450.4 6.5230 600 0.024921 3209.3 3583.1 6.6796 650 0.026804 3310.1 3712.1 6.8233 700 0.028621 3409.8 3839.1 6.9573 800 0.032121 3609.3 4091.1 7.2037 900 0.035503 3811.2 4343.7 7.4288 1000 0.038808 4017.1 4599.2 7.6378 1100 0.042062 4227.7 4858.6 7.8339 1200 0.045279 4443.1 5122.3 8.0192 1300 0.048469 4663.3 5390.3 8.1952 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.001978 0.006005 0.007886 0.009176 0.011143 0.012736 0.014140 0.015430 0.016643 0.018922 0.021075 0.023150 0.025172 0.027157 0.029115
P 25.0 MPa 1799.9 1849.4 2428.5 2578.7 2607.8 2805.0 2721.2 2950.6 2887.3 3165.9 3020.8 3339.2 3140.0 3493.5 3251.9 3637.7 3359.9 3776.0 3570.7 4043.8 3780.2 4307.1 3991.5 4570.2 4206.1 4835.4 4424.6 5103.5 4647.2 5375.1
0.001641 0.001911 0.002538 0.003692 0.005623 0.006985 0.008089 0.009053 0.009930 0.011521 0.012980 0.014360 0.015686 0.016976 0.018239
P 40.0 MPa 1677.0 1742.6 1855.0 1931.4 2097.5 2199.0 2364.2 2511.8 2681.6 2906.5 2875.1 3154.4 3026.8 3350.4 3159.5 3521.6 3282.0 3679.2 3511.8 3972.6 3733.3 4252.5 3952.9 4527.3 4173.7 4801.1 4396.9 5075.9 4623.3 5352.8
4.0345 5.1400 5.4708 5.6759 5.9643 6.1816 6.3637 6.5243 6.6702 6.9322 7.1668 7.3821 7.5825 7.7710 7.9494 3.8290 4.1145 4.5044 4.9449 5.4744 5.7857 6.0170 6.2078 6.3740 6.6613 6.9107 7.1355 7.3425 7.5357 7.7175
u kJ/kg
h s v kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P 17.5 MPa (354.67 C) 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435
P 20.0 MPa (365.75 C) 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310
0.012463 0.015204 0.017385 0.019305 0.021073 0.022742 0.024342 0.027405 0.030348 0.033215 0.036029 0.038806 0.041556
0.009950 0.012721 0.014793 0.016571 0.018185 0.019695 0.021134 0.023870 0.026484 0.029020 0.031504 0.033952 0.036371
2617.9 2807.3 2945.3 3064.7 3175.3 3281.4 3385.1 3590.1 3795.7 4004.3 4216.9 4433.8 4655.2
2816.9 3061.7 3241.2 3396.2 3539.0 3675.3 3807.8 4067.5 4325.4 4584.7 4847.0 5112.9 5382.7
5.5526 5.9043 6.1446 6.3390 6.5075 6.6593 6.7991 7.0531 7.2829 7.4950 7.6933 7.8802 8.0574
0.001701 0.002105 0.003434 0.004957 0.006933 0.008348 0.009523 0.010565 0.011523 0.013278 0.014904 0.016450 0.017942 0.019398 0.020827
P 35.0 MPa 1702.8 1762.4 1914.9 1988.6 2253.3 2373.5 2497.5 2671.0 2755.3 2997.9 2925.8 3218.0 3065.6 3399.0 3190.9 3560.7 3308.3 3711.6 3531.6 3996.3 3749.0 4270.6 3965.8 4541.5 4184.4 4812.4 4406.1 5085.0 4631.2 5360.2
3.8724 4.2144 4.7751 5.1946 5.6331 5.9093 6.1229 6.3030 6.4623 6.7409 6.9853 7.2069 7.4118 7.6034 7.7841
0.001503 0.001633 0.001816 0.002086 0.002952 0.003955 0.004833 0.005591 0.006265 0.007456 0.008519 0.009504 0.010439 0.011339 0.012213
P 60.0 MPa 1609.7 1699.9 1745.2 1843.2 1892.9 2001.8 2055.1 2180.2 2393.2 2570.3 2664.6 2901.9 2866.8 3156.8 3031.3 3366.8 3175.4 3551.3 3432.6 3880.0 3670.9 4182.1 3902.0 4472.2 4130.9 4757.3 4360.5 5040.8 4591.8 5324.5
3.7149 3.9317 4.1630 4.4140 4.9356 5.3517 5.6527 5.8867 6.0814 6.4033 6.6725 6.9099 7.1255 7.3248 7.5111
2684.3 2845.4 2972.4 3085.8 3192.5 3295.8 3397.5 3599.7 3803.5 4010.7 4222.3 4438.5 4659.2
2902.4 3111.4 3276.7 3423.6 3561.3 3693.8 3823.5 4079.3 4334.6 4592.0 4852.8 5117.6 5386.5
0.001792 0.002798 0.005299 0.006737 0.008691 0.010175 0.011445 0.012590 0.013654 0.015628 0.017473 0.019240 0.020954 0.022630 0.024279
P 30.0 MPa 1738.1 1791.9 2068.9 2152.8 2452.9 2611.8 2618.9 2821.0 2824.0 3084.8 2974.5 3279.7 3103.4 3446.8 3221.7 3599.4 3334.3 3743.9 3551.2 4020.0 3764.6 4288.8 3978.6 4555.8 4195.2 4823.9 4415.3 5094.2 4639.2 5367.6
0.001560 0.001731 0.002009 0.002487 0.003890 0.005118 0.006108 0.006957 0.007717 0.009073 0.010296 0.011441 0.012534 0.013590 0.014620
P 50.0 MPa 1638.6 1716.6 1787.8 1874.4 1960.3 2060.7 2160.3 2284.7 2528.1 2722.6 2769.5 3025.4 2947.1 3252.6 3095.6 3443.5 3228.7 3614.6 3472.2 3925.8 3702.0 4216.8 3927.4 4499.4 4152.2 4778.9 4378.6 5058.1 4607.5 5338.5
5.7211 6.0212 6.2424 6.4266 6.5890 6.7366 6.8735 7.1237 7.3511 7.5616 7.7588 7.9449 8.1215 3.9313 4.4758 5.1473 5.4422 5.7956 6.0403 6.2373 6.4074 6.5599 6.8301 7.0695 7.2880 7.4906 7.6807 7.8602 3.7642 4.0029 4.2746 4.5896 5.1762 5.5563 5.8245 6.0373 6.2179 6.5225 6.7819 7.0131 7.2244 7.4207 7.6048
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–7 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› buhar› T u v 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v (kJ/kg.K) m3 /kg
P 5 MPa (263.94 C) Doymufl 0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 0 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 20 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 40 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 60 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 80 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 100 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 120 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 140 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 160 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 180 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 200 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 220 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 240 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 260 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9 280 300 320 340
u kJ/kg
1785.8 0.23 82.71 165.17 247.75 330.50 413.50 496.85 580.71 665.28 750.78 837.49 925.77 1016.1 1109.0 1205.6 1307.2 1416.6 1540.2 1703.6
1826.6 20.03 102.57 185.16 267.92 350.90 434.17 517.84 602.07 687.05 773.02 860.27 949.16 1040.2 1134.0 1231.5 1334.4 1445.5 1571.6 1740.1
s v kJ/kg K m3 /kg
P 10 MPa (311.00 C) 2.9207 0.0001 0 .2954 0.5705 0.8287 1.0723 1.3034 1.5236 1.7344 1.9374 2.1338 2.3251 2.5127 2.6983 2.8841
0.0014522 0.0009952 0.0009973 0.0010035 0.0010127 0.0010244 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010738 0.0010954 0.0011200 0.0011482 0.0011809 0.0012192 0.0012653 0.0013226 0.0013980
P 20 MPa (365.75 C) Doymufl 0.0020378 0 0.0009904 20 0.0009929 40 0.0009992 60 0.0010084 80 0.0010199 100 0.0010337 120 0.0010496 140 0.0010679 160 0.0010886 180 0.0011122 200 0.0011390 220 0.0011697 240 0.0012053 260 0.0012472 280 0.0012978 300 0.0013611 320 0.0014450 340 0.0015693 360 0.0018248 380
h kJ/kg
1393.3 1407.9 0.12 10.07 83.31 93.28 166.33 176.37 249.43 259.55 332.69 342.94 416.23 426.62 500.18 510.73 584.72 595.45 670.06 681.01 756.48 767.68 844.32 855.80 934.01 945.82 1026.2 1038.3 1121.6 1134.3 1221.8 1235.0 1329.4 1343.3
u kJ/kg
P 15 MPa (342.16 C) 3.3603 0.0003 0.2943 0.5685 0.8260 1.0691 1.2996 1.5191 1.7293 1.9316 2.1271 2.3174 2.5037 2.6876 2.8710 3.0565 3.2488
0.0016572 1585.5 0.0009928 0.18 0.0009951 83.01 0.0010013 165.75 0.0010105 248.58 0.0010221 331.59 0.0010361 414.85 0.0010522 498.50 0.0010708 582.69 0.0010920 667.63 0.0011160 753.58 0.0011435 840.84 0.0011752 929.81 0.0012121 1021.0 0.0012560 1115.1 0.0013096 1213.4 0.0013783 1317.6 0.0014733 1431.9 0.0016311 1567.9
P 30 MPa 4.0146 0.0005 0.2921 0.5646 0.8208 1.0627 1.2920 1.5105 1.7194 1.9203 2.1143 2.3027 2.4867 2.6676 2.8469 3.0265 3.2091 3.3996 3.6086 3.8787
0.0009857 0.0009886 0.0009951 0.0010042 0.0010155 0.0010290 0.0010445 0.0010623 0.0010823 0.0011049 0.0011304 0.0011595 0.0011927 0.0012314 0.0012770 0.0013322 0.0014014 0.0014932 0.0016276 0.0018729
0.29 82.11 164.05 246.14 328.40 410.87 493.66 576.90 660.74 745.40 831.11 918.15 1006.9 1097.8 1191.5 1288.9 1391.7 1502.4 1626.8 1782.0
29.86 111.77 193.90 276.26 358.86 441.74 525.00 608.76 693.21 778.55 865.02 952.93 1042.7 1134.7 1229.8 1328.9 1433.7 1547.1 1675.6 1838.2
h s kJ/kg (kJ/kg.K) 1610.3 15.07 97.93 180.77 263.74 346.92 430.39 514.28 598.75 684.01 770.32 858.00 947.43 1039.2 1134.0 1233.0 1338.3 1454.0 1592.4
3.6848 0.0004 0.2932 0.5666 0.8234 1.0659 1.2958 1.5148 1.7243 1.9259 2.1206 2.3100 2.4951 2.6774 2.8586 3.0410 3.2279 3.4263 3.6555
P 50 MPa 0.0003 0.2897 0.5607 0.8156 1.0564 1.2847 1.5020 1.7098 1.9094 2.1020 2.2888 2.4707 2.6491 2.8250 3.0001 3.1761 3.3558 3.5438 3.7499 4.0026
0.0009767 0.0009805 0.0009872 0.0009962 0.0010072 0.0010201 0.0010349 0.0010517 0.0010704 0.0010914 0.0011149 0.0011412 0.0011708 0.0012044 0.0012430 0.0012879 0.0013409 0.0014049 0.0014848 0.0015884
0.29 80.93 161.90 243.08 324.42 405.94 487.69 569.77 652.33 735.49 819.45 904.39 990.55 1078.2 1167.7 1259.6 1354.3 1452.9 1556.5 1667.1
49.13 129.95 211.25 292.88 374.78 456.94 539.43 622.36 705.85 790.06 875.19 961.45 1049.1 1138.4 1229.9 1324.0 1421.4 1523.1 1630.7 1746.5
0.0010
0.2845 0.5528 0.8055 1.0442 1.2705 1.4859 1.6916 1.8889 2.0790 2.2628 2.4414 2.6156 2.7864 2.9547 3.1218 3.2888 3.4575 3.6301 3.8102
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899
TABLO A–8 Doymufl buz - su buhar› Özgül hacim, ‹ç enerji, Entalpi, Entropi, m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl S›cakl›k.,bas›nc›, buz, buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, buz, Sübl., buhar, T °C P doy kPa v i v g u i u ig u g h i h ig h g s i s ig s g 0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0.61169 0.61115 0.51772 0.43748 0.36873 0.30998 0.25990 0.21732 0.18121 0.15068 0.12492 0.10326 0.08510 0.06991 0.05725 0.04673 0.03802 0.03082 0.02490 0.02004 0.01608 0.01285
0.001091 0.001091 0 .001091 0 .001090 0 .001090 0 .001090 0 .001089 0 .001089 0 .001088 0 .001088 0 .001088 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001084
205.99 206.17 241.62 283.84 334.27 394.66 467.17 554.47 659.88 787.51 942.51 1131.3 1362.0 1644.7 1992.2 2421.0 2951.7 3610.9 4432.4 5460.1 6750.5 8376.7
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.94 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2707.9 2707.9 2709.4 2710.8 2712.2 2713.5 2714.8 2716.1 2717.3 2718.6 2719.7 2720.9 2722.0 2723.1 2724.2 2725.2 2726.2 2727.2 2728.1 2729.0 2729.9 2730.7
2374.5 2374.5 2371.8 2369.0 2366.2 2363.5 2360.7 2357.9 2355.2 2352.4 2349.6 2346.8 2344.1 2341.3 2338.5 2335.7 2332.9 2330.2 2327.4 2324.6 2321.8 2319.0
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.93 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2833.9 2833.9 2834.5 2835.0 2835.4 2835.8 2836.2 2836.6 2836.9 2837.2 2837.5 2837.7 2837.9 2838.1 2838.2 2838.3 2838.4 2838.4 2838.5 2838.4 2838.4 2838.3
2500.5 2500.5 2496.8 2493.2 2489.5 2485.8 2482.1 2478.4 2474.7 2471.0 2467.3 2463.6 2459.9 2456.2 2452.5 2448.8 2445.1 2441.4 2437.7 2434.0 2430.3 2426.6
1.2202 1.2204 1.2358 1.2513 1.2667 1.2821 1.2976 1.3130 1.3284 1.3439 1.3593 1.3748 1.3903 1.4057 1.4212 1.4367 1.4521 1.4676 1.4831 1.4986 1.5141 1.5296
10.374 10.375 10.453 10.533 10.613 10.695 10.778 10.862 10.947 11.033 11.121 11.209 11.300 11.391 11.484 11.578 11.673 11.770 11.869 11.969 12.071 12.174
9.154 9.154 9.218 9.282 9.347 9.413 9.480 9.549 9.618 9.689 9.761 9.835 9.909 9.985 10.063 10.141 10.221 10.303 10.386 10.470 10.557 10.644
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900
|
0 0 2 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
g k / J k 0 0 0 5 = 9 h
Page 900
Termodinamik 0 0 0 1
0 0 9
0 0 8
0 0 7
0 0 6
0 0 5
0 0 4
0 0 3
0 0 2
m 3 m / 3 / g g k
0 0 9 4
0 0 8 4
0 0 7 4
0 0 6 4
0 0 5 4
0 0 4 4
0 0 3 4
0 0 2 4
0 0 1 4
0 0 0 4
0 0 9 3
0 0 8 3
0 0 7 3
0 0 6 3
0 0 5 3
k 3 0 . 0
0 0 4 3
0 0 3 3
0 0 2 3
0 0 1 3
0 0 0 3
m 3 / g
k 1 . 0
m 3 / g
k 3 . 0
1
m / 3 g k
3
0 1
6 0 1 8 5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4
m / 3 g k
0 3
m / 3 g k 0
0
5
6
4
g
k / J
k k
0 0
m / 3 g k
0 0 3
0 0
2 4
=
0 0 0 5
0 0 1
h
0
0 0
4
8
3
0 0 6
3
5
0 0
4
0 0 5 5
3
0 6 6 r 0 0 88 0 p r o 11 a a h 0 v u 5 0 b d 11 0 0 22 u t e 5 0 r a 22 0 m 0 u 3 3 t y 5 0 a 0 0 33 S o 0 D 5 5 44 06 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 8
r y e t i d
g
k = y t i s n e D
0 0
0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 r 0 a 0 b 2 0
0 0 0 3 = P
4
0
3
0 0
=
h
0 0 2 4
6
% 0 7
0
) K . g k / J k 5 ( , i p o r t n E
0 2 2
0 0 2 0
% 6 0
0 0
8 1
0
0 6 2
% 0 8
6
0
0 8 2 3 2
7
u
2 2
3
m 3 / g
l k u a l u Q
r k u / J k k K
1 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 5 0 0
8 0
9 % % = i 0 s 9 e c e =
3 4
m / 3 g k
7
0
0 4
2
50%
g
k /
0 0
1 6
J
k
0
0
2
4
0
2 0 0
=
n i z i n e d ” . c n I , s k o o B s i c n a r F § r o l y a T / e g d e l t u e R “ . 4 8 9 1 © t h g i r y p o C . . l l e K . S e g r o e G d n a , r e h g a l l a G . S n h o J , r a a H r e t s e L y b
h
0
3 . 0 4 . 0 . 0 . 6 0 1 8 . 0 5 . 1 2
m / 3 g k
8
0 0
1 2 0 0 . 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 . 4 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 0 0 0 5 1 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 . 9 2 8 2 3 0 0 g . 0 k / 4 9 0 J . 0 k 6 0 1 0 0 0 . . 0 5 5 0 5 8 6 0 6 5 5 0 . 2 2 2 1 . 0 0 = 2 .
k 1 1 0 . 0 0 . = 0 = k u y t l i s n u n e o D Y
3 m / g
0 0 0 5
0 0 1
0 0
2
h
1 4
0
0
% 0 4
8
1
0
0
6
1
3
ı d i v ı u s q i l u d m e 0 t y 0 a o r 4 D u 1 t a S 0 0
0
1 2 0
% 0 3
3
0 1 0 0
2
1 0
0
0
1
2
% 0 2 0 % 1 0 0 0 8 % 1 = i y s t i e l c a 2 e u r 0 e Q d 6 0 k u l u r u k g K k J / k 0 0
h = 4
1
1 2 0 0
0 0 0 2 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 9
0 0 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 7 C 6 ° k , ı l k a c ı ı S 5
0 0 4
0 0 3
0 0 2
0 0 1
0 0
1 / s e l b a › T m m a a e r t g S a C r . y R t › i fl › d N 9 / m l – s › - S s A T B a N b
L n ‹ i ç K i E u fi S
: k k a a r n y a n › a l K a
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Ek 1 5000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 5000
C 0 1 0 = 1 T
1 1 0 0 ° C
|
°
1 0 0 0 ° C
9 0 0 ° C 3 3 m
/ m g / k g
4000 r a b 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 = 5 P 2
1 = k = u l y t n i s u
0 ° C
n e o
3
YD 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 5 1
6 0 0 ° C
g k / J k , i 3000 p l a t n E
4000
k 0 0 0 1 0 8 0
/ m g k 0 0 1
7 0 0 ° C
3
0 / m 0 g 0 0 k 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 6 5 0 4 3 0 00 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 5 0 0 00 0 2 1 0 1 0 8 6 0 5 0 4 3 0 0 0 5 0 2 1 8 6 0 1 4
5 0 0 ° C
8 6
3
m / g
/ m g k
5
4
l y e n o D Y t i s u n
3 2 5 1 . 1 0 .
3 5 0. 2 . 1 0. 0 1 0.
r u
= 3 0 0 ° C
2000
r
= P
0
l Q u k 9 4% u a d l e i t r e c = e 9 2% y s9 i 0 = % 8 8 % 9 0 % 8 6 % 8 4 % 8 2 % 8 0 % 7 8 % 7 6 % 7 4 % 7 2 7 %
T
5 0 . 3
3000
0 0 a 5 1 b 0. 1 8 6 0 0 0 . 0 0 8 4 . 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 . 2 0 0 0 0. .
9 8% 9 6%
K u
g m / k
g k1 1 .0 0 . 0 = k = u
1 . 0
8 . 6 0 0 . 4 0. 4 0 0 ° C
3 / 3 m
3
k 1
2000
0 % 6 8 % 6 6 % 6 4 % 6 2 % 6 5 0 8 %
5 % 5 6 4 % % 5 2 5 % 0 4 % 8 4 % 6 4 % 4 4 % 2 4 % 0 %
1000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1000 10
Entalpi, kJ/(kg.K)
fiEKIL A-10 Su için Mollier diyagram› Kaynak: NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Copyright © 1984.”Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.”izin al›narak bafl›lm›flt›r.
901
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–11 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan- 134a - S›cakl›k tablosu Özgül, hacim ‹ç enerji Entalpi Entropi, m3 /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) Doyma Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl S›cak., bas›nc›., s›v› buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, T °C P doy kPa v f v g u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g 40
51.25 56.86 62.95 69.56 76.71
0.0007054 0.0007083 0.0007112 0.0007142 0.0007172
0.36081 0.32732 0.29751 0.27090 0.24711
0.036
2.475 4.992 7.517 10.05
207.40 206.04 204.67 203.29 201.91
207.37 0.000 208.51 2.515 209.66 5.037 210.81 7.566 211.96 10.10
225.86 224.61 223.35 222.09 220.81
225.86 227.12 228.39 229.65 230.91
0.00000 0.01072 0.02138 0.03199 0.04253
0.96866 0.95511 0.94176 0.92859 0.91560
0.96866 0.96584 0.96315 0.96058 0.95813
84.43 92.76 101.73 111.37 121.72
0.0007203 0.0007234 0.0007265 0.0007297 0.0007329
0.22580 0.20666 0.18946 0.17395 0.15995
12.59 15.13 17.69 20.25 22.82
200.52 199.12 197.72 196.30 194.88
213.11 214.25 215.40 216.55 217.70
12.65 15.20 17.76 20.33 22.91
219.52 232.17 218.22 233.43 216.92 234.68 215.59 235.92 214.26 s237.17
0.05301 0.06344 0.07382 0.08414 0.09441
0.90278 0.89012 0.87762 0.86527 0.85307
0.95579 0.95356 0.95144 0.94941 0.94748
132.82 144.69 157.38 170.93 185.37
0.0007362 0.0007396 0.0007430 0.0007464 0.0007499
0.14729 0.13583 0.12542 0.11597 0.10736
25.39 27.98 30.57 33.17 35.78
193.45 192.01 190.56 189.09 187.62
218.84 219.98 221.13 222.27 223.40
25.49 28.09 30.69 33.30 35.92
212.91 211.55 210.18 208.79 207.38
238.41 239.64 240.87 242.09 243.30
0.10463 0.11481 0.12493 0.13501 0.14504
0.84101 0.82908 0.81729 0.80561 0.79406
0.94564 0.94389 0.94222 0.94063 0.93911
2
200.74 217.08 234.44 252.85 272.36
0.0007535 0.0007571 0.0007608 0.0007646 0.0007684
0.099516 0.092352 0.085802 0.079804 0.074304
38.40 41.03 43.66 46.31 48.96
186.14 184.64 183.13 181.61 180.08
224.54 225.67 226.80 227.92 229.04
38.55 41.19 43.84 46.50 49.17
205.96 204.52 203.07 201.60 200.11
244.51 245.72 246.91 248.10 249.28
0.15504 0.16498 0.17489 0.18476 0.19459
0.78263 0.77130 0.76008 0.74896 0.73794
0.93766 0.93629 0.93497 0.93372 0.93253
0 2 4 6 8
293.01 314.84 337.90 362.23 387.88
0.0007723 0.0007763 0.0007804 0.0007845 0.0007887
0.069255 0.064612 0.060338 0.056398 0.052762
51.63 54.30 56.99 59.68 62.39
178.53 176.97 175.39 173.80 172.19
230.16 231.27 232.38 233.48 234.58
51.86 54.55 57.25 59.97 62.69
198.60 197.07 195.51 193.94 192.35
250.45 251.61 252.77 253.91 255.04
0.20439 0.21415 0.22387 0.23356 0.24323
0.72701 0.71616 0.70540 0.69471 0.68410
0.93139 0.93031 0.92927 0.92828 0.92733
10 12 14 16 18
414.89 443.31 473.19 504.58 537.52
0.0007930 0.0007975 0.0008020 0.0008066 0.0008113
0.049403 0.046295 0.043417 0.040748 0.038271
65.10 67.83 70.57 73.32 76.08
170.56 168.92 167.26 165.58 163.88
235.67 236.75 237.83 238.90 239.96
65.43 68.18 70.95 73.73 76.52
190.73 189.09 187.42 185.73 184.01
256.16 257.27 258.37 259.46 260.53
0.25286 0.26246 0.27204 0.28159 0.29112
0.67356 0.66308 0.65266 0.64230 0.63198
0.92641 0.92554 0.92470 0.92389 0.92310
38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
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Ek 1
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903
TABLO A–11 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan- 134a - S›cakl›k tablosu (Devam ) Specific volume, m3 /kg Doyma Doymufl Doymufl S›cak., bas›nc›., s›v›, buhar, T °C P doy kPa v f v g
Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
20 22 24 26 28
572.07 608.27 646.18 685.84 727.31
0.0008161 0.0008210 0.0008261 0.0008313 0.0008366
0.035969 0.033828 0.031834 0.029976 0.028242
78.86 81.64 84.44 87.26 90.09
162.16 160.42 158.65 156.87 155.05
241.02 242.06 243.10 244.12 245.14
79.32 82.14 84.98 87.83 90.69
182.27 180.49 178.69 176.85 174.99
261.59 262.64 263.67 264.68 265.68
0.30063 0.31011 0.31958 0.32903 0.33846
0.62172 0.61149 0.60130 0.59115 0.58102
0.92234 0.92160 0.92088 0.92018 0.91948
30 32 34 36 38
770.64 815.89 863.11 912.35 963.68
0.0008421 0.0008478 0.0008536 0.0008595 0.0008657
0.026622 0.025108 0.023691 0.022364 0.021119
92.93 95.79 98.66 101.55 104.45
153.22 151.35 149.46 147.54 145.58
246.14 247.14 248.12 249.08 250.04
93.58 96.48 99.40 102.33 105.29
173.08 171.14 169.17 167.16 165.10
266.66 267.62 268.57 269.49 270.39
0.34789 0.35730 0.36670 0.37609 0.38548
0.57091 0.56082 0.55074 0.54066 0.53058
0.91879 0.91811 0.91743 0.91675 0.91606
40 42 44 46 48
1017.1 1072.8 1130.7 1191.0 1253.6
0.0008720 0.0008786 0.0008854 0.0008924 0.0008996
0.019952 0.018855 0.017824 0.016853 0.015939
107.38 110.32 113.28 116.26 119.26
143.60 141.58 139.52 137.42 135.29
250.97 251.89 252.80 253.68 254.55
108.26 111.26 114.28 117.32 120.39
163.00 160.86 158.67 156.43 154.14
271.27 272.12 272.95 273.75 274.53
0.39486 0.40425 0.41363 0.42302 0.43242
0.52049 0.51039 0.50027 0.49012 0.47993
0.91536 0.91464 0.91391 0.91315 0.91236
52 56 60 65 70 75
1386.2 1529.1 1682.8 1891.0 2118.2 2365.8
0.0009150 0.0009317 0.0009498 0.0009750 0.0010037 0.0010372
0.014265 0.012771 0.011434 0.009950 0.008642 0.007480
125.33 131.49 137.76 145.77 154.01 162.53
130.88 126.28 121.46 115.05 108.14 100.60
256.21 257.77 259.22 260.82 262.15 263.13
126.59 132.91 139.36 147.62 156.13 164.98
149.39 144.38 139.10 132.02 124.32 115.85
275.98 277.30 278.46 279.64 280.46 280.82
0.45126 0.47018 0.48920 0.51320 0.53755 0.56241
0.45941 0.43863 0.41749 0.39039 0.36227 0.33272
0.91067 0.90880 0.90669 0.90359 0.89982 0.89512
80 85 90 95 100
2635.3 2928.2 3246.9 3594.1 3975.1
0.0010772 0.0011270 0.0011932 0.0012933 0.0015269
0.006436 0.005486 0.004599 0.003726 0.002630
171.40 180.77 190.89 202.40 218.72
92.23 82.67 71.29 56.47 29.19
263.63 263.44 262.18 258.87 247.91
174.24 184.07 194.76 207.05 224.79
106.35 95.44 82.35 65.21 33.58
280.59 279.51 277.11 272.26 258.37
0.58800 0.61473 0.64336 0.67578 0.72217
0.30111 0.26644 0.22674 0.17711 0.08999
0.88912 0.88117 0.87010 0.85289 0.8
Kaynak: A–11 - A–13 Tablolar›, S? A-? Klean ve F? L? Alvarado taraf›ndan gelifltir ilen “ Engineering Equation Solver” (EES) yaz›l›m› kullan›larak üretilmifltir. Hesaplarda R134a rutini kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu rutin R. Tillner-Roth ve H? D? Baehr taraf›ndan gelifltirilen temel durum denklemlerine dayal›d›r (“An International Standart Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data , Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994). Doymufl s›v›n›n entalpi ve entropisine 40°C (and 40°F) s›cakl›kta s›f›r de¤eri verilmifltir.
