Press Release · Communiqué de presse (Exclusively for the use of the m edia. Not an official document)
CC/PIO/190-E The Hague, 7 May 1997 !"#C CASE: THE VERDICT . Char$es in %% counts declared inapplica&le . !ccused not $uilty on ' counts of murder . !ccused $uilty on %% counts of persecution and &eatin$s
Today, one yea !o !he day a"!e !he #eg$nn$ng o" !he !$a% o" !he A&&u'ed Du'(o TADIC, Today, TADIC, T$a% Cha)#e II *&o)+o'ed o" udge a#$e%%e .$( M&Dona%d, Pe'$d$ng, udge $n$an S!e+hen and udge a% Chand Vohah ha' handed do2n $!' "Opinion and Judgment". ut of % counts* the !ccused has &een found+ , not $uilty on - counts *9 )ude &oun!' #e&au'e o" $n'u""$&$en! e3$den&e and 11 &oun!' de&%aed $na++%$&a#%e and , $uilty on %% counts *+e'e&u!$on and #ea!$ng'4
A' +o$n!ed ou! #y !he Cha)#e $!'e%", !h$' 5udge)en! $' "the first determination of individual guilt or innocence in connection conn ection with serious violations of international humanitarian law by an international tribunal (...).The international military tribunals at Nürnberg and To Toyo!...! yo!...! were multinational in nature! representing representing only part of the world community" 4 Moe #oad%y, and $n +a!$&u%a "o !he 3$&!$)' o" !he a)ed &on"%$&! $n !he P$5edo aea, !he 3ed$&! e+e'en!' !he "$'! e3e 5ud$&$a% &onde)na!$on o" !he 6e!hn$& &%ean'$ng6 +o%$&y4 I! $' !he e'u%! o" a !hoough and )e!$&u%ou' &on'$dea!$on o" a 3o%u)$nou' uan!$!y o" !e'!$)on$a% and 2$!!en e3$den&e: du$ng !he '$8 )on!h-%ong !$a% o" !he A&&u'ed, 1 2$!ne''e' 2ee &a%%ed and ;7< e8h$#$!' 2ee !endeed #y !he Po'e&u!$on and !he De"en&e4 I! a%'o e"%e&!' a de!a$%ed e8+%oa!$on o" %ega% $''ue' a$'ed "o !he "$'! !$)e #e"oe a T$a% T$a% Cha)#e o" !he
In!ena!$ona% T$#una%4 The 2$!!en O+$n$on and udge)en! $' a '$=a#%e do&u)en!, a)oun!$ng !o <01 +age', 2$!h one Se+aa!e and D$''en!$ng O+$n$on o" 19 +age' and a "u!he <0 +age' o 'o o" anne8e' *!he $nd$&!)en!> a )a+ o" ?o'n$a and He=ego3$na> +ho!o' o" !he )ode% o" O)a'(a &a)+> +ho!o' o" .ea!e) and Tno+o%5e &a)+'> +ho!o' o" a hanga, o" an $n'&$+!$on on a 2a%% and o" !he )ode% o" !he 62h$!e hou'e6 a! O)a'(a &a)+4 Th$' +e'' e%ea'e &an #y no )ean' #e a 'u))ay o" an O+$n$on and udg)en! 2h$&h ha' #een &ae"u%%y 2oded and 2h$&h &o3e' a 3a$e!y o" $''ue' *h$'!o$&a% #a&(gound, e3$den!$ay $''ue', a++%$&a#%e %a2 o!he !han !he udg)en! $!'e%"4 Th$' +e''-e%ea'e $' )ee%y $n!ended a' a 6eade@' gu$de6 o" !he 3ed$&!4
/E 0ER"#C RE!"1 !1 23341+ he !ccused $' "a citien of the former #ugoslavia! of $erb ethnic descent! and a resident of the %epublic of &osnia and 'eregovina at the time of the alleged crimes".
