The National Language and The Dialects of Kartvels (Georgians)
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2000 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda evrosabWos dokumentebs: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb"; Sesabamisad, aqtualuri gaxda samwuxarod, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis is aRwerebi, romlebic 2000-2008 wlebSi gavrcelda saerTaSoriso qselSi, qarTvelTa did nawils umwignobro eTnikur jgufebad - araqarTvelebad acxadebs... amgvar kvalifikaciebs Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos Semdgomi danawevreba. winamdebare naSromSi avtori kritikulad aanalizebs ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi arsebul masalebs (ibeWdeba akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis samecniero sabWos gadawyvetilebiT).
ekaterine dadiani
prof. amiran lomTaZe prof. daviT SavianiZe prof. revaz Serozia
winasityvaoba........................ winasityvaoba....................................... ............................. ........................ ..........
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erTiani qarTveli eri Tu qarTvelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi; vin aris enobrivi da eTnikuri umciresoba? ......11-25 istoriuli eqskursi: dedaena da dialeqtebi Tu qarTveluri enebi? ........................................ 26-51 enisa da kilos gamijvnis "wminda lingvisturi" kriteriumebi da qarTvelur ena-kiloTa sakiTxi dRes.......................... dRes........................................ ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... 52-63 qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo enobrivi modelis sakiTxi; ras emyareba qarTizaciis Teoria?........................ Teoria?....................................... ............................. ............................ .............. 64-92 qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da kiloebis mimarTebis ori sqema........................... sqema........................................ ................ ... 93-100 damowmebuli literatura.................... literatura................................. ...................101-108 ......101-108
© ISBN-978-9941-9050-0-1
”quTaisis pedagogiuri instituti "lampari"
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"imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos"
"Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..." samwuxarod, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali redaqciis (2007) gamomcemlebmac qarTuli saliteraturo enis sabazo leqsikonSi ar Seitanes megrul-lazur-svanuri mdidari leqsika.
2005 wels gamoqveynda Cemi monografia "qarTvelebi" (I nawili, qristianobamdeli epoqa). gamokvlevis ZiriTadi mizania Tanamedrove enobriv erTeulTa iseTi kvalifikaciis Zieba, romelic adekvaturad asaxavs qarTvelTa enobriv samyaros; agreTve, gaanalizebulia is calkeuli problemebi, romelTa Sesaxebac 2000-2004 wlebSi mimdinareobda polemika sxvadasxva samecniero forumebsa Tu JurnalebSi. wignis SesavalSi vwerT: "wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa (m. brose, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, a. SaniZe, v. Tofuria, g. meliqiSvili, m. qaldani, g. ramiSvili, g. rogava, o. jafariZe, o. lorTqifaniZe, gr. giorgaZe, b. jorbenaZe, q. lomTaTiZe, T. gamyreliZe, T. uTurgaiZe, i. zicari, h. fenrixi...) didi pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad, maTgan gansxvavebuli xedviT Seqmnili wignis pirveli gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis gaSlas ganxiluli problematikis irgvliv..." (gv. 32).
evrosabWoSi saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgeneli "saqarTvelom evrosabWos winaSe aiRo valdebuleba, mianiWos svanursa da megruls".
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gamokvlevas danarTis saxiT erTvis akad. Teimuraz "qarTveluri enebi Tu gvancelaZis statia dialeqtebi", sadac ganxilulia qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa statusis istoriis sakiTxebi da gamotanilia daskvna: "qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Semadgenlobis, megrulis, Wanurisa da svanuris lingvisturi statusis gansazRvris sakiTxebis Seswavlis istoria XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs am sakiTxTa gada5
kaci is aris, vinaca saqmiT sxvis, sityviT Cvenia, da Tavis oinbazobas hmalavs, ar dauCenia.
qarTvelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi...
kaci is aris, vinaca Sehstrfis, Sehxaris Rvinosa da hsaxavs idealada salxino samikitnosa. kaci is aris, vinaca ara kiTxulobs gazeTsa, wignisTvis Saursa zogavs, mearRnes aZlevs maneTsa.