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–12 Doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a — Bas›nç tablosu Özgül Hacim, m3 /kg Doyma Doymufl Doymufl Bas›nç., S›cak., s›v›, buhar, P kPa T sat °C v f v g
‹ç enerji, Entalpi, Entropi, kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl Doymufl buz, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar, s›v›, Buhar., buhar,, u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g
60 70 80 90 100
36.95
0.0007098 0.0007144 31.13 0.0007185 28.65 0.0007223 26.37 0.0007259
0.31121 0.26929 0.23753 0.21263 0.19254
3.798 7.680 11.15 14.31 17.21
205.32 203.20 201.30 199.57 197.98
209.12 210.88 212.46 213.88 215.19
3.841 7.730 11.21 14.37 17.28
223.95 222.00 220.25 218.65 217.16
227.79 229.73 231.46 233.02 234.44
0.01634 0.03267 0.04711 0.06008 0.07188
0.94807 0.92775 0.90999 0.89419 0.87995
0.96441 0.96042 0.95710 0.95427 0.95183
120 140 160 180 200
22.32
0.16212 0.14014 0.12348 0.11041 0.099867
22.40 26.98 31.09 34.83 38.28
195.11 192.57 190.27 188.16 186.21
217.51 219.54 221.35 222.99 224.48
22.49 27.08 31.21 34.97 38.43
214.48 212.08 209.90 207.90 206.03
236.97 239.16 241.11 242.86 244.46
0.09275 0.11087 0.12693 0.14139 0.15457
0.85503 0.83368 0.81496 0.79826 0.78316
0.94779 0.94456 0.94190 0.93965 0.93773
240 280 320 360 400
5.38
2.46 5.82 8.91
0.0007620 0.0007699 0.0007772 0.0007841 0.0007907
0.083897 0.072352 0.063604 0.056738 0.051201
44.48 49.97 54.92 59.44 63.62
182.67 179.50 176.61 173.94 171.45
227.14 229.46 231.52 233.38 235.07
44.66 50.18 55.16 59.72 63.94
202.62 199.54 196.71 194.08 191.62
247.28 249.72 251.88 253.81 255.55
0.17794 0.19829 0.21637 0.23270 0.24761
0.75664 0.73381 0.71369 0.69566 0.67929
0.93458 0.93210 0.93006 0.92836 0.92691
450 500 550 600 650
12.46 15.71 18.73 21.55 24.20
0.0007985 0.0008059 0.0008130 0.0008199 0.0008266
0.045619 0.041118 0.037408 0.034295 0.031646
68.45 72.93 77.10 81.02 84.72
168.54 165.82 163.25 160.81 158.48
237.00 238.75 240.35 241.83 243.20
68.81 73.33 77.54 81.51 85.26
188.71 185.98 183.38 180.90 178.51
257.53 259.30 260.92 262.40 263.77
0.26465 0.28023 0.29461 0.30799 0.32051
0.66069 0.64377 0.62821 0.61378 0.60030
0.92535 0.92400 0.92282 0.92177 0.92081
700 750 800 850
26.69 29.06 31.31 33.45
0.0008331 0.0008395 0.0008458 0.0008520
0.029361 0.027371 0.025621 0.024069
88.24 91.59 94.79 97.87
156.24 154.08 152.00 149.98
244.48 245.67 246.79 247.85
88.82 92.22 95.47 98.60
176.21 173.98 171.82 169.71
265.03 266.20 267.29 268.31
0.33230 0.34345 0.35404 0.36413
0.58763 0.57567 0.56431 0.55349
0.91994 0.91912 0.91835 0.91762
900 950 1000 1200 1400
35.51 37.48 39.37 46.29 52.40
0.0008580 0.0008641 0.0008700 0.0008934 0.0009166
0.022683 0.021438 0.020313 0.016715 0.014107
100.83 103.69 106.45 116.70 125.94
148.01 146.10 144.23 137.11 130.43
248.85 249.79 250.68 253.81 256.37
101.61 104.51 107.32 117.77 127.22
167.66 165.64 163.67 156.10 148.90
269.26 270.15 270.99 273.87 276.12
0.37377 0.38301 0.39189 0.42441 0.45315
0.54315 0.53323 0.52368 0.48863 0.45734
0.91692 0.91624 0.91558 0.91303 0.91050
1600 1800 2000 2500 3000
57.88 62.87 67.45 77.54 86.16
0.0009400 0.0009639 0.0009886 0.0010566 0.0011406
0.012123 0.010559 0.009288 0.006936 0.005275
134.43 142.33 149.78 166.99 183.04
124.04 117.83 111.73 96.47 80.22
258.47 260.17 261.51 263.45 263.26
135.93 144.07 151.76 169.63 186.46
141.93 135.11 128.33 111.16 92.63
277.86 279.17 280.09 280.79 279.09
0.47911 0.50294 0.52509 0.57531 0.62118
0.42873 0.40204 0.37675 0.31695 0.25776
0.90784 0.90498 0.90184 0.89226 0.87894
33.87
0.0007324 0.0007383 0.0007437 15.60 0.0007487 12.73 0.0007533 10.09 18.77
1.25
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905
TABLO A–13 K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a T u h v 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
s kJ/(kg.K)
P 0.06 MPa (T doy 36.95°C) Doymufl 0.31121 0.33608 20 10 0.35048 0 0.36476 10 0.37893 20 0.39302 30 0.40705 40 0.42102 50 0.43495 60 0.44883 70 0.46269 80 0.47651 90 0.49032 100 0.50410
209.12 220.60 227.55 234.66 241.92 249.35 256.95 264.71 272.64 280.73 288.99 297.41 306.00 314.74
227.79 240.76 248.58 256.54 264.66 272.94 281.37 289.97 298.74 307.66 316.75 326.00 335.42 344.99
0.9644 1.0174 1.0477 1.0774 1.1066 1.1353 1.1636 1.1915 1.2191 1.2463 1.2732 1.2997 1.3260 1.3520
P 0.18 MPa (T doy 12.73°C) Doymufl 0.11041 0.11189 0 0.11722 10 0.12240 20 0.12748 30 0.13248 40 0.13741 50 0.14230 60 0.14715 70 0.15196 80 0.15673 90 0.16149 100 0.16622
10
222.99 225.02 232.48 240.00 247.64 255.41 263.31 271.36 279.56 287.91 296.42 305.07 313.88
242.86 245.16 253.58 262.04 270.59 279.25 288.05 296.98 306.05 315.27 324.63 334.14 343.80
0.9397 0.9484 0.9798 1 .0102 1 .0399 1 .0690 1 .0975 1 .1256 1 .1532 1 .1805 1 .2074 1 .2339 1 .2602
P 0.28 MPa (T doy 1.25°C) Doymufl 0.07235 0 0.07282 10 0.07646 20 0.07997 30 0.08338 40 0.08672 50 0.09000 60 0.09324 70 0.09644 80 0.09961 90 0.10275 100 0.10587 110 0.10897 120 0.11205 130 0.11512 140 0.11818
229.46 230.44 238.27 246.13 254.06 262.10 270.27 278.56 286.99 295.57 304.29 313.15 322.16 331.32 340.63 350.09
249.72 250.83 259.68 268.52 277.41 286.38 295.47 304.67 314.00 323.46 333.06 342.80 352.68 362.70 372.87 383.18
0.9321 0.9362 0 .9680 0 .9987 1 .0285 1 .0576 1 .0862 1 .1142 1 .1418 1 .1690 1 .1958 1 .2222 1 .2483 1 .2742 1 .2997 1 .3250
v
m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/(kg.K)
P 0.10 MPa (T doy 26.37°C) 0.19254 0.19841 0.20743 0.21630 0.22506 0.23373 0.24233 0.25088 0.25937 0.26783 0.27626 0.28465 0.29303 0.30138
215.19 219.66 226.75 233.95 241.30 248.79 256.44 264.25 272.22 280.35 288.64 297.08 305.69 314.46
234.44 239.50 247.49 255.58 263.81 272.17 280.68 289.34 298.16 307.13 316.26 325.55 334.99 344.60
0.9518 0.9721 1.0030 1.0332 1.0628 1.0918 1.1203 1.1484 1.1762 1.2035 1.2305 1.2572 1.2836 1.3096
P 0.20 MPa (T doyt 10.09°C) 0.09987 0.09991 0.10481 0.10955 0.11418 0.11874 0.12322 0.12766 0.13206 0.13641 0.14074 0.14504 0.14933
224.48 224.55 232.09 239.67 247.35 255.14 263.08 271.15 279.37 287.73 296.25 304.92 313.74
244.46 244.54 253.05 261.58 270.18 278.89 287.72 296.68 305.78 315.01 324.40 333.93 343.60
0.9377 0.9380 0.9698 1.0004 1.0303 1.0595 1.0882 1.1163 1.1441 1.1714 1.1983 1.2249 1.2512
P 0.32 MPa (T doy 2.46°C)
v
m3 /kg
u h s kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P 0.14 MPa (T doy 18.77°C) 0.14014
219.54
239.16
0.9446
0.14605 0.15263 0.15908 0.16544 0.17172 0.17794 0.18412 0.19025 0.19635 0.20242 0.20847 0.21449
225.91 233.23 240.66 248.22 255.93 263.79 271.79 279.96 288.28 296.75 305.38 314.17
246.36 254.60 262.93 271.38 279.97 288.70 297.57 306.59 315.77 325.09 334.57 344.20
0.9724 1.0031 1.0331 1.0624 1.0912 1.1195 1.1474 1.1749 1.2020 1.2288 1.2553 1.2814
P 0.24 MPa (T doy 5.38°C) 0.08390
227.14
247.28
0.9346
0.08617 0.09026 0.09423 0.09812 0.10193 0.10570 0.10942 0.11310 0.11675 0.12038 0.12398
231.29 238.98 246.74 254.61 262.59 270.71 278.97 287.36 295.91 304.60 313.44
251.97 260.65 269.36 278.16 287.06 296.08 305.23 314.51 323.93 333.49 343.20
0.9519 0 .9831 1 .0134 1 .0429 1 .0718 1 .1001 1 .1280 1 .1554 1 .1825 1 .2092 1.2356
P 0.40 MPa (T doy 8.91°C)
0.06360
231.52
251.88
0.9301
0.051201
235.07
255.55
0.9269
0.06609 0.06925 0.07231 0.07530 0.07823 0.08111 0.08395 0.08675 0.08953 0.09229 0.09503 0.09775 0.10045 0.10314
237.54 245.50 253.50 261.60 269.82 278.15 286.62 295.22 303.97 312.86 321.89 331.07 340.39 349.86
258.69 267.66 276.65 285.70 294.85 304.11 313.48 322.98 332.62 342.39 352.30 362.35 372.54 382.87
0.9544 0.9856 1.0157 1.0451 1.0739 1.1021 1.1298 1.1571 1.1840 1.2105 1.2367 1.2626 1.2882 1.3135
0.051506 0.054213 0.056796 0.059292 0.061724 0.064104 0.066443 0.068747 0.071023 0.073274 0.075504 0.077717 0.079913 0.082096
235.97 244.18 252.36 260.58 268.90 277.32 285.86 294.53 303.32 312.26 321.33 330.55 339.90 349.41
256.58 265.86 275.07 284.30 293.59 302.96 312.44 322.02 331.73 341.57 351.53 361.63 371.87 382.24
0.9305 0.9628 0.9937 1.0236 1.0528 1.0814 1.1094 1.1369 1.1640 1.1907 1.2171 1.2431 1.2688 1.2942
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–13 K›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a (Devam (Devam ) T v u h s v 3 °C m /kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K) m3 /kg P ( T doy 15.71°C) 0.50 MPa (T Doym.. Doym 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
0.04 0. 0411118 0.0422115 0.04 0.044338 0.046456 0.048499 0.050485 0.052427 0.054331 0.056205 0.058053 0.059880 0.061687 0.063479 0.065256 0.067021 0.068775
2388.7 23 .755 242.4 242 .400 250.8 .844 259.2 .266 267.7 .722 276.2 .255 284.8 .899 293.6 .644 302.5 .511 311.5 .500 320.6 .633 329.8 .899 339.2 .299 348.8 .833 358.5 .511 368.3 .333
259. 25 9.30 30 263 63.4 .466 2 73.01 27 2 82.48 28 2 91.96 29 3 01.50 30 311.10 311 3 20.80 32 3 30.61 33 3 40 .5 3 34 3 50 .5 7 35 3 60 .7 3 36 3 71 .0 3 37 3 81 .4 6 38 3 92 .0 2 39 4 02 .7 2 40
0.924 0.9 2400 0.93883 0.93 0.9703 0.9 1.0011 1.0 1.0309 1.0 1.0599 1.0 1.0883 1.0 1.1162 1.1 1.1436 1.1 1.1705 1.1 1.1971 1.1 1.2233 1.2 1.2491 1.2 1.2747 1.2 1.2999 1.2 1.3249 1.3
P ( T doy 31.31°C) 0.80 MPa (T Doym.. Doym 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.02 0. 025562 6211 0.027035 0.028547 0.029973 0.031340 0.032659 0.033941 0.035193 0.036420 0.037625 0.038813 0.039985 0.041143 0.042290 0.043427 0.044554
2466.7 24 .799 254.8 .822 263.8 .866 272.8 .833 281.8 .811 290.8 .844 299.9 .955 309.1 .155 318.4 .455 327.8 .877 337.4 .400 347.0 .066 356.8 .855 366.7 .766 376.8 .811 386.9 .999
267. 26 7.29 29 2 76.45 27 2 86.69 28 2 96.81 29 3 06.88 30 3 16.97 31 3 27.10 32 3 37 .3 0 33 3 47 .5 9 34 3 57 .9 7 35 3 68 .4 5 36 3 79 .0 5 37 3 89 .7 6 38 4 00 .5 9 40 411.55 411 4 22 .6 4 42
0.918 0.9 1833 0.99480 0. 0.9802 0.9 1.0110 1.0 1.0408 1.0 1.0698 1.0 1.0981 1.0 1.1258 1.1 1.1530 1.1 1.1798 1.1 1.2061 1.2 1.2321 1.2 1.2577 1.2 1.2830 1.2 1.3080 1.3 1.3327 1.3
1.20 MPa (T P ( T doy 46.29°C)
Doym.. Doym 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.01 0. 016671 7155 0.017720 0.01 2011 0.018404 0.019502 0.020529 0.021506 0.022442 0.023348 0.024228 0.025086 0.025927 0.026753 0.027566 0.028367 0.029158
2533.8 25 .811 257.6 257 .633 267.5 .566 277.2 .211 286.7 .755 296.2 .266 305.8 .800 315.3 .388 325.0 .033 334.7 .777 344.6 .611 354.5 .566 364.6 .611 374.7 .788 385.0 .088
273. 27 3.87 87 278. 27 8.27 27 289.64 28 300.61 30 311.39 311 322.07 32 332.73 33 343.40 34 354.11 35 364.88 36 375.72 37 386.66 38 397.69 39 408.82 40 420.07 42
0.913 0.9 1300 0.92667 0.92 0.9614 0. 0.9938 0. 1.0248 1. 1.0546 1. 1.0836 1. 1.1118 1. 1.1394 1.1 1.1664 1. 1.1930 1. 1.2192 1. 1.2449 1. 1.2703 1. 1.2954 1.
u h kJ/kg kJ/kg
s kJ/(kg.K)
P ( T doy 21.55°C) 0.60 MPa (T
v
m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/(kg.K)
P ( T doy 26.69°C) 0.70 MPa (T
0.03 0. 034429 2955
2411.8 24 .833
262. 26 2.40 40
0.92 0. 9218 18
0.0 .02293 93661
244. 24 4.48 48
265 65.0 .033
0.91 0. 9199 99
0.035984 0.037865 0.039659 0.041389 0.043069 0.044710 0.046318 0.047900 0.049458 0.050997 0.052519 0.054027 0.055522 0.057006
249.2 .222 257.8 .866 266.4 .488 275.1 .155 283.8 .899 292.7 .733 301.6 .677 310.7 .733 319.9 .911 329.2 .233 338.6 .677 348.2 .255 357.9 .966 367.8 .811
270.81 280.58 290.28 299.98 309.73 319.55 329.46 339.47 349.59 359.82 370.18 380.66 391.27 402.01
0.9499 0.9816 1.0121 1.0417 1.0705 1.0987 1.1264 1.1536 1.1803 1.2067 1.2327 1.2584 1.2838 1.3088
0.0 .0229966 0.0 .0331696 0.0 .0333322 0.0 .0334875 0.0 .0336373 0.0 .0337829 0.0 .0339250 0.0 .0440642 0.0 .0442010 0.0 .0443358 0.0 .0444688 0.0 .0446004 0.0 .0447306 0.0 .0448597
24 7.4 8 25 6.3 9 26 5.2 0 27 4.0 1 28 2.8 7 29 1.8 0 30 0.8 2 3 09 .95 3 19 .19 3 28 .55 3 38 .04 3 47 .66 3 57 .41 3 67 .29
268.45 278.57 288.53 298.42 308.33 318.28 328.29 338.40 348.60 358.90 369.32 379.86 390.52 401.31
0.9313 0.9641 0.9954 1.0256 1.0549 1.0835 1.1114 1.1389 1.1 .16658 1.1 .19924 1.2 .21186 1.2 .24444 1.2 .26699 1.2 .29951
P ( T doy 35.51°C) 0.90 MPa (T 0.02 0. 022268 6833 0.023375 0.024809 0.026146 0.027413 0.028630 0.029806 0.030951 0.032068 0.033164 0.034241 0.035302 0.036349 0.037384 0.038408 0.039423
2488.8 24 .855 253.1 .133 262.4 .444 271.6 .600 280.7 .722 289.8 .866 299.0 .066 308.3 .344 317.7 .700 327.1 .188 336.7 .766 346.4 .466 356.2 .288 366.2 .233 376.3 .311 386.5 .522
269. 26 9.26 26 274.17 284.77 295.13 305.39 315.63 325.89 336.19 346.56 357.02 367.58 378.23 389.00 399.88 410.88 422.00
0.91 0. 9169 69 0.9327 0.9660 0.9976 1.0280 1.0574 1.0860 1.1140 1.1414 1.1684 1.1949 1.2210 1.2467 1.2721 1.2972 1.3221
1.40 MPa (T P ( T doy 52.40°C)
P ( T doy 39.37°C) 1.00 MPa (T 0.0 .02203 03113 0.0 .0220406 0.0 .0221796 0.0 .0223068 0.0 .0224261 0.0 .0225398 0.0 .0226492 0.0 .0227552 0.0 .0228584 0.0 .0229592 0.0 .0330581 0.0 .0331554 0.0 .0332512 0.0 .0333457 0.0 .0334392 0.0 .0335317
250. 25 0.68 68 25 1.3 0 26 0.9 4 27 0.3 2 27 9.5 9 28 8.8 6 29 8.1 5 3 07 .51 3 16 .94 3 26 .47 336.11 3 45 .85 3 55 .71 3 65 .70 3 75 .81 3 86 .04
270 70.9 .999 271.71 282.74 293.38 303.85 314.25 324.64 335.06 345.53 356.06 366.69 377.40 388.22 399.15 410.20 421.36
0.91 0. 9156 56 0.9179 0.9525 0.9850 1.0160 1.0458 1.0748 1.1031 1.1 .13308 1.1 .15580 1.1 .18846 1.2 .21109 1.2368 1.2 .26623 1.2 .28875 1.3 .31124
1.60 MPa (T P ( T doy 57.88°C)
0.01 0. 014410 1077
2566.3 25 .377
276. 27 6.12 12
0.91 0. 9105 05
0.0 .01121 21223
258. 25 8.47 47
277 77.8 .866
0.90 0. 9078 78
0.015005 0.016060 0.017023 0.017923 0.018778 0.019597 0.020388 0.021155 0.021904 0.022636 0.023355 0.024061 0.024757
264.4 .466 274.6 .622 284.5 .511 294.2 .288 304.0 .011 313.7 .766 323.5 .555 333.4 .411 343.3 .344 353.3 .377 363.5 .511 373.7 .755 384.1 .100
285.47 297.10 308.34 319.37 330.30 341.19 352.09 363.02 374.01 385.07 396.20 407.43 418.76
0.9389 0.9733 1.0056 1.0364 1.0661 1.0949 1.1230 1.1504 1.1773 1.2038 1.2298 1.2554 1.2807
0.0 .0112372 0.0 .0113430 0.0 .0114362 0.0 .0115215 0.0 .0116014 0.0 .0116773 0.0 .0117500 0.0 .0118201 0.0 .0118882 0.0 .0119545 0.0 .0220194 0.0 .0220830 0.0 .0221456
26 0.8 9 27 1.7 6 28 2.0 9 29 2.1 7 3 02 .14 3 12 .07 3 22 .02 3 32 .00 3 42 .05 3 52 .17 3 62 .38 3 72 .69 383.11
280.69 293.25 305.07 316.52 327.76 338.91 350.02 361.12 372.26 383.44 394.69 406.02 417.44
0.9 .91163 0.9 .95535 0.9 .98875 1.0 .01194 1.0 .05500 1.0 .07795 1.1 .10081 1.1 .13360 1.1 .16632 1.1 .19900 1.2 .21163 1.2 .24421 1.2 .26676
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Ek 1 100 20
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
|
700
750
907 20
3
10
0 0 5 1
0 5 4 1
0 0 4 1
0 5 3 1
0 0 3 1
0 5 2 1
/ m g k 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 9 9 0 0 5 0 8 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 0 8 2 1 1 7 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 1
3 0 0
4 0 0
1 0 0
2
70 70 60 50
2
40 4 0
a P M , ç n ı s a 0.4 B
32
2 0
T = 0 ° C
1
24
1
16 12 8
4 6 . 0
2 7 . 0
0 8 . 0
8 8 . 0
– 6 0
6 9 . 0
2 1 . 1
4 0 . 1
0 2 . 1
8 2 . 1
6 3 .
1
4 4 .
1
2 5 .
0 6 .
1
1
8 6 .
1
6 7 .
1
4 .8 1
2 .9 1
8 0 2 .
0 .0 2
2 4 2 .
2 3 2 .
8 4 2 .
0 4 2 .
0.2
2.4
0.1 1.2
0.02
150
4 3.2
1.6
s v i› d s q ›u fl l i ud a mte y o r dt u sa
1 . 0
K k g / J k 1 6 . 2 s =
– 4 0
0.04
0.4
6
– 2 0
0.2
0.01 100
4
90
6 0
R-134a
0.1
120
8 0
4
10
m m 3 3 m k gg / / m 0 k 0 0 2 0 = 2 k = u y h l l u t y i t s n ¤ u e n o¤ D o Y 16 0
2 . 0
.3 0
200
.4 0
.5 0 = X
250
r r ao ah p u b v fld tue y rma ot u 0 4 sda
.6 0
.7 0
.8 0
300
.9 0
350
0 –
2 –
0
0 2
0
4
0 6
8
0
0 1
1
2
C 0
0 8
6 4
2 1
1 1
0 0
0
°
0 0
0
500
2
4 2
0 0
0
0 8
6
3 2
2
0.8
0.04
0.6
= T
8 4 . 2
400 450 Entalpi, kJ/kg
2
0
550
600
0.4
6 5 . 2 = s s
4 6 . 2
650
2 7 . 2
700
0.02
0.3
0.01 750
fiEKIL fiEK IL A–1 A–144 So¤utucu ak›flkan 134a’n›n P-h diyagram›. Not: Diyagram için kullan›lan referans noktas›, R- 134a tablolar›nda kullan›landan farkl›d›r. Bu nedenle problemler çözülürken özelik verilerinin tamam›
ya tablolardan, ya da diyagramlardan al›nmal›, her ikisi birlikte kullan›lmamal›d›r. “ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA’n›n izni al›narak bas›lm›flt›r.
