UNIT 6 CONTRIBUTIONS OF LINGUISTICS TO THE TEACHING OF FOREI FOREIGN GN LANG LANGUA UAGE GES. S. THE THE PROCES PROCESS S OF LING LINGUI UIST STIC IC LEARNING LEARNING:: SIMILARIT SIMILARITIES IES AND DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ACQUISITION OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE AT SCHOOL AND THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF LINGUISTICS TO THE TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES.
The teaching ! !"eign #ang$age% ha% a#&a'% (e)e#*e( a#ng &ith Ling$i%tic%+a#th$gh it ha% ,een in thi% cent$"' &hen the t"a(itina# cnce*tin% ! %cience ! #ang$age ha% ,een t"an%!"-e( ,' a &i(ening an( %*ecia#iing ! it% /n&#e(ge. On the the" han(+ in the c$""ent c$""en t %it$atin ! Ling$i%tic%+ the"e i% an intentin t )e"c-e )e" c-e the cnt"a(ictin% cnt"a(icti n% ! *"e)i$% ,e#ie! ,e#ie!%+ %+ in "(e" t e#a,"ate a ne& -(e#+ -$ch -$ch -"e ec#ectic ec#ectic an( $%e!$# $%e!$# !" the *"ce%% ! #ang$age teaching teaching an( #ea"ning. #ea"ning.
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: OVERVIEW: DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS . The the"etica# a%*ect% $*n &hich the -ain -ain -eth(% an( a**"ache% a"e ,a%e( an( %t$(ie( in the !ie#( ! Applied Linguistics + an( a !i"%t %'%te-atiatin ! the%e the"etica# *"inci*#e% at the ,eginning ! the 01th cent$"'. Be!"e that+ the -eth(#g' $%e( in the #ang$age teaching *"ce%%e% in the 02th an( 03th &a% Grammar4Translatin !et"d ! Latin !e t"d &h%e techni5$e% &e"e ,a%e( n the -(e# ! Latin teaching + &hen thi% &a% a#"ea(' a (ea( #ang$age. Thi% -(e# &a%+ in !act+$n%$ita,#e t teach #i)ing #ang$age%+a% it &a% a -e"e a(a*tatin ! techni5$e% ,e#nging t a *"e%tigi$% (i%ci*#ine. H&e)e"+ 6$%t !"- the %ecn( ha#! ! the 01th cent$"' the !i"%t a**#ie( #ing$i%t% a**ea"e(+ #/ing !" %-e the"etica# ,a%i% n &hich the' c$#( %$**"t the #ang$age teaching *"ce%%e%. T T ( %+ the' ,%e")e( the chi#("en7% chi#("en7% ac5$i%itin ac5$i%itin -echani% -echani%-% -% ! thei" !i"%t !i"%t #ang$age+ the i-*"tance ! "a# c--$nicatin+ an( the !i"%t %te*% (ne in the %t$(ie% ! Phnetic%. A#th$gh the%e !i"%t *"inci*#e% ha( #e%% i-*act at the --ent+ the' %e")e( a% an in!#$ence n #ate" &"/%. Th$%+ the' a"e )e"' "e#ate( &ith the %ecn( "e%ea"ching #ine+ the Re#rm a(* tin ! an in($cti)e in($cti)e a**"ach in !$ement &hich %$**"te(+ n the ne han(+ the a(*tin &hich "a# *"($ctin &a% cn%i(e"e( -"e i-*"tant than &"itten *"($ctin+ an( n the the" han(+ a (ee* %t$(' ! Phnetic% in "(e" t int"($ce -"e e!!ici e!!icient ent e8e"ci%e% e8e"ci%e% t i-*")e *"n$nciatin. In the 01th cent$"' a**ea"e( the %irect !et"d + ,a%e( n the -(e# ! the firt !ang"age ac#"iiti$n. ac#"iiti$n. Acc"(ing Acc"(ing t thi% a**"ach+ the ,e%t &a' t #ea"n the %ecn( #ang$age &a% the
*"actice ! "a# *"($ctin 6$%t %ince the ,eginning &ith the he#* ! nn4)e",a# %t"ategie% t e8*#ain the -eaning ! %-e ! the &"(% " *h"a%e% &hich &e"e #i/e#' t a**ea". In the 9th cent$"'+ the &"/% ! A**#ie( Ling$i%tic% n the !ie#( ! #ang$age teaching *int $t t thei" applicatin n academic cnte&ts + an( the' "e5$i"e the a(*tin ! teaching techni5$e% &hich ta/e int acc$nt the c#a%%"- "ea#it'. At the en( ! the W"#( Wa" II+ the A-e"ican A"-' ha( t "ganie inten%i)e #ang$age c$"%e% in "(e" t *"e*a"e the -i#ita"' %ta!! t &"/ a% t"an%#at"% " inte"*"ete"% in the cc$*ie( c$nt"ie% ,eca$%e the Reading !et"d &hich &a% -%t $%e(+ (i( nt g$a"antee en$gh !#$enc' in "a# c-*"ehen%in an( *"($ctin+ the' a**ea#e( t the %t"$ct$"a#i%t #ing$i%t%7 e8*e"ience% %$ch a% B#-!ie#(. A!te" the W"#( Wa" II+ the Audilingual !et"d a**ea"e(+ *a"tia##' ,a%e( n the A"-' c$"%e%. In thi% -eth( the"e i% a "e#atin%hi* ,et&een Str"ct"ra!i% ;B#-!ie#(< an( P&ch$!$gica! 'eha(i$"ri% ;S/inne"<+ &h%e %ti-$#$%4"e%*n%e4"ein!"ce-ent the"ie% &$#( ha)e a g"eat in!#$ence n the #a'$t ! the -echanic e8e"ci%e% &hich a"e cha"acte"i%tica# ! the A$(i#ing$a# Meth(. F" thi% -eth(+ "a# *"($ctin i% -"e i-*"tant than &"itten an( the "(e" !" *"acti%ing the %/i## i%: a$"a# c-*"ehen%in ;#i%tening<+ "a# *"($ctin ;%*ea/ing<+ &"itten c-*"ehen%in ;"ea(ing<+ an( &"itten *"($ctin ;&"iting<. In G"eat B"itain anthe" #ing$i%tic %ch# a**ea"e(+ &hich &"/e( in(e*en(ent#' !"