kaci is aris, sicocxle vinac atara tkbilada, sikvdilis Semdeg iwoda didyurianis Svilada.
mravali istoriuli wyaros mixedviT, sul cota 15-20 saukunea eTnonim moixsenieba: (afxazeTi, samegrelo, guria, qvemo aWara, maWaxeli, lazeTi, imereTi), (zemo aWara, borCxa-murRuli, SavSeTimerxevi, imier da amier tao, eruSeTi, kola, samcxejavaxeTi), (saingilos), (fSavxevsureTi, mTiuleT-gudamayari, xevi), (raWa-leCxumi), da (centraluri qarTli: mcxeTis, goris, xaSuris, borjomis raionebi; Sida qarTli: axalgoris, znauris, cxinvalisa da javis raionebi; qvemo qarTli: rusTavis, gardabnis, dmanisis, marneulis, TeTriwyaros, walkis raionebi) avtoqToni mosaxleoba6. qarTvelTa erovnuli meobis didi istoriis miuxedavad, araiSviaTad, samecniero literaturasa Tu Tanamedrove sainformacio qselSi araqarTvelebad arian warmodgenili: svanebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, mesxebi; mag.: 1. 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas) sxvadasxva feriT da 6
samecniero literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005
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eTnikuri saxeliT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi. 2. "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneTSi gamoqveynebul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" sxvadasxva droSiT da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, svanebi da osebi. 3. msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologiuri enciklopediis mixedviT (2008 wlis mdgomareobiT), cxovroben Semdegi eTnosebi/xalxebi:
4. qarTvelTa erTi nawili (megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi) araqarTvelebadaa gamocxadebuli msoflios virtualuri istoriis Tanamedrove gverdze; kerZod, aziis ganyofilebaSi arsebul saqarTvelos vebgverdze gamoqveynebulia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb gansaxlebis Semdegi ruka:
(samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da rusuls) -
(imerlebi, raWa-leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, imerxevleb-qarTlelebi (Imerxev Kartlian), kaxelebi, ingiloebi, TuSebi, moxeveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi, mTiulebi, fereidnelebi, mesxeb-javaxebi) (Ethnologue report for Georgia
rukas darTuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi umciresobebis enebad miiCneva: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wovaTuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijanuli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri; 11. osuri. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am kvalifikaciebis Camosayalibeblad avtorma (P.J. Hillery) cxra weli iSroma (1996-2004)8; aseve wlobiT aqvs saqarTveloSi naRvawi
http://www.ethnologue.com). http://www.ethnologue.com ). 7
Sdr.; 2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi sul 248 929 somexia; amaTgan 171 139 grigorianelia.
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8 Sdr.: TiTqmis analogiuria XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis sabWouri midgomac (ix., mag., i. stalini, marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi, Tb., 1951, gv. 18).
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araTu cdiloben, obieqturi informaciebi Seitanon axal saxelmZRvaneloebsa Tu saerTaSoriso samecnierosacnobaro velSi, aramed, piriqiT, Tavad gvevlinebian rbilad rom vTqvaT, dausabuTebeli mosazrebis damcvelebad19. arsebuli terminologiuri winaaRmdegobebis mosaxsnelad Tu qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros adekvaturad gasaazreblad, pirvel rigSi, mowodebuli unda iyos enaTmecnierebis instituti; Tumca, am institutis mier axlaxan gamocemul warmodgenili sabWouri kvalifikaciebis siWarbe cxadyofs, rom am institutis amJamindeli direqcia da samecniero sabWo Sorsaa istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove realobis gaazrebisgan. aqve aRvniSnavT: institutis zogi warmomadgeneli cdilobs, gaayalbos saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis poziciac ki; erT magaliTs moviyvan: qarTveli eris dedaeklesiis enis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II naTlad ambobs: ”me mecnierebs SevTavaze, iqneb vTqvaT ase . msgavsad imisa, rogorc Sto amouva xes, ... maTi saerTo Ziri da fuZe aris qarTuli ena... RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki hyofs. amitom yvelam kargad unda gaviazroT da sxvebsac davumtkicoT, rom 19 mag., n. ladaria miiCnevs megruls; misi azriT, qarTvelTa eTnikuri jgufebia: megrelebi, svanebi, bacbebi... (n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 22-23, 111-113; Sdr., aqve, 43-e gverdzea sxva "gaugebari" kvalifikaciac: "dialeqti aris enis eTnikuri saxesxvaoba"; ix., agreTve: k. gabunia, 2004 (sadac terminebis: araswori gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili).