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Termodinamik (a) Dü ü k basınçlar, 0 < P < 1.0 R
T = 5.00 5.00 R R
3.0 3.00 3.0 .00 0
1.0 0 . 6 0 0
8. 0 0
6. 0 0
0 0 5. 0
4. 0 0 3. 5 0
0 .
. 6 7 5 5 .
0.9
3. 0 0
1.60
0 4 0 2. 6 2. 4 2 0 2. 2 0 2. 0 0 1. 8
0 7 0 0 . 8 0
1.40
0 1. 3
0 .9 0
– T v P — R = Z , 0.7
T = 2.5 R T = 15
NOTE
R
1.30
6 0 1. 6 5 0 1. 5 4 0 1. 4
0 . 8 5
0.8
Ü R Ö T K A F K L 0.6 R L B A L I R I T I K I 0.5 S
2.0 .00 0
Z 1.00 T = 3.00 R
1.2 0 0
. 0 1 2
1 0 1. 1
1.1 5
0 0 1. 0
9 0 0. 9
0 .9 5
0
8 0 0. 8
1 .0 5
---DEVIATION > 1.0%
7 . = 0 v R v R
NELSON — OBERT
1.00
GENELLEfiT‹R‹LM‹fi SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹K SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL ‹K D‹YAGRAMI
2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90
30
P ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P = —– R Pcr
T ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi ‹ND‹RGENM‹ fi SICAKLIK, T = —– R T cr
D‹YAGRAM
Z 0.95
No. 1
v
20 0 . 6 0
0 . 6 5
15
0.4
0.90 0.00
T
R R
= 1 .
. 0
0.85 12 0 10 . 7 0
SANK‹-‹ND‹RGENM‹fi HAC‹M, v R = ––—––– RT cr / Pcr
0.80
v v Rr
0.05
0.75 0.10
P R
1953
0.3 0.0
1 .1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ, P
R
(b) Orta bas›nçlar, 0 < P < 7 R
3.50
1.10 = 5.00 T R 1.00
0.90
0 0 3 . 0 5 0 0 4 0 3 . 0 0 . 4 2. 1 6 . 1 . 0 0 1 0 2 1. 8 0 . 0 0 9 0. 0 7 6 0. . 0 0
– T0.80 v P R —
2.00 1.80 1.60 0
. 0 5 = 5 .4 v R R 0 4
Z
, Ü R Ö T K A F K ‹ L R ‹ L ‹ B A L I R I T fi I K I S
1.50
0
.4 0 4
=
2.50
. 5 0 3
1.40
. 0 0 3 5 1.30 0 2 .
0.70
0.60
. 0 0 2 = 0
v R R
1.20 0.50
NELSON — OBERT
1.15
GENELLEfiT‹R‹LM‹fi SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹K SIKIfiTIRILAB‹L‹RL‹ K D‹YAGRAMI P ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi BASINÇ,P BASINÇ,P R = —– Pcr
1.10
0.40
T ‹ND‹RGENM‹fi SICAKLIK, T = —– R T cr
1.05
1.0
2
1953
T = 1.00 R 0.5
No. v
SANK‹-‹ND‹RGENM‹fi HAC‹M, v = —– R RT cr / Pcr
0.30
0.20 0.0
D‹YAGRAM
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
‹ND‹RGENM‹fi ‹ND‹RGENM ‹fi BASINÇ, P
R
fiEK‹L fiE K‹L A–1 A–155 Nelson–Obert’in Nelson–Obert’ in genellefltirilm genellefltirilmifl ifl s›k›flt›r›labil s›k›flt›r›labilirlik irlik diyagram›. “Dr.. Edward E. Obert, University of Wiscon “Dr Wisconsin”in sin”in izni al›narak kullun›lm›flt›r.
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
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Ek 1
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909
TABLO A–16 Yüksek seviyede atmosferin özelikleri Yükseklik, m
S›cakl›k, °C
Bas›nç, kPa
Yer Çekimi g , m/s2
Ses h›z›, m/s
Yo¤unluk, kg/m3
viskozite, m, kg/(m.s)
Is›l ‹letkenlik, W/m · K
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 8000 9000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80 8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30 2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19 4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69 10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2 17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7 24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2 30.5 36.9 43.4 49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5
101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08 89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49 79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92 70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28 61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51 54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52 47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27 41.11 35.65 30.80 26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57
9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804 9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801 9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798 9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795 9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792 9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785 9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785 9.785 9.782 9.779 9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751
340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2 336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3 332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4 328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4 324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4 320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3 316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1 312.3 308.1 303.8 299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134 1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027 1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928 0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837 0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752 0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675 0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604 0.590 0.526 0.467 0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122
1.789 105 1.783 105 1.777 105 1.771 105 1.764 105 1.758 105 1.752 105 1.745 105 1.739 105 1.732 105 1.726 105 1.720 105 1.713 105 1.707 105 1.700 105 1.694 105 1.687 105 1.681 105 1.674 105 1.668 105 1.661 105 1.655 105 1.648 105 1.642 105 1.635 105 1.628 105 1.622 105 1.615 105 1.608 105 1.602 105 1.595 105 1.588 105 1.582 105 1.575 105 1.568 105 1.561 105 1.527 105 1.493 105 1.458 105 1.422 105 1.422 105 1.422 105 1.422 105
0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250 0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244 0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229 0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223 0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218 0.0217 0.0212 0.0206 0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195
Kaynak : U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. De¤erler 45°enlemindeki koflullar›n y›l boyu ortalamalar›na dayal›d›r ve y›l›n herhangi bir an›na ve hava yap›s›na ba¤l› olarak de¤iflir. Deniz seviyesindeki (z 0) koflullar P 101.325 kPa, T 15°C, r 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m/s2 olarak al›nm›flt›r.
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–17 Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özeliktleri T h u K kJ/kg P r kJ/kg 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 285 290 295 298 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570
199.97 209.97 219.97 230.02 240.02 250.05 260.09 270.11 280.13 285.14 290.16 295.17 298.18 300.19 305.22 310.24 315.27 320.29 325.31 330.34 340.42 350.49 360.58 370.67 380.77 390.88 400.98 411.12 421.26 431.43 441.61 451.80 462.02 472.24 482.49 492.74 503.02 513.32 523.63 533.98 544.35 555.74 565.17 575.59
0.3363 0.3987 0.4690 0.5477 0.6355 0.7329 0.8405 0.9590 1.0889 1.1584 1.2311 1.3068 1.3543 1.3860 1.4686 1.5546 1.6442 1.7375 1.8345 1.9352 2.149 2.379 2.626 2.892 3.176 3.481 3.806 4.153 4.522 4.915 5.332 5.775 6.245 6.742 7.268 7.824 8.411 9.031 9.684 10.37 11.10 11.86 12.66 13.50
142.56 149.69 156.82 164.00 171.13 178.28 185.45 192.60 199.75 203.33 206.91 210.49 212.64 214.07 217.67 221.25 224.85 228.42 232.02 235.61 242.82 250.02 257.24 264.46 271.69 278.93 286.16 293.43 300.69 307.99 315.30 322.62 329.97 337.32 344.70 352.08 359.49 366.92 374.36 381.84 389.34 396.86 404.42 411.97
v r
1707.0 1512.0 1346.0 1205.0 1084.0 979.0 887.8 808.0 738.0 706.1 676.1 647.9 631.9 621.2 596.0 572.3 549.8 528.6 508.4 489.4 454.1 422.2 393.4 367.2 343.4 321.5 301.6 283.3 266.6 251.1 236.8 223.6 211.4 200.1 189.5 179.7 170.6 162.1 154.1 146.7 139.7 133.1 127.0 121.2
s° kJ/(kg.K) 1.29559 1.34444 1.39105 1.43557 1.47824 1.51917 1.55848 1.59634 1.63279 1.65055 1.66802 1.68515 1.69528 1.70203 1.71865 1.73498 1.75106 1.76690 1.78249 1.79783 1.82790 1.85708 1.88543 1.91313 1.94001 1.96633 1.99194 2.01699 2.04142 2.06533 2.08870 2.11161 2.13407 2.15604 2.17760 2.19876 2.21952 2.23993 2.25997 2.27967 2.29906 2.31809 2.33685 2.35531
T K 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240
h kJ/kg
P r
u kJ/kg
586.04 596.52 607.02 617.53 628.07 638.63 649.22 659.84 670.47 681.14 691.82 702.52 713.27 724.04 734.82 745.62 756.44 767.29 778.18 800.03 821.95 843.98 866.08 888.27 910.56 932.93 955.38 977.92 1000.55 1023.25 1046.04 1068.89 1091.85 1114.86 1137.89 1161.07 1184.28 1207.57 1230.92 1254.34 1277.79 1301.31 1324.93
14.38 15.31 16.28 17.30 18.36 19.84 20.64 21.86 23.13 24.46 25.85 27.29 28.80 30.38 32.02 33.72 35.50 37.35 39.27 43.35 47.75 52.59 57.60 63.09 68.98 75.29 82.05 89.28 97.00 105.2 114.0 123.4 133.3 143.9 155.2 167.1 179.7 193.1 207.2 222.2 238.0 254.7 272.3
419.55 427.15 434.78 442.42 450.09 457.78 465.50 473.25 481.01 488.81 496.62 504.45 512.33 520.23 528.14 536.07 544.02 551.99 560.01 576.12 592.30 608.59 624.95 641.40 657.95 674.58 691.28 708.08 725.02 741.98 758.94 776.10 793.36 810.62 827.88 845.33 862.79 880.35 897.91 915.57 933.33 951.09 968.95
v r
115.7 110.6 105.8 101.2 96.92 92.84 88.99 85.34 81.89 78.61 75.50 72.56 69.76 67.07 64.53 62.13 59.82 57.63 55.54 51.64 48.08 44.84 41.85 39.12 36.61 34.31 32.18 30.22 28.40 26.73 25.17 23.72 23.29 21.14 19.98 18.896 17.886 16.946 16.064 15.241 14.470 13.747 13.069
s° kJ/(kg.K) 2.37348 2.39140 2.40902 2.42644 2.44356 2.46048 2.47716 2.49364 2.50985 2.52589 2.54175 2.55731 2.57277 2.58810 2.60319 2.61803 2.63280 2.64737 2.66176 2.69013 2.71787 2.74504 2.77170 2.79783 2.82344 2.84856 2.87324 2.89748 2.92128 2.94468 2.96770 2.99034 3.01260 3.03449 3.05608 3.07732 3.09825 3.11883 3.13916 3.15916 3.17888 3.19834 3.21751
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TABLO A–17 Havan›n mükemmel-gaz özelikleri (Devam ) T h u K kJ/kg P r kJ/kg v r
s° kJ/(kg.K)
T K
h kJ/kg
P r
1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
3.23638 3.25510 3.27345 3.29160 3.30959 3.32724 3.34474 3.36200 3.37901 3.39586 3.41247 3.42892 3.44516 3.46120 3.47712 3.49276 3.50829
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1757.57 1782.00 1806.46 1830.96 1855.50 1880.1 1941.6 2003.3 2065.3 2127.4 2189.7 2252.1 2314.6 2377.7 2440.3 2503.2 2566.4
791.2 834.1 878.9 925.6 974.2 1025 1161 1310 1475 1655 1852 2068 2303 2559 2837 3138 3464
1348.55 1372.24 1395.97 1419.76 1443.60 1467.49 1491.44 1515.42 1539.44 1563.51 1587.63 1611.79 1635.97 1660.23 1684.51 1708.82 1733.17
290.8 310.4 330.9 352.5 375.3 399.1 424.2 450.5 478.0 506.9 537.1 568.8 601.9 636.5 672.8 710.5 750.0
986.90 1004.76 1022.82 1040.88 1058.94 1077.10 1095.26 1113.52 1131.77 1150.13 1168.49 1186.95 1205.41 1223.87 1242.43 1260.99 1279.65
12.435 11.835 11.275 10.747 10.247 9.780 9.337 8.919 8.526 8.153 7.801 7.468 7.152 6.854 6.569 6.301 6.046
u kJ/kg 1298.30 1316.96 1335.72 1354.48 1373.24 1392.7 1439.8 1487.2 1534.9 1582.6 1630.6 1678.7 1726.8 1775.3 1823.8 1872.4 1921.3
s° kJ/(kg.K)
5.804 5.574 5.355 5.147 4.949 4.761 4.328 3.994 3.601 3.295 3.022 2.776 2.555 2.356 2.175 2.012 1.864
3.52364 3.53879 3.55381 3.56867 3.58335 3.5979 3.6336 3.6684 3.7023 3.7354 3.7677 3.7994 3.8303 3.8605 3.8901 3.9191 3.9474
v r
Not: P r (ba¤›l bas›nç) ve v r (ba¤›l özgül hacim) özelikleri, izantropik durum de¤iflimlerinin çözümlemesinde kullan›lan boyutsuz büyüklüklerdir. Bas›nç ve özgül hacim özelikleriyle kar›flt›r›lmamal›d›r. Kaynak: Kenneth Wark, Termodinamik, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785–86, tablo A–5. ‹lk olarak “J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948)”adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r.
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–18 N2 , Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
0 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590
0 182.639 183.938 185.180 186.370 187.514 188.614 189.673 190.695 191.502 191.682 192.638 193.562 194.459 195.328 196.173 196.995 197.794 198.572 199.331 200.071 200.794 201.499 202.189 202.863 203.523 204.170 204.803 205.424 206.033 206.630 207.216 207.792 208.358 208.914 209.461 209.999 210.528 211.049 211.562
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266 7,558 7,849 8,141 8,432 8,669 8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,888 10,180 10,471 10,763 11,055 11,347 11,640 11,932 12,225 12,518 12,811 13,105 13,399 13,693 13,988 14,285 14,581 14,876 15,172 15,469 15,766 16,064 16,363 16,662 16,962 17,262
0 4,562 4,770 4,979 5,188 5,396 5,604 5,813 6,021 6,190 6,229 6,437 6,645 6,853 7,061 7,270 7,478 7,687 7,895 8,104 8,314 8,523 8,733 8,943 9,153 9,363 9,574 9,786 9,997 10,210 10,423 10,635 10,848 11,062 11,277 11,492 11,707 11,923 12,139 12,356
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
17,563 17,864 18,166 18,468 18,772 19,075 19,380 19,685 19,991 20,297 20,604 20,912 21,220 21,529 21,839 22,149 22,460 22,772 23,085 23,398 23,714 24,027 24,342 24,658 24,974 25,292 25,610 25,928 26,248 26,568 26,890 27,210 27,532 27,854 28,178 28,501 28,826 29,151 29,476 29,803
12,574 12,792 13,011 13,230 13,450 13,671 13,892 14,114 14,337 14,560 14,784 15,008 15,234 15,460 15,686 15,913 16,141 16,370 16,599 16,830 17,061 17,292 17,524 17,757 17,990 18,224 18,459 18,695 18,931 19,168 19,407 19,644 19,883 20,122 20,362 20,603 20,844 21,086 21,328 21,571
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K) 212.066 212.564 213.055 213.541 214.018 214.489 214.954 215.413 215.866 216.314 216.756 217.192 217.624 218.059 218.472 218.889 219.301 219.709 220.113 220.512 220.907 221.298 221.684 222.067 222.447 222.822 223.194 223.562 223.927 224.288 224.647 225.002 225.353 225.701 226.047 226.389 226.728 227.064 227.398 227.728
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TABLO A–18 N2 , Azotun mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam ) _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
56,227 56,938 57,651 58,363 59,075 59,790 60,504 61,220 61,936 62,654 63,381 64,090 64,810 66,612 68,417 70,226 72,040 73,856 75,676 77,496 79,320 81,149 82,981 84,814 86,650 88,488 90,328 92,171 94,014 95,859 97,705 99,556 101,407 103,260 105,115 106,972 108,830 110,690
41,594 42,139 42,685 43,231 43,777 44,324 44,873 45,423 45,973 46,524 47,075 47,627 48,181 49,567 50,957 52,351 53,749 55,149 56,553 57,958 59,366 60,779 62,195 63,613 65,033 66,455 67,880 69,306 70,734 72,163 73,593 75,028 76,464 77,902 79,341 80,782 82,224 83,668
30,129 30,784 31,442 32,101 32,762 33,426 34,092 34,760 35,430 36,104 36,777 37,452 38,129 38,807 39,488 40,170 40,853 41,539 42,227 42,915 43,605 44,295 44,988 45,682 46,377 47,073 47,771 48,470 49,168 49,869 50,571 51,275 51,980 52,686 53,393 54,099 54,807 55,516
21,815 22,304 22,795 23,288 23,782 24,280 24,780 25,282 25,786 26,291 26,799 27,308 27,819 28,331 28,845 29,361 29,378 30,398 30,919 31,441 31,964 32,489 33,014 33,543 34,071 34,601 35,133 35,665 36,197 36,732 37,268 37,806 38,344 38,884 39,424 39,965 40,507 41,049
228.057 228.706 229.344 229.973 230.591 231.199 231.799 232.391 232.973 233.549 234.115 234.673 235.223 235.766 236.302 236.831 237.353 237.867 238.376 238.878 239.375 239.865 240.350 240.827 241.301 241.768 242.228 242.685 243.137 243.585 244.028 244.464 244.896 245.324 245.747 246.166 246.580 246.990
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K) 247.396 247.798 248.195 248.589 248.979 249.365 249.748 250.128 250.502 250.874 251.242 251.607 251.969 252.858 253.726 254.578 255.412 256.227 257.027 257.810 258.580 259.332 260.073 260.799 261.512 262.213 262.902 263.577 264.241 264.895 265.538 266.170 266.793 267.404 268.007 268.601 269.186 269.763
Kaynak: A–18 - A–25 Tablolar›, “Kenneth Wark, Termodinamik, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787–98. Adl› kaynaktan uyarlanm›flt›r. Tablolar ilk olarak “JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971” adl› kaynakta yay›nlanm›flt›r.