The A&&u'ed 2a' &haged 2$!h <1 $nd$3$dua% &oun!' o" +e'e&u!$on, )ude, #ea!$ng' and o!he o""en&e' a%%eged !o ha3e #een &o))$!!ed $n 199 $n !he P$5edo d$'!$&! *no!h2e'!en +a! o" !he Re+u#%$& o" ?o'n$a and He=ego3$na and )oe '+e&$"$&a%%y a! !he O)a'(a, .ea!e) and Tno+o%5e &a)+', $n .o=aa& and $n !he aea o" a'($&$ and S$3&$4 In a%% &a'e' !he A&&u'ed 2a' &haged 2$!h $nd$3$dua% &$)$na% e'+on'$#$%$!y4 The A&&u'ed +%eaded no! gu$%!y and "raised a defence of alibi" 'ay$ng "that he was elsewhere when each of those acts e"eed !o $n !he &oun!'B is said to have occurred.." he Cham&er finds+ %. ?y a )a5o$!y, !he Pe'$d$ng-udge d$''en!$ng, !ha! !he a&&u'a!$on' o" 6a3e #ea&he' o" !he 19;9 ene3a Con3en!$on'6 2ee OT APPICA?E and !ha! !he A&&u'ed $' OT IT on !he 11 e%e3an! &oun!' *#e$ng , , 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, ;, 7, 9, < unn$ng !houghou! a%% !he &hage' $n !he $nd$&!)en!4 -. nan$)ou'%y, !ha! !he A&&u'ed $' OT IT on 11 &oun!', *F, 7, 19, 0, , F, , <0, <1, and $n +a! << and <; &hag$ng h$) 2$!h 1< )ude', #ea!$ng', $nhu)ane a&!' and one &a'e o" a#u'e o" +$'one'4 The Po'e&u!o ha' "a$%ed e$!he !o e'!a#%$'h #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !he e%e)en!' o" !he o""en&e', o !o +e'en! &on&%u'$3e e3$den&e %$n($ng !he a&&u'ed !o !he
e%a!ed a&!' o !o 'a!$'"y !he udge' #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! 3$&!$)' na)ed 2ee )udeed4 . nan$)ou'%y, !ha! !he A&&u'ed IS IT on 11 &oun!', *1,10, 11, 1<, 1;, 1F, 17, , < and $n +a! << and <; &hag$ng h$) 2$!h +e'e&u!$on and 1; #ea!$ng'4 The Cha)#e ha' "ound !he A&&u'ed 6untruthful" a' !o h$' 2heea#ou!' a! !he !$)e o" !he a%%eged o""en&e' and ha' #een 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! #y !he Po'e&u!$on@' e3$den&e !ha! !he a&&u'ed e$!he 2a' +e'en! a! !he '&ene o", o d$d +a!$&$+a!e $n!o, !he a%%eged o""en&e'4
GGGGG ##. 2!C5!3 !N" 3E6!3 2#N"#N61 C5N 78 C5N %% counts inapplica&le
A' +e3$ou'%y '!a!ed, 11 &oun!' &hag$ng a3e ?ea&he' o" !he ene3a Con3en!$on o" 19;9 ha3e #een de&%aed $na++%$&a#%e #y a )a5o$!y o" udge'4 The'e &oun!' ae &oun!' , , 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, ;, 7, 9 and <4 o "u!he de!a$%', 'ee +age o" !h$' Pe'' Re%ea'e4 Count % + Persecution Accused guilty of persecution
14 A' !o !he e3en!' a%%eged !o ha3e !a(en +%a&e du$ng and 'u#'euen! !o !he a!!a&( on .o=aa& and $!' ou!%y$ng 3$%%age', !he T$a% Cha)#e $' 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he A&&u'ed: - "participated in the attac on oarac and the surroundings areas and in the collection and forced transfer of civilians to detention camp * participated in the calling*out of four +uslim men from a column of civilians (...) and the beatings! calling*out! separation and forced transfer of non*$erb civilians * participated in the beating of a +uslim policeman in oarac * iced one +uslim prisoner and beat another while they were held at the ,ri-edor military barracs * and illed two +uslim policemen in oarac. 4 A' !o !he e3en!' a%%eged !o ha3e !a(en +%a&e a! !he O)a'(a and .ea!e) &a)+', !he
T$a% Cha)#e ha' "ound !ha! !he A&&u'ed: - "too part in the beating of din +ral- and $enad +uslimovic in the administration building and the hangar building respectively *O)a'(a &a)+> - too part in the beatings of the prisoners and too part in one mass*beating of prisoners from room / *.ea!e)4 <4 A' !o !he e3en!' a%%eged !o ha3e !a(en +%a&e $n !he Tno+o%5e &a)+: - !he T$a% Cha)#e no!e' !ha! )o'! o" !he a%%ega!$on' 2ee 'u++o!ed on%y #y !he !e'!$)ony o" Dagan O+a&$&, 2ho) !e'!$)ony unde !he +'eudony) o" $!ne'' 2a' %a!e 2$!hda2n4 - The on%y e)a$n$ng +o!$on o" !he $n$!$a% &hage dea%' 2$!h a%%eged $n&$den!' o" !an'"e and un%a2"u% &on"$ne)en! $n !he Tno+o%5e &a)+4 The T$a% Cha)#e "finds beyond reasonable doubt that the accused participated in the transfer to and in the initial confinement of non*$erbs in camps generally! and in the Trnopol-e camp in particular. 'owever! the Trial 0hamber finds that the accused did not tae an active role in the continued confinement of non*$erbs in the Trnopol-e camp". ;4 A' !o !he a%%eged +a!$&$+a!$on o" !he a&&u'ed $n !he 'e$=ue, 'e%e&!$on and !an'+o!a!$on o" $nd$3$dua%' "o de!en!$on, !he T$a% Cha)#e "is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused pa rticipated (...) and was aware that the ma-ority of surviving prisoners would be deported from &osnia and 'eregovina". 4 A' !o !he a%%ega!$on' o" +%unde and de'!u&!