SVÉD nyelv gyakorló 21-40
Swedish II
27. Short Answers
34. Irregular Verbs
21. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
28. To Come and to Go
35. Food & Meals
29. Common Auxiliary Verbs
36. Fruits & Vegetables
22. To Do/Make and to Become
37. Conjunctions
23. Work
30. Conjugating Regular Verbs
38. Word Order
24. Prepositions
31. Reflexive Verbs
39. Asking Questions
25. Countries and Nationalities
32. Commands
40. Holiday Phrases
33. Present and Past Perfect
Swedish National Anthem
26. Negative Sentences
http://www.ielanguages.com/swedish.html http://www.ielanguages.com/swedish2.html#modal
Swedish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
Thanks to Krystallia for the mp3s! Don't forget to check out the Foreign Service Institute Swedish Course and Swedish Listening Resources, where you will find authentic and spontaneous Swedish recordings with transcripts and English translations.
21. Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns
my / mine your / yours
with en words min din
with ett words mitt ditt 1
with plural words mina dina
his / her / its / their his / his her / hers its / its our / ours your / yours their / theirs
sin hans hennes dess vår er deras
sitt hans hennes dess vårt ert deras
sina hans hennes dess våra era deras
The same forms are used for possessive adjectives that are used directly before nouns and for possessive pronouns that replace a noun. For example, this is my car and this is mine would be translated as det här är min bil and det här är min. Sin, sitt and sina can only be used when the third person possessive adjective refers to the subject of the same clause. These words can be translated as his, her, its or their. Generally, if you cannot insert "own" after the possessive adjective in English, you cannot use sin/sitt/sina. Per besöker sin mamma. = Per visits his (own) mother. (Sin refers back to Per.) Eva ringer hans mamma. = Eva calls his mother. (Hans refers to Per, not Eva.)
22. To Do/Make & To Become
present past future
göra - to do/make gör gjorde ska göra
bli - to become blir blev ska bli
23. Work actor actress author baker baker's shop bookseller bookshop businessman butcher pharmacist pharmacy cook customer dentist doctor employee engineer fisherman
skådespelare skådespelerska författare bagare bageri bokhandlare bokaffär affärsman slaktare farmaceut apotek (n) kock, kokerska kund tandläkare läkare, doktor anställd, arbetstagare ingenjör fiskare
judge lawyer mechanic musician nurse official optician (eye doctor) painter photographer policeman postman priest publisher scientist shoemaker shop, store singer student 2
domare advokat mekaniker, montör musiker sjuksköterska ämbetsman optiker målare fotograf polis brevbärare präst förläggare vetenskapsman skomakare butik sångare, sångerska student
gardener hairdresser jeweler journalist
trädgårdsmästare hårfrisör juvelerare journalist
surgeon tailor teacher workman
kirurg skräddare lärare arbetare
24. Prepositions vid i på hos till från genom längs över mot mellan om sedan trots
by, at, next to in on, in, at at the house of to from through, by along across, over towards, to between around, about, in since in spite of
av bakom bland bredvid efter enligt framför för omkring med under utan utom åt
of, by, with behind among beside after, for according to in front of for, by, with around with, by under, below without except for towards, for
Vid is used to express a position next to something, but with no contact. I is used to express a position in something that is seen to have volume (room, containers, etc.); and it is also used with countries, cities, villages, etc. På is used to express a position on something that is seen as a line or surface with contact; and it is also used with islands, addresses, and particular places, such as bank, post office, cinema, hospital, library, etc. Three exceptions to using på with particular places include school, the shop and church: i skolan, i affären, i kyrkan.
25. Countries & Nationalities Country Africa / African Afrika America / American Amerika Argentina / Argentina Argentinan Asia / Asian Asien Australia / Australien Australian Austria / Austrian Österrike Belgium / Belgian Belgien Brazil / Brazilian Brasilien Canada / Canadian Kanada China / Chinese Kina Denmark / Dane Danmark Egypt / Egyptian Egypten
Noun afrikan amerikan
Adjective afrikansk amerikansk
argentinare
argentinsk
asiat
asiatisk
australiensare
australiensk
österrikare belgare brasilianare kanadensare kines dansk egyptier
österrikisk belgisk brasiliansk kanadensisk kinesisk dansk egyptisk
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England / English England Europe / European Europa Finland / Finnish Finland France / French Frankrike Germany / German Tyskland Great Britain / Storbritannien British Greece / Greek Grekland Netherlands / Dutch Holland Hungary / Hungarian Ungern Ireland / Irish Irland Italy / Italian Italien Japan / Japanese Japan Norway / Norwegian Norge Poland / Polish Polen Portugal / Portugal Portuguese Russia / Russian Ryssland Scotland / Scottish Skottland Spain / Spanish Spanien Sweden / Swedish Sverige Switzerland / Swiss Schweiz Turkey / Turkish Turkiet United States U.S.A.
engelsman europé finländare / finne fransman tysk
engelsk europeisk finsk fransk tysk
britt
brittisk
grek holländare ungrare irländare italienare japan norrman polack
grekisk holländsk ungersk irländsk italiensk japansk norsk polsk
portugis
portugisisk
ryss skotte spanjor svensk schweizare turk amerikan
rysk skotsk spansk svensk schweizisk turkisk amerikansk
For languages, you generally add -a to the adjective: svenska is Swedish and engelska is English, etc.