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–19 O2 Oksijenin mükemmell gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol 0 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590
0 6,404 6,694 6,984 7,275 7,566 7,858 8,150 8,443 8,682 8,736 9,030 9,325 9,620 9,916 10,213 10,511 10,809 11,109 11,409 11,711 12,012 12,314 12,618 12,923 13,228 13,525 13,842 14,151 14,460 14,770 15,082 15,395 15,708 16,022 16,338 16,654 16,971 17,290 17,609
0 4,575 4,782 4,989 5,197 5,405 5,613 5,822 6,032 6,203 6,242 6,453 6,664 6,877 7,090 7,303 7,518 7,733 7,949 8,166 8,384 8,603 8,822 9,043 9,264 9,487 9,710 9,935 10,160 10,386 10,614 10,842 11,071 11,301 11,533 11,765 11,998 12,232 12,467 12,703
_ _ s ° kJ/(kmol .K) 0 196.171 197.461 198.696 199.885 201.027 202.128 203.191 204.218 205.033 205.213 206.177 207.112 208.020 208.904 209.765 210.604 211.423 212.222 213.002 213.765 214.510 215.241 215.955 216.656 217.342 218.016 218.676 219.326 219.963 220.589 221.206 221.812 222.409 222.997 223.576 224.146 224.708 225.262 225.808
T K 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
17,929 18,250 18,572 18,895 19,219 19,544 19,870 20,197 20,524 20,854 21,184 21,514 21,845 22,177 22,510 22,844 23,178 23,513 23,850 24,186 24,523 24,861 25,199 25,537 25,877 26,218 26,559 26,899 27,242 27,584 27,928 28,272 28,616 28,960 29,306 29,652 29,999 30,345 30,692 31,041
12,940 13,178 13,417 13,657 13,898 14,140 14,383 14,626 14,871 15,116 15,364 15,611 15,859 16,107 16,357 16,607 16,859 17,111 17,364 17,618 17,872 18,126 18,382 18,637 18,893 19,150 19,408 19,666 19,925 20,185 20,445 20,706 20,967 21,228 21,491 21,754 22,017 22,280 22,544 22,809
226.346 226.877 227.400 227.918 228.429 228.932 229.430 229.920 230.405 230.885 231.358 231.827 232.291 232.748 233.201 233.649 234.091 234.528 234.960 235.387 235.810 236.230 236.644 237.055 237.462 237.864 238.264 238.660 239.051 239.439 239.823 240.203 240.580 240.953 241.323 241.689 242.052 242.411 242.768 242.120
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915
TABLO A–19 O2 Oksijenin imükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam ) _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmol .K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
58,880 59,624 60,371 61,118 61,866 62,616 63,365 64,116 64,868 65,620 66,374 67,127 67,881 69,772 71,668 73,573 75,484 77,397 79,316 81,243 83,174 85,112 87,057 89,004 90,956 92,916 94,881 96,852 98,826 100,808 102,793 104,785 106,780 108,778 110,784 112,795 114,809 116,827
44,247 44,825 45,405 45,986 46,568 47,151 47,734 48,319 48,904 49,490 50,078 50,665 51,253 52,727 54,208 55,697 57,192 58,690 60,193 61,704 63,219 64,742 66,271 67,802 69,339 70,883 72,433 73,987 75,546 77,112 78,682 80,258 81,837 83,419 85,009 86,601 88,203 89,804
263.861 264.283 264.701 265.113 265.521 265.925 266.326 266.722 267.115 267.505 267.891 268.275 268.655 269.588 270.504 271.399 272.278 273.136 273.891 274.809 275.625 276.424 277.207 277.979 278.738 279.485 280.219 280.942 281.654 282.357 283.048 283.728 284.399 285.060 285.713 286.355 286.989 287.614
31,389 32,088 32,789 33,490 34,194 34,899 35,606 36,314 37,023 37,734 38,447 39,162 39,877 40,594 41,312 42,033 42,753 43,475 44,198 44,923 45,648 46,374 47,102 47,831 48,561 49,292 50,024 50,756 51,490 52,224 52,961 53,696 54,434 55,172 55,912 56,652 57,394 58,136
23,075 23,607 24,142 24,677 25,214 25,753 26,294 26,836 27,379 27,923 28,469 29,018 29,568 30,118 30,670 31,224 31,778 32,334 32,891 33,449 34,008 34,567 35,129 35,692 36,256 36,821 37,387 37,952 38,520 39,088 39,658 40,227 40,799 41,370 41,944 42,517 43,093 43,669
243.471 244.164 244.844 245.513 246.171 246.818 247.454 248.081 248.698 249.307 249.906 250.497 251.079 251.653 252.219 252.776 253.325 253.868 254.404 254.932 255.454 255.968 256.475 256.978 257.474 257.965 258.450 258.928 259.402 259.870 260.333 260.791 261.242 261.690 262.132 262.571 263.005 263.435
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–20 CO2, Karbon dioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
0 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
0 6,601 6,938 7,280 7,627 7,979 8,335 8,697 9,063 9,364 9,431 9,807 10,186 10,570 10,959 11,351 11,748 12,148 12,552 12,960 13,372 13,787 14,206 14,628 15,054 15,483 15,916 16,351 16,791 17,232 17,678 18,126 18,576 19,029 19,485 19,945 20,407 20,870 21,337 21,807
0 4,772 5,026 5,285 5,548 5,817 6,091 6,369 6,651 6,885 6,939 7,230 7,526 7,826 8,131 8,439 8,752 9,068 9,392 9,718 10,046 10,378 10,714 11,053 11,393 11,742 12,091 12,444 12,800 13,158 13,521 13,885 14,253 14,622 14,996 15,372 15,751 16,131 16,515 16,902
0 202.966 204.464 205.920 207.337 208.717 210.062 211.376 212.660 213.685 213.915 215.146 216.351 217.534 218.694 219.831 220.948 222.044 223.122 224.182 225.225 226.250 227.258 228.252 229.230 230.194 231.144 232.080 233.004 233.916 234.814 235.700 236.575 237.439 238.292 239.135 239.962 240.789 241.602 242.405
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
22,280 22,754 23,231 23,709 24,190 24,674 25,160 25,648 26,138 26,631 27,125 27,622 28,121 28,622 29,124 29,629 30,135 30,644 31,154 31,665 32,179 32,694 33,212 33,730 34,251 34,773 35,296 35,821 36,347 36,876 37,405 37,935 38,467 39,000 39,535 40,070 40,607 41,145 41,685 42,226
17,291 17,683 18,076 18,471 18,869 19,270 19,672 20,078 20,484 20,894 21,305 21,719 22,134 22,522 22,972 23,393 23,817 24,242 24,669 25,097 25,527 25,959 26,394 26,829 27,267 27,706 28,125 28,588 29,031 29,476 29,922 30,369 30,818 31,268 31,719 32,171 32,625 33,081 33,537 33,995
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K) 243.199 243.983 244.758 245.524 246.282 247.032 247.773 248.507 249.233 249.952 250.663 251.368 252.065 252.755 253.439 254.117 254.787 255.452 256.110 256.762 257.408 258.048 258.682 259.311 259.934 260.551 261.164 261.770 262.371 262.968 263.559 264.146 264.728 265.304 265.877 266.444 267.007 267.566 268.119 268.670
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TABLO A–20 CO2, Karbon dioksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam ) _ _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
86,420 87,612 88,806 90,000 91,196 92,394 93,593 94,793 95,995 97,197 98,401 99,606 100,804 103,835 106,864 109,898 112,939 115,984 119,035 122,091 125,152 128,219 131,290 134,368 137,449 140,533 143,620 146,713 149,808 152,908 156,009 159,117 162,226 165,341 168,456 171,576 174,695 177,822
71,787 72,812 73,840 74,868 75,897 76,929 77,962 78,996 80,031 81,067 82,105 83,144 84,185 86,791 89,404 92,023 94,648 97,277 99,912 102,552 105,197 107,849 110,504 113,166 115,832 118,500 121,172 123,849 126,528 129,212 131,898 134,589 137,283 139,982 142,681 145,385 148,089 150,801
301.543 302.217 302.884 303.544 304.198 304.845 305.487 306.122 306.751 307.374 307.992 308.604 309.210 310.701 312.160 313.589 314.988 316.356 317.695 319.011 320.302 321.566 322.808 324.026 325.222 326.396 327.549 328.684 329.800 330.896 331.975 333.037 334.084 335.114 336.126 337.124 338.109 339.069
42,769 43,859 44,953 46,051 47,153 48,258 49,369 50,484 51,602 52,724 53,848 54,977 56,108 57,244 58,381 59,522 60,666 61,813 62,963 64,116 65,271 66,427 67,586 68,748 66,911 71,078 72,246 73,417 74,590 76,767 76,944 78,123 79,303 80,486 81,670 82,856 84,043 85,231
34,455 35,378 36,306 37,238 38,174 39,112 40,057 41,006 41,957 42,913 43,871 44,834 45,799 46,768 47,739 48,713 49,691 50,672 51,656 52,643 53,631 54,621 55,614 56,609 57,606 58,606 59,609 60,613 61,620 62,630 63,741 64,653 65,668 66,592 67,702 68,721 69,742 70,764
269.215 270.293 271.354 272.400 273.430 274.445 275.444 276.430 277.403 278.361 297.307 280.238 281.158 282.066 282.962 283.847 284.722 285.586 286.439 287.283 288.106 288.934 289.743 290.542 291.333 292.114 292.888 292.654 294.411 295.161 295.901 296.632 297.356 298.072 298.781 299.482 300.177 300.863
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TABLO A – 21 CO, Karbon monoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmo.K)
T K
0 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266 7,558 7,849 8,140 8,432 8,669 8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,889 10,181 10,473 10,765 11,058 11,351 11,644 11,938 12,232 12,526 12,821 13,116 13,412 13,708 14,005 14,302 14,600 14,898 15,197 15,497 15,797 16,097 16,399 16,701 17,003 17,307
0 4,562 4,771 4,979 5,188 5,396 5,604 5,812 6,020 6,190 6,229 6,437 6,645 6,854 7,062 7,271 7,480 7,689 7,899 8,108 8,319 8,529 8,740 8,951 9,163 9,375 9,587 9,800 10,014 10,228 10,443 10,658 10,874 11,090 11,307 11,524 11,743 11,961 12,181 12,401
0 188.683 189.980 191.221 192.411 193.554 194.654 195.713 196.735 197.543 197.723 198.678 199.603 200.500 201.371 202.217 203.040 203.842 204.622 205.383 206.125 206.850 207.549 208.252 208.929 209.593 210.243 210.880 211.504 212.117 212.719 213.310 213.890 214.460 215.020 215.572 216.115 216.649 217.175 217.693
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
17,611 17,915 18,221 18,527 18,833 19,141 19,449 19,758 20,068 20,378 20,690 21,002 21,315 21,628 21,943 22,258 22,573 22,890 23,208 23,526 23,844 24,164 24,483 24,803 25,124 25,446 25,768 26,091 26,415 26,740 27,066 27,392 27,719 28,046 28,375 28,703 29,033 29,362 29,693 30,024
12,622 12,843 13,066 13,289 13,512 13,736 13,962 14,187 14,414 14,641 14,870 15,099 15,328 15,558 15,789 16,022 16,255 16,488 16,723 16,957 17,193 17,429 17,665 17,902 18,140 18,379 18,617 18,858 19,099 19,341 19,583 19,826 20,070 20,314 20,559 20,805 21,051 21,298 21,545 21,793
218.204 218.708 219.205 219.695 220.179 220.656 221.127 221.592 222.052 222.505 222.953 223.396 223.833 224.265 224.692 225.115 225.533 225.947 226.357 226.762 227.162 227.559 227.952 228.339 228.724 229.106 229.482 229.856 230.227 230.593 230.957 231.317 231.674 232.028 232.379 232.727 233.072 233.413 233.752 234.088
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TABLO A–21 CO, Karbon monoksitin mükemmel gaz özelikleri (Devam) _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
56,756 57,473 58,191 58,910 59,629 60,351 61,072 61,794 62,516 63,238 63,961 64,684 65,408 67,224 69,044 70,864 72,688 74,516 76,345 78,178 80,015 81,852 83,692 85,537 87,383 89,230 91,077 92,930 94,784 96,639 98,495 100,352 102,210 104,073 105,939 107,802 109,667 111,534
42,123 42,673 43,225 43,778 44,331 44,886 45,441 45,997 46,552 47,108 47,665 48,221 48,780 50,179 51,584 52,988 54,396 55,809 57,222 58,640 60,060 61,482 62,906 64,335 65,766 67,197 68,628 70,066 71,504 72,945 74,383 75,825 77,267 78,715 80,164 81,612 83,061 84,513
253.991 254.398 254.797 255.194 255.587 255.976 256.361 256.743 257.122 257.497 257.868 258.236 258.600 259.494 260.370 261.226 262.065 262.887 263.692 264.480 265.253 266.012 266.755 267.485 268.202 268.905 269.596 270.285 270.943 271.602 272.249 272.884 273.508 274.123 274.730 275.326 275.914 276.494
30,355 31,020 31,688 32,357 33,029 33,702 34,377 35,054 35,733 36,406 37,095 37,780 38,466 39,154 39,844 40,534 41,226 41,919 42,613 43,309 44,007 44,707 45,408 46,110 46,813 47,517 48,222 48,928 49,635 50,344 51,053 51,763 52,472 53,184 53,895 54,609 55,323 56,039
22,041 22,540 23,041 23,544 24,049 24,557 25,065 25,575 26,088 26,602 27,118 27,637 28,426 28,678 29,201 29,725 30,251 30,778 31,306 31,836 32,367 32,900 33,434 33,971 34,508 35,046 35,584 36,124 36,665 37,207 37,750 38,293 38,837 39,382 39,927 40,474 41,023 41,572
234.421 235.079 235.728 236.364 236.992 237.609 238.217 238.817 239.407 239.989 240.663 241.128 241.686 242.236 242.780 243.316 243.844 244.366 244.880 245.388 245.889 246.385 246.876 247.360 247.839 248.312 248.778 249.240 249.695 250.147 250.592 251.033 251.470 251.901 252.329 252.751 253.169 253.582
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TABLO A–22 H2, Hidrojenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
0 260 270 280 290 298 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400
0 126.636 127.719 128.765 129.775 130.574 130.754 132.621 134.378 136.039 137.612 139.106 140.529 141.888 143.187 144.432 145.628 146.775 148.945 150.968 152.863 154.645 156.328 157.923 159.440 160.891 162.277 163.607 164.884 166.114 167.300 168.449 169.560 170.636 171.682 172.698 173.687 174.652 175.593 176.510
1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 1680 1720 1760 1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
42,808 44,091 45,384 46,683 47,990 49,303 50,622 51,947 53,279 54,618 55,962 57,311 58,668 60,031 61,400 63,119 64,847 66,584 68,328 70,080 71,839 73,608 75,383 77,168 78,960 80,755 82,558 84,368 86,186 88,008 89,838 91,671 93,512 95,358 97,211 99,065 100,926 102,793 104,667 106,545
30,835 31,786 32,746 33,713 34,687 35,668 36,654 37,646 38,645 39,652 40,663 41,680 42,705 43,735 44,771 46,074 47,386 48,708 50,037 51,373 52,716 54,069 55,429 56,798 58,175 59,554 60,941 62,335 63,737 65,144 66,558 67,976 69,401 70,831 72,268 73,707 75,152 76,604 78,061 79,523
177.410 178.291 179.153 179.995 180.820 181.632 182.428 183.208 183.973 184.724 185.463 186.190 186.904 187.607 188.297 189.148 189.979 190.796 191.598 192.385 193.159 193.921 194.669 195.403 196.125 196.837 197.539 198.229 198.907 199.575 200.234 200.885 201.527 202.157 202.778 203.391 203.995 204.592 205.181 205.765
0 7,370 7,657 7,945 8,233 8,468 8,522 9,100 9,680 10,262 10,843 11,426 12,010 12,594 13,179 13,764 14,350 14,935 16,107 17,280 18,453 19,630 20,807 21,988 23,171 24,359 25,551 26,747 27,948 29,154 30,364 31,580 32,802 34,028 35,262 36,502 37,749 39,002 40,263 41,530
0 5,209 5,412 5,617 5,822 5,989 6,027 6,440 6,853 7,268 7,684 8,100 8,518 8,936 9,355 9,773 10,193 10,611 11,451 12,291 13,133 13,976 14,821 15,669 16,520 17,375 18,235 19,098 19,966 20,839 21,717 22,601 23,490 24,384 25,284 26,192 27,106 28,027 28,955 29,889
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TABLO A–23 H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
0 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
0 7,295 7,628 7,961 8,294 8,627 8,961 9,296 9,631 9,904 9,966 10,302 10,639 10,976 11,314 11,652 11,992 12,331 12,672 13,014 13,356 13,699 14,043 14,388 14,734 15,080 15,428 15,777 16,126 16,477 16,828 17,181 17,534 17,889 18,245 18,601 18,959 19,318 19,678 20,039
0 5,466 5,715 5,965 6,215 6,466 6,716 6,968 7,219 7,425 7,472 7,725 7,978 8,232 8,487 8,742 8,998 9,255 9,513 9,771 10,030 10,290 10,551 10,813 11,075 11,339 11,603 11,869 12,135 12,403 12,671 12,940 13,211 13,482 13,755 14,028 14,303 14,579 14,856 15,134
0 178.576 180.054 181.471 182.831 184.139 185.399 186.616 187.791 188.720 188.928 190.030 191.098 192.136 193.144 194.125 195.081 196.012 196.920 197.807 198.673 199.521 200.350 201.160 201.955 202.734 203.497 204.247 204.982 205.705 206.413 207.112 207.799 208.475 209.139 209.795 210.440 211.075 211.702 212.320
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
20,402 20,765 21,130 21,495 21,862 22,230 22,600 22,970 23,342 23,714 24,088 24,464 24,840 25,218 25,597 25,977 26,358 26,741 27,125 27,510 27,896 28,284 28,672 29,062 29,454 29,846 30,240 30,635 31,032 31,429 31,828 32,228 32,629 33,032 33,436 33,841 34,247 34,653 35,061 35,472
15,413 15,693 15,975 16,257 16,541 16,826 17,112 17,399 17,688 17,978 18,268 18,561 18,854 19,148 19,444 19,741 20,039 20,339 20,639 20,941 21,245 21,549 21,855 22,162 22,470 22,779 23,090 23,402 23,715 24,029 24,345 24,662 24,980 25,300 25,621 25,943 26,265 26,588 26,913 27,240
212.920 213.529 214.122 214.707 215.285 215.856 216.419 216.976 217.527 218.071 218.610 219.142 219.668 220.189 220.707 221.215 221.720 222.221 222.717 223.207 223.693 224.174 224.651 225.123 225.592 226.057 226.517 226.973 227.426 227.875 228.321 228.763 229.202 229.637 230.070 230.499 230.924 231.347 231.767 232.184
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–23 H2O, Su buhar›n›n mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
(Devam ) _ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740
232.597 233.415 234.223 235.020 235.806 236.584 237.352 238.110 238.859 239.600 240.333 241.057 241.773 242.482 243.183 243.877 244.564 245.243 245.915 246.582 247.241 247.895 248.543 249.185 249.820 250.450 251.074 251.693 252.305 252.912 253.513 254.111 254.703 255.290 255.873 256.450 257.022 257.589
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
70,535 71,523 72,513 73,507 74,506 75,506 76,511 77,517 78,527 79,540 80,555 81,573 82,593 85,156 87,735 90,330 92,940 95,562 98,199 100,846 103,508 106,183 108,868 111,565 114,273 116,991 119,717 122,453 125,198 127,952 130,717 133,486 136,264 139,051 141,846 144,648 147,457 150,272
55,902 56,723 57,547 58,375 59,207 60,042 60,880 61,720 62,564 63,411 64,259 65,111 65,965 68,111 70,275 72,454 74,649 76,855 79,076 81,308 83,553 85,811 88,082 90,364 92,656 94,958 97,269 99,588 101,917 104,256 106,605 108,959 111,321 113,692 116,072 118,458 120,851 123,250
258.151 258.708 259.262 259.811 260.357 260.898 261.436 261.969 262.497 263.022 263.542 264.059 264.571 265.838 267.081 268.301 269.500 270.679 271.839 272.978 274.098 275.201 276.286 277.354 278.407 279.441 280.462 281.464 282.453 283.429 284.390 285.338 286.273 287.194 288.102 288.999 289.884 290.756
35,882 36,709 37,542 38,380 39,223 40,071 40,923 41,780 42,642 43,509 44,380 45,256 46,137 47,022 47,912 48,807 49,707 50,612 51,521 52,434 53,351 54,273 55,198 56,128 57,062 57,999 58,942 59,888 60,838 61,792 62,748 63,709 64,675 65,643 66,614 67,589 68,567 69,550
27,568 28,228 28,895 29,567 30,243 30,925 31,611 32,301 32,997 33,698 34,403 35,112 35,827 36,546 37,270 38,000 38,732 39,470 40,213 40,960 41,711 42,466 43,226 43,989 44,756 45,528 46,304 47,084 47,868 48,655 49,445 50,240 51,039 51,841 52,646 53,455 54,267 55,083
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TABLO A–24 O, Tek atomlu oksijenin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ _ T h u s ° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmoI.K)
T K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 160.944 161.079 172.088 186.678 195.143 196.488 197.751 198.941 200.067 201.135 201.649 202.151 202.641 203.119 203.588 204.045 204.493
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
OH, Hidroksilin mükemmel gaz özelikleri _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmoI.K)
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 183.594 183.779 198.955 219.624 232.506 234.642 236.672 238.606 240.453 242.221 243.077 243.917 244.740 245.547 246.338 247.116 247.879
0 6,852 6,892 11,197 21,713 32,150 34,234 36,317 38,400 40,482 42,564 43,605 44,646 45,687 46,728 47,769 48,811 49,852
0 4,373 4,398 7,040 13,398 19,679 20,931 22,183 23,434 24,685 25,935 26,560 27,186 27,811 28,436 29,062 29,688 30,314
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
50,894 51,936 52,979 54,021 55,064 56,108 57,152 58,196 59,241 60,286 61,332 62,378 63,425 65,520 67,619 69,720 71,824 73,932
30,940 31,566 32,193 32,820 33,447 34,075 34,703 35,332 35,961 36,590 37,220 37,851 38,482 39,746 41,013 42,283 43,556 44,832
204.932 205.362 205.783 206.196 206.601 206.999 207.389 207.772 208.148 208.518 208.882 209.240 209.592 210.279 210.945 211.592 212.220 212.831
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s ° kJ/(kmol .K)
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
77,015 78,801 80,592 82,388 84,189 85,995 87,806 89,622 91,442 93,266 95,095 96,927 98,763 102,447 106,145 109,855 113,578 117,312
57,061 58,431 59,806 61,186 62,572 63,962 65,358 66,757 68,162 69,570 70,983 72,400 73,820 76,673 79,539 82,418 85,309 88,212
248.628 249.364 250.088 250.799 251.499 252.187 252.864 253.530 254.186 254.832 255.468 256.094 256.712 257.919 259.093 260.235 261.347 262.429
TABLO A–25
0 9,188 9,244 15,181 30,123 46,046 49,358 52,706 56,089 59,505 62,952 64,687 66,428 68,177 69,932 71,694 73,462 75,236
0 6,709 6,749 11,024 21,809 33,575 36,055 38,571 41,123 43,708 46,323 47,642 48,968 50,301 51,641 52,987 54,339 55,697
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Termodinamik TABLO A–26 25°C s›cakl›k ve 1atm bas›nçta Oluflum entalpisi, oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu ve mutlak entropi _ _ _ h °f g f ° s ° Kimyasal Madde Formül kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/(kmol.K) Karbon Hidrojen Azot Okflijen Karbon monoksit Karbon dioksit Su buhar› Su Hidrojen peroksit Amonyak Metan Asetilen Etilen Etan Propilen Propan n -Bütan n -Oktan n -Oktan n -Dodekan Benzen Metil alkol Metil alkol Etil alkol Etil alkol Okflijen Hidrojen Azot Hidroksil
C(s ) H2(g ) N2(g ) O2(g ) CO(g ) CO2(g ) H2O(g ) H2O() H2O2(g ) NH3(g ) CH4(g ) C2H2(g ) C2H4(g ) C2H6(g ) C3H6(g ) C3H8(g ) C4H10(g ) C8H18(g ) C8H18() C12H26(g ) C6H6(g ) CH3OH(g ) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g ) C2H5OH() O(g ) H(g ) N(g ) OH(g )
0 0 0 0 110,530 393,520 241,820 285,830 136,310 46,190 74,850 +226,730 +52,280 84,680 +20,410 103,850 126,150 208,450 249,950 291,010 +82,930 200,670 238,660 235,310 277,690 +249,190 +218,000 +472,650 +39,460
0 0 0 0 137,150 394,360 228,590 237,180 105,600 16,590 50,790 +209,170 +68,120 32,890 +62,720 23,490 15,710 +16,530 +6,610 +50,150 +129,660 162,000 166,360 168,570 174,890 +231,770 +203,290 +455,510 +34,280
5.74 130.68 191.61 205.04 197.65 213.80 188.83 69.92 232.63 192.33 186.16 200.85 219.83 229.49 266.94 269.91 310.12 466.73 360.79 622.83 269.20 239.70 126.80 282.59 160.70 161.06 114.72 153.30 183.70
Kaynak: JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Pro- ject 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
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TABLO A–27 Bilinen baz› yak›tlar›n ve hidrokarbonlar›n özellikleri
Yak›t (hal)
Kimyasal Formülü
Mol kütlesi, kg/kmol
Karbon (s ) Hidrojen (g ) Karbon monoksit (g ) Metan (g ) Metanol () Asetilen (g ) Etan (g ) Etanol () Propan () Bütan () 1-Penten () ‹zopentan () Benzen () Heksen () Heksan () Toluen () Heptan () Oktan () Dekan () Benzin () Hafif dizel () A¤›r dizel () Do¤al gaz (g )
C H CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 Cn H1.87n Cn H1.8n Cn H1.7n Cn H3.8n N0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
11
Yo¤unluk,1 kg/L 2 — — — 0.790 — — 0.790 0.500 0.579 0.641 0.626 0.877 0.673 0.660 0.867 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.72–0.78 0.78–0.84 0.82–0.88 —
Buharlaflma entalpisi,2 kJ/kg — — — 509 1168 — 172 919 335 362 363 — 433 392 366 412 365 363 361 350 270 230 —
atm bas›nç ve 20°C s›cakl›kta. yak›tlar için 25°C s›cakl›kta, gaz yak›tlar için 1 atm bas›nç ve normal kaynama s›cakl›¤›nda. 325°C s›cakl›kta. Is›l de¤erleri kJ/kmol cinsinden elde etmek için yak›t›n mol kütlesi ile çarp›n›z. 2S›v›
Üst Özgül ›s›l ›s›,1 c p de¤er,3 kJ/kg · K kJ/kg 0.708 14.4 1.05 2.20 2.53 1.69 1.75 2.44 2.77 2.42 2.20 2.32 1.72 1.84 2.27 1.71 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.4 2.2 1.9 2
32,800 141,800 10,100 55,530 22,660 49,970 51,900 29,670 50,330 49,150 47,760 48,570 41,800 47,500 48,310 42,400 48,100 47,890 47,640 47,300 46,100 45,500 50,000
Alt ›s›l de¤er,3 kJ/kg 32,800 120,000 10,100 50,050 19,920 48,280 47,520 26,810 46,340 45,370 44,630 44,910 40,100 44,400 44,740 40,500 44,600 44,430 44,240 44,000 43,200 42,800 45,000
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Termodinamik
TABLO A–28 K p denge sabitinin do¤al logaritmas› nA
A +
B ∆ nC C +
nB
D reaksiyonu için K p denge sabiti K p
nD
≡
nC PC P Dn D
P An A P Bn B
fleklinde tan›mlan›r
Temp., K 298 500 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
H2O ∆ H2 + 1 / 2O2
H2O ∆ 1 / 2H2 + OH
CO2 ∆ CO + 1 / 2O2
1 / N + 1 / O ∆ 2 2 2 2
H2 ∆ 2H
O2 ∆ 2O
N2 ∆ 2N
164.005
186.975
367.480
92.208
106.208
103.762
35.052
92.827
105.630
213.372
52.691
60.281
57.616
20.295
39.803
45.150
99.127
23.163
26.034
23.529
9.388
30.874
35.005
80.011
18.182
20.283
17.871
7.569
24.463
27.742
66.329
14.609
16.099
13.842
6.270
19.637
22.285
56.055
11.921
13.066
10.830
5.294
15.866
18.030
48.051
9.826
10.657
8.497
4.536
12.840
14.622
41.645
8.145
8.728
6.635
3.931
10.353
11.827
36.391
6.768
7.148
5.120
3.433
8.276
9.497
32.011
5.619
5.832
3.860
3.019
6.517
7.521
28.304
4.648
4.719
2.801
2.671
5.002
5.826
25.117
3.812
3.763
1.894
2.372
3.685
4.357
22.359
3.086
2.937
1.111
2.114
2.534
3.072
19.937
2.451
2.212
0.429
1.888
1.516
1.935
17.800
1.891
1.576
1.690
0.609
0.926
15.898
1.392
1.088
0.202 0.934 2.486 3.725 4.743 5.590
0.019
14.199
0.945
0.501
0.796 2.513 3.895 5.023 5.963
12.660
0.542
0.044
9.414
0.312 0.996 1.560 2.032
0.920 1.689 2.318 2.843
0.169 0.701 1.176 1.599 2.490 3.197 3.771 4.245
6.807 4.666 2.865
NO
1.513 1.356 1.216 0.921 0.686 0.497 0.341
Kaynak: J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Termodinamik, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. “JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Thermal Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1971)” adl› kaynaktan verilen termodinamik verilere dayal›d›r.
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Ek 1 7.5
|
927
0.50
7.0
0.55 T
0.60
R
6.5 0.65 0.70
6.0 S a D t uo y a r m t eu d l s i q ı vu ı i d
5.5
0.75 0.80 0.90
5.0
0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96
0.75 0.80
– 4.5 h r – — k l — T a e R 4.0 d i — h — =
0.85
1.02 0.85
1.06 0.90
3.5
1.04 1.08
1.10 1.15
0.92 0.94
– – h r – — k 3.0 l T — a u e d R i — – h — 2.5 =
1.00
1.20
0.96
1.25
1.30 0.98
1.40
h
Z
ı s a m p a s i p l a t n E
2.0
1.50
1.5
1.70 1.80
1.0
o r r p a h a v u e d b 0 9 t u . 5 a m r y u t 0 D S a o 0. 9
0.5
0 0 1.
1.60
1.90 2.00 2.20
1 0 0 11. 2 0 1. 3 . 1
2.40 2.60
. 0 1 5
2.80 3.00
2. 0 0
4.00
0
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
10
20
30
ndirgenmi basınç, P
R
–
0.500
h r – — k l T a — e R d i — h — 0.400
9 0 0. 0 = 9 T R 0. =
=
– h – r – — k 0.300 l T a — u e d R i — – h – — = h
Z
ı s a m p a s i p l a t n E
u r r a o p h a v u b e u d t m a y u r o t D S a
0.200
T R
0 8 0.
. 0 1 0 0 1. 1 1. 2 0 1. 4 0
0.100
1. 6 0
fiEKIL A–29
2.00
Genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma diyagram› Kaynak: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius,
0.000 0
0.05
0.10
0.15 P
R
0.20
0.25
0.30
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
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928
10:15
|
Page 928
Termodinamik 10.0
– 0.500
s – — l — R 0.400 a e d — i s
ı s a m p a s i p o r t n E
9.0
u r r o 9 a p . 0 h v u = 0 b d T R a t e u r u a t m o y S D 0 0 1. 0
—
= 0.300
–
8 0.
s – — u0.200 l — a e R d i — s
1. 2 0
— 0.100 =
1. 4 0 1.60
s
Z 0.000
T R
8.0
1. 1 0
0
2.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 P R
0.50
–
s – — l — a e R d i — s
7.0 0.55 0.60
—
=
–
S D a o t u y r m a t u e fl d s › g v a › s
6.0
s – — u l — a e R d i — s
— 5.0 = s
Z
› s a m p a s i p o r t n E
0.65 0.70
0.75
0.75
0.80
0.80 0.85
4.0
0.90 0.90
0.94
0.92 0.98
0.92 0.96
0.94
1.00
1.02
0.96
0.85
3.0
0.94 0.98
1.04
1.02
1.06 1.08
0.98
1.06
1.10 1.15
2.0 1.20
fiEKIL A–30
1.0
Genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma diyagram› Kaynak: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius,
Fundamentals of Engineering Termodinamik, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
5 9 . 0 0 0 .
o r r p a a h v u d b e fl a t u u r m 0 t y a o D S 0 .9
0 0.1
0.2
0.3 0.40.5
1.40
4 1 0 .
1 1 0 1.