- the A$(i#ing$a#. It (e)e#*e( a )e"' %i-i#a" -eth( ! teaching !"eign #ang$age%: T"e Situatinal Language Teac"ing . It i% ,a%e( n Str"ct"ra!i% ,$t -$ch -"e !"-a# in thei" #ing$i%tic "e!e"ence%.It gi)e% -"e i-*"tance t the %it$atina# cnte8t an( t a %e#ectin ! )ca,$#a"'. Ne)e"the#e%%+ the e8e"ci%e% ! ,th -eth(% ( nt *"e*a"e the %t$(ent% !" "ea# %it$atin% ! c--$nicatin. In the Si8tie%+ a ne& a**"ach a**ea"e( in G"eat B"itain: T"e Cmmunicati$e Language Teac"ing in &hich the %it$atina# c-*nent ! the Sit$atina# Lang$age Teaching i% the !"a-e !" c--$nicati)e inte"actin% an( nt n#' !" the *"actice ! %t"$ct$"e%. In thi% a**"ach+ the te"- c--$nicati)e c-*etence &a% cine( ,' A-e"ican #ing$i%t D.H'-e% t "e!e" t the a,i#it' ! $%ing the #ing$i%tic %'%te- in an e!!icient &a' t c--$nicate in %ciet'. F"- the (eca(e ! the =%+the" a**"ache% ha)e a**ea"e( &hich ha)e cnt"i,$te( t (e)e#*-ent ! A**#ie( Ling$i%tic%. The%e -eth(% a"e inte"e%te( in the cgniti)e *"ce%%e% an( in the a!!ecti)e an( cnte8t$a# cn(itin% &hich -$%t ta/e *#ace !" the #ea"ning " ac5$i%itin ! the !"eign #ang$age. The !i"%t ne i% the Ttal '"(sical Respnse + ,a%e( n )*Aher+ %eth$,$!$gica! criteria. One ! the -ain *"inci*#e% ! thi% ne& a**"ach i% that *$*i#% "e-e-,e" -"e ea%i#' th%e $tte"ance% &hich the' can "e#ate &ith actin% -a(e ,' the-%e#)e%. Th$% the c-*"ehen%in ! -eaning the "(e"% that the teache" a%/% the *$*i#% t ( #ea( the- t *"($ce n4)e",a# "e%*n%e% %$ch a% getting $*+*ening the ( "+("a&ing+etc. F##&ing the %a-e #ine+ the Natural Apprac" + ,a%e( n S -rahen an, T*Terre!! .$r/+ *"*%e the *%%i,i#it' ! ac5$i"ing a %ecn( #ang$age in an aca(e-ic cnte8t i! the cn(itin% &hich a"e %i-i#a" t th%e &hich can ,e !$n( in the *"ce%% ! ac5$i"ing the !i"%t
#ang$age ,' '$ng chi#("en a"e !$#!i##e(. Lang$age #ea"ning a% a cn%cient *"ce%% #ea( chi#("en t ac5$i"e %-e /n&#e(ge &hich &i## he#* the- t c""ect thei" -i%ta/e%+ &hat i% ca##e( M$nit$r The$r&* Fina##'+ it i% i-*"tant t 5$te %-e a**"ache%+ %$ch a% The Si!ent Wa&+ &hich #/% !" the #ea"ne"%7 ha"( cncent"atin n the $tte"ance%> S"gget$0ae,ia+ &hich $%e% "e#a8atin an( %$gge%tin a% he#*e"% !" #ang$age #ea"ning> an( the C$%%"nit& Lang"age Learning + ,a%e( n g"$* the"a*' an( &hich $%e% the ta"get #ang$age a% a -ean% ! e8*"e%%ing !ee#ing.
THE MAIN LIN1UISTIC SCIENCES*
'"netics and '"nlg( .
The%e t& %cience% (ea# &ith %$n(% an( h& the' can c-,ine t -a/e -eaning%. Phnetic% &"/% the &h#e %$n( ,(' ! a #ang$age+ %t$(ing it% *hnic e#e-ent% in a %'%te-ic &a'. It gi)e% the "e*"e%entatin ! %$n(% &hich he#*% t *"n$nce the #ang$age in a c""ect &a'. The -ain *a"t% ! Phnetic% a"e: A"tic$#at"' Phnetic%+ &hich cncent"ate% n h& the %$n(% a"e e-itte( ,' %*ea/e"%> A$(it"' Phnetic%+ &hich %t$(ie% th%e %$n(% in "e#atin t the #i%tene"%> an( Ac$%tic Phnetic%+ &hich (ea#% &ith the *h'%ica# *a"t ! %$n(% ,' $%ing (i!!e"ent in%t"$-ent% t "egi%te" the-. Phn#g' (ea#% &ith the !$nctin ! th%e %$n(% in the c--$nicati)e *"ce%% an( gi)e% an e8ha$%ti)e ana#'%i% ! the "$#e% ! the %$n( %'%te- &ithin the #ang$age. Phnetic% i% +tgethe" &ith Ling$i%tic%+ ne ! the -ain %cience% cnce"ne( &ith #ang$age an( a"%e in the 0=th cent$"' a% the %cience that %t$(ie( the "e#atin%hi* ,et&een %*e##ing an( %$n(. In 033= the Inte"natina# Phnetic A%%ciatin ;IPA< &a% !$n(e(. Thi% a%%ciatin (e)i%e( a *hnetic a#*ha,et+ " %et ! %'-,#% that &$#( %e")e t "e*"e%ent the %$n( ! an' #ang$age. Thi% a#*ha,et i% n& &i(e#' $%e( in te8t,/% an( *"n$ncing (ictina"ie%. A% $" *"e%ent ,6ecti)e i% the teaching ! a !"eign #ang$age+ the -%t $%e!$# )ie& !" thi% *$"*%e i% t "ega"( Phnetic% an( Ling$i%tic% a% the t& Ling$i%tic Science%. Bth ! the%t$(' #ang$age+ ,$t !"- (i!!e"ent ang#e. Phnetic% i% inte"e%te( in %$n(% an( h& the' a"e "ganie( an( t"an%-itte(+&he"ea% Ling$i%tic% i% cnce"ne( &ith h& #ang$age i% %t"$ct$"e( g"a--atica##' an( %e-antica##'.