$on o" +e'ona% and ea% +o+e!y o" nonSe#', !he T$a% Cha)#e '!a!e' !ha! "evidence regarding the accused1s role in the destruction! plunder and looting is non*e2istent". F4 9he acts of the accused constitute persecution9. The T$a% Cha)#e no!e' "the horrendous treatment inflicted on the non*$erb population of opstina ,ri-edor on the basis of religion and politics(...) 3 policy to terrorie the non* $erb civilian population of opstina ,ri-edor on discriminatory grounds is evident and that its implementation was widespread and systematic throughout! at the minimum! opstina ,ri-edor is apparent. The events described in paragraph 4 of the indictment Coun! 1B occurred within this conte2t of discrimination." $!h egad !o !he a&&u'ed, !he T$a% Cha)#e no!e' !ha! "he was one of the first $5$
member in opstina ,ri-edor and! in his own estimation! a trusted $5$ member who was ased to run a crucial plebiscite in the oarac area...3s organier of the plebiscite in oarac and ,resident of the local $5$! the accused had nowledge and supported the plan for a 6reater $erbia ...'e himself admits this nowledge and support for the plan whe n he describes himself as an enthusiastic supporter of the creation of Re+u#%$(a S'+(a46 The T$a% Cha)#e &on&%ude':6 The accused1s role in! $n!e a%$a ! the attac on oarac and the surrounding areas! as well as the seiure! collection! segregation and forced transfer of civilians to camps! calling*out of civilians! beatings and illings described above clearly constituted an infringement of the victims1 en-oyment of their fundamental rights and these acts were taen against non*$erbs on the basis of religious and political discrimination. 7urther! these acts occurred during an armed conflict! were taen against civilian as part of a widespread or systematic attac on the civilian population in furtherance of a policy to commit these acts! and the accused had nowledge of the wider conte2t in which his acts occurred". he accused is thus $uilty of a Crime a$ainst /umanity. Counts - to :+ 2orci&le sexual intercourse ;ith 929 Counts withdrawn at the Prosecutor's request.
Counts <* =* %* and %%+ >illin$s* &eatin$s and sexual mutilation in mars?a Accused not guilty of murder Accused guilty of cruel treatment and inhumane acts
14 A' !o !he #ea!$ng o" E)$ ?egano3$& and Sena d Mu'%$)o3$&, !he T$a% Cha)#e"is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was one of the men who severely beat them." 4 A' !o !he #ea!$ng' o" !he E)$ .aa#a'$&, a')$n Hn$& and En3e A%$&, !he T$a% Cha)#e $' "further so satisfied that the accused was present on the hangar floor when the three victims were called out and attaced...! that the accused attaced Jasmin 'rnic with a nife...! too part in the attac upon and the beating of mir arabasic...and too part in the beating of Jasmin 'rnic". <4 A' !o !he a''au%! u+on and !he 'e8ua% )u!$%a!$on o" $(e! Haa)#a'$&, !he T$a% Cha)#e "is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was on the hangar floor on this occasion...but is not satisfied that he too any active part in the assault and the mutilation". Ho2e3e, egad$ng !he !o!a%$!y o" !he a&!' &haged $n !h$' +aaga+h o" !he
Ind$&!)en!, !he T$a% Cha)#e "$nd' !ha! " the 3ccused in some instances was himself the p erpetator and in others intentionally assisted directly and substantially in the common purpose of inflicting physical suffering upon them and thereby aided and a betted in the commission of the crimes and is therefore individually responsible for each of them..." The T$a% Cha)#e !hu' "$nd' #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he A&&u'ed $' gu$%!y a' &haged $n Coun! 10 *&ue% !ea!)en! and Coun! 11 *$nhu)ane a&!'4 ;4 A' !o !he a%%eged dea!h' o" $(e! Haa)#a'$&, E)$ .aa#a'$&, a')$n Hn$& and En3e A%$& "which it is said resulted from the assaults upon them"! !he T$a% Cha)#e no!e' !ha! "the ,rosecutor failed to elicit clear and definitive evidence from witnesses about the condition of the four prisoners after they had been assaulted (...) and to establish beyond reasonable doubt that any of these four prisoners died from in-uries received in the assaults made on them in the hangar...". 4 he rial Cham&er finds the accused $uilty of a violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar for his participation in the &eatin$s and other $rievous acts of violence inflicted on Enver !lic* Emir >ara&asic* @as?o /rnic* 1enad Auslimovic* 2i?ret /aram&asic and Ermir 7e$anovic* none of ;hom ;ere ta?in$ part in the hostilities. 2urther* it finds the accused $uilty of a crime a$ainst humanity+ the &eatin$s and other acts of violence ;hich ;ere suffered &y the six victims ;ere committed durin$ an armed conflict as part of a ;idespread or systematic attac? on a civilian population. "The accused intended for discriminatory reasons to inflict severe damage to the victims' physical and human dignity". Counts % and %:+ 7eatin$ of 1efi? 1ivac in mars?a Accused guilty