1.60
0 1. 2
1. 4 0 1.60
2.00 3.00
1.0
2.0
1.30
1.50 1.80 2.50
3.0 4.0 5.0
‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, P R
10
20
30
ek
11/6/08
10:15
Page 929
Ek 1
|
929
T H ∆ ı s ı m a l p o T = – — — — — — — — S ı s ı r u l u y u D H ∆
0 4 . 0
6 3 . 0
5 4 . 0
0 5 . 0
0 2 1
0 3
8 2
5 5 . 0
4 2
5 6 . 0
0 0 1
0 1 1
6 2
0 6 . 0
2 2
0 2
0 7 . 0
5 0 5 0 5 7 . 8 . 8 . 9 . 9 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 9
8 1
6 1
0 8
4 1
2 1
0 7
0 1
8
0 6
6
4
2
0 5
a v a h u r u k g k / m e n g , ) ( ı n a r o m e N
0. 9 4 a h a v u r u k g 3 / k 2 m 0. 9 0 4
0. 9 0
0 3
C ı
°
l ı k a c ı s e r t e m o m r e t k a l s ı , 5 2
m e n l ı a b 0 1 %
8 0. 8
0 3 0 0 1
0 9
5 2
% 0 9
% 0 8
% 0 7
% 0 4
% 0 5
% 0 6
% 0 3
1 . o N a P m k a 5 r 2 g 3 a k . y l ı 1 i 0 D k 1 a : c k i ı ç r S n ı t l e a s a m m B o r k o k i i r s N t P e E m o A r a R B H S A
0 .
• 5
–
0 2
4 0. 8
0 7 a v a h u r u k g k / J k , 0 ) 6 h ( i p l a t n E
.0 2 –
0 0 . 0 0 1 . . 5 . 0 . 0 1 1 2 . • 0 –
4
. 4 2 0 . 0 – – .
– 1 5 . – 0
i s e y i v e S z i n e D
S T
— H H
3 . 0
4 . 0
5 .
6 7 . 0 0 . . 0 . 8 0 0 1
• 0 .
0 1
0 . 5
0 . 4
0 2
5 1
0 2 C ° ı ı l k a c ı s a m y o D
2 0. 8
5 1
0 1
0 5 0 1
2 .0
. 2 — – 0 = – ı 0 2.5 ı s — s ı ı r 1 . 0 — u m l a u l — y p u o 2 . — 0 0 . T 3 D —
∆ ∆
C ° ı ı l k a c ı s e r t e m o m r e t u r u K
0. 8 6
0 8
. c n I , s r , e g e n i n i t g a n e E H g f n o i y n t o i e t i i c d o S n o n C a r c i i r A e m d A n a 2 g 9 n i 9 1 t a © r e g i r f e R
0 3
% 0 2
h —
— = — ı n i a p — r l o — a t n — e E m — N — ∆ ∆
0 1 0 4
5
0 3
0. 8 0
5 0
0 2
8 0. 7 0
. r ı t ı m n a l r ı z a h n a d n ı f a r a t i s e t i s r e v i n Ü o h a d I f o y t i s r e v i n U , s e i d u t S c i m a n y d o m r e h T d e i l p p A r o f r e t n e C
. r › t fl › m l › s a b e l y i n z i n › n ” A G , a t n a l t A , . c n I , s r e e n i g n E g n i m n o a t r i d g i a n o y C i d i r A k i r d n t e a g m i n o r t a r k e i g s i r p f e n R i , ç g i n i t ç a n › e s H a f b o y t e m i 1 l a c o 3 p S – o n a L t i c I r m K t e m a E A fi 1 “
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930
|
Page 930
Termodinamik
B
Ma* Ma A A*
1 Ma
a a a
2 (k 1)Ma2
ca b a 2
k 1
bd
k 1 1 Ma2 2
b b b
k 1 Ma2 1 2 P0
k (k 1)
k 1 Ma2 2
1 (k 1)
1
k 1 Ma2 2
1
1
P
r
r 0
T T 0
TABLO A–32
k 1
k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için bir-boyutlu, izantropik s›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl fonksiyonlar›
0.5(k 1) (k 1)
Ma
Ma*
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 5.0
0 0.1094 0.2182 0.3257 0.4313 0.5345 0.6348 0.7318 0.8251 0.9146 1.0000 1.1583 1.2999 1.4254 1.5360 1.6330 1.7179 1.7922 1.8571 1.9140 1.9640 2.2361 2.2495
A / A*
5.8218 2.9635 2.0351 1.5901 1.3398 1.1882 1.0944 1.0382 1.0089 1.0000 1.0304 1.1149 1.2502 1.4390 1.6875 2.0050 2.4031 2.8960 3.5001 4.2346 25.000
P / P0
r r 0
/
T / T 0
1.0000 0.9930 0.9725 0.9395 0.8956 0.8430 0.7840 0.7209 0.6560 0.5913 0.5283 0.4124 0.3142 0.2353 0.1740 0.1278 0.0935 0.0684 0.0501 0.0368 0.0272 0.0019 0
1.0000 0.9950 0.9803 0.9564 0.9243 0.8852 0.8405 0.7916 0.7400 0.6870 0.6339 0.5311 0.4374 0.3557 0.2868 0.2300 0.1841 0.1472 0.1179 0.0946 0.0760 0.0113 0
1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9690 0.9524 0.9328 0.9107 0.8865 0.8606 0.8333 0.7764 0.7184 0.6614 0.6068 0.5556 0.5081 0.4647 0.4252 0.3894 0.3571 0.1667 0
3.0 A / A*
2.5 › r a l n o 2.0 y i s k n o f fl › k 1.5 a r i l i b a l › r › t 1.0 fl › k › S
Ma*
/ T0 T
0.5
*
/ r r P / P0
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
ek
11/6/08
10:15
Page 931
Ek 1 T 01 T 02
Ma 2 P2 P1 r 2
B
P2 P1
2k Ma 21 k 1
2 ( k 1)Ma 21
T 2 T1
T 2
2 Ma 21(k 1) 2 Ma 22(k 1)
P02 P01 P02 P1
k 1
(k 1)Ma 21
r 1
T 1
k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için bir-boyutlu normal flok fonksiyonlar›
2k Ma 21 k 1
1 k Ma 22
Ma 1 1 Ma 22(k 1) 2
c
Ma 2 1 Ma 21(k 1) 2
d
V 1 V 2
(k 1)/[2(k 1)]
(1 k Ma 21)[1 Ma 22(k 1) 2] k (k 1) 1 k Ma 22
931
TABLO A–33
(k 1)Ma21 2
1 k Ma 21
|
Ma1
Ma2
P 2 / P1
r 2 r1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.0000 0.9118 0.8422 0.7860 0.7397 0.7011 0.6684 0.6405 0.6165 0.5956 0.5774 0.5613 0.5471 0.5344 0.5231 0.5130 0.5039 0.4956 0.4882 0.4814 0.4752 0.4350 0.4152 0.3780
1.0000 1.2450 1.5133 1.8050 2.1200 2.4583 2.8200 3.2050 3.6133 4.0450 4.5000 4.9783 5.4800 6.0050 6.5533 7.1250 7.7200 8.3383 8.9800 9.6450 10.3333 18.5000 29.000
1.0000 1.1691 1.3416 1.5157 1.6897 1.8621 2.0317 2.1977 2.3592 2.5157 2.6667 2.8119 2.9512 3.0845 3.2119 3.3333 3.4490 3.5590 3.6636 3.7629 3.8571 4.5714 5.0000 6.0000
/
T 2 / T1
P 02 / P01
P 02 / P1
1.0000 1.0649 1.1280 1.1909 1.2547 1.3202 1.3880 1.4583 1.5316 1.6079 1.6875 1.7705 1.8569 1.9468 2.0403 2.1375 2.2383 2.3429 2.4512 2.5632 2.6790 4.0469 5.8000
1.0000 0.9989 0.9928 0.9794 0.9582 0.9298 0.8952 0.8557 0.8127 0.7674 0.7209 0.6742 0.6281 0.5833 0.5401 0.4990 0.4601 0.4236 0.3895 0.3577 0.3283 0.1388 0.0617 0
1.8929 2.1328 2.4075 2.7136 3.0492 3.4133 3.8050 4.2238 4.6695 5.1418 5.6404 6.1654 6.7165 7.2937 7.8969 8.5261 9.1813 9.8624 10.5694 11.3022 12.0610 21.0681 32.6335
5.0 P02 / P1
P2 / P1
4.0
r 2 / r1
› r a l n o 3.0 y i s k n o f k o fl l a 2.0 m r o N
T 2 / T1
1.0 Ma2 P02 / P01
0 1.0
1.5
2.0 Ma1
2.5
3.0
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11/6/08
10:15
932
Page 932
|
Termodinamik
T 0 (k 1)Ma2[2 (k 1)Ma2] T 0* (1 k Ma2)2 P0 2 (k 1)Ma2 k 1 P* k 1 1 k Ma2 0
a
T T * P P* V V *
a
b
b
Ma(1 k ) 2
1 k Ma
2
1 k 1 k Ma2 r * r
(1 k )Ma2 1 k Ma2
TABLO A–34 k (k 1)
k 1.4 olan bir mükemmel gaz için Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar› Ma
T 0 / T 0*
P 0 / P 0*
T / T *
P / P *
V / V *
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
0.0000 0.0468 0.1736 0.3469 0.5290 0.6914 0.8189 0.9085 0.9639 0.9921 1.0000 0.9787 0.9343 0.8842 0.8363 0.7934 0.7561 0.7242 0.6970 0.6738 0.6540
1.2679 1.2591 1.2346 1.1985 1.1566 1.1141 1.0753 1.0431 1.0193 1.0049 1.0000 1.0194 1.0777 1.1756 1.3159 1.5031 1.7434 2.0451 2.4177 2.8731 3.4245
0.0000 0.0560 0.2066 0.4089 0.6151 0.7901 0.9167 0.9929 1.0255 1.0245 1.0000 0.9118 0.8054 0.7017 0.6089 0.5289 0.4611 0.4038 0.3556 0.3149 0.2803
2.4000 2.3669 2.2727 2.1314 1.9608 1.7778 1.5957 1.4235 1.2658 1.1246 1.0000 0.7958 0.6410 0.5236 0.4335 0.3636 0.3086 0.2648 0.2294 0.2004 0.1765
0.0000 0.0237 0.0909 0.1918 0.3137 0.4444 0.5745 0.6975 0.8101 0.9110 1.0000 1.1459 1.2564 1.3403 1.4046 1.4545 1.4938 1.5252 1.5505 1.5711 1.5882
3.5 P0 / P0*
3.0
2.5 › r a l n o y i s k 2.0 n o f fl › k a h 1.5 g i e l y a R
/ V * V
1.0 T 0 / T 0*
0.5
T / T * P / P*
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
3.0
D‹Z‹N A A, 5 A- bombas›, 57 Aç›k besleme sulu ›s›t›c›, 568–570 Aç›k çevrim, 487 Aç›k gaz türbin motoru çevrimi, 508 Aç›k sistem, 10–11 Adyabatik alev s›cakl›¤›, 770–773 Adyabatik doyma s›cakl›¤›, 723–724 Adyabatik hal de¤iflimi, 61 Adyabatik verim, 370 Adyabatik yanma s›cakl›¤›, 770 Aerodinamik direnç katsay›s›, 531 Aerodinamik olarak tasarlanm›fl araçlar, 531, 532 AFUE, 79 A¤›r dizel, 925 A¤›rl›k, 7 A¤›rl›klar ve Ölçüler Genel Konferans› (CGPM), 5 AID, 764 Ak›fl alan›ndaki ak›flkan h›z›, 832–834 Ak›fl ekserjisi, 437–438 Ak›fl enerjisi, 58, 226, 227, 438 Ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 Ak›fl ifli, 58, 226–227, 254 Ak›fl, yo¤unluk de¤iflimleri. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fllara bak›n›z. Ak›flkan ak›m›n›n ekserjisi, 437–438 Ak›flkan ak›m›n›n genleflmesi, 448–451 Ak›flkan dinami¤i, 823. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fla bak›n›z. Ak›flkan sürtünmesi, 557 Akkor lambalar, 80 Aktar›m enerjisi, 227 Alt çevrim, 587 Alt ›s›l de¤eri (AID), 764 Alt indis f, 127 Alt indis fg, 127 Alt indis ort, 130 Alt ölü nokta (AÖN), 493 Alternatif yak›tlar, 573, 753 Amagat’›n eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 Amino asitler, 194 Amonyak, 617, 884, 924 Amonyak, 617, 884, 924 Amonyak-su so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631, 632
Amper (A), 5 Anlaml› basamaklar, 38 AÖN, 493 Ara ›s›tmal› kademeli genleflme, 517 Ara so¤utma, 517 Ara so¤utmal› kademeli s›k›flt› rma, 367–368, 517 Ara so¤utmal›, ara ›s›tmal›, rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Ara so¤utucu, 367 Araç. Otomobile bak›n›z Ara ›s›tma Brayton çevrimi, 517–521 buhar güç çevrimi, 564–568, 574–576 çok kademeli genleflme, 517 gaz türbini, 519–521 Ara ›s›tmal› Rankine çevrimi, 564–568, 574–576 Ara ›s›tmal› rejeneratörü Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 Ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620 Argon, 182, 884, 885 Art yak›c›, 527 Asetilen, 924, 925 Asit ya¤muru, 88–89 Afl›r› doymufl, 870 Afl›r› kilo, 198 At›k hava, 757 At›k ›s›, 399–400 atm, 22,30 Atmosfer, 425 Atmosferik bas›nç, 29–31 Atmosferik hava, 718, 720 Atom bombas›, 57, Atom, 55–56 Ayd›nlatma sistemleri, 80 Ayd›nlatma verimi, 80 Ay›rma ifllemleri, 701–704 Ay›rma santralleri, 697 Ayr›k e¤ik flok, 854–855 Ayr›flma, 798 Azot oksit (NOx), 87 Azot, 117, 627, 884, 885, 912–913, 924
B Ba¤›l bas›nç, 359 Ba¤›l nem, 149, 719, 720, 725–726
Ba¤›l yo¤unluk, 13 Ba¤›nt›lar. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z Bahçe hortum f›skiyesi, 224–225 Balonla uçmak, 161–162 bar, 22 Barometre, 29, 31 Barometrik bas›nç, 29 Bas›nç atmosferik, 29–31 azalma, 141 bas›nç kuvvetleri taraf›ndan yap›lan ifl, 253–255 buhar, 149, 718 Dalton yasas›, 684 derinlik, 23-26 doyma, 115-118 doymufl d›v› - tank, 128 durma, 825 genellefltirilmifl çizelge, 143–144 gösterge, 22, 23 hidrostatik, 32–33 kar›flan, 685 kazan, 561–564 k›smi, 685 kritik, 119 mutlak, 22, 23 OEB, 493 ozmotik, 705 ölçüm birimi, 21 sanki kritik, 686 tan›m, 21 üçlü nokta, 123 vakum, 22, 23 yo¤uflturucu, 560–561 Bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Bas›nç düflüsü, 24 Bas›nç düflüfl testi, 393 Bas›nç göstergesi, 22 Bas›nç oran›, 509 Bas›nç oran›, 685 Bas›nç ölçüm cihazlar›, 26–29 Basit s›k›flt›r›labilir sistem, 15 Bazal metobolik h›z, 193 Beattie-Bridgeman hal denklemi, 145 Becquerel, Edmond, 649 Benedict-Webb-Rubin hal denklemi, 145 Benzen, 86, 87, 884, 924, 925 Benzin ›s›tma de¤eri, 79
|
933
934
| D‹Z‹N
Benzin, 497, 532, 753, 925 Benzinli motor, 497, 500 Bernouilli denklemi, 363 Besin, 194–198, 889 Besin, 194–198, 889 Besleme suyu ›s›t›c›s› (FWH), 568, 571 Besleme suyu, 568, 569 Beyin, 193 Bileflik ›s›- güç üretimi santrali, 579–583 Bileflik ›s›- güç üretimi, 578- 583 Bilgisayar yaz›l›m› (EES), 36–38 1090 MW Tohoku birleflik santrali, 584 1250 hp kompresör ünitesi 1350 MW birleflik güç santrali çevrimi, 585 1990 y›l› uluslar aras› s›cakl›k ölçe¤i (ITS–90), 20 1-Penten, 925 1-Penten, 925 Bir depodan su boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 Bir sistemin enerji de¤iflimi, 72 Birim dönüflüm oran›, 9 Birim mol için özellikler, 138 Birim sistemleri, 4-5 Birimler, 3 Birinci Carnot ilkesi, 358 Birinci türden devir daim makineleri (DDM1), 293 Birinci yasa analizi bombada yanma, 769–770 sürekli-ak›fl yanmas›, 767–769 tepkimeli sistemler, 765–770 Birincil boyutlar, 3 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç çevrimi, 583–586 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç santrali, 584–585 Birleflik gaz-su buhar› güç çevrimi, 585–586 Bitkisel kaynakl› proteinler, 194 Bitkisel ya¤lar, 194 BMI, 198 Bo¤az, 831, 832 Bo¤uk ak›fl, 837 Bo¤uk Rayleigh ak›fl, 867 Boltzmann ba¤›nt›s›, 347 Boltzmann sabiti, 347 Bomba kalorimetresi, 194 Bor, 493 Boru ve gövde tipi ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 Boru ve kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 Borusal yak›c›, 868–869 Bofla harcanm›fl ifl potansiyeli. Ekserji yok olufluna, Tersinmezli¤e bak›n›z Bofla harcanm›fl zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 Bourdan tüp, 29 Bourdan-Eugene, 29 Boyle, Robert, 137 Boyutlar, 3 Boyutlar›n türdeflli¤i, 8 Boyutsal homojenlik, 8 Brayton çevrimi, 507–513 Brayton, George, 507 Bridgman çizelgesi, 680 Bridgman, P.W., 680 British thermal unit (Btu), 7 Bromin, 884 Btu, 7 Buhar bas›nc›, 149, 718 Buhar çevrimi, 487 Buhar güç çevrimi, 551–578 ara ›s›tma, 564–568, 574–576
Carnot buhar çevrimi, 552–553 ideal ile gerçe¤in karfl›laflt›r›lmas›, 557–560 ideal rejenerativ Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 ikinci yasa analizi, 576–578 kazan bas›nc›, 561–564 k›zg›n buhar›n yüksek s›cakl›klara ç›kar›lmas›, 561, 562–564 Rankine çevrimi, 553–557 rejenerasyon, 568–576 verim art›fl›, 560–564 yo¤uflturucu bas›nc›, 560–561 Buhar lülesi, 869–872 Buhar noktas›, 18, 20 Buhar püskürtülmesi, 550 Buhar türbini ile güç üretimi, 237–238 Buhar türbini. Türbine bak›n›z güç üretimi, 237–238 ikinci-yasa analizi, 460–462 Buhar üreticisi, 554 Buhar, 137. Gaza bak›n›z Buhar›n yüksek s›cakl›lara k›zd›r›lmas›, 561, 562–564 Buharlaflma entalpisi, 127 Buharlaflma gizli ›s›s›, 116, 127 Buharlaflma odas›, 623–625 Buharlaflma, 114 Buharlaflma, 151 göldeki s›cakl›k düflümü, 152 hacim/enerji de¤iflimi, 128–129 mol oran›, 813 sudaki so¤utma etkisi, 150, 152 Buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 Buharlaflmal› so¤utucu, 151, 734 Buharlaflmal› so¤utucu, 734, 735 Buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma çevrimi, 287 gerçek, 614–616 ideal, 610–616 yenilikçi, 620–628 Buji atefllemeli (SI) motorlar, 494 Buz kalorimetresi, 164 Buz noktas›, 17, 19 Buz, 112 Bütan, 87, 884, 885, 924, 925 Bypass oran›, 526
C c, 5 c p, 178–180, 664–665 c , 178–180, 664–665 candela (cd), 5 Carnot buhar çevrimi, 552–553 Carnot çevrimi, 299–301, 346, 490–492 Carnot ›s› motoru, 305–309 Carnot ›s› pompas›, 309–311, 609 Carnot ilkeleri, 302–303 Carnot so¤utma çevrimi, 301 Carnot so¤utucusu, 309–310, 609 Carnot verimi, 305 Carnot, Sadi, 300 Carre, Ferdinand, 632 Cd, 5 Celsius (oC), 20 Celsius ölçe¤i, 18, 20 Celsius, A., 18 Centi (c), 5 CFC, 616–618 v
Charles, J., 137 CI motorlar, 494 Ci¤er, 193 C›va, 715 Clapeyron eflitli¤i, 658–661 Clapeyron, E., 659 Clapeyron-Clausius eflitli¤i, 660 Clausius eflitsizli¤i, 332, 333 Clausius ifadesi, 292–293 Clausius, Rudolph, 2, 53, 332–333 CNG, 752, 753 CO. Karbon monoksite bak›n›z (CO) CO2. Karbon dioksite bak›n›z (CO2) Columbia uzay gemisi felaketi, 851 COPIP, 289 COP, 288–289 COPS, 288–289 COPso¤urma, 288–289 COPtersinir,so¤urma, 633 Coulomb itici gücü, 57 Cullen, William, 154 Curie, Pierre and Jacques, 29
Ç Çevre ifli (W çevre), 428 Çevre, 10, 424 Çevre, 424, 425 Çevresel kirlilik. Kirlili¤e bak›n›z Çevrim aç›k, 487 alt, 587 ard›fl›k so¤utma, 620 bileflik gaz-buhar, 583–586 bileflik gaz-su buhar› güç, 585–586 Brayton, 507–513 buhar gücü. Buhar gücü çevrimine bak›n›z buhar, 487 buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma, 287, 610–616 Carnot buhar, 552–553 Carnot, 299–301, 490-492 Çevrim ba¤›nt›s›, 656 dizel, 500–503 Ericcson, 503–507 ekserji yok oluflu, 528 gaz güç, 487–550. Gaz güç çevrimine bak›n›z gaz so¤utma, 628–631 gaz, 487 gaz-türbin, 513–514 güç, 487–489. Güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z hava-standard›, 493 ikili buhar, 586–588 kapal›, 487 karma (ikili), 501 model, 370 mükemmel (ideal), 488 Otto, 499–499 Rankine, 535–537 so¤utma. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z tan›mlanm›fl, 16 tepkili, 521-525 termodinamik, 487 tersinir Brayton, 628 tersinir Carnot, 609–610 tersinir Stirling, 503–507 üst, 587
D‹Z‹N Çim biçme makineleri, 495 Çiy noktas› s›cakl›¤›, 721–722 Çi¤, 721 Çocuklar, 467 Çok ak›flkanl› manometre, 28, 37–38 Çözülebilirlik, 811, 813
D d, 5 da, 5 Daimler Chrysler, 782 Dalga aç›s›, 852 Dalton’un eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 DDM1, 293 DDM2, 293 Decane, 925 Deci (d), 5 Deka (da), 5 Demir külçe ›s›tma potansiyeli, 431–432 so¤utma, su, 191 so¤utma, tersinmezlik, 429–431 suya b›rak›lma, 453–455 Deney problemleri alüminyumun özgül ›s›s›, 218 bak›r mentefle kalorimetresi, 218 bisiklet fireni, 218 elektrik kalorimetresi, 218 geçici so¤utma, 218 havan›n politropik genleflmesi, 218 kurflunun parçalanmas›, 218 s›cakl›¤›n fonksiyonu olarak suyun yo¤unlu¤u, 50 Denge belirli s›cakl›k, 801–802 eflzamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 faz, 14, 150, 808–814. Kimyasal ve faz dengesine bak›n›z ›s›l, 14,17 inert gazlar, 803–804 kimyasal, 14, 794–796. Kimyasal ve faz dengesine bak›n›z mekanik, 14 tan›m, 14 Denge sabiti ( Kp), 796–801, 806,807, 926 Deniz suyu, 705–707 Denklem Bernoulli, 363 Clapeyron, 658–661 Clapeyron-Clausius, 660 genel enerji, 252–255 sürekli ak›fl enerji, 554 T ds, 350 vant't Hoff, 806 Depo, 281 Derifliklik, 150 Esistem,72 Ssistem, 378 (dz/dx)y, 653–654 D›fltan tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 299 D›fltan yanmal› motorlar, 507 Diesel, Rudolph, 500 Diyet, 196–200, 308 Diferansiyel bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Diferansiyel kütlesel debi, 222 Difüzyon ifllemi, 150
Diklorodiflorometan (R–12), 884 Dikloroflorometan (R–21), 884 Dinamik s›cakl›k, 825 Dirençli ›s›t›c›, 186, 434 Dizel çevrimi, 500–503 Dizel motoru, 500–501, 531 Dumanl› sis, 87–88 Dodecane, 752, 924 Do¤al ak›fll› so¤utma kulesi, 738 Do¤al gaz santralleri, 551 Do¤al gaz, 925 Do¤al tafl›n›m, 93 Do¤rudan temasl› besleme suyu ›s›t›c›s›, 568 Do¤rudan temasl› ›s› de¤ifltiricil er, 242 Do¤rusal yay, 68 Do¤rusallaflt›rma, 141 Doldurulmas› depolama sisteminin s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava ile, 463–465 sabit hacimli bir kab›n - buhar ile, 248–250 Donanma, 509 Doygun buhar, 870 Doymufl buhar e¤risi, 120 Doymufl buhar, 114, 127–129 Doymufl buz- su buhar›, 899 Doymufl hava, 149- 719 Doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m› bölgesi, 120 Doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 114, 129–132 Doymufl s›v› e¤risi, 120 Doymufl s›v›, 114, 127–129 Doymufl su bas›nç tablosu, 892–893 s›cakl›k tablosu, 890–891 Dönme aç›s›, 852 Dönme e¤risi, 668 Dönme enerjisi, 55 Dönme kinetik enerjisi, 55 Dördüncü fayda, 391 Dört zamanl› buji atefllemeli motor, 494 Dört zamanl› motor, 494–495 Durma bas›nc›, 825 Durma entalpisi, 824 Durma özellikleri, 824–827 Durma s›cakl›¤›, 825 Dufl, 240-241 Duvar, entropi üretimi, 382–383 Duyulur diyet, 198 Duyulur enerji, 55 Duyulur ›s›, 728 Duyulur iç enerji, 751 Düdüklü tencere, 48, 250 Düz vites, 531 Düzenli bak›m, 536–537 Düzgün ak›fll› aç›k sistem, 247 dz, 653, 654
E E mc 2, 220 Ein, E= mc2, 220
Eg, 73 Eç, 73 Enerji etkileflimi, 56, 73, 174 Enerji etkinlik oran› (EER), 290 EER, 290 EES, 36–38 EGBÇ santrali, 317
|
935