Grammar.
Within G"a--a" &e can !in( t& %cience%: M"*h#g' an( S'nta8.
M"*h#g' %t$(ie% the !"- ! the &"(% ! a #ang$age+ an( (ea#% &ith the &"( !#e8in% ! gen"e+ n$-,e" an( ca%e+ an( &ith the *",#e-% &hich -a' a"i%e in thi% a"ea. It a#% %t$(ie% a-ng the"%+ the change% &hich a"e *"($ce( in -eaning ,' the in!#$ence ! a!!i8e%. S'nta8 e%ta,#i%he( the "$#e% !" %entence c-,inatin an( ana#'%e% the (i!!e"ent ! the &"(% &ithin the %entence%. G"a--a" ha% t& -ain ,6ecti)e%> it gi)e% the "$#e% nece%%a"' t gene"ate the -eaning!$# chain% " %t"ing% &hich a"e cha"acte"i%tica# ! a #ang$age. On the the" han(+ it gi)e% "$#e% $%e!$# !" the %*ea/e" t )e"i!' that a chain ! -eaning ,e#ng% t the #ang$age %?he %*ea/%. The -%t i-*"tant i(ea% in the !ie#(+ n&a(a'%+ a"e gi)en ,' Ch-%/'7% Gene"ati)e G"a--a"+ &hich %et% $* that a #ang$age i% ,$i#t $*n a !inite )ca,$#a"' c"*$%+ thi% ,eing a g"$* ! %'-,#% &hich c-,ine t -a/e %entence%.
Semantics.
Se-antic% %t$(ie% the -eaning an( %en%e ! &"(%+ an( it a**#ie% it% "e%ea"che% t th"ee i-*"tant !ie#(%: St"$ct$"a# Se-antic%+ ,a%e( n Sa$%%$"e7% &"/%. He c#ai-e( that the %igni!icatin ! a %ign i% nt n#' #i-ite( t the "e#atin%hi* ,et&een the %igni!ie" an( %igni!ie( *a"t% ! it+ ,$t a#% ,et&een thi% %ign an( the the"%. Di%t"i,$tina# Se-antic%+ in &hich the -eaning% ! the #ing$i%tic $nit% a"e in "e#atin &ith the cnte8t% in &hich the' a**ea". Gene"ati)e Se-antic%+ &hich (e% nt ta/e int acc$nt the (i!!e"ent e#e-ent% ! the %entence ,$t the %entence it%e#! a% a -(e#. ·
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'ragmatics.
It i% a -(e"n %cience &hich cn%i(e"% %*eech an act ,' it%e#!+ ,eca$%e #ang$age i% in%e"te( in a *"($cti)e cnte8t. Thi% cnte8t i% the c--$nicati)e %it$atin an( /n&#e(ge %ha"e( ,' the %*ea/e" an( the #i%tene". The %*eech act i% "ega"(e( a% a c*e"ati)e *"ce%% in &hich the *a"tici*ant%7intentin% -$%t ,e inte"*"ete(. H.P. G"ice e%ta,#i%he( in hi% ,/ Lgic an( Cn)e"%atin+that+ in e)e"' %*eech act+ the"e i% a cn)entina# -eaning gi)en ,' %*ea/e"%7/n&#e(ge ! the #ang$age "$#e%+ an( an i-*#icati)e -eaning+ gi)en ,' the %*ea/e"%7intentin t&a"(% thei" -e%%age an( t&a"(% the #i%tene"%+ a% &e## a% ,' the cnte8t. In thi% %en%e+ G"ice7% C*e"ati)e P"inci*#e e%ta,#i%he( that %*ea/e"% c*e"ate in thei" engage-ent in cn)e"%atin+ thei" engage-ent ,eing n !$" -a8i-%: ·
The -a8i- ! Q$antit'+ &hich %a'%: Ma/e '$" cnt"i,$tin a% in!"-ati)e a% it i% "e5$i"e(.
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The -a8i- ! Q$a#it'+ &hich %a'%: Ma/e '$" cnt"i,$tin t"$e> ,e %ince"e. The -a8i- ! Re#atin+ %a'ing: Ma/e '$" cnt"i,$tin "e#e)ant> ( nt ,e $ncnnecte(. The -a8i- ! Manne": A)i( ,%c$"it'+ a-,ig$it'> gi)e "(e" t '$" %*eech.
N"-a##'+ %*ea/e"% !$#!i## the%e !$" -a8i-% in thei" %*eech act%. H&e)e"+ &hen ne " -"e ! the- a"e ,"/en $* intencina##'+ thi% !act gi)e% *#ace t &hat G"ice ca##% a cn)e"%atina# i-*#icat$"e+ that i%+ an i-*#icatin -a(e ,' the %*ea/e" &h inten(% t %a' %-ething+ in an in(i"ect &a'+ t the #i%tene".
THE 'ROCESS OF LINGUISTIC LEARNING.