14 The Cha)#e "$nd' #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! "$efi $ivac was beaten and that the accused was part of the group that threw $efi $ivac onto the floor...after he had been beaten and that $efi $ivac later died from these in-uries". 4 Ho2e3e, "there is no direct testimony that the accused was present during the beating of $efi $ivac" 4 ?u! !he T$a% Cha)#e "$nd' !ha! !hee $' e3$den&e !ha! "the accused intentionally assisted directly and substantially in the common purpose of the group to inflict severe suffering upon $efi $ivac". <4 he rial Cham&er finds the accused $uilty of a violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar (cruel treatment on a prisoner ;ho did not ta?e active part in the hostilities) and of a crime a$ainst humanity (inhumane act committed durin$ an armed conflict as part of a ;idespread and systematic attac? on a civilian population and intended for discriminatory reasons to inflict severe dama$e to the victimBs physical
inte$rity and human di$nity). Counts %< and %=+ 7eatin$s at mars?a Accused guilty
14 The T$a% Cha)#e $' 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he a&&u'ed "severely beat and iced 'ai-a leovic and severely beat $alih leovic." 4 he rial Cham&er finds the accused $uilty of a violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar (cruel treatment of t;o Auslims neither of ;hom ;ere ta?in$ active part in the hostilities) and of a crime a$ainst humanity (inhumane act comm itted durin$ an armed conflict as part of a ;idespread...etc* see a&ove). Counts %' and -+ !&use of prisoners in mars?a Accused not guilty
14 A' !o !he a%%ega!$on' !ha! !he a&&u'ed 2a' a )e)#e o" a gou+ o" Se#' #ea!$ng +$'one' and "o&$ng !he) !o d$n( 2a!e "o) !he gound %$(e an$)a%', !he a&&u'ed 2a' no! na)ed #y !he Po'e&u!$on@' 2$!ne'' a' +a! o" !he gou+4 4 A' !o !he a%%ega!$on !ha! !he a&&u'ed d$'&haged !he &on!en!' o" a "$e e8!$ngu$'he $n!o !he )ou!h o" a )an $n a #ao2, "two factual deficiencies in the ,rosecution case have been e2posed8 ...no evidence has been furnished of such discharge! and....the ,rosecution has failed to establish that the man $n !he #ao2B was alive." <4 he rial Cham&er finds the accused not $uilty+ "no conclusive evidence has been presented linking the accused with the related acts." Counts -- and -+ 7eatin$ and a&use of /ase #cic in mars?a Accused guilty
14 The T$a% Cha)#e "$nd' #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he a&&u'ed "was part of a group of $erbs who beat and iced 'ase 9cic until he was unconscious." 4 2or these acts committed in the context of the armed conflict* the rial Cham&er finds the accused $uilty of a violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar (cruel treatment of a Auslim not ta?in$ active part in the hostilities) and of a crime a$ainst humanity (inhumane act committed durin$ an armed conflict as part of a ;idespread...etc* see a&ove). Counts -* -<* and -D+ : ?illin$s in >oarac
Accused not guilty
14 The T$a% Cha)#e $' no! 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he 'hoo!$ng and ($%%$ng #y !he a&&u'ed o" !he $nd$3$dua%' a! a ($o'( a! !he &one o" Ma'a%a T$!a S!ee! and !he oad !o .a%a!e $n .o=aa& o&&ued a' a%%eged, o $n "a&! !ha! !he 'hoo!$ng d$d !a(e +%a&e4 4 The T$a% Cha)#e ho2e3e $' 'a!$'"$ed !ha! !he a&&u'ed +a!$&$+a!ed $n !he &a%%$ng-ou! o" +eo+%e "o) !he )o3$ng &o%u)n4 <4 he rial Cham&er finds the accused not $uilty of murder (violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar) + "the Chamber is not satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the four persons named were murdered". 2urther it finds the accused not $uilty of an inhumane act (crime a$ainst humanity)+ "although this Trial Chamber is convinced of the accused's participation in the callingout of people! such participation per se! in the Trial Chamber's view! cannot patently constitute an inhumane act within the meaning of Article of the #tatute FCrimes a$ainst humanityG9.