Egzersiz, 196, 197, 199 Egzoz stroku, 495 Egzoz supab›, 493 E¤itim, 466 E¤ri floklar, 852–856, 858–859 Einstein, Albert, 220 Ekserji yok oluflu,. Tersinmezli¤e bak›n›z ak›flkan ak›mlar›n›n kar›fl›m›, 462–463 bir gaz›n kar›flt›r›lmas›, 451–453 bir insan›n zihinsel uyan›kl›¤›, 467 denklem, 444 gaz ›s› geçifli, 455–457 ›s› iletimi, 447–448 insan, 468 kapal› sistem, 528 kendili¤inden oluflan ifllemler, 702 kimyasal reaksiyon, 775 mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 692–693 su buhar›n›n genifllemesi, 448–451 tan›m, 428 Ekserji, 423–425. Ekserji dengesine bak›n›z. genel (kapal› sistem), 446–447 kapal› sistemler, 444–457 kontrol hacimleri, 457–465 sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 458–459 tersinir ifl, 459 Ekserjinin azalma ilkesi, 443–444 Ekzotermik tepkime, 762 Elektrik alan gücü, 70 Elektrik gücü, 65 Elektrik güç üretimi, 509 Elektrik oca¤›, 82 Elektrik polarisazyon ifli, 70 Elektrikli ›s›tma. Is›tmaya bak›n›z ev, 245–246 gaz-sabit bas›nç, 174–176 Elektrikli tafl›tlar, 91 Elling, Aegidius, 543 Emme stroku, 495 Emme sübap›, 493 En fazla dönme s›cakl›¤›, 668 Endüstriyel f›r›nlar, 281 Enerji ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 ak›fl, 226, 227 at›k, 308 dinamik biçimler, 56 dönme, 55 duyulur, 55 genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 iç. ‹ç enerjiye bak›n›z kalite, 307 kimyasal, 55 kinetik, 53-54 korunumu, 255. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z kullan›lamayan, 427 makroskopik biçimler, 53 mekanik, 58–59 nükleer, 55, 56-57 potansiyel, 54 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 861 rüzgar, 59, 105–106 statik biçimler, 56 sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 230–232 toplam, 53 yer de¤ifltirme, 55 yeflil, 91
936
| D‹Z‹N
zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sistemle r, 246–252 Enerji çözümlemesi. Kontrol hacimlerinin kütle ve enerji çözümlemesine bak›n›z Enerji dengesi hal de¤iflimindeki sistem, 74 kapal› sistem, 173–178 Enerji dönüflüm verimleri, 78–86 Enerji etkinlik cihazlar›, 81 Enerji geçifli ›s› ile, 60–61, 73 kütle ak›fl› ile, 73 biçimleri, 73–78 ifl ile, 62–67, 73 Enerji yükseltici, 295 Enerjiden yararlanma oran›, 579 Enerjinin dinamik biçimi, 56 Enerjinin korunumu ilkesi, 71–72. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z Enerjinin statik biçimleri, 56 Entalpi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Enerjinin korunumu, 255 Entalpi sapma çarpan›, 671 Entalpi sapmas›, 670 Entalpi, 127–128 atmosferik hava, 720 belirli bir haldeki kimyasal bileflen durma, 824 düdüklü tencere, 251 genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma grafi¤i gerçek gazlar, 670–671 kar›fl›m, 698 kat›lar, 189–190 kinetik enerji, 825 mükemmel gaz, 182 özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 662–663 özellik çizelgeleri, 924 özgül, 127 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 190 s›v›lar, 189-190 statik, 824 tepkime sistemleri, 763 yanma ifllemi, 807 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Entalpi-entropi çizelgeleri, 344 Entegre gazifakasyonlu birleflik çevrim (EGBÇ) santrali, 317 Entropi dengesi, 370–380, 383 Entropi sapma çarpan›, 672 Entropi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Entropi sapmas›, 672 Entropi üretimi, 336, 382–383 Entropi, 331–342 denge, 377–380 Ssistem, 378 duvar, 382–383 entropi ilkesindeki art›fl, 335–337 Fanno e¤risi, 849–850 gerçek gazlar, 671–673 göle düflen s›cak külçe, 385–386 günlük yaflam, 348–350 ›s› geçifli, 338–339, 378–379, 388–390 iki hal aras›ndaki DS, 334 ilgi noktalar›, 337-338 izantropik hal de¤iflimi, 343–344 izantropik verim, 370–377 izotermal hal de¤iflimi, 334–335 kap içindeki madde, 341
kapal› sistem, 381 kar›fl›m odas›, 386–388 kar›fl›m, 698–701 kat›, 351–354 k›s›lma ifllemi s›ras›ndaki hal de¤iflimi, 383-384 kompresör ifli, 366–370 kontrol hacimleri, 381–382 kütle ak›fl›, 379 moleküler düzensizlik, 346 mutlak, 347, 774, 924 mükemmel gaz, 354–361 özellik grafikleri, 662–663 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 861–862 sabit-bas›nç hal de¤iflimi, 342–343 saf maddeler, 339–343 sistem, 378 Süretim, 380 s›v›, 351–354 flok, 848 T ds ba¤›nt›lar›, 350–351 tan›mlanm›fl, 333–334 tek-ak›m, adyabatik, sürekli ak›fl düzene¤i, 382 tepkime sistemleri, 773–775 tersinir sürekli ak›fl ifli, 362–366 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Ericcson çevrimi, 503–507 Esas boyutlar, 3 Efl zamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 Eflde¤erlik oran›, 757 Etan, 884, 885, 924, 925 Etanol, 752, 753, 925 Etil alkol, 884, 924 Etil eter, 617 Etilen, 884, 885, 924 Etki katsay›l› hal denklemi, 145–146 Etki katsay›s›, 146 Etkinlik katsay›s› (COP), 288–289 Etkinlik, 515–516 Etkinlik, 78 Evdeki pencerelerin bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723
F Fahrenheit, G., 18 Fahrenheit ölçe¤i, 18 Fan gaz bas›nc›, 236 havan›n ivmelenmesi, 75 ›s›tma etkisi, 76 mekanik verim, 83 Fan ifl girifli, 730 Fanjet motoru, 525 Faydal› ifl (Wf), 428 Faydal› pompa gücü, 83 Faz dengesi, 14, 150, 808–815 Faz diyagram›, 124–126 Faz dönüflümleri, 112–113 Faz kural›, 809 Fermi, Enrico, 56 F›r›n ›s›tma, ›s› geçifli ile, 65 ›s›tma, ifl geçifli ile, 64–65 patates, 64 tafl›n›m, 81 F›r›n, ekserji geçifli, 427
Fiziksel ekserji, 466 Fizyon tepkimesi, 56, 57 Fonno e¤risi, 846, 849–850 Ford Motor fiirketi, 507 Formaldehit, 86 Fosil yak›tlar, 86 Fotoelektrik etkisi, 649 Fotovaltayik günefl hücreleri, 109 Fotovaltayik hücreler, 649 Fourier yasas›, 92 Fowler, R, H., 17 Freon, 617 Füsyon gizli ›s›s›, 116, 164 Füzyon entalpisi, 164 Füzyon tepkimesi, 57 FWH, 568–571
G g, 24, 697 G, 5 Gay-Lussac, J., 137 Gaz, 113,137 dengesiz genleflme, 298 doymufl buhar, 114, 127–129 elektrikli ›s›tma - sabit bas›nç, 174–176 genleflme - yaya karfl›, 171–173 gerçek, 670–673 ›s› geçifli, 455–457 ›s›tma, direnç ›s›t›c›s›, 186 ›s›tma, kar›flt›rma ile, 184–185 inert, 803-804 kar›fl›mlar. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z kar›flt›rma, 451–453 kat›laflma, 628 k›zg›n buhar, 115, 132–133 kompresör ifl girifli, 364–365 mükemmel. Mükemmel gaza bak›n›z pervane ifli, 348 s›v›laflt›rma, 626–628 su buhar›. Su buhar›na bak›n›z. tek atomlu, 182 Gaz bas›nc›, 147–148 Gaz çevrimi, 487 Gaz güç çevrimi, 487–550 ara so¤utmal›, ara ›s›tmal›, rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Brayton çevrimi, 507–513 Carnot çevrimi, 490–492 dizel çevrimi, 500–503 dört zamanl› motor, 494–495 Ericcson çevrimi, 503–507 gaz-türbin çevrimi, 513–514 gaz-türbin motoru, 521–527 gerçek-ideal gaz çevrim fark›, 513–514 hava standard› kabulleri, 492 iki zamanl› motor, 495–496 ikinci-yasa çözümlemesi, 527–530 Otto çevrimi, 494–499, 529–530 pistonlu motorlar, 493–494 so¤uk-hava-standard› kabulleri, 493 Stirling çevrimi, 503–507 tepkili çevrim, 521–525 Gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 681–715. Kar›fl›ma bak›n›z Amagat'›n eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684 bileflim, 682–684 Dalton'un eklenen bas›nçlar yasas›, 684
D‹Z‹N Gibbs-Dalton yasas›, 690 kütle oran›, 682 mol kütlesi, 682 mol oran›, 682 özellikler, 689–697 yayg›n özellikler, 689 ye¤in özellikler, 689 Gaz oca¤›, 82 Gaz sabiti, 137, 682, 884 Gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 628–631 Gaz türbini çevrimi, 513–514, 583 Gaz türbini, 543 Gaz-buhar kar›fl›mlar›, 717–750. Kar›fl›mlara bak›n›z. adyabatik doyma s›cakl›¤›, 723–724 atmosferik hava, 718, 720 ba¤›l nem, 719, 720, 725–726 çiy noktas› s›cakl›¤›, 721–722 evdeki pencerelerin bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723 iklimlendirme. ‹klimlendirmeye bak›n›z insan konforu, 727–729 kuru hava, 718 kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, 720 odadaki su buhar› miktar›, 720–721 psikometrik diyagram, 726–727 yafl-termometre s›cakl›¤›, 724–725 Gaz›n dengesiz genleflmesi, 298 Gaz›n kar›flt›r›lmas›, 451–453 Gazlar›n kat›laflmas›, 628 Gazlar›n s›v›laflt›r›lmas›, 626–628 Geçici ak›fll› aç›k sistemler, 246 Geçirgenlik, 813 Genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 Genel kar›flma hal de¤iflimi, 697–699 Genellefltirilmifl diyagram, 142–144 Genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma diyagram›, 671, 927 Genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma diyagram›, 672, 927 Genellefltirilmifl kuvvet, 69 Genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik diyagram›, 142- 908 Genellefltirilmifl yer de¤ifltirme, 70 General Electric LM2500 gaz türbini, 509 General Electric LM5000 gaz türbini, 233, 543 General Electric WR-21 gaz türbini, 509 General Electric, 511 General Motors fiirketi, 507 Genleflen ak›fl, 856 Genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Genleflme fan›, 856 Genleflme stroku, 495 Gerçek gazlar, 670–673 Gerçek olmayan diferansiyeller, 63 Gerçek s›n›r, 11 Gerçek türevler, 63 Geri ifl oran›, 510 Geri kazan›lan ekserji, 434 Gibbs ba¤›nt›lar›, 657 Gibbs denklemi, 350 Gibbs faz kural›, 809 Gibbs fonksiyonu, 657, 775, 795, 797 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 775, 924 Gibbs serbest enerjisi, 697 Gibbs-Dalton yasas›, 690 Giga (G), 5 Girdiler, 754 Gizli enerji, 55
Gizli ›s›, 116, 728 Gizli iç enerji, 751 gmol, 138 Gorrie, Jhon, 648 Göl içerisine at›lan s›cak kütle, 385–386 Görünür gaz sabiti, 682 Görünür mol kütlesi, 682 Gösterge bas›nc› dönüfltürücüler, 29 Gösterge bas›nc›, 22, 23 Gram-mol (gmol), 138 Groves, William, 781 Guericke, Otto van, 391 Güç azaltma faktörü, 397 Güç çevrimi, 487, 489 birleflik gaz-buhar, 585–586 buhar. Buhar güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z gaz, 487–550. Gaz güç çevrimlerine bak›n›z kabuller/basitlefltirmeler, 489 tan›m, 487 T-s diyagram›, 490 Güç stroku, 495 Güç, 62 Günefl (PV) hücreleri, 649 Günefl havuzu, 32, 325 Günlük kalori ihtiyac›, 195 Günlük yaflam, Günlük yaflamdaki aktiviteler bak›n›z Günlük yaflamdaki aktiviteler. diyet, 196–200, 308 ekserji, 468 egzersiz, 196, 197, 199 entropi, 348–350 ekserji yok oluflu, 468 g›da, 194–198 ikinci yasa ile ilgili yönler, 465–469 nitelik ve niceli¤in karfl›laflt›r›lmas›, 308–309
H h, 5 hfg, 127 H-bombas›, 57 Hacim bileflen, 685 kontrol, 10–11 kritik özgül, 119 ölü, 493 özgül, 13 sanki-indirgenmifl özgül, 143 yer de¤ifltirme, 493 Hacim ›s›tmas›, 79, 400 Hacimsel genleflme katsay›s›, 665 Hafif dizel, 925 Hal de¤iflimi adyabatik doyma, 723 adyabatik, 61 ayr›flma, 798 düzgün ak›fl, 247 ›s› çekme, 490 ›s› verme, 490 izantropik, 343 izobarik, 16 izometrik, 16 izotermal, 16 sanki dengeli, 15 sürekli ak›fl. Sürekli ak›fl sistemlerine bak›n›z
|
937
tan›m, 15 tersinir kar›fl›m, 703 tersinir, 296–299, 365–366 tersinmez, 299 tuzdan ar›nd›rma, 704–707 zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sist emler, 246–252 Hal de¤iflimi diyagramlar›, 16 Hal denklemi Beattie-Bridgeman, 145 Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 145 etki katsay›l›, 145–146 mükemmel-gaz, 137–138, 684 Rayleigh ak›fl, 862 tan›m, 137 van der Waals, 144–145 Hal önermesi, 14, 652 Hal, 14 Halojenlefltirilmifl CFCs, 618 Hareketli s›n›r ifli, 166–169 Hareketli s›n›r, 11 Hareketsiz sistemler, 54, 72 Hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›flt›r›lmas›, 735–737 Hava hareketi, 729 Hava kaçaklar›, 392–395 Hava kirlili¤i, 86–87, 91 Hava tafl›t› gaz-türbin motoru, 509–521 kinetik enerji, 824 propjet motoru, 526–527 ramjet motoru, 527 scramjet motoru, 527 flok dalgalar›/ genleflme dalgalar›, 856 tepkili çevrimler, 521–525 turbofan motoru, 525–526 turboprop motoru, 527 yüksek h›zl› havan›n s›k›flmas›, 826–827 Hava verimsizli¤i, 757 Hava- yak›t oran› (HY), 754 Hava, 112, 718. Gaz- buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z atmosferik, 718, 720 eksik,757 fazla, 757 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 kuramsal, 756 kuru, 718 mol kütlesi, 884 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 mükemmel-gaz özellikleri, 910–911 stokiyometrik, 756 Hava-kaynakl› ›s› pompalar›, 290 Hava-standard› çevrimi, 493 Hava-standard› kabulleri, 492 Hava-su-buhar kar›fl›m›, 717 Hava-yak›t oran›, 754 Hayvansal ya¤lar, 194 HC (hidro karbon), 87, 925 Hekzan, 884, 925 Hekto (h), 5 Helmholtz fonksiyonu, 657 Helyum, 112, 182, 627, 884, 885 Henry sabiti, 811, 812 Henry yasas›, 811 Heptan, 925 her santimetre kare için kilogram kuvvet (kgf/cm2), 22
938
| D‹Z‹N
HHV, 79, 764 H›z sabitleyici, 532 Hidrojen (H2) ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 kritik s›cakl›k, 627 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak s›cakl›k, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 920 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 özellikler, 925 Hidrojen bombas›, 57 Hidrojen füzyonu, 57 Hidrojen gaz›n›n nikel bir levhaya difüzyonu, 814 Hidrojen peroksit, 924 Hidrojen yak›t hücreleri ile çal›flan tafl›t, 782 Hidrojenin ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 Hidrojen-oksijen yak›t hücresi, 781 Hidrokarbon (HK), 87, 925 Hidrokarbon buharlar, 792 Hidrokarbon yak›tlar, 752 Hidroksil, 923, 924 Hidrolik türbin jeneratör, 84-85 Hidropnömatak darbeli vakum motoru, 295 Hidrostatik bas›nç, 32–33 Hilsch borusu, 646 Hilsch, Rudolph, 646 Hipersonik ak›fl, 829 h-s diyagram›, 345 Hugoniot, Pierre Henry, 845 HY, 755
I Is› ara ›s›tma, Ara ›s›tmaya bak›n›z at›k, 399–400 duyulur, 728 enerji düzensizli¤i, 348 enerji geçifli, 60–61 gizli, 116, 728 hal de¤iflimi, 578–579 ifl, karfl›laflt›rma, 63 özgül. Özgül ›s›ya bak›n›z tan›m, 60 tarihsel geliflim, 61–62 Is› ak›fl›, 60 Is› çekilen sistemler, 633 Is› çekilmesi, 60 Is› çekme ifllemi, 490 Is› de¤ifltiricisi, 242 Is› deposu, 281 Is› geçifli katsay›s›, 61 Is› geçifli, 92–96 ak›fl h›z›, 865 ekserji geçifli, 440–442 enerji geçifli, 60–61, 73 entropi geçifli, 378–379 entropi üretimi, 338–339, 388–390 f›r›n›n ›s›tmas›, 65 gaz›n, 455–457 ›fl›n›m, 94–95 iletim, 92–93
insan, 728, 729 kifliden, 95–96 Rayleigh ak›fl›. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. tafl›n›m, 93–94 tersinmezlik, 298 Is› içeri¤i, 127 Is› ile ekserji geçifli (X›s›), 440–442 Is› iletimi, 92–93, 447–448 Is› kayb›, 557 Is› motoru, 282–287, 429, 434, 488 Is› oran›, 555 Is› pompas›, 289–292, 434, 608, 618–620. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z. Is› verilmesi ifllemi, 490 Is› verilmesi, 60 Is›l denge, 14, 17 Is›l enerji deposu, 281 Is›l enerji, 56 Is›l ›fl›n›m, 94 Is›l iletim, 92, 93 Is›l kirlilik, 281 Is›l verim, 283–284. Verime bak›n›z benzinli motor, 497 Birleflik gaz-buhar güç santrali, 584, 585 Brayton çevrimi, 512, 515 buhar güç çevrimi, 559–560 Carnot çevrimi, 491 dizel motor, 501 Ericcson çevrimi, 506 GE LM5000 gaz türbini, 543 Otto çevrimi, 497 Rankine çevrimi, 555 rejenerasyon, 507 Rejenerasyonlu Brayton çevrimi, 516 tan›m, 488 verimdeki art›fl, 491, 560–564 Is›tma de¤eri, 79, 764 Is›tma. Elektrik ile ›s›tmaya bak›n›z basit ›s›tma ifllemi, 730 f›r›n - ›s› geçifli, 65 f›r›n - ifl geçifli, 64–65 f›r›ndaki patates, 64 gaz - direnç ›s›t›c›s›, 186 gaz - kap - kar›flt›rma, 184–185 gaz - sabit bas›nç, 174–176, 187–188 jeotermal, 91 konut, 245–246, 292-292, 310-311 nemlendirme, 731–732 Rayleigh ak›fl, 863 Islak bölge, 120 Islak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 Islak T-shirt, 150 Ifl›n›m ›s›t›c›lar›, 729 Ifl›n›m, 94–95 ITS–90, 20
‹ ‹ç enerji duyulur, 751 gerçek gazlar, 571 gizli, 751 hakk›nda fiziksel gözlemler, 55–56 kat›, 189 k›zg›n buhar, 133 kimyasal, 751 mükemmel gazlar›n, 182, 183–184
özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 661–662 s›cakl›k, 666–667 s›v›, 189 tan›m, 53 vaan der Waal gaz, 665–666 ‹ç içe borulu ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 ‹çten tersinir hal de¤iflimleri, 298–299 ‹çten tersinir izotermal hal de¤iflimleri, 345 ‹çten yanmal› motorlar, 492 ‹deal ara buhar almal› Rankine çerimi, 568–576 ‹deal ara ›s›tmal› ara buhar almal› Rankine çevrimi, 574–576 ‹deal ara ›s›tmal› Rankine çevrimi, 564–568 ‹deal bileflik ›s›-güç(kojenerasyon) santrali, 579–583 ‹deal buhar-s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma çevrimi, 610–614 ‹deal çevrim, 488 ‹deal çift kademeli s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 ‹deal mekanik fayda, 26 ‹deal Otto çevrimi, 699–701 ‹deal Rankine çevrimi, 553–557 ‹ki fazl› sistem, 281 ‹ki kademeli ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620–623 ‹ki kademeli s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma sistemleri, 623–625 ‹ki zamanl› motor, 495–496 ‹kili buhar çevrimi, 586–588 ‹kili jeotermal güç santrali, 599, 600 ‹kinci (s), 5 ‹kinci Carnot ilkesi, 302, 303 ‹kinci izantropik ba¤›nt›, 358 ‹kinci türden devir daim makineleri (DDM2), 293 ‹kinci yasa analizi adyabatik yanma, 777–778 buhar güç çevrimi, 576–578 buhar türbini, 460–462 gaz güç çevrimi, 527–530 izotermal yanma, 778–780 Otto çevrimi, 529–530 Rankine çevrimi, 577–578 tepkimeye giren sisteml er, 775–780 ‹kinci yasa verimi, 432–434 ay›rma ve kar›flt›rma ifllemleri, 703–704 günlük yaflam, 465–469 insan, 468 mutluluk, 468 mümkün de¤erler de¤iflimi, 703 sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›, 459–460 tan›m, 297 ‹kincil birimler, 9 ‹kincil boyutlar, 3 ‹ki-nokta ölçe¤i, 18 ‹klimlendirme cihaz›, 290 ‹klimlendirme, 536 buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 duyulur ›s›tma, 730 duyulur so¤utma, 730 hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›flt›r›lmas›, 735–737 ›slak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 ifllemleri, listelenmifl, 729 kütlenin korunumu, 730 nem alma, 731–732 nemlendirme, 731–732 so¤urmal› so¤utma, 633
D‹Z‹N flartland›r›lm›fl havan›n d›fl hava ile kar›flt›r›lmas›, 736–737 tafl›t, 535 ‹letim, 92–93, 447–448 ‹nç karedeki pound-kuvvet (lbf/in2), 22 ‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, 141 ‹ndirgenmifl s›cakl›k, 141 ‹nert gazlar, denge bileflimi, 803–804 ‹ngiliz birimi, 4, 5 ‹nsan konforu, 727–729 ‹nsan vücut ya¤›, 195 ‹nsan. Günlük yaflamdaki aktivitelere bak›n›z besin, 194–198 birinci yasa verimi, 468 çocuklar, 467 ›s› geçifli, 95–96, 728, 729 ikinci-yasa verimi, 468 kas hücreleri, 194 konfor, 727–729 metabolizma, 193 mutluluk, 468 sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 terleme, 728–729 zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 ‹nsanl›k. ‹nsana bak›n›z ‹statistiksel termodinamik, 3 ‹fl ak›fl, 226–227, 254 bas›nç kuvvetleri, 253–255 bir cismin kald›r›lmas›, 68, 69 çevre, 428 ekserji geçifli, 442 elektrik polarizasyon, 70 elektrik, 65 enerji geçifli, 62–65, 73 esnek kat› çubuklar, 67–68 faydal›, 428 ›s›, karfl›laflt›rma, 63 ivme, 68, 69 kay›p. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z kompresör, 366-370 manyetik, 70 mekanik biçimler, 66–70 mil, 66-67 ölçüm birimi, 7 potansiyel. Ekserjiye bak›n›z s›n›r, 166-169 s›v› tabakalar›n gerilmesi, 68 tan›m, 7 tersinir sürekli ak›fl, 362–366 tersinir, 428, 459, 702 toplam, 252 yay, 67 ‹fl ak›flkan›, 282 ‹fl girifli ara so¤utmal› tek kademeli kompresör fan, 730 gaz, 364–365 ideal iki kademeli s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 politropik s›k›flt›rma, 369 s›v›, 364 tek kademeli kompresör, 517 tersinir ay›rma ifllemleri, 702 tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 365–366 ‹fl ile ekserji geçifli (Xifl), 442 ‹fl potansiyeli. Ekserjiye bak›n›z
‹flaret kural›, 63 ‹tici güç, 150 ‹yi yal›t›lm›fl bir odada yanan mum, 64 ‹zantropik ak›fl bir boyutlu, 829–836, 930 lüleden, 836–845 mükemmel gazlar, 834–836 ‹zantropik genleflme, 679 ‹zantropik hal de¤iflimi, 370 ‹zantropik s›k›flt›rma, 369, 370 ‹zantropik verim gerçek buhar güç çevriminin ideal çevrimden fark›, 558 gerçek gaz çevriminin ideal çevrimden fark›, 513–514 kompresörler ve pompalar, 373–375 lüle, 375–377 türbin, 371–372 ‹zentalpik düzenek, 239 ‹zgrafisi, 856 ‹zokorik hal de¤iflimi, 16 ‹zometrik hal de¤iflimi, 16 ‹zopentan, 925 ‹zotermal hal de¤iflimi, 16, 334–335 ‹zotermal s›k›flt›r›labilirlik, 665 ‹zotermal s›k›flt›rma, 170, 369, 370 ‹zotermal verim, 373