The e8*e"i-ent% ca""ie( $t a,$t the #ea"ning ! the !i"%t #ang$age #ea( t the cnc#$%in that n#' ,e!"e *$,e"t' the chi#(7% ,"ain ha% a g"eat *#a%ticit' that a##&% hi-?he" *e"!ect#' the #ang$age% that %?he hea"% a"$n(+ ,$t &hen *$,e"t' c-e%+ that *#a%ticit' %ee-% t (ec"ea%e g"a($a##'. Ne)e"the#e%%+ thi% cnc#$%in %a'% nthing a,$t &hat ha**en% in the *e"%n7% ,"ain &hen #ea"ning a #ang$age+ n" (e% it e8*#ain h& %-e *e*#e a!te" *$,e"t' ha)e achie)e( a -a%te"ing ! ne " %e)e"a# #ang$age%+ e)en &ith a g"eat (eg"ee ! *e"!ectin. M"e)e"+ the -eth(% an( techni5$e% ! !"eign #ang$age teaching a"e e8c#$%i)e#' ,a%e( n the "e%$#t% ! teaching e8*e"ience+ ,$t ne)e" n a *"eci%e /n&#e(ge ! h& the in(i)i($a#7% inte"na# -echani%-% &"/+ a#th$gh+ n the the" han(+ a% the *"ce%% ! #ea"ning the -the" tng$e cinci(e% &ith the !i"%t 'ea"% ! #i!e+ &hen the chi#( e8*e"i-ent% the -%t %*ectac$#a" *h'%ica# an( -enta# (e)e#*-ent+ it i% nat$"a# t thin/ that the"e e8i%t% a na""& "e#atin%hi* ,et&een the%e t& *"ce%%e%: the !i"%t an( the %ecn( #ang$age #ea"ning.
THEORETICAL APPROACHES ON LAN1UA1E LEARNIN1* A#th$gh+ $* t n&+ the %e)e"a# "e%ea"che% that ha)e ,een $n(e"ta/en n thi% -atte" ha)e nt ,een a,#e t e8*#ain a**"*iate#' h& %ecn( #ang$age #ea"ning *"ce%% &"/%+ the' ha)e %h&n that %-e -eth(% an( techni5$e% a"e -"e e!!icient than the"%. In "(e" t e%ta,#i%h a %#i( %cienti!ic ,a%i%+ the%e "e%ea"che% ha)e #eane( n #ea"ning *"ce%%e% in gene"a#+ an( n the *"ce%% ! !i"%t #ang$age ac5$i%itin. The"e a"e e%%entia# (i!!e"ence% ,et&een the #ea"ning ! a %ecn( #ang$age an( the ac5$i%itin ! the !i"%t #ang$age. When chi#("en ac5$i"e thei" nati)e #ang$age+ the' a"e an%&e"ing t thei" )ita# nece%%it' ! (-inating the en)i"n-ent in &hich the' a"e in%e"te(. When the' ha)e thi% t#+ thei" *$"*%e t #ea"n anthe" #ang$age i% )e"' (i!!e"ent. In(ee(+ the ci"c$-%tance% in &hich &e ac5$i"e $" L0 a"e )e"' (i!!e"ent !"- th%e in &hich &e #ea"n a L9. Th"ee i-*"tant the"ie% can ,e a**#ie( ,th t the ac5$i%itin an( the #ea"ning ! #ang$age%:
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S@INNER7S Beha)i$"i%-+ &hich i% ,a%e( n e8*e"i-ent% -a(e &ith ani-a#%. Acc"(ing t ,eha)i$"i%t "e%ea"che"%+ the &a' h& ani-a#% an( h$-an ,eing% #ea"n i% %i-i#a". The the"' n h$-an %*eech %a'% that e)e"' %*eech act i% *"($ce( a% a "e%*n%e t a %ti-$#$%. Thi% %ti-$#$% can ha)e (i!!e"ent "igin%+ %$ch a% the en)i"n-ent+ the %*ea/e" nee(% an( anthe" %*eech act -a(e ,' an inte"#c$t". Be%i(e%+ i! the a**"*iate an%&e" i% t ,e *"($ce(+ it i% nece%%a"' %-e %"t ! "ein!"ce-ent. In $" ca%e+ thi% "ein!"ce-ent can ,e the %*ea/e"7% (e%i"e t ,e $n(e"%t( " %i-*#' t c--$nicate. The ,eha)i$"i%t "e%ea"che" "ega"(% #ang$age #ea"ning a% the ac5$i%itin ! %e)e"a# ha,it% &hich can n#' ,e ac5$i"e( ,' "e*eating the a(e5$ate an%&e"% in (i!!e"ent %it$atin%. D$"ing thi% *"ce%% ! cntin$$% "e*etitin the %t$(ent ! a %ecn( #ang$age a(*t% a *a"tici*ati)e "#e. What i% i-*"tant !" Beha)i$"i%- i% nt the -eaning ! the %*/en chain%+ ,$t the a$th-atic *"($ctin ! "e%*n%e% t the (i!!e"ent %ti-$#a. 4 CHOMS@7S Innati%- a**ea"e( in the =% a% a cnt"a*%itin t Beha)i$"i%-. F" hi-+ a## h$-an ,eing% ha)e innate $ni)e"%a# g"a--atica# "$#e% 6$%t !"- ,e!"e the' a"e ,"n. The%e "$#e% a"e )a#i( !" a## #ang$age%. When the chi#( %ta"t% %*ea/ing %?he a**#ie( the- t the #ang$age %?he #i%ten% t a"$n( hi-?he". At the %a-e ti-e+ %?he -a/e% hi%?he" &n g"a--atica# "$#e% ! hi%?he" &n #ang$age an( ($"ing the &h#e *"ce%% ! ac5$i%itin + the%e "$#e% a"e a(a*te( t the gene"a# cnce*t %?he ha%.