Counts * %* and :+ ?illin$s and D &eatin$s in @as?ici and 1ivci Accused not guilty of killing Accused not guilty of $ beatings Accused guilty of $ beatings
14 A' !o !he a%%eged ($%%$ng o" )en !a(en "o) !he$ h o)e', !he T$a% Cha)#e $' 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he a&&u'ed 2a' +a! o" !he gou+ o" Se#' 2ho ounded u+ !he )en $n !he 3$%%age4 ?u! "it cannot be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had any part in the illing of the five men or any of them...Nothing is nown as to who shot them or in what circumstances." 4 A' !o !he #ea!$ng' o" ?e$do ?a%$&, Se"$( ?a%$&, I')e! a'($& and Sa%(o a'($&, !he T$a% Cha)#e $' 'a!$'"$ed #eyond ea'ona#%e dou#! !ha! !he a&&u'ed "too part in the brutal and violent beating." <4 A' !o !he #ea!$ng o" I%$5a' E%(a'o3$&, $5a' E%(a'o3$&, Meho .en5a and Ada) a(u+o3$& "there is no evidence". ;4 he rial Cham&er then concludes that the accused is not $uilty of murder and not $uilty of some of the &eatin$s. 4here the accused is found $uilty of part of the
&eatin$s he is $uilty of a violation of the la;s and customs of ;ar (cruel treatment committed in the context of an armed conflict) and of a crime a$ainst humanity (inhumane acts committed durin$ an armed conflict as part of a ;idespread.* etc* see a&ove). ###. /E !CC51E"B1 "E2ENCE 2 !3#7#
Du'(o Tad$& a$'ed a de"en&e o" a%$#$ !o ea&h o" !he &oun!' &haged, &%a$)$ng he 2a' 'o)e2hee e%'e a! !he !$)e o" !he a%%eged a&!'4 He !e'!$"$ed unde 'o%e)n de&%aa!$on !ha! he had ne3e #een !o !he O)a'(a o .ea!e) &a)+' no had he +a!$&$+a!ed $n e!hn$& &%ean'$ng $n .o=aa&4 He !e'!$"$ed !ha! he ha d #een !o Tno+o%5e on "$3e o&&a'$on' #u! 2a' ne3e $n'$de !he &a)+4 A&&od$ng !o !he A&&u'ed, #e!2een < May and 1 une 199, he %$3ed 2$!h h$' "a)$%y $n ?an5a u(a, and 3$'$!ed o+'!$na P$5edo on%y "ou !$)e'4 ?e!2een 1 une and 1 Augu'! 199, he 'a$d he 2o(ed a' a e'e3e !a""$& +o%$&e)an a! a !a""$& &he&(+o$n! a! O%o3&$, &%o'e !o P$5edo4 o) 1 Augu'! un!$% 1 o3e)#e 199, he 'a$d 2o(ed $n .o=aa& a' a !a""$& +o%$&e)an4 On 1 Augu'! 199, he 2a' e%e&!ed Pe'$den! o" !he o&a% ?oad o" !he SDS $n .o=aa& and a++o$n!ed a' A&!$ng Se&e!ay o" !he o&a% Co))une o" .o=aa&4 On 9 Se+!e)#e 199, he 2a' e%e&!ed Se&e!ay o" !he o&a% Co))une, a de&$'$on 2h$&h #e&a)e e""e&!$3e on 9 o3e)#e 1994 In $!' "$nd$ng' o" "a&!, !he T$a% Cha)#e )ade !he "o%%o2$ng o#'e3a!$on' on !he A&&u'ed@' a%$#$ "o !he &$)e' a%%eged $n !he 3a$ou' +a aga+h' o" !he $nd$&!)en!: Count % (Para$raph : of the #ndictment)+ The e3en!' a%%eged $n !h$' +aaga+h ae 'a$d !o ha3e o&&ued a! 3a$ou' %o&a!$on' $n o+'!$na P$5edo #e!2een < May and <1 De&e)#e 199, a++o8$)a!e%y4 A&&od$ng !o !he Cha)#e, "the 5efence assertion that the accused was not in oarac at this time cannot be accepted. The evidence of the 5efence witnesses who happened to be in oarac during the attac
(. . .) attests only to their not having seen the accused in oarac while they were there." Counts ,%% (para$raph <)+ o !he e3en!' a%%eged, !he a&&u'ed e%$e' e8&%u'$3e%y on h$' de"en&e o" a%$#$4 He 'ay' !ha! on 1 une 199, 2hen !he !hee e3en!' a%%eged o&&ued, he 2a' %$3$ng $n P$5edo and 2o($ng a' a !a""$& +o%$&e)an4 ":T;he Trial 0hamber does not accept the accused1s account of his whereabouts from <= June to <> June