J Jeneratör verimi, 80, 83 Jeotermal ›s› pompalar›, 290 Jeotermal ›s›tma, 91 Jet motoru, 521–527, 824 "Jhon Gorrie: Pioneer of Cooling and Ice Making" 648 Joule Thomson katsay›s›, 239, 668, 669 Joule, James P., 62, 180
K K, 18 k, 5 Kabul, 63 Kabuller hava-standard›, 492 problem-çözüm tekni¤i, bölümde oldu¤u gibi, 34 so¤uk-hava-standard›, 493 Kahve, s›cak, so¤uk odada, 280 kal, 7 Kalori (kal), 7 Kalori hesab›, 196–200, 308 Kalori, 195 Kalorik teorisi, 61 Kalorik, 61 Kalorimetre bombas›, 194 buzu, 164 Kan bas›nc›, 43 Kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 Kapal› besleme suyu ›s›t›c›lar›, 570–571 Kapal› çevrim gaz türbin motoru, 508 Kapal› çevrim, 487
|
939
Kapal› sistem (kütle ak›fl› olmayan) ekserjisi, 436 Kapal› sistem ekserjisi, 436 Kapal› sistem, 10–11 Kapan, 571 Karbon dioksit (CO2) oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 gaz sabiti, 884 kirleticiler, 89 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 916–917 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 Karbon monoksit oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 gaz sabiti, 884 kirleticiler, 89 kritik-nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 916–917 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 özellikler, 925 Karbon tetraklorid, 884 Karbon, 112, 924, 925 Karbonhidratlar, 194 Kar›flan bas›nc›, 685 Kar›flan hacmi, 685 Kar›fl›m ak›flkan ak›mlar›n›n kar›fl›m›, 462-463 ay›rma ifllemi, 701–704 denge sabiti, mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 796–801 doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 114, 129–132 farkl› fazlar›n bileflimi, 815 faz dengesi - doymufl kar›fl›m, 809 gaz, 681–715. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z gaz-buhar, 717–750. Gaz buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z genel kar›fl›m ifllemi, 697–699 hava ak›mlar›n›n adyabatik kar›fl›m›, 735–737 hidrojen buharlar›, 792 ideal, 699–700 ikinci yasa verimi, 703–704 iklimlendirilmifl havan›n d›fl ortam havas› ile kar›fl›m›, 736–737 kar›fl›m entalpisi, 698 kar›fl›m entropisi, 698, 701 kimyasal potansiyel, 698 tersinir kar›flma ifllemi, 703 tuzdan ar›nd›rma, 704–707 Kar›fl›m entalpisi, 698 Kar›fl›m odas›, 240–241, 386-388 Karlanma, 618 Karma (ikili) çevrim, 501 Karfl› bas›nç, 836–844 Karfl›l›kl› haller ilkesi, 141 Karfl›l›kl›l›k ba¤›nt›lar›, 656 Kas hücreleri, 194 Kat› çubuklar, 68 Kat›, 112–113 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 189–190 entropi de¤iflimleri, 351–354 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 189
940
| D‹Z‹N
özellik diyagramlar›, 121–124 özellikler, 889 Kat›-hal bas›nç alg›lay›c›lar, 29 Kavitasyon, 558 Kay kural›, 686 Kay, W. B., 686 Kay›p ifl. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z Kaynak, 281 Kaynama, 151 Kazan bas›nc›, 561–564 Kelly, J. W., 295 kelvin (K), 18 Kelvin ölçe¤i, 18, 19, 304 Kelvin, Lord, 2, 18, 53, 304 Kelvin-Planck ifadesi, 287, 292–293 Kendili¤inden tutuflma, 497 Kar›fl›m entropisi, 698, 701 kg, 5 kgf, 6 kgf/cm2, 22 kgmol, 138 K›s›lma ifllemleri, 383–384 K›s›lma vanalar›, 239 K›s›lma, 668 K›smi bas›nç, 685 K›smi mol özellikleri, 698 K›smi türev [( dz/dx)], 653, 654 K›smi türev ba¤›nt›lar›, 655–656 K›zg›n buhar bölgesi, 120 K›zg›n buhar, 115, 132–133 K›zg›n su, 894–897 Kilo (k), 5 Kilo kalori, 195 Kilogram (kg), 5 Kilogramkuvvet (kgf), 6 Kilogram mol (kgmol), 138 Kilo paskal (kPa), 22 Kimyasal denge kriteri, 794–796 Kimyasal denge ve faz dengesi, 793–822 belli bir s›cakl›ktaki denge bileflimi, 801–802 bir kar›fl›m›n farkl› fazlar›n›n bileflimi, 815 denge sabiti (Kp), 796–801, 806–807 eflzamanl› tepkimeler, 804–806 faz dengesi, 808–815 faz kural›, 809 Henry yasas›, 811 hidrojen ayr›flma s›cakl›¤›, 798–799 inert gazlar - denge bilefli mi, 803–804 kimyasal denge kriteri, 794–796 mol oran›, 810–813 nikel bir levhaya hidrojen gaz›n›n difüzyonu, 814 Rault yasas›, 812 suda çözünmüfl hava, 814 van't Holf denklemi, 806 yanma iflleminin tepkime entalpisi, 807 Kimyasal denge, 14 Kimyasal enerji, 55 Kimyasal iç enerji, 751 Kimyasal olarak do¤ru hava miktar›, 756 Kimyasal potansiyel, 698, 705 Kimyasal tepkimeler, 751–792 adyabatik alev s›cakl›¤›, 770–773 birinci yasa analizi, 765–770 bombada yanma, 769–770 entropi de¤iflimi, 773–775 gaz yak›tlar›n›n nemli hava ile yanmas›, 758–760
›s› de¤eri, 764 ikinci yasa analizi, 775–780 kararl› ak›m yanmas›, 767–769 tepkime entalpisi, 763 ters yanma analizi, 760–761 tersinir ifl - yanma iflleminde, 776 yanma entalpisi, 763, 764–765 yanma eflitli¤inin denklefltirilmesi, 755–756 yanma ürünlerinin çi¤lenme nokta s›cakl›¤›, 757–758 yanma, 753 Kinetik enerji, 53–54, 56, 425 Kinetik teori, 61 Kirchhoff'un ›fl›n›m yasas›, 95 Kirlilik, 86–91 asit ya¤muru, 88–89 dumanl› sis, 87–88 hava, 86–87, 91 ozon, 87–88 sera etkisi, 89–91 ›s›l, 281 yenilenebilir enerji, 91 Kifli. ‹nsana bak›n›z kJ/kg. oC, 180 kJ/kmol. K, 180 kJ/s, 62 Klasik termodinamik, 3 Klorin, 884 Kloroflorom, 884 Kloroflorokarbonlar (CFC), 616–618 Koenig'in termodinamik karesi, 680 Kompakt florosan lamba, 80 Kompresör ifli, 366–377 Kompresör, 236 at›k ›s›, 399–400 bas›nç düzene¤i, 398–399 elektrik kullan›m›, 392 elektrik maliyeti, 392 girdi için d›fl kaynakl› hava kullanmak, 397–398 hava kaçaklar›, 392–395 izantropik verim, 375–377 maliyet azalt›lmas›, 391–400 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava, 236–237 tam kapasitede daha küçük motor, 397 yüksek verimli motor, 395–397 Kompresöre güç girdisi, 374–375 Kömür, 752 Kontrol hacimlerinin kütle ve enerji çözümlemesi, 219–278 ak›fl halindeki ak›flkan, 227–228 ak›fl ifli, 226–227, 254 genel enerji denklemi, 252–255 kütle ile aktar›lan enerji, 228, 229 kütlenin korunumu ilkesi, 222–223 sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›. Sürekli ak›fl cihazlar›na bak›n›z. sürekli ak›fl sistemlerinin enerji analizi, 230–232 sürekli olmayan ak›fl sistemlerinin enerji analizi, 230–232 Kontrol hacmi, 10–11 Kontrol kütlesi, 10 Korunmayan enerji, 308 Koyu renkli olmayan camlar, 532 Kömür santralleri, 551 Kp, 796–801, 806–807, 926 kPa, 22
Kripton, 884 Kritik bas›nç üzerinde çal›flan Rankine çevrimi, 565 Kritik bas›nç, 119 Kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 Kritik nokta, 119 Kritik oran, 835 Kritik özellikler, 835 Kritik özgül hacim, 119 Kritik s›cakl›k, 119 Kullan›labilirlik, 424, 425. Ekserjiye bak›n›z Kullan›lamayan enerji Kuramsal hava, 756 Kuramsal yanma, 756 Kurflunlu benzin, 497 Kuru hava, 718 Kuru so¤uma, 554 Kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, 720 Kuruluk derecesi, 129, 307–309 Kuvvet birimleri, 6 Kuvvet, 6 Kuvvetli e¤ik floklar, 855 Kuyu, 281 Kükürt dioksit (SO2), 88 Kükürt dioksit, 884 Küresel ›s›nma, 89 Küresel iklim de¤iflimi, 89 Kütle ak›fl› olmaya sistemin ekserjisi, 436 Kütle ak›fl›, 73, 379, 442–443 Kütle analizi, 682 Kütle ile ekserji geçifli (Xkütle), 442–443 Kütle ile enerji aktar›m›, 228, 229 Kütle, 7 Kütlenin korunumu, 754 denklemler, 222 herhangi bir hal de¤iflimine u¤rayan sistem, 24 iklimlendirme, 730 sürekli ak›fl hal de¤iflimleri, 223 tek ak›fll› sürekli ak›fl sistemleri, 230 Kütlenin korunumu ilkesi, 222–223, 754 Kütlesel debi, 54, 220–223 Kütüphane, 349 kW, 62 Kyoto sözleflmesi, 90
L Ibf, 6 Ibf/in2, 22 Lapace, Pierre, 845 Lastikler, 532, 533–534 Lattice, 93 Laval lülesi, 832, 846 Laval, Carl G. B. de, 832 Lavoisier, Antonie, 61 Linde-Hampson sistemi, 627 LM2500 gaz türbini, 509 LM5000 gaz türbini, 233, 543 LNG türbini, 353 LPG, 752, 753 Lüle bahçe hortumu, 224–225 izantropik ak›fl, 836–841 izantropik verim, 375–377 Laval, 831, 846 su buhar›n›n ivmesi, 235–236
D‹Z‹N subuhar›, 869–872 Venturi, 831 yak›nsak, 836–841 yak›nsak-›raksak. Yak›nsak-›raksak lülelere bak›n›z Lüledeki su buhar›n›n ivmesi, 235–236
M m, 5 M, 5, 138 Ma, 828-829, 858 Mach aç›s›, 856 Mach dalgas›, 856 Mach, Ernst, 828 Mach say›s› (Ma), 828–829, 858 Magnetohidrodinamik (MHD) jeneratör, 792 Makroskopik enerji, 53 Makroskopik kinetik enerji, 56 Maliyet, azaltma, s›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava, 391–400 Mann, William, 391 Manometre, 26-28 Manyetik alan kuvveti, 70 Manyetik iki kutuplu moment, 70 Manyetik ifl, 70 Maxwell ba¤›nt›lar›, 656–658 Mayer, J. R., 665 Mega (M), 5 Mekanik denge, 14 Mekanik enerji, 58–59 Mekanik enerji, 83 Mekanik verim, 83 Melez güç sistemleri (MGS), 782 Mesken camlar›n bu¤ulanmas›, 722–723 elektrik ile ›s›tma, 245–246 iklimlendirme. ‹klimlendirmeye bak›n›z nem, 719–720, 725-726 su buhar›, odadaki hava miktar›, 720–721 Metabolizma, 193 Metan, 752, 780, 884, 885, 924, 625 Metanol, 752, 753, 925 Metil alkol, 752, 884, 924 Metil klorid, 884 Metre (m), 5 Metrekaredeki Newton (N/m2), 21 Metrik Çal›flma Yasas›, 5 Metrik Dönüflüm Yasas›, 5 Metrik sistem, 5–6 MGS, 782 MHD jeneratör, 792 Mikron (m), 5 Mikroskopik enerji, 53 Mikroskopik kinetik enerji, 56 Mil ifli, 66–67 mili (m), 5 Model çevrim, 370 Modelleme, 488 Mol (mol), 5 Mol analizi, 682 Mol kütlesi, 682, 884 Mol oran›, 682, 810–813 mol, 5 Molekül, 2, 112–113 Moleküler a¤›rl›k, 138 Moleküller aras› ba¤lar, 112 Mollier diyagram›, 345
Mollier, Richard, 127, 345 Motor benzin, 497, 500 CI, 494 d›fl yanmal›, 507 dizel, 500–501 dört zamanl›, 494–495 Ericcson, 503–507 gaz, türbin, 507–511 ›s›. Is› motoruna bak›n›z içten yanmal›, 492 iki zamanl›, 495 otomotiv, 489 pistonlu, 493–494 ramjet, 527 roket, 842 scramjet, 527 SI, 494 Stirling, 503–507 tan›mlanm›fl, 487 turbofan, 525–526 turbojet, 521–525 turboprop, 526 Motor verimi, 83, 396 Motor vuruntusu, 497 Motorlu araçlar. Otomobile bak›n›z Motosikletler, 495 Motorun boflta çal›flt›r›lmas›, 533, 535 Mpa, 22 Mutlak bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Mutlak bas›nç, 22, 23 Mutlak entropi, 347, 774, 924 Mutlak gaz s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 19 Mutlak nem, 719 Mutlak s›cakl›k, 304 Mutluluk, 468 m, 5 Mühendis, 468 Mühendislik denklem çözücüsü (EES), 36–38 Mühendislik yaz›l›m paketleri, 35–38 Mükemmel çözelti, 699–701 Mükemmel gaz, 137, 138 bir boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 930 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 182 entropi de¤iflimi, 354, 361 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 182, 183–184 izantropik ak›fl, 834–836 izantropik hal de¤iflimi, 358–361 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 361 izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 170 Joule-Thomson katsay›s›, 669 normal flok fonksiyonlar›, 931 özellikler. Mükemmel gaz özelliklerine bak›n›z özgül ›s› ba¤›nt›lar›, 182–183 özgül ›s› fark›, 667 Mükemmel gaz hal denklemi, 138, 684 Mükemmel gaz ifadesi, 137 Mükemmel gaz izantropik ba¤›nt›lar, 358 Mükemmel gaz özellikleri azot, 912–913 hava, 910–911 hidrojen, 920 hidroksil, 923 karbon dioksit, 916–917 karbon monoksit, 918–919 oksijen, 914–915 su buhar›, 921–922
|
941
tek atomlu oksijen, 923 Mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›s›, 181, 664 Mükemmel gaz s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 18 Mükemmel gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 630–631 Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar›, 932 Mükemmel gaz›n özgül ›s› fark›, 667 Mükemmel hal de¤iflimi, 731 Mükemmel kar›fl›m, 699–701
N n, 5 N, 6 N.m, 7 N/m2, 21 Nano (n), 5 NECAR IV, 782 Nelson-Obert genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 Nem alma, 732–734 Nem oran›, 719 Nem, 719–720, 725-726. Nem alma; nemlendirmeye bak›n›z Nemlendirme, 731–732 Neon, 182, 884, 885 Net ›s› girifli, 174 Net ifl ç›k›fl›, 174 Net kütle debisi, 223 Newcomen, Thomas, 2 newton (N), 6 Newton, Sir Isaac, 5 newton-metre (N.m), 7 Newton'un so¤utma yasas›, 93 Nitrik oksit (N2O), 884 Nokta fonksiyonlar›, 63 Normal gerilme, 22, 68 Normal flok dalgalar›, 845–851, 931 Nükleer enerji, 55, 56–57 Nükleer fizyon tepkimesi, 57 Nükleer güç, 56 Nükleer santraller, 551
O O, 87, 88 Odadaki hava kütlesi, 139 OEB, 493 Oksijen (O2), 885 gaz sabiti, 884 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 molar gaz, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 914 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885 oksitleyici olarak, 753 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 Oksijenlenmifl yak›t, 792 Oktan say›s›, 497, 532 Oktan, 752, 885, 924, 925 Okyanus Is›l Enerji Dönüfltürücü (OIED) güç santrali, 317–318 Oluflum entalpisi, 763, 924 OP–16, 511 Opra optimal Radyal Türbin, 511 Oran
942
| D‹Z‹N
birim dönüflüm, 9 bypass, 526 geri ifl, 510 hava-yak›t, 754 kritik, 835 nem, 719 özgül hacim, 359–360 özgül ›s›, 183 s›k›flt›rma, 493, 496 Orbiter uzay arac› - Mach 3, 852 Orsat analizi, 685, 757 Orsat gaz analizörü, 757 Ortalama efektif bas›nç (OEB), 493 Ortalama h›z, 221 Ortalama mol kütlesi, 682 OTEC güç santrali, 317–318 Otobüsler, 752. Otomobile bak›n›z Otomobil aerodinamik tasar›m, 531, 532 alternatif yak›tlar, 573, 752 araban›n rampaya ç›kmas›, 69 arac›n a¤›rl›¤›, 531 benzin, 497, 532 boflta çal›flt›rma, 533, 535 dizel motor, 531 do¤al gaz, 752 doldurmak, 532 düz vitesli, 531 düzenli bak›mlar, 536–537 elektrikli tafl›tlar, 91 emisyonlar, 87,90 garajda park etme, 533 hava kirlili¤i, 86–87, 90 h›z sabitleyici, 532 h›z, 534 hidrojen yak›t hücresi ile çal›flan otomobil, 782 iki-zamanl› motor, 496 iklimlendirme, 536 ivme, 69 izantropik s›k›flt›rma, 360–361 koyu renkli olmayan camlar, 532 lastikler, 532, 533–534 mil ile güç iletimi, 67 motor, (yanma odas›n›n kesit görünüflü verilmifl), 489 nükleer yak›t, 57–58 önden çekiflli araçlar, 532 sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 tafl›t tekerlerinin paralellik ayar›, 534 tafl›t›n çal›flt›r›lmas›, 533 ya¤, 536-537 yak›t verimi, 530, 537 yüksek h›zlarda sürüfl, 535 yüksek vites, 531 Otto çevrimi, 494–499, 529–530 Otto, Nikolaus A., 494 Ozmotik bas›nç, 705 Ozmotik yükselme, 705 Ozon, 87–88
Ö Ö¤le yeme¤i, 199 Ö¤retim, 466 Ölçüm birimleri, 6–7 Ölü hacim, 493
Ölü hal, 424 Önden çekiflli, 532 Özellik ba¤›nt›lar›. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z Özellik diyagramlar›, 118–126 entropi, 344–346 kat›lar, 121–124 P-T diyagram›, 124–126 P-V diyagram›, 120–124 P-V-T yüzeyi, 125–126 T-V diyagram›, 118–120, 121–124 Özellik tablo ve çizelgeleri azot, 912–913 besinler, 889 bir boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 930 denge sabiti, 926 doymufl buz - su buhar›, 899 doymufl so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a s›cakl›k tablosu, 902–903 doymufl su - bas›nç tablosu, 892–893 doymufl su - s›cakl›k tablosu, 890–891 gaz sabiti, 884 genellefltirilmifl entalpi sapma grafi¤i, 927 genellefltirilmifl entropi sapma grafi¤i, 927 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 hava, 910–911 hidrojen, 920 hidrokarbonlar, 925 hidroksil, 923 karbon dioksit, 916–917 karbon monoksit, 918–919 kat›lar, 889 k›zg›n so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a, 905–906 k›zg›n su, 894–897 kritik nokta özellikleri, 884 mol kütlesi, 884 mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz özgül ›s›lar›, 885–887 Nelson-Obert genellefltirilmifl s›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 normal flok fonksiyonlar›, 931 oksijen, 914–915 oluflum entalpisi, 924 P-h diyagram›- so¤utucu ak›flkan 134a, 907 Rayleigh ak›fl fonksiyonlar›, 932 SI birimleri, 883–932 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su, 898 s›v›lar, 888 su buhar›, 921–922 su için Mollier diyagram›, 901 su için T-s diyagram›, 900 tek atomlu oksijen, 923 yak›tlar, 925 yüksek seviyelerdeki atmosfer, 909 Özellikler ba¤›ms›z, 15 buhar tablolar›, 135–137 diyagramlar. Özellik diyagramlar›na bak›n›z doymufl s›v› - buhar kar›fl›m›, 131–132 durma, 824–827 gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 689–697 kritik, 835 mükemmel gaz. Mükemmel gaz özelliklerine bak›n›z özgül, 12 polar mol, 698 sembol üzerindeki gösterim, 138 s›v› metan, 352
sistemin, 12–13 tablolar. Özellik tablolar›na ve termodinamik ba¤›nt› çizelgelerine bak›n›z. Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›na bak›n›z tan›m, 12 yayg›n, 12, 689 ye¤in, 12, 689 Özellik sembolü üzerindeki çizgi (notasyon), 138 Özgül a¤›rl›k, 13, 14 Özgül a¤›rl›k, 7, 14 Özgül entalpi, 127 Özgül Gibbs fonksiyonu (g), 697 Özgül hacim oran›, 359–360 Özgül hacim, 13 Özgül ›s› alüminyum, 218 cp, 178–180, 664–665 cv, 178–180, 664–665 özellik tablolar›, 885–887 tan›m, 178 Özgül ›s› oran›, 183 Özgül nem, 719, 720, 725–726 Özgül özellikler, 12 Özürlü kifli, 468 Özürlü insan, 468
P p, 5 Pa, 21 Paket buzlama, 118 Paket yaz›l›mlar, 35–38 Papin, Denis, 391 Pascal yasas›, 25 Pascal, Blaise, 25 Paskal (Pa), 21 Patlama dalgas›, 849 Patlama enerjisi, 215, 417 Patm, 30 Pdoy, 115-118 Peltier etkisi, 635 Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, 635 Pelton türbin, 391 Perkins, Jacob, 612 Pervane mekanizmas›, 280 Phillips Araflt›rma Laboratuarlar›, 507 Piezoelektrik bas›nç alg›lay›c›lar, 29 Piko (p), 5 Piston silindir düzene¤i, 166 Pistonlu motorlar, 493–494 Piflirme düdüklü tencere, 250–252 f›r›n, F›r›na bak›n›z. ocak, 82 verimi, 80–81 Piflirme verimi, 80-81 Planck ›fl›n›m yasas›, 20 Polarizasyon ifli, 70 Politropik genleflme, 171 Politropik hal de¤iflimi, 171 Politropik s›k›flt›rma, 369 Pompa - motor, 84 Pompa verimi, 83 Pompa, 236 Potansiyel enerji, 54, 425
D‹Z‹N Potansiyel fark›, 65 Pound-kuvvet (Ibf), 6 Prandtl-Meyer fonksiyonu, 857 Prandtl-Meyer genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Problem çözüm teknikleri, 33–35 fiziksel yasalar, 34 genel çizim, 33 hesaplamalar, 34 kabuller/yaklafl›mlar, 34 özellikler, 34 problem ifadesi, 33 sorgulama, do¤rulama, irdeleme, 34 Propan, 752, 884, 885, 924, 925 Propilen, 884, 924 Propjet motoru, 526–527 Proses ›s›s›, 578–579 Proteinler, 194 psi, 22 Psia, 22 Psig, 22 Psikometrik çizelge, 726–727 P-T diyagram›, 124–126 Püskürtme havuzu, 738 P-V diyagram›, 120–124 PV günefl hücreleri, 109 PV hücre, 649 PV ile çal›flt›r›lan pompa, 649 P-V-T yüzeyi, 125-126
R R, 18 R–11, 617, 618, 884 R–115, 618 R–12, 617, 618, 884 R-134a, 884 R–21, 617, 884 R–22, 617 R–502, 617 Radyal lastikler, 532 Ramjet motoru, 527 Rangue, Georges, 646 Rangue-Hilsch borusu, 646 rankine ( R ), 18 Rankine çevrimi, 553–557. Buhar güç çevrimine bak›n›z Rankine ölçe¤i, 18, 19 Rankine, William, 18, 53, 845 Rault yasas›, 812 Rayleigh ak›fl, 860–869 ak›fl h›z›na ›s› geçiflinin etkisi, 865 bo¤uk, 867 borusal yak›c›, 868–869 enerji denklemi, 861 entropi de¤iflimi, 861–862 hal denklemi, 862 ›s›tma, 863 kütle denklemi, 861 özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 866–867 özellik tablolar›, 932 Rayleigh çizgisi, 862, 864–865 so¤utma, 863 x-moment denklemi, 861 Rayleigh çizgisi, 846, 862, 864–865 Rayleigh, Lord, 845, 861 Referans de¤erleri, 135
Referans hali, 135 Rejeneratör, 275, 515, 568 Rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Rejeneratörlü Brayton çevrimi, 515–516 Rejeneratörlü gaz ak›flkanl› so¤utma çevrimi, 630 Rejeneratörlü gaz çevrimi, 630 Rejeneratörlü gaz-türbin motoru, 515 Rejeneratörlü Rankine çevrimi, 568–576 Reküperatör, 515 Reynolds aktar›m teoremi, 253, 254 RFG, 88 RIIbeta, 197 Riemann, G. G. Bernhard, 845 Rix, Edward, 391 Rochas, Beau de, 494 Roket motoru, 842 Roket, 527 Ru, 137, 138 Rumford, Count, 62 Rüzgâr enerjisi, 59, 105 Rüzgâr so¤utma faktörü, 729 Rüzgâr türbini, 426–427 Rüzgâr türbinleri, 105–106