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ASSOCIATIONISM+ !" it% *a"t+ inc#$(e the%e !act"% in it% "e%ea"che%. Thi% the"' c#ai- that c--$nicatin !act"% t"an%-it a(itina# in!"-atin &hich chi#("en a%%ciate &ith a cnc"ete %it$atin. In thi% %en%e+ the' -a/e "e#atin% ,et&een e8*"e%%in% that the' -a' hea" an( the ,6ect% " actin% &hich acc-*an' th%e e8*"e%%in%. Thei" nee( t !a## ,ac/ n the%e "e#atin%hi*% (ec"ea%e a% the' -e-"ie the a%%ciatin%. Th$%+ the en( ! thi% *"g"e%%in i% in thei" $%e ! the #ing$i%tic %'%te- &ith$t a**ea#ing t e8t"a#ing$i%tic e#e-ent%. A%%ciatini%- cinci(e% &ith Beha)i"i%- in -a/ing "e#atin% ,et&een &"(% an( ,6ect. H&e)e"+ in A%%ciatini%+ the *"ce%% i% nt -echanica#+ ,$t it "e%$#t a% a cn%e5$ence ! the in(i)i($a#7% inte##igence. In thi% %en%e+ %?he i% acti)e *a"tici*ant in the c--$nicatin *"ce%% an( in the #ea"ning *"ce%%e% ,eca$%e %?he i% a,#e t ("a& hi%?he" &n cnc#$%in%. It i% i-*"tant t %a' that+ t %*ea/ a #ang$age+ &e ha)e t /n& ,th the )ca,$#a"' an( g"a--a" ! that #ang$age+ an( that chi#("en #ean n thei" &n inte##igence t e%ta,#i%h the "$#e% &hich &i## he#* the- t -a/e %$ita,#e %*eech act%. D$"ing the &h#e #ea"ning *"ce%% the%e "$#e% a"e cntin$$%#' "e)i%e(. On the the" han(+ i! &e &ant t #ea"n a %ecn( #ang$age+ it i% nece%%a"' t -entin the i-*"tance ! the teaching *"ce%%+ &hich i% ! #e%% "e#e)ance in the *"ce%% ! ac5$i%itin. FACTORS*
When #ea"ning a %ecn( #ang$age+ *e*#e ha)e (i!!e"ent *$"*%e% an( the achie)e (i!!e"ent "e%$#t. Thi% !act -a/e $% %$**%e that the"e e8i%t (i!!e"ent !act"% &hich -a/e in!#$ence n thi% *"ce%%. Se)e"a# %t$(ie% ha)e gi)en *#ace t %-e cnc#$%in% an( the' %et $* th"ee -ain !act"% &hich a"e ! g"eat i-*"tance in the %ecn( #ang$age #ea"ning *"ce%%.
). !ti$atin.
Mti)atin %ee-% t ,e the -%t inte"e%ting !act"% ! a## th"ee+ ,eca$%e it (e% nt -a/e an' in!#$ence n the L0 #ea"ning *"ce%%e%. The L0 ac5$i%itin a##&% chi#("en t get int "e#atin &ith thei" en)i"n-ent an( t %ati%!' thei" nee(%. A% the' get t -a%te" the $%e ! thei" !i"%t #ang$age+ the' (i%c)e" the *%%i,i#itie% the' ha)e t c)e" $* the" nece%%itie% an( !$nctin% &hich -a' a**ea". I! the L9 i% #ea"nt &hen #(e"+ the cnce*t% ,e#nging t the L0 #ang$age a"e a#"ea(' %ett#e( $* an( the' a"e $%e( ,' a($#t% in thei" L9 #ea"ning *"ce%%. I! the"e i% an inte"e%t in #ea"ning the L9+ thi% teaching4#ea"ning *"ce%% &i## ,e !##&e( in a )e"' e!!icient &a' ,eca$%e /n&ing anthe" #ang$age i-*#ie% /n&ing anthe" c$#t$"e. At a g#ance+ it %ee-% that i! the #ea"ne" %ta'% in the h%t c$nt"' ! the #ang$age %?he i% %t$('ing. S?he &i## !in( it ea%ie" t #ea"n that #ang$age. H&e)e"+ thi% i% n#' t"$e i! the #ea"ne" i% act$a##' inte"e%te( in *a"tici*ating in %cia# cntact% &ith nati)e %*ea/e"%. Hi%?he" &i%he% t cnt"# the en)i"n-ent a"e -"e i-*"tant he"e than the teaching a%*ect%. When %*ea/ing a,$t -ti)atin+ it i% nt n#' i-*"tant t a**ea# "e&a"(+ in the ,eha)i$"i%tic %en%e ! the &"(+ ,$t &e -$%t a#% inc#$(e h$-an *%'ch#gica# nee(%. A-ng the- &e can !in( e%%entia# ne%+ %$ch a% hange" !ea"> an( %-e the"% (ea#ing &ith *e"%na# %ec$"it'+ !ee#ing ! ,e#nging t a c--$nit'+ %e#!4cn!i(ence an( "e#atin &ith the the" -e-,e"% ! the c--$nit' &e ,e#ng t. A*a"t !"- the -ti)atin in %ati%!'ing the%e *%'ch#gica# nee(%+ e)e"' in(i)i($a# i% -"e enc$"age( a% hi%?he" ,6ecti)e% a"e -"e i-*"tant !" hi-?he"+ a% !" e8a-*#e+ th%e "e!e""ing t c$#t$"a# inte"e%t+ !a-i#' &e##4,eing+ etc. Re%ea"che% ha)e %h&n that the"e a"e t& t'*e% ! -ti)atin: ·
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Integ"ati)e -ti)atin+ "e!e""ing t the %t$(ent%7!ee#ing ! ,e#nging t the c--$nit' ! nati)e %*ea/e"% ! the #ang$age the' a"e #ea"ning an( ! *a"tici*ating in thei" c$#t$"a# en)i"n-ent. In%t"$-enta# -ti)atin+ (ea#ing &ith the #ea"ne"%7nee( t #ea"n the %ecn( #ang$age t a**#' !" a 6, " t %t$(' a,"a(.
Thi% %ecn( t'*e ! -ti)atin i% )e"' c--n in P"i-a"' E($catin+ an( a% teache"%+ $" "#e i% t enc$"age in $" %t$(ent% the integ"ati)e -ti)atin. T ( %+ the"e a"e a %e"ie% ! techni5$e%: ,"inging t the c#a%%"- -ate"ia# ;*ict$"e%+,"ch$"e%+#ea!#et%+...< a,$t the c$nt"'> "ganiing c-*etitin% n %*"t% cha"acte"i%tica# ! the c$nt"'> " acc-*an'ing the %t$(ent% t %h&% ;!i#-%+*#a'%+cnce"t%+...< in the !"eign #ang$age. On the the" han(+ teache"% -$%t ha)e in -in( that chi#("en a"e ,ette" "ecei)e"% ! the%e /in(% ! acti)itie% than a($#t%+ an( that the' a"e ea%i#' enc$"age( t *a"tici*ate in ta%/% &he"e the' can *#a' an acti)e "#e ;("a-atiatin%+ga-e%+-$"a# -a/ing+..<. Language aptitude .