the incidents alleged in paragraph @! the accused1s checpoint duty affords no alibi." Counts %-,%: (para$raph =)+ o !he e3en!' a%%eged $n +aaga+h 7, 2h$&h o&&ued on , 9 o 10 u%y 199, "the accused has no specific alibi for the late evening and night of A or
"(. . .) the Trial 0hamber re-ects the 5efence contention that the accused was somehow rendered largely immobile because of the fact that he did not own a car." E3en $" !he e3en!' a%%eged !oo( +%a&e on !he n$gh! o" 9 u%y 199, a n$gh! 2hen !he e&od' o" O%o3&$ &he&(+o$n! 'ho2 h$) !o ha3 e #een on du!y, and ":e;ven if these records are accepted as accurately reflecting the shifts to which the accused was assigned! they can only establish the hours when the accused was meant to be on duty at the checpoint they do not of themselves establish his presence there throughout those ho urs." Counts %,%D (para$raph D)+ The Cha)#e "$nd' !ha! $" !he e3en!' a%%eged $n !h$' +aaga+h "occurred in the afternoon of /> July p.m. and if the accused had transport available to him he would have had ample time during that day to travel to Omarsa from ,ri-edor! carry out the acts alleged and return in time to tae up his checpoint duties." Counts %D,- (para$raph ')+ The e3en!' a%%eged ae 'a$d !o ha3e o&&ued a! !he O)a'(a &a)+, $n %a!e une o ea%y u%y4
"The 5efence contention that the accused was never at the Omarsa camp and that! in any event! at the relevant time! his duties with the traffic police precluded him from having committed the acts alleged (. . .) is re-ected by the Trial 0hamber. Numerous credible witnesses have testified that they saw the accused at the camp and (. . .) the accused1s assignment to the Orlovci checpoint wou ld not preclude him from carrying out what the ,rosecution described as his "higher duty" as a traffic policeman to implement ethnic cleansing to achieve a 6reater $erbia. 3ccordingly! the Trial 0hamber re-ects the accused1s alibi and his assertion that he was never at the Omarsa camp." Counts -%,- (para$raph %)+ The e3en!' &haged $n !h$' +aaga+h a++ea !o ha3e o&&ued on 7 o u%y 1994 "The Trial 0hamber finds that the assignment records for the Orlovci checpoint do not provide the accused with an alibi (. . .) The assignment records reflect that on those nights! the accused was off duty. On > July a.m. and offered no testimony regarding his whereabouts. On A July
that he completed his assignment at > p.m. and he liewise offered no testimony regarding his whereabouts at the time these events occurred. ,ri-edor is about /B ilometres from the Omarsa camp. The travel time is CB*C= minutes by car." Counts -:,-D (para$raph %%)+ Th$' +aaga+h &hage' !he a&&u'ed 2$!h e3en!' o&&u$ng aound 7 May 199 $n .o=aa&4 Thee 2$!ne''e' 2ee &a%%ed #y !he Po'e&u!$on !o g$3e e3$den&e a#ou! !he a&&u'ed@' o%e, and add$!$ona% Po'e&u!$on 2$!ne'' !e'!$)ony 'ough! !o e'!a#%$'h !he a&&u'ed@' +e'en&e $n .o=aa& on !h$' day4
h$%e no!$ng $n&on'$'!en&$e' #e!2een !he e3$den&e o" !he'e 2$!ne''e', !he T$a% Cha)#e "ound !ha! !he "evidence of all or any (. . .) of four 5efence witnesses! who had passed through +arsala Tita $treet! does not afford an alibi to the accused e2cept to indicate that they did not happen to see the accused in oarac on that day while they were there." Counts -',: (para$raph %-)+ The e3en!' ae a%%eged !o ha3e ha++ened aound 1; une 199 $n a'($&$ and S$3&$4 The T$a% Cha)#e "ound !ha! !he a&&u'ed@' a%$#$ "does not deal specifically with <4 June