S s, 5 S. Entropiye bak›n›z Sabit alanl› bir kanalda ›s› geçifli/ ihmal edilebilir sürtünme. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. Sabit bas›nçta gaz›n elektrik ile ›s›t›lmas›, 174–176 Sabit nokta, 197 Sabit s›n›r, 11 Sabit-bas›nç özgül ›s›s› (cp), 178–180, 664–665 Sabit-hacim gaz termometresi, 18 Sabit-hacim özgül ›s›s› (cv), 178–180, 664–665 Saf madde entropi de¤iflimi, 339–343 faz de¤iflimi ifllemleri, 113–126 fazlar, 112–113 gaz. Gazlara bak›n›z kat›. Kat›ya bak›n›z. s›v›. S›v›lara bak›n›z tan›m, 112 Sal›n›m halindeki bir bilye için enerjinin korunumu, 77–78 Sallanan psikometre, 725 Sanal s›n›r, 11 Sanki dengeli hal de¤iflimleri, 15, 166 Sanki dengeli ifl etkileflimleri, 362 Sanki dengeli olmayan hal de¤iflimi, 15, 16 Sanki indirgenmifl özgül hacim, 143 Sanki statik hal de¤iflimleri, 16, 166 Santigrat ölçe¤i, 18 Savery, Thomas, 2 Scramjet motoru, 527 Seebeck etkisi, 634 Seebeck, Thomas, 634 Sera etkisi, 89–91 Sera gazlar›, 90 Serbest (do¤al) tafl›n›m, 93 Ses alt› h›z›ndaki ak›nt› yönündeki ak›fl, 855 Ses alt› h›z›ndaki ak›fl, 829 Ses h›z›, 827–828
|
943
Ses üstü h›z›ndaki ak›nt› yönündeki ak›fl, 855 Ses üstü h›z›ndaki ak›fl, 829 Seyreltilmifl gaz ak›fl› teorisi, 13 Seyreltilmifl s›v› çözeltileri, 701 SI motorlar›, 494 SI, 4–5, 883–892. Özellik tablolar› ve çizelgelerine bak›n›z S›cak gaz balonu, 161–162 S›cak yeralt› suyu kullanan jeotermal güç santrali, 603 S›cakl›k ölçekleri, 17–20 S›cakl›k, 17 adyabatik alev, 770–773 adyabatik yo¤uflma, 723–724 ateflleme, 754 çi¤ noktas›, 629 denge sabiti (kp), 806–807 dinamik, 825 doymufl buhar - silindir, 128 durma, 825 ev. Gaz buhar kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z indirgenmifl, 141 kritik, 119 kuru termometre, 720 mutlak, 304 Rankine çevrimi, 561, 562–564 sanki kritik, 686 sürekli fonksiyon olarak, 810 termodinamik s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 303–305 tokatlama, 192 üçlü nokta, 123 yafl termometre, 726–727 yo¤uflma, 115–118 S›cakl›k-entropi diyagramlar›, 344 S›f›r bas›nç özgül ›s›s›, 181, 664 S›k›flabilen ak›fl, 856 S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fl, 823–881 ak›fl h›z›n›n ak›fl alan› ile de¤iflimi, 832–834 durma özellikleri, 824–827 Fanno e¤risi, 846, 849–850 geri bas›nç, 836–844 kritik s›cakl›k/bas›nç - gaz ak›fl› lülelerde izantropik ak›fl, 836–845 Mach say›s› (Ma), 828–829, 858 özellik ba¤›nt›lar› - mükemmel gaz›n izantropik ak›fl›, 834–836 Prandtl-Meyer genleflme dalgalar›, 856–857, 859–860 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 860–869. Rayleigh ak›fl›na bak›n›z. Rayleigh e¤risi, 846 ses h›z›, 827–828 su buhar› lülesi, 869–872 flok dalgalar›. fiok dalgalar›na bak›n›z tek-boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 829–836 yak›nsak lüle, 836–841 yak›nsak-›raksak boru- gaz ak›fl›, 829–830 yak›nsak-›raksak lüle. Yak›nsak-›raksak lülelere bak›n›z S›k›flt›r›labilirlik çizelgesi, 908 S›k›flt›r›labilirlik katsay›s› (Z), 139–141, 686 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl do¤al gaz (CNG), 752, 753 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl hava depolama sistemi, 463–465 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl havan›n maliyetinin azalt›lmas›, 391–400 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› bölgesi, 120 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v› su, 898 S›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 114, 133–134
944
| D‹Z‹N
S›k›flt›rma oran›, 493, 496 S›k›flt›rma stroku, 495 S›k›flt›rma-atefllemeli (CI) motorlar, 494 S›n›f›n ayd›nlatma maliyeti, 76–77 S›n›r ifli, 166–169 S›n›r, 10, 11 S›v›, 113 doymufl, 114, 127–129 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 189–190 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 189 kompresör ifl girifli, 364 özellikler, 888 seyreltilmifl s›v› çözeltileri, 701 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl, 114, 133–134 S›v› azot, 117 S›v› hidrokarbon yak›tlar›, 752 S›v› propan, 163 S›v›-buhar doyma e¤risi, 116 S›v›laflt›r›lm›fl do¤al gaz (LNG) türbini, 353 S›v›laflt›r›lm›fl petrol gazlar› (LPG), 752, 753 Silikon germanyum malzemelerine dayanan termoelektrik güç üreticileri, 635 Sistem aç›k, 10–11 basit s›k›flt›r›labilir, 15 entropi de¤iflimi, 378 hareketsiz, 54 ›s› al›nan, 633 kapal›, 10, 11 özellikler, 12–13 tan›m, 10 yal›t›lm›fl, 10 S›v› metan, 351-353 Siyah cisim ›fl›n›m›, 94 Siyah cisim, 94 SO2, 88 Sodyum doldurulmufl yüksek yo¤unluklu lambalar, 80 So¤uk hava standard› kabulleri, 493 So¤urma, 94 So¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631–634 So¤urmal› su so¤utucular›, 633 So¤utma basit so¤utma ifllemi, 730 buharlaflmal› so¤utma, 734–735 demir külçe-su,191 demir külçe-tersinmezlik, 429–431 güç santrali-so¤utma kulesi, 738–739 ›slak so¤utma kulesi, 737–739 kuru, 554 kutu içecek-termoelektrik so¤utucu, 636 mükemmel olmayan gaz kar›fl›m›, 694–697 nem almal›, 732–734 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 863 s›cak ak›flkan-tank, 74–75 so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a - su, 242–244 So¤utma Brayton çevrimi, 515–517 Ericcson çevrimi, 504 Rankine çevrimi, 568–576 Stirling çevrimi, 504 verim, 507 So¤utma çevrimi, 607–649. So¤utuculara bak›n›z ard›fl›k so¤utma sistemleri, 620–623 çok kademeli s›k›flt›rma yap›lan so¤utma sistemleri, 623–625 gaz so¤utma çevrimi, 628–631
gazlar›n s›v›laflt›r›lmas›, 626–628 gerçek buhar s›k›flt›rma, 610–616 ›s› pompas› sistemleri, 618–620 ideal buhar s›k›flt›rma, 610–614 so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631–634 so¤utucu ak›flkan, 616–618 tek kompresörlü çok amaçl› so¤utma sistemleri, 625–626 termoelektrik so¤utma, 634–636 ters Carnot çevrimi, 609–610 yenilikçi buhar s›k›flt›rma, 620–626 So¤utma sistemi ile ç al›flan kurutucular, 399 So¤utma, 118 So¤utucu ak›flkan, 287, 616–618 So¤utucu ak›flkan-134a doymufl-bas›nç tablosu, 904 doymufl-s›cakl›k tablosu, 902–903 k›zg›n, 905–906 P-h diyagram›, 907 so¤utucuda genleflme, 239–240 su ile so¤utulmas›, 242–244 So¤utucu, 311–315. So¤utma çevrimine bak›n›z amaç, 608 at›lan ›s›, 291 Carnot, 309–310, 609 COP, 288–289, 608 ekserji, 434 ›fl›k anahtar›n›n bozuk olmas›, 314–315 iyi kullan›m ölçütleri, 313–314 nas›l çal›fl›r, 287–288 s›ra d›fl› düflünce, 310 so¤utma kapasitesi, 608 so¤utucu ak›flkan-134a n›n genleflmesi, 239–340 tan›m, 608 termoelektrik, 634–636 So¤utucu-dondurucu ünitesi, 626 So¤utulmufl s›v›, 114 Sonik ak›fl, 829 Sonik h›z, 827 Sosyal bilimciler, 468 Standart atmosfer (atm), 22, 30 Standart atmosferik bas›nç (Patm), 30 Standart referans hali, 762 Standart-hal Gibbs fonksiyon de¤iflimi, 797 Statik entalpi, 824 Stefan Boltzmann sabiti, 94 Stefan Boltzmann yasas›, 94 Stevin, Simon, 25 Stirling çevrimi, 503–507 Stokiyemetrik hava, 756 Stokiyemetrik yanma, 756 Strok, 493 Su bahçe hortumunun f›skiyesi, 224–225 buhar. Su buhar›na bak›n›z çözünmüfl hava, 814 demir külçenin so¤utulmas›, 191 dengesiz genleflme, 176–178 deniz suyundan tatl› su elde edilmesi, 705-707 doymufl buz - su buhar›, 899 doymufl, 890–893 dufl, 241 gaz sabiti, 884 gaz. Su buhar›na bak›n›z k›zg›n, 894–897 kritik özellikler, 884
mol kütlesi, 884 Mollier diyagram›, 901 mutlak entropi, 924 oluflum entalpisi, 924 oluflum Gibbs fonksiyonu, 924 s›cak demir kütlenin b›rak›lmas›, 453–455 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl s›v›, 898 so¤utucu ak›flkan R134a n›n so¤utulmas›, 242–244 tank›n boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 T-s diyagram› Su buhar› doygun, 870 genleflme, 448–451 k›zg›n, yüksek s›cakl›klara, 561 kullan›m, 551 özellikler, 885 türbin, 237–238, 460-462 Su buhar› mutlak entropi, 924 mükemmel gaz olarak, 139 mükemmel gaz özellikleri, 921–922 odadaki hava miktar›, 720–721 oluflum entalpisi, 924 Gibbs oluflum fonksiyonu, 924 Su buhar› güç santrali, 282, 551 Su buhar› tablolar›, 135–137 Su ceketi, 391 Su hortumu, 391 Su ›s›t›c›s›, verim, 79 Sublimasyon, 124, 813 Suda çözünmüfl hava, 814 Su-lityum bromid so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631 Su-lityum klorid so¤urmal› so¤utma sistemi, 631 Su-so¤utmal› buhar yo¤uflturucusu, 605 Suyun dengesiz genleflmesi, 176–178 Sürekli ak›fl enerji denklemi, 554 Sürekli ak›fl Ericsson motoru, 505 Sürekli ak›fl hal de¤iflim/sistem ekserji dengesi, 458–459 enerji analizi, 230–232 kütle dengesi, 223–224 tan›m, 16 Sürekli ak›fll› sistemler, 233–246 boru ve kanal ak›fl›, 244–246 entropi, 382 ›s› de¤ifltiriciler, 242 ikinci yasa verimi, 459–460 izantropik verimler, 370–377 kar›flma odas›, 240–241 k›s›lma vanalar›, 239 kompresör, 236–237. Kompresörlere bak›n›z lüle, 233–236. Lüleye bak›n›z türbin, 233, 236–238. Türbine bak›n›z yay›c›, 233–235 Sürekli ortam, 12–13 Sürtünme, 297 Sürüfl al›flkanl›klar›, 534–536 Swamp so¤utucular, 151
fi fiok aç›s›, 852 fiok dalgalar› e¤ik floklar, 852–856, 858-859
D‹Z‹N normal floklar, 845–851, 931 tekrar s›k›flt›r›lm›fl, 856 yak›nsak-›raksak lüle, 850–851
T T, 5 Tdoy, 115–118 T- çeflit termokupl, 635 T ds ba¤›nt›lar›, 350–351 Tam yanma, 756 Tamamlanmam›fl proteinler, 15 Tamamlanmam›fl yanma, 756 Tank bir gaz›n ›s›t›lmas› - kar›flt›r›lmas›, 184–185 doymufl s›v› bas›nc›, 128 entropi de¤iflimi, 341 hidrokarbon buhar›n›n yanabilir kar›fl›mlar›, 792 mükemmel gaz kar›fl›mlar›, 691–692 sabit hacimli, doldurulmas›, buhar, 248–250 s›cak ak›flkan›n so¤utulmas›, 74–75 s›k›flt›r›lm›fl havan›n ifl potansiyeli, 438–439 su boflalt›lmas›, 225–226 Tafl›nan enerji, 227 Tafl›n›m ›s› geçifli katsay›s›, 93–94 Tafl›n›m ocaklar›, 81 Tafl›n›m, 93–94 Tafl›t tekerlerinin paralellik ayar›, 534 Tafl›t, Otomobile bak›n›z Taylor, G. I., 845 Tehlikeli at›klar›n yok edilmesi, 792 Tek ak›m, adyabatik, sürekli ak›fl cihaz›, 382 Tek atomlu gazlar, 182 Tek atomlu oksijen, 923 Tek boyutlu izantropik ak›fl, 829–836, 930 Tek kademeli ara buhar almal› çevrim, 568 Tek kompresörlü çok amaçl› so¤utma sistemleri, 625–626 Tekrar formülüze edilmifl benzin (RFG), 88 Temiz Hava Hareketi, 87 Tepki verimi, 522 Tepki, 521 Tepkili çevrim, 521–525 Tepkime entalpisi, 763, 807 Tepkime sistemleri, 751. Kimyasal tepkimelere bak›n›z. Tepkimesiz gaz kar›fl›m›, 681. Gaz kar›fl›mlar›na bak›n›z Tepkimesiz sistemler, 751 Tera (T), 5 Terleme, 728–729 Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›. Bi rinci yasa analizine bak›n›z deneyler, 175, 176, 218 enerjinin korunumu ilkesi, 71–72 kan›t, 174 kapal› sistemler,174 yasa ifadesi, 70 Termodinami¤in ikinci yasas›, ‹kinci yasa analizine ve ikinci yasa verimine bak›n›z Clausius ifadesi, 292–293 Kelvin-Planck ifadesi, 287, 292–293 kullan›m›, 280–281 yasa ifadeleri, 280 Termodinami¤in s›f›r›nc› yasas›, 17
Termodinami¤in üçüncü yasas›, 347, 774 Termodinamik birinci yasa. Termodinami¤in birinci yasas›na bak›n›z ikinci yasa. Termodinami¤in ikinci yasas›na bak›n›z istatistiksel, 3 klasik, 3 s›f›r›nc› yasa, 17 tan›m, 297 üçüncü yasa, 347 Termodinamik çevrim, 487 Termodinamik olas›l›k, 347 Termodinamik özellik ba¤›nt›lar›, 651–680 Clapeyron denklemi, 658–661 Clapeyron-Clausius denklemi, 660 c p, 664-665 cv, 664-665 çevrim ba¤›nt›s›, 656 diferansiyelleri, 652–656 entalpi de¤iflimleri, 662–663, 670–671, 673-674 entropi de¤iflimleri, 663, 671–674 gerçek gazlar, 670–673 Gibbs ba¤›nt›lar›, 657 iç enerji de¤iflimleri, 661–662, 665–667, 671 Joule-Thomson katsay›s›, 668–669 karfl›l›kl›l›k ba¤›nt›s›, 656 k›smi türev ba¤›nt›lar›, 655–656 Maxwell ba¤›nt›lar›, 656–658 Mayer ba¤›nt›s›, 665 mükemmel gaz›n izantropik ak›fl›, 834–836 Rayleigh ak›fl›, 866–867 yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Termodinamik s›cakl›k ölçe¤i, 18, 303–305 Termoelektrik cihaz, 634 Termoelektrik devre, 634 Termoelektrik güç üretici, 635 Termoelektrik so¤utucu, 634–636 Termokupl, 635 Termo-mekanik ekserji, 435 Ters yanma analizi, 760–761 Tersine Brayton çevrimi, 628 Tersine Carnot çevrimi, 301, 609–610 Tersine Stirling çevrimi, 628 Tersinir adyabatik ak›fl, 860 Tersinir adyabatik genleflme, 300 Tersinir adyabatik hal de¤iflimi, 343 Tersinir adyabatik s›k›flt›rma, 301 Tersinir çevrim, 300 Tersinir hal de¤iflimleri, 296–299, 702 Tersinir ifl - yanma ifllemleri, 776 Tersinir ifl (Wter ), 428, 459, 702 Tersinir izotermal genleflme, 300 Tersinir izotermal s›k›flt›rma, 300 Tersinir kar›flma ifllemleri, 703 Tersinir sürekli ak›fl ifli, 362–366 Tersinir türbin, 366 Tersinmez hal de¤iflimleri, 296–297. Ekserji yok olufluna bak›n›z ak›flkan sürtünmesi, 557 buhar güç çevrimi, 559–560 demir külçenin so¤utulmas›, 429–431 ›s› motoru, 429 ›s› kayb›, 557 tan›m, 428 q-b-Ma ba¤›nt›s›, 854 Tetraetil kurflun, 497
|
945
Tetrafloroetan (R-134a), 884 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 62 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 2, 18, 53, 304 Titreflim kinetik enerjisi, 55 Tokatlama, 192 Toluen, 925 Toplam enerji, 53 Toplam entalpi, 824 Toplam ›s›, 127 Toplam ifl, 252 Toplam s›cakl›k, 825 Toplam tersinir hal de¤iflimi, 299 Toplam türev (dz), 653, 654 Toplam verim, 80 Torr, 30 Torricelli, Evangelista, 29 Transonik ak›fl, 829 Trikloroflorometan (R–11), 884 T-S diyagram›, 344 T-s diyagram›, 345, 490 Turbofan motoru, 525–526 Turbojet motoru, 521–525 Turboprop motoru, 526 Tutuflma s›cakl›¤›, 754 Tuz meyilli günefl havuzu, 32 Tuzdan ar›nd›rma ifllemleri, 704–707 Türbin verimi, 83 Türbin, 236 güç üretimi, 237–238 izantropik verim, 371–372 LM5000, 233 LNG, 353 tersinir, 366 vana yerlefltirilmesi, 353–354 Türbin-jeneratör, 84 Türetilmifl boyutlar, 3 Türev, 652 Türevler, 652–656 T-V diyagram›, 118–120, 121–124 Twining, Alexander, 612
U U. ‹ç enerjiye bak›n›z Uçucu organik bileflenler (VOCs), 87 Uluslar aras› sistem, 4 Uranyum fizyonu, 57 USCS (United States Customary System), 4 USCS, 4
Ü Üçlü çizgi, 123 Üçlü nokta bas›nc›, 123 Üçlü nokta s›cakl›¤›, 123 Üçlü nokta, 19 Üçüncü izantropik ba¤›nt›, 358 Üniversal gaz sabiti, 137, 138 ÜÖN, 493 Ürünler, 754 Üst çevrim, 587 Üst ölü nokta (ÜÖN), 493
946
| D‹Z‹N
V Vakum bas›nc›, 22, 23 Vakumlu donma, 118 Vakumlu so¤utma, 117–118 van der Waals hal denklemi, 144–145 van der Waals, Johannes Diderik, 144 van't Hoff denklemi, 806 Venturi lülesi, 831 Verim AFUE, 79 ayd›nlatma sistemleri, 80 Carnot, 305 güç üretici, 80 ikinci yasa. ‹kinci yasa verimine bak›n›z izantropik, 370–377 izotermal, 373 kompresör güç girifli, 374–375 mekanik, 83 motor, 83 piflirme cihazlar›, 80–81 pompa, 83 su ›s›t›c›s›, 79 tepki, 522 ›s›l, 283–284. Is›l verime bak›n›z termoelektrik güç üreticiler, 635 türbin, 83 yanma, 79 Vücut ›s›s›, 60 Vücut kütle dizini (BMI), 198
W W çevre, 428 W f , 428 W ters 428, 459, 702
Wilson e¤risi, 870 WR-21 gas türbini 509
X Xenon, 884 X ›s›, 440–442 X ifl, 442 X kütle, 442–443
Y Ya¤, 530 Ya¤lar, 194 Ya¤s›z cipsler, 190–200 Yak›n çevre, 424, 425 Yak›nsak lüle, 836–841 Yak›nsak-›raksak kanal, 829–830 Yak›nsak-›raksak lüle, 831, 841–845 geri bas›nç, 842–844 hava ak›fl›, 844–845 su buhar› ak›fl›, 870–872
flok dalgas›, 850–851 Yak›t hücresi, 780–782 Yak›t ›s›tma de¤eri, 79 Yak›t verimi, 530–537 Yak›t, 752, 925 Yal›t›lm›fl si stem, 10, 443, 444 Yanma entalpisi, 763, 764–765 Yanma verimi, 79 Yanma, 753. Kimyasal tepkimelere bak›n›z Yapay so¤utma havuzu, 738 Yar› kararl› hal, 164 Yafl termometre s›cakl›¤›, 724–725 Yay dalga, 854,855 Yay ifli, 67 Yayg›n özellikler, 12, 689 Yay›c›, 233–235 Yay›c›dan geçen havan›n h›z›n›n azalmas›, 234–235 Yayma oran›, 94, 95 7FAgaz türbini, 543 Ye¤in özellikler, 12, 689 Yenilenebilir enerji, 91 Yenilikçi buhar s›k›flt›rmal› so¤utma sistemleri, 620–628 Yerçekimi kuvveti, 7 Yer de¤ifltirme e nerjisi, 55 Yer de¤ifltirme hacmi, 493 Yer-seviyesi ozonu (O3), 87, 88 Yeflil enerji, 91 Y›ll›k yak›t kullan›m verimi (AFUE), 79 Yo¤unluk de¤iflimleri. S›k›flt›r›labilir ak›fla bak›n›z Yo¤unluk, 13 Yo¤uflma bas›nc› (Pyo¤), 115–118 Yo¤uflma e¤risi, 726 Yo¤uflma s›cakl›¤› (Tyo¤), 115–118 Yo¤uflturucu bas›nc›, 560–561 Yo¤uflturucu, 554 Yol, 15 Yola ba¤›ml› fonksiyonlar›, 63 Young, Thomas, 53 Yük köprülü bas›nç dönüfltürücüler, 29 Yüksek bas›nçlardaki oksijen, 673–674 Yüksek h›z, 535 Yüksek ›s›tma de¤eri (HHV), 79, 764 Yüksek seviyedeki atmosfer, 909 Yüksek verim motoru, 85–86, 395, 397 Yüksek vitesli, 531 Yüzde eksik hava, 757 Yüzde fazla hava, 757 Yüzde kuramsal hava, 757 Yüzde yüz kuramsal hava, 756 Yüzey gerilme ifli, 68 Yüzey gerilmesi, 68
Z Z, 139–141, 686 Zamanla de¤iflen aç›k sistemle r, 246–252
Zay›f e¤ik flok, 854 Zeuner, Gustav, 231 Zihinsel ekserji, 466 Zihinsel uyan›kl›k, 467 Zorlanm›fl tafl›n›m, 93
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Semboller a a A A c c c p cv
COP COPIP COPSM d , D e E
EER F
YH g g G h h H – h – y h – f h R
HHV HY
i I I k k s k t K p
ke KE LHV
m m· M
Ma
‹vme, m/s2 Özgül Helmholtz fonksiyonu, u Ts, kJ/kg Alan, m2 Helmholtz fonksiyonu, U TS, kJ Ses h›z›, m/s Özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Sabit bas›nçta özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Sabit hacimde özgül ›s›, kJ/kg · K Etkinlik katsay›s› Is› pompas›n›n etkinlik katsay›s› So¤utma makinesinin etkinlik katsay›s› Çap, m Özgül toplam enerji, kJ/kg Toplam enerji, kJ Enerji etkinlik oran› Kuvvet, N Yak›t-hava oran› Yerçekimi ivmesi, m/s 2 Özgül Gibbs fonksiyonu, h Ts, kJ/kg Toplam Gibbs fonksiyonu, H TS, kJ Tafl›n›mla ›s› geçifli katsay›s›, W/m2 · °C Özgül entalpi, u Pv , kJ/kg Toplam entalpi, U PV , kJ Yanma entalpisi, kJ/kmol yak›t Oluflum (formasyon) entalpisi, kJ/kmol Reaksiyon entalpisi, kJ/kmol Üst ›s›l de¤er, kJ/kg yak›t Hava-yak›t oran› Özgül tersinmezlik, kj/kg Elektrik ak›m›, A Toplam tersinmezlik, kJ Özgül ›s›lar›n oran›, c p / cv Yay sabiti Is› iletim katsay›s› Denge sabiti Özgül kinetik enerji, V 2 /2, kJ/kg Toplam kinetik enerji, mV 2 /2, kJ Alt ›s›l de¤er, kJ/kg yak›t Kütle, kg Kütle debisi, kg/s Mol kütlesi, kg/kmol Mach say›s›
mf n N
OEP P Pcr Pi Pm Pr P R Pv P0
pe PE
q Q · Q Q H Q L r R r c r p Ru s S süretim Süretim
SG t T
T T cr T kt T çn T a T H T L T R T yt T 0 u U
Kütle oran› Politropik üs Mol say›s› Ortalama efektif bas›nç, kPa Bas›nç, kPa Kritik bas›nç, kPa K›smi bas›nç, kPa Kar›fl›m bas›nc›, kPa Ba¤›l bas›nç, kPa ‹ndirgenmifl bas›nç, kPa Buhar bas›nc›, kPa Çevre bas›nc›, kPa Özgül potansiyel enerji, gz, kJ/kg Toplam potansiyel enerji, mgz, kJ Birim kütle için ›s› geçifli, kJ/kg Toplam ›s› geçifli, kJ Birim zamanda ›s› geçifli, kW Yüksek s›cakl›ktaki cisimden ›s› geçifli, kJ Düflük s›cakl›ktaki cisimden ›s› geçifli, kJ S›k›flt›rma oran› Gaz sabiti, kJ/kg · K Kesme oran› Bas›nç oran› Üniversal gaz sabiti, kJ/kmol · K Özgül entropi, kJ/kg · K Toplam entropi, kJ/K Özgül entropi üretimi, kJ/kg · K Toplam entropi üretimi, kJ/K Özgül a¤›rl›k yada ba¤›l yo¤unluk Zaman, s S›cakl›k, °C or K Tork, N · m Kritik s›cakl›k, K Kuru termometre s›cakl›¤›, °C Çi¤ noktas› s›cakl›¤›, °C Ak›flkan s›cakl›¤›, °C Yüksek s›cakl›ktaki cismin s›cakl›¤›, K Düflük s›cakl›ktaki cismin s›cakl›¤›, K ‹ndirgenmifl s›cakl›k Yafl termometre s›cakl›¤›, °C Çevre s›cakl›¤›, °C or K Özgül iç enerji, kJ/kg Toplam iç enerji, kJ