It ha% ,een %h&n that the"e a"e %-e *e*#e &h can #ea"n a #ang$age -"e ea%i#' than the" *e*#e+&h+ in t$"n+ !in( it "athe" (i!!ic$#t t get en$gh c-*etence in that ne& #ang$age. A #t ! "e%ea"ch ha% ,een -a(e in thi% %en%e t !in( the "e#atin%hi* ,et&een $" &n a*tit$(e " inne" a,i#it' an( the "e%$#t% achie)e( in $" #ea"ning *"ce%%. Th$%+ it ha% ,een %h&n that the"e i% n (i"ect cnnectin ,et&een $" inte##igence an( $" a*tit$(e !" #ang$age #ea"ning. On the cnt"a"'+ it %ee-% t e8i%t a (e*en(ence n %e"ie% ! !act"%+ %$ch a% the ,"ain a,i#it' t "ec"( an( -e-"ie ce"tain *hnetica# -ate"ia#> $" &n !ac$#t' t tac/#e g"a--atica# in!"-atin> $" ca*acit' t "e-e-,e" ne& &"(%> an( $" a,i#it' t (i%c)e" " in!e"+ &ith$t he#*+ #ing$i%tic !"-% an( "$#e%. The M(e"n Lang$age A*tit$(e Te%t ;MLAT< i% $%e( t -ea%$"e the%e a,i#itie%+ a#th$gh it i% n#' ,a%e( n #ing$i%tic e#e-ent%. Be%i(e%+ it %ee-% that thi% te%t n#' gi)e% $% *e" cent ! ce"tain#'+ an( that i% the "ea%n &h' the Lang$age A*tit$(e Batte"' ;LAB< &a% a#% $%e( t -ea%$"e #ang$age a*tit$(e+ ,$t inc#$(ing the" e8t"a#ing$i%tic e#e-ent% %$ch a% -ti)atin. Acc"(ing t the "e%$#t% gi)en ,' thi% te%t+ the %t$(ent% &h get %ati%!act"' "e%$#t% in the the" %$,6ect% $%$a##' get g( 5$a#i!icatin% in !"eign #ang$age. In(ee(+ thi% i% $%$a##' t"$e+ ,$t the"e a"e the" %t$(ent% a% &e## &h a"e )e"' g( at !"eign #ang$age+ ,$t nt at "e%t ! the %$,6ect%. In cnc#$%in+ the"e (e% nt e8i%t (e!initi)e c"ite"ia !" $% t ,a%e n &hen (ea#ing &ith thi% -atte". H&e)e"+ the !act that inte##igence (e% nt -a/e g"eat in!#$ence )e" !"eign #ang$age ac5$i%itin (e% nt -ean that teache" #ea)e it a%i(e. On the cnt"a"'+ it i% i-*"tant t ta/e inte##igence int cn%i(e"atin &hen ch%e the a**"*iate -eth(#g' in c#a%%. Th$%+ !" #e%% inte##igent %t$(ent%+ the -%t $%e!$# -eth( %ee-% t ,e that ! "e*etitin+ &he"ea% a -eth(#g' ,a%e( n e8*#anatin ! &hat the' a"e #ea"ning %ee-% t %$it ,ette" t c#e)e"e" *$*i#%. Age.
He"e+ the 5$e%tin i%+ &hich i% the a**"*iate age t %ta"t #ea"ning a %ecn( #ang$age. Acc"(ing t %-e %t$(ie% the ,e%t age t !"eign #ang$age #ea"ning i% ,et&een !$" an( eight 'ea"%+ ,eca$%e the chi#( e8*e"i-ent% an inten%i)e *"ce%% ! e)#$tin cha"acte"i%e( ,' hi%?he" a,i#it' t #ea"n th"$gh -e"e e8*%itin t (ata. Ne)e"the#e%%+ the"e %-e teache"% &h thin/ that chi#("en %h$#( nt %ta"t #ea"ning a %ecn( #ang$age $nti# the' ha)e en$gh !#$enc' n thei" !i"%t #ang$age. The' e)en %a' that an ea"#' %ta"t in L9 #ea"ning can *"e)ent chi#("en !"- ac5$i"ing thei" L0 e!!icient#'. A## the%e *inin% #ea(% $% t ana#'%e the a()antage% an( (i%a()antage% ! !"eign #ang$age #ea"ning ea"#' %ta"t. In "(e" t ( that+ &e can ha)e a #/ at th%e ca%e% ! e-ig"ant% 7chi#("en &h get c-*etence in a L9. A% **%e( t the-+ th%e chi#("en &h #ea"n a !"eign #ang$age at %ch# ( nt $%$a##' achie)e that (eg"ee ! *e"!ectin. F" a## thi%+ ne ! the -ain "ea%n% t int"($ce L9 #ea"ning in P"i-a"' E($catin i% the ,ette" a%%i-i#atin ! *hnetica# e#e-ent% that chi#("en ha)e at thi% age. Be%i(e%+ chi#("en $%$a##' a"e #e%% "eticent t *a"tici*ate acti)e#' in c#a%%+ 6$%t a% the' ( nt ha)e the a($#t% 7%en%e ! "i(ic$#$%+ a#th$gh a($#t% n"-a##' ha)e #e%% (i!ic$#t' n getting cncent"ate(. A## the%e age !act"%+ h&e)e"+ %h$#( nt inte"!e"e n the teaching4#ea"ning *"ce%%+ an( &e
%h$#( thin/ that+ ðe" '$nge" " #(e"+ the h$-an ,eing ha% -echani%-% ! e)e"' t'*e t ac5$i"e !"eign #ang$age% i! the' a"e -ti)ate( t ( %. What+ in !act+ %h$#( &""' $% i% the !act that the #itt#e %$cce%% &hich the %t$(ent -a' ha)e in P"i-a"' Sch# i%+ $n!"t$nate#'+ ($e nt t the !act"% ! age+ a*tit$(e " -ti)atin+ ,$t the teache"7% #& #e)e# ! *"e*a"atin in "e#atin &ith h& t #et the %t$(ent% int a !"eign #ang$age.