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(”sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w. Sdr., damaxinjebuli damowmeba: "uTuod droulia, vusminoT nebas, gamoxatuls saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis bageTagan erTiani qarTulis ganStoebebia!"20 vfiqrob, mkiTxvelisTvis gasakviri ar unda iyos, samecniero literatura Tu uaxlesi saerTaSoriso sainformacio qseli ratomaa "gajerebuli" (sxva mizezebi ix., agreTve, qvemoT).
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prof. a. arabulis es modifikacia ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 40.
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gamomcemelma didi Sroma gaswia, magram, ratomRac , ar gaiTvaliswina gardacvlili avtoris principebi da didi moRvawis naSroms daarqva (p. Waraia Tvlida, rom megruli qarTulis dialeqtia!); - 2007 wels gamoica besarion niJaraZis mier 1888 wels Seqmnili orenovani qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, sadac qarTul formebs miwerili aqvs balszemouri kilos saleqsikono masalac. b. niJaraZe samarTlianad Tvlida, rom ; kerZod, werilSi "ra enaze adideben da adidebdnen svanebi RmerTs (1904), "svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlila, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao!.. netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro es daJineba da "42. besarion niJaraZis naSromis gamomcemlebmac ar gaiTvaliswines gardacvilili avtoris pozicia da leqsikons uwodes: samwuxarod, rogorc ukve zemoT vnaxeT, rusuli (sabWouri) istoriul-eTnologiuri usafuZvlo kvalifikaciebi dRemde farTodaa gavrcelebuli evropis, amerikisa da aziis samecniero (Tu sainformacio) velSi. bolo dros intensiurad iqmneba da vrceldeba saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciisadmi miZRvnili araadekvaturi rukebi; samagaliTod gavaanalizebT or lingvistur rukas. 42
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, n. nakani, "svanebi saliteraturo enisa da svanuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb (qarTvelTa erovnul-enobrivi TviTmikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi)", samecniero-popularuli gazeTi `qarTuli", 2001, #7, gv. 2.; ix., agreTve: r. gujejiani, mama besarioni (niJaraZe), mestiisa da zemo svaneTis eparqiis gazeTi, 4 ivnisi, 2007; ix., aqve: t. futkaraZe, svanuri - arqauli qarTulis nairsaxeoba.
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pirvel rigSi warmovadgenT i. gipertis namuSevars (http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm; amave piris xelmZRvanelobiTaa momzadebuli proeqti: "):
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom b-ni i. giperti am rukaze muSaobda 10 wlis manZilze (1993-2003 wlebSi), magram Sedegi mainc metad araobieqturi da aramecnieruli miviReT, radganac avtori eyrdnoba gasuli saukunis 30iani wlebis Semdgom faqtobrivad dRemde gabatonebul ; kerZod, am rukis mixedviT: _ samegreloSi, svaneTSi, afxazeTSi, lazeTSi, imerxevsa da cxinvalis mxareSi qarTuli ena ar aris ; _ afxazeTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze (galSic ki!) kompaqturad cxovrobs afxazur enaze molaparake eTnosi; 43
enobrivi erTeulisTvis amosaval metyvelebas.