The T$a% Cha)#e, #y a )a5o$!y o" !2o !o one *udge M&Dona%d, d$''en!$ng, "$nd' !ha! !he a&&u'ed &ou%d no! #e &haged 2$!h ga3e #ea&he' unde A!$&%e #e&au'e !he a%%eged 3$&!$)' 2ee no! +o!e&!ed +e'on' unde A!$&%e ; o" !he ou!h ene3a Con3en!$on o" 19;94 6 7or that reason! 3rticle / is inapplicable (e2cept in respect of citiens of the %epublic of &osnia and 'eregovina who actually found themselves in the hands of the JN3 :#ugoslavia ,eople1s 3rmy; before
with sundry paramilitary and &osnian $erb forces! on the other"! a"!e 19 May 199, !h$' a)ed &on"%$&! 2a' no! o" a &haa&!e !o 5u'!$"y !he $)+o'$!$on o" A!$&%e *ga3e #ea&he' o" !he S!a!u!e, #e&au'e !he 3$&!$)' 2ee no! +o!e&!ed +e'on', !ha! $', !hey 2ee no! $n !he hand' o" a +a!y !o !he &on"%$&! o o&&u+y$ng +o2e o" 2h$&h !hey 2ee no! na!$ona%'4 On 19 May 199, !he A o""$&$a%%y 2$!hde2 "o) !he Re+u#%$& o" ?o'n$a and He=ego3$na4 "(. . .) the Euestion for this Trial 0hamber is whether! after
6overnment of the 7%#." In o!he 2od', !he !e'! $' one o" e""e&!$3e &on!o%4 The T$a% Cha)#e "ound !ha! !hee 2ee !2o e%a!$on'h$+' o" e'+e&$a% $)+o!an&e !o !he de!e)$na!$on: *1 !ha! #e!2een !he enea% M%ad$& and !he VRS Ma$n S!a"" and ?e%gade> and * !ha! #e!2een !he SDS *and hen&e RS and !he o3en)en! o" R4 h$%e "$nd$ng !ha! !hee 2a' &o-od$na!$on #e!2een !he VRS Ma$n S !a"" and !he V Ma$n S!a"" $n ?e%gade, !he )a5o$!y he%d !ha! "co*ordination is not the same as command and control. The only other evidence submitted by the ,rosecution was that! in addition to routing all high*level D%$ communications through secure lins in &elgrade! a communications lin for everyday use was established and maintained between D%$ +ain $taff 'eadEuarters and the DJ +ain $taff in &elgrade. No further evidence was led by the ,rosecution on the nature of this relationship." Regad$ng *, !he )a5o$!y no!ed !ha! !he +o%$!$&a% %eade' o" RS 2ee +o+u%a%y e%e&!ed #y !he ?o'n$an Se#' o" !he Re+u#%$& o" ?o'n$a and He=ego3$na, and !he $nde+enden&e o" RS 2a' de&%aed #y a 3o!e o" !he ?o'n$an Se# A''e)#%y, and a'(ed 2he!he, $n '+$!e o" !h$', $! &ou%d $n"e !ha! !he ne&e''ay deg ee o" e""e&!$3e &on!o% 2a' e8e&$'ed #y !he R o3e !he )$%$!ay o+ea!$on' o" !he RS a)ed "o&e', and "$nd !ha! !he VRS 2a' no!h$ng )oe !han a de facto ogan o agen! o" !he R4 The )a5o$!y "ound !ha! !hee 2a' no e3$den&e !ha! non-?o'n$an Se# )e)#e' o" !he VRS 2ee '+e&$"$&a%%y &haged #y ?e%gade 2$!h !he &ay$ng ou! o" &e!a$n a&!' o" $!' #eha%"4 Se&ond%y, 2h$%e "it is clear from the evidence presented that the pay of all
to attempt to direct! the actual military operations of the D%$! or to influence those operations b eyond that which would have flowed naturally from the co*ordination of military ob-ectives and activities by the D%$ and DJ at the highest levels. 9n sum! while (. . .) the evidence available to this Trial 0hamber clearly shows that the "various forms of assistance provided" to the armed forces of the %$ by the 6overnment of the 7%# (. . .) was "crucial to the pursuit of their activities"! and (. . .) those forces were almost completely dependent on the supplies of the DJ to carry out offensive operations! evidence that the 7%# (. . .) through the DJ "made use of the potential for control inherent in that dependence"! or was otherwise given effective control over those forces and which it e2ercised! is similarly insufficient. "9t is of course possible! on or in spite of the evidence presented! to view the acts of the JN3 and the 6overnment of the 7%# (. . .) on or about