SI!ILARITIES AN% %IFFERENCES BET*EEN THE AC+UISITION OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE AN% THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT SCHOOL .
Acc"(ing t Ch-%/'+ the (i!!e"ence ,et&een ac5$i%itin an( #ea"ning i% that ac5$i%itin can n#' ta/e *#ace $* t a ce"tain age ,eca$%e &hen &e ha)e a#"ea(' gt the -echani%-% &hich a##& $% t "egi%te" th%e cnce*t+ *"ce($"e%+ an( *iece% ! in!"-atin in "(e" t $%e the- in $" (ai#' #i)e% !" (i!!e"ent *$"*%e%+a## &hich &e can get a!te"&a"(% i% nt tac/#e( th"$gh $" -echani%-% ! ac5$i%itin+ ,$t th"$gh $" #ea"ning *"ce%%e%. It i% 6$%t ($"ing ac5$i%itin &hen chi#("en -a/e thei" &n g"a--a"+ ,' )e"i!'ing &hich "$#e% a"e c""ect an( &hich a"e &"ng. Thi% chec/ing *"ce%% i% -a(e th"$gh thei" ana#'%i% ! in*$t (ata &hich a"e cnt"a%te( &ith thei" &n innate "$#e%. Ch-%/'7% the"ie% n thi% !ie#( a"e n&a(a'% cn%i(e"e( an( !##&e( &hen (ea#ing &ith h& chi#("en ac5$i"e thei" !i"%t #ang$age+ an( the' a"e )e"' $%e!$# t %t$(' th%e *"ce%%e% &hich gi)e *#ace t !"eign #ang$age #ea"ning an( t *$t the- int *"actice &hen teaching that !"eign #ang$age at %ch#. MOTHER TON1UE AC2UISITION* When the' ,egin %*ea/ing+ chi#("en *"($ce ce"tan $tte"ance% &hich the' ha)e nt hea"( ,e!"e. Thi% !act #ea(% $% t thin/ that the"e -$%t ,e an inne" -echani%- &hich+ ,a%ing it%e#! n the $te" #ing$i%tic (ata+ a##& the *"($ctin ! (i!!e"ent g"a--atica# %t"$ct$"e%. F"- thi% gene"ati)e4t"an%!"-atina# *int ! )ie& ;Ch-%/'7%< the%e *hen-ena can ,e e8*#aine( th"$gh the Lang$age Ac5$i%itin De)ice+ &hich -a/e chi#(en /n& the #ing$i%tic $ni)e"%a#% ;&"( "(e"+#ing$i%tic categ"ie%+ etc<+ a% &e## a% the *"ce($"e% &hich a"e nece%%a"' t ac5$i"e a #ang$age. Mthe" tng$e ac5$i%itin ,egin% in the )e"' --ent the chi#( i% gi)en ,i"th+ &hen %?he hea" the !i"%t %$n(%+)ice% an( e)en hi%?he" &n c"'. When %?he i% th"ee " !$" 'ea"% #(+ %?he ha% a#"ea(' gt h#( ! the &a' h& hi%?he" #ang$age &"/%+ an( i% a,#e t c--$nicate -"e " #e%% e!!ecti)e#' &ith the %*ea/e"% ! the %a-e #ang$age. The innate a,i#it' t "a# c--$nicatin i% cha"acte"i%tica# ! a## h$-an ,eing%+ e8ce*t !"th%e &h %$!!e" !"- %-e %"t ! %e"i$% cngenita# i##ne%% " (i%a,i#it'. A% it ha% ,een %ai( ,e!"e+ inte##igence i% nt (i"ect#' "e#ate( t #ang$age ac5$i%itin ,eca$%e th%e *e*#e &h a"e nt "e#ati)e#' c#e)e" ha)e ,een %$cce%!$# in ac5$i"e thei" nati)e #ang$age. Within the &h#e *"ce%% ! -the" tng$e ac5$i%itin+ the"e e8i%t %-e %te*% !##&e( ,' chi#("en:
P"e#ing$i%tic %tage: F"- ,i"th t the age ! eight -nth%+ chi#("en ac5$i"e %*ntane$%#' the $%e ! a$(it"' -echani%-%. It i% the %tage &hen the' *"($ce nn4 %'-,#ic %$n(%. Fi"%t &"( *"($ctin: When the' a"e 00 -nth% #(+ chi#("en *"($ce a )ice %$n( &hich i% %-eh& %'-,#ic !" the-. Thi% i% the %tage in &hich the' gi)e na-e% t *e*#e " ,6ect% *#ace( a"$n( the-. Secn( 'ea": Chi#("en7% -e%%' )ca#ic %t"$ct$"e% ,egin t get %ha*e an( the' ,egin t *a"tici*ate int c--$nicati)e e8change%. Thei" *a"ent%7"#e get% -"e an( -"e i-*"tant. H&e)e"+ it i% nt a -atte" ! "e*etitin ! &hat the' %a'+ ,$t ,e'n( that+ chi#("en c"eate ,' the-%e#)e% %$n(% &hich the' "ega"( a% c""ect " &"ng (e*en(ing n the a($#t%7"eactin%. The%e c"ite"ia ! )a#i(atin he#* the chi#( t ta/e " *t $t the (i!!e"ent %t"ing% ! #ang$age the' a"e gi)ing ,i"th t. Th%e %t"ing% &hich %?he cn%i(e"% t ,e c""ect a"e the %a-e that the ne% *"($ce( ,' a($#t% an( a"e "ein!"ce( ,' -ean% ! cntin$$% "e*etitin. Bet&een an( 'ea"% #(: The *"ce%% ! ac5$i%itin /ee*% n (e)e#*ing. Thi% a *e"i( ! g"eat c"eati)it' an( #e%% (i!!ic$#t' !" a$(it"' (i%c"i-inatin+ an( !" i-itatin. The e%%entia# a%*ect% ! the *"ce%% ! ac5$i%itin a"e (e)e#*e( in !$##. The !##&ing g"a--atica# %'%te- chi#("en ,$i#( n a"e )e"' %i-i#a" t th%e &hich "e%*n( t the a($#t%7g"a--atica# "$#e%. Ente"ing %ch#: The %ch# %$,%tit$te% thei" *a"ent% in the ac5$i%itin *"ce%% an( *")i(e% the- &ith &"itten c(e. It i% 6$%t in thi% --ent &hen the *"ce%% ! #ea"ning ,ehing%+ an( it &i## a## thei" #i)e%. ·