qarTvelTa samwignobro enis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ori ZiriTadi mosazreba gvaqvs: samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas; samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba qarTlurs (qarTlkaxurs), an qarTluris safuZvelze Seqmnil qalaqur koines. swored es ukanaskneli mosazreba daedo safuZvlad e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teorias. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas - yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri 64
RvTismsaxurebis terminTa analiziT, (1979, gv. 154-156) askvnis: qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa..." Sdr., iv. javaxiSvili (1908, gv. 20): "qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria... qarTvelTa Zveli mwerlobis ena ki SeiZleba ekuTvnodes megrul-lazur, an svanur Stos; "saerTo ena da mwerloba yvela qarTvelma tomma Seqmna". ivane javaxiSvilis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, "saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriis" avtorma, 1996 wels Camoayaliba Semdegi mosazreba: "jer kidev IV-III saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi anu (xazi Cemia - t.f.) mcxovreb xalxs (yvela qarTul toms - qarTebs, megrelebsa da svanebs) ukve hqonia eris raobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari elementi . es iyo saerTo-saxalxo, saliteraturo, saxelmwifo da kultmsaxurebis saerTo qarTuli ena, romelsac hqonda dialeqtebi, rogorc yvela cocxal enas" (gv. 62-63). Sdr., agreTve, mitropoliti anania: " fuZe qarTveluri enis daSlamde Camoyalibda qarTuli saeklesio da saliteraturo ena da, saerTod, qarTuli qristianuli kultura. amis Semdeg saerTo , romelTac miiRes mogvianebiT saqarTvelos daSla-danawevrebis kvaldakval XIII-XIX 65
saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze arsebuli samwignobro enis meoreuli variantebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT amosavali struqturis Tanadroul sistemebad. Sdr.: genealogiur xeze tolfard enobriv erTeulebad iseTi samwignobro da umwignobro enebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT, romlebic erTnairad miemarTebian amosaval enobriv sistemas; mag., Tvisobrivad Tanabari sistemebia: italiuri, espanuri da sardiniuli. Cvens sinamdvileSi qarTvelTa arqauli metyveleba amosavalia megrulis, svanurisa Tu mesxurisaTvis; Sesabamisad, istoriul sinamdviles ufro asaxavs opozicia: da ara termini: romelic saerToqarTveluridan sami "moZme" enis gamoyofas gulisxmobs . kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: samwignobro qarTuli rom Seqmniliyo erT-erT qarTveluri kilos mixedviT, masTan mimarTebiT Tanasworad - moZme enobriv erTeulebad - SegveZlo gangvexila sxva qarTveluri metyvelebani, Tuki maTze metyveli sazogadoebebi eTnokulturadac erTmaneTs daSordeboda. termini "qarTveluri enebi" gverdigverd ayenebs ("moZme enebad" ganixilavs) amosaval da meoreul enobriv struqturebs. a.