The Pe'$d$ng udge, a#$e%%e .$( M&Dona%d, "ound, ho2e3e, !o !he &on!ay4 She &on&%uded !ha! a! a%% !$)e' e%e3an! !o !he Ind$&!)en!, !he a)ed &on"%$&! $n o+'!$na P$5edo 2a' $n!ena!$ona% $n &haa&!e, !ha! !he 3$&!$)' 2ee +o!e&!ed +e'on' and !ha! A!$&%e 2a' a++%$&a#%e4 In he 'e+aa!e and d$''en!$ng o+$n$on, udge M&Dona%d no!e' !ha! !he )a5o$!y +u+o!' !o a++%y !he e''en&e o" !he !e'! $n !he Nicaragua&a'e4 "The standard crafted by the ma-ority! however! departs from Nicaragua (. . .). the standard the ma-ority has created
is even more demanding." A&&od$ng !o !he udge: "(. . .) there are two bases on which the acts of the D%$ could be attributed to the 7%# (. . .)8 where the D%$ acted as an agent of the 7%# (. . .)! which could be established by a finding of dependency on the one side and control on the other or where the D%$ was specifically charged by the 7%# (. . .) to carry out a particular act on behalf of 7%# (. . .) thereby maing the act itself attributable to the 7%# (. . .) 9n Nicaragua! the court reEuired a showing of effective control for this latter determination. h$%e "$nd$ng !ha! !he "evidence presented to the Trial 0hamber supports a finding of effective control of the D%$ by the 7%# (. . .) in opstina ,ri-edor at all times relevant to the charges in the 9ndictment!" udge M&Dona%d '!a!e' !ha! "the appropriate test of agency from Nicaragua is one of 1dependency and control1 and a showing of effective control is not reEuired". A&&od$ng !o udge M&Dona%d: "the evidence supports a finding beyond reasonable doubt that the D%$ acted as an agent of the 7%# (. . .) in regard to the attac and occupation of opstina ,ri-edor during the times relevant to the charges in the 9ndictment and the victims are thus protected persons. The dependency of the D%$ on and the e2ercise of control by the 7%# (. . .) support this finding of agency under either the ma-ority1s standard of effective control or under the more general test of dependency and control. (. . .) 9The evidence proves that the creation of the D%$ was a legal fiction. The only changes made after the <= +ay
"3lthough there is little evidence that the D%$ was formally under the co mmand of &elgrade after
every D%$ unit had been a unit in the JN3! the command and staffs remained virtually the same after the re*designation. (. . .) "9n addition! the evidence establishes that the D%$! in continuing the JN3 operation to tae over opstina ,ri-edor! e2ecuted the military operation for the benefit of the 7%# (. . .)6 A&&od$ng !o udge M&Dona%d, !he e3$den&e 'u++o!' a "$nd$ng !ha! "despite the purported JN3 withdrawal from &osnia and 'eregovina on
thus protected persons. The dependency of the D%$ on and the e2ercise of control by the 7%# (. . .) support this finding of agency under either the ma-ority1s standard of effective control or under the more general test of dependency and control. 'owever! a close reading of Nicaragua leads me to conclude that the effective control standard supports a distinct and separate basis for the attribution of the conduct of non*agents to a $tate! and that it is not a necessary element for a finding of an agency relationship."