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'ILIN1UALISM AND MULTILIN1UALISM . The !act that chi#("en %ta"t ac5$i"ing thei" -the" tng$e &hen the' a"e ,a,ie% %$gge%t% that it &$#( ,e 5$ite a g( i(ea t ta/e a()antage ! thi% a,i#it' t -a/e the- ac5$i"e %-e the"%. In(ee(+ the"e a"e *e*#e in -an' *#ace% &h a"e ,i#ing$a# %ince the' &e"e ,"n+ thi% c$""ing in !a-i#ie% &he"e t& " -"e #ang$age% a"e %*/en at the %a-e ti-e. Be%i(e%+ &e -$%t ta/e int acc$nt that+ !"- a *hnetica# an( a$(it"' *int ! )ie&+ chi#("en ha)e a## the ,i#gica# cha"acte"i%tic% t ,e a,#e t ac5$i"e nat$"a##' -"e than ne #ang$age 6$%t !"- thei" chi#(h(. In %-e ca%e% chi#("en can ac5$i"e %i-$#tane$%#' thei" -the" tng$e an( thei" !athe" tng$e. H&e)e"+ ,i#ing$a#i%- (e% nt -ean %a-e #ing$a#i%-+ that i%+ ,th #ang$age% ,eing $%e( &ith the %a-e !"e5$enc' ! ti-e. On the cnt"a"'+ thei" $%e (e*en(% n the ci"c$-%tance% a"$n(+ an( n"-a##'+ ne #ang$age i% -"e !ten $%e( that anthe". On the the" han(+ %e)e"a# "e%ea"che% ha)e %h&n that it &$#( ,e ! g"eat he#* !" chi#("en t ,e ,i#ing$a# %ince the ,eginning+ in te"-% ! *%'ch#gica# (e)e#*-ent. H&e)e"+ thi% i% n#' *%%i,#e &hene)e" the cntact &ith thei" *a"ent%7#ang$age% i% a% -"e nat$"a# a% *%%i,#e> i! nt+ the"e -a' e8i%t a *%%i,#e %#&ing (&n in thei" ac5$i"ing *"ce%%.
Bi#ing$a#i%- i% e%%entia##' the "e%$#t ! !a-i#' ci"c$-%tance%+ " ! the" nat$"a# &a'% ! cntact &ith (i!!e"ent #ang$age%+ %$ch a% th%e ca%e% in &hich chi#("en #i)e #ng *e"i(% ! ti-e in a !"eign c$nt"'+ " in &hich t& #ang$age% ce8i%t in the %a-e c$nt"'. Ne)e"the#e%%+ th%e ,i#ing$a# " -$#ti#ing$a# c$nt"ie%+ %$ch a% Be#gi$-+ S&ite"#an(+ Cana(a+ " S*ain+ can nt a#&a'% !!e" thei" citien% the *%%i,i#it' t ta/e a()antage ! thi% %it$atin &hen the' a"e ac5$i"ing thei" !i"%t #ang$age?%. The -ain "ea%n !" thi% i% that th%e #ang$age% !ten c-*ete a-ng the-+ that i%+ the' a"e "i)a#%+ an( *e*#e ,e#nging t ne ! the #ing$i%tic c--$nitie% !ten ha)e a negati)e attit$(e t&a"(% the the"?%+ a% it i% ca%e ! Cana(a. It i% in Cana(a &he"e an in-e"%in *"g"a- &a% *$t int *"actice in 01=. The e8*e"i-ent ,egan in a #itt#e )i##age ca##e( Saint La-,e"t+ an( it &a% c-*#ete( an( a%%e%e( ,' the *%'ch#gica# (e*a"t-ent ! the Uni)e"%it' ! Mnt"ea#. The *"g"a- cn%i%te( in the a#te"natin ! F"ench an( Eng#i%h. Chi#("en %*/e Eng#i%h at h-e+ ,$t at %ch#+ the' &e"e ta$ght F"ench ,' $%ing it in the (i!!e"ent %$,6ect% the' ha( t %t$('. Thi% *"6ect ha( g"eat "e#e)ance an( ha% gi)en *#ace t a #t ! "e%ea"ch in that c$nt"'. With "ega"( t E$"*e+ n#' in ,i#ing$a# c$nt"ie% can thi% *"g"a- ,e *$t int *"actice. L$8e-,$"g i% a ca%e a*a"t+ ,eca$%e it i% a t"i#ing$a# c$nt"': L$8e-,$"g$e%e i% %*/en at h-e+ Ge"-an i% ta$ght !"- the !i"%t 'ea" ! P"i-a"' E($catin+ an( F"ench+ !"- the thi"( 'ea". Thi% ea"#' t"i#ing$a#i%- i% c-*#ete( in Secn(a"' E($catin &ith the teaching ! Eng#i%h. The citien% ! L$8e-,$"g+ &he"e the"e a"e nt $ni)e"%itie%+ ha)e the *%%i,i#it' ! ch%ing a-ng th%e $ni)e"%itie% ! Ge"-an'+ A$%t"ia+ S&ite"#an(+ F"ance+ Be#gi$-+ Cana(a an( the Unite( State%. Thi% %it$atin i% )e"' (i!!ic$#t t achie)e in -an' the" E$"*ean c$nt"ie%. H&e)e"+ %-ething %i-i#a" i% &hat i% ca##e( ,i#ing$a# e($catin+ &hich i-*#ie% the teaching in a !"eign #ang$age ! ne " -"e t*ic% &e## /&n ,' the *$*i#%. The -eth(#g' i% ,eing ca""ie( at %ch# in Nethe"#an(%+ Ge"-an'+ F"ance an( Scan(ina)ian c$nt"ie%.