saerToqarTveluri ena arsebobda II-I aTaswleulebSi; farnavazisa da qujis dros saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri mwignobroba. warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:
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Sdr.: anTropologiuri monacemebic adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos am kuTxeebSi adgili ar hqonia qarTlelTa Tu mesxTa masStabur gadmosaxlebas - qarTizacias. Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Seqmnili Tanamedrove qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros amsaxveli sqematuri ruka ase gamoiyureba:
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Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi ukve arsebobda qarTveluri enebi (qarTuli, zanuri, svanuri). amaTgan erT-erTi tomis - qarTebis enaze Zv. w. VII w. VII - ax. w. IV saukuneebSi IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna damwerloba117, romelic sxva qarTveluri tomebis samwignobro enadac iqca. sqematurad es mosazreba ase gamoiyureba:
wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa pativiscemis miuxedavad, vfiqrob, rom gadasasinjia sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi Seqmnili qarTvelur kiloTa klasifikaciebic116. 116
mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: "qarTuli enis istoria", quTaisi, 2006, gv. 39-44 (wigni gankuTvnilia universitetis bakalavriatis studentTaTvis). am sakiTxis "ganxilvis" drosac cruobs g. gogolaSvili (Sdr.: qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 39-44). sxva SemTxvevaSic araerTxel ayalbebs specialistTa mosazrebebs (mag., T. gvancelaZes miawers Jurnalistis mosazrebebs). savaraudoa, rom am koleqtiur broSuraSi dabeWdili avtoportretuli paskvilebi iseTi mkiTxvelisTvisac daigegma, romelsac saSualeba an dro ara aqvs, Tavad Seamowmos gayalbebuli "citatebi" (miT 96
umetes, es avtorebi, rogorc wesi, ar uTiTeben: wigns, gamocemis wels, gverds). 117 am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis sxvadasxva dros asaxeleben. 97
iberiul-kavkasiuri erToba
saerToqarTveluri saerToqarTve luri ena i
l i u r T n u r a a i z b q e
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i r u l v a s a d
i r u x s m e r u l T ra q
i r u x ak l T a r q
a n e o r b o n g i w m a s i l u T r a q
i r u n a v s
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i r u x a k
i r u v o x f , i l u r e h : i r u l v a s o m R a
. q s l a b . z s l a b . x e t n e l . x S a l
mkiTxvelisTvis Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom zemoT kritikulad gaanalizebuli ucxouri kvalifikaciebi mxolod am sqemiT ifarglebian118.
enobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb amoqmedebis pirobebSi, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros zemoT ganxiluli ori Tvalsazrisi orgvar momavals gulisxmobs: adekvaturad SevafasoT mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa imperiis mier politizebuli "samecniero" debulebebi, zogadad, qarTvelologiis rusuli skola. Tanamedrove msoflios Tu momaval Taobebs mivawodoT :
paralelurad, saxelmwifo doneze unda Sedges farTomasStabiani gegma da samwignobro enis erTiani (qarTveluri) saleqsikono bazis Sesaqmnelad; garda amisa, unda momzaddes axali re-
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aq ar ganvixilavT deetersis moZvelebul sqemas, vinaidan dausabuTebelia saerToqarTveluridan jer svanurisa da zanurqarTulis gamoyofa, 1000 wlis Semdeg ki zanur-qarTulis dacalkeveba. zanur da svanur kiloebSi e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebis refleqsebis erTgvaroba cxadyofs am kilour jgufTa Tanadroulobas
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Cveni oponentebis azriT, maTgan dawunebuli am ”erTi qarTveluri enis Teoriis mamamTavari” me var. CemTvis es didi pativi iqneboda, magram, samwuxarod, maTi arc es mosazrebaa marTebuli: amgvari xedva quj-farnavazis droidan momdinareobs da, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sxvadasxva waxnagiT Cemamdec bevri mecnieri Tu sazogado moRvawe asabuTebda mas.
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ramdenime wlis Semdeg marTlac dasves amgvari kiTxvebi; regionis mosaxleobas dauriges e.w. "kiTxvari qarTvelur enebze molaparakeTaTvis" (ix., qvemoT). msgavsi aqcia ganxorcielda internetiTac, magram samegrelos mosaxleobam j. hiuitis mimdevrebs pirSi Cala gamoavlo123.
daqciam 1999 wels); ix., agreTve: Hewitt, B.G. Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership. Central Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 267–323, 1993; Hewitt, B.G. Demographic manipulation in the Caucasus. The Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48–74, 1995; Hewitt, G. (ed.) The Abkhazians. Curzon Press, 1999. kritikisaTvis ix.; http://www.scribd.com/doc/2273647/Conflict-inAbkhazia-Cases-of-Cooperation-i Abkhazia-Cases-of-Cooperation-in-Favour-of-Cauc n-Favour-of-Caucasus-or-againasus-or-againConfederation-of-Caucasus). 123
ix., guga mesxias werili "gindaT rom icxovroT gamoyofil samegrelos saxelmwifoSi?", gazeTi "qronika", 6-11 oqtomberi, 2008 w. gv. 5).
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