26. Negative Sentences
To make a sentence negative in Swedish, simply add inte after the verb. If there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb, inte goes between the two. In addition, if you answer "yes" to a negative question, you must use jo instead of ja.
27. Short Answers
A yes/no question can be answered with a short phrase, just as in English. The verb göra (to do/make) is used with the pronoun det and the subject of the question. Some verbs are not replaced by göra and are repeated in the short answer, such as vara and ha. This is very similar to English, except for the word order. 4
Positive Short Answer: Ja + det + Verb + Subject Negative Short Answer: Nej + det + Verb + Subject + inte Arbetar hon här? Does she work here? Ja, det gör hon. Yes, she does. Nej, det gör hon inte. No, she doesn't. Är de glada? Are they happy? Ja, det är de. Yes, they are. Nej, det är de inte. No, they are not.
28. To Come & To Go
present past future
komma - to come kommer kom ska komma
gå - to go går gick ska gå
29. Common Auxiliary Verbs kunna - to be able to, vilja - to want få - to be allowed can to to present kan vill får past kunde ville fick
--- have to, must måste ---
Just as in English, there is no past form of must / måste. You can either use var tvungen or behövde instead, as in jag var tvungen att ... = I had to...
present past
skola supposed to, will, should ska skulle
böra- should, ought bruka - usually, used behöva - need to to to bör borde
brukar brukade
behöver behövde
Vi kan tala engelska. We can speak English. Han kunde inte spela. He could not play. Sven vill sova. Sven wants to sleep. Hon vill ha kaffe. She wants coffee. (When vilja is followed by a noun, ha is added before the noun.) Du får röka. You may smoke. De måste gå hem nu. They must go home now. Du får inte röka. You must not smoke. (Must not is translated with får inte rather than måste inte, which means don't have to.) Jag brukar dricka kaffe efter lunch. I usually drink coffee after lunch. (Brukar in the present tense means usually + main verb.)
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30. Conjugating Regular Verbs (Present and Past Tenses) Infinitives in Swedish end in -a. When conjugating verbs, the same form is used for all subject pronouns, whether singular or plural. To form the present tense of verbs, either add -r to the infinitive or remove the -a and add -er. tala - to speak (-ar verb) & stänga - to close (-er verb) Present Tense jag talar I speak du talar you speak han talar hon talar vi talar ni talar
he speaks she speaks we speak you speak
de talar they speak
Past Tense
Present Tense
jag I close stänger du du talade you spoke you close stänger han han talade he spoke he closes stänger hon hon talade she spoke she closes stänger vi talade we spoke vi stänger we close ni talade you spoke ni stänger you close they de talade de stänger they close spoke jag talade I spoke
Past Tense jag stängde du stängde han stängde hon stängde vi stängde ni stängde de stängde
I closed you closed he closed she closed we closed you closed they closed
Please note the three present tenses in English (simple, progressive and emphatic) are all translated by one verb form in Swedish. Jag talar can mean I speak, I am speaking or I do speak. Four Past Tense Conjugations To form the past tense, most verbs add -de to the present tense form of -ar verbs and to the stem of -er verbs (infinitive minus -a). But if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (k, p, t, or s), then add -te instead. Another group of verbs, short verbs ending in a vowel, add -dde to form the past tense. (See 34. Irregular Verbs below for a longer list as many of these verbs have irregular forms in other tenses.) Infinitive arbeta Infinitive of -ar verbs; add fråga -de öppna tala ringa stänga Stem of -er verbs; add -de följa bygga tänka Stem ends in k, p, t, or s; röka add -te läsa köpa tro Infinitive ends in long vowel; add -dde bo
to work to ask to open to speak to ring to close to follow to build to think to smoke to read to buy to believe to live, dwell 6
Present arbetar frågar öppnar talar ringer stänger följer bygger tänker röker läser köper tror bor
Past arbetade frågade öppnade talade ringde stängde följde byggde tänkte rökte läste köpte trodde bodde
31. Reflexive Verbs Some verbs in Swedish are reflexive verbs, in that the action by the subject is performed by itself. This is comparable to the -self or -selves pronouns used in English with some verbs, such as he behaves himself. Most of the time, verbs that are reflexive in Swedish are not reflexive in English. To conjugate these verbs, simply add these pronouns after the verb: mig (mej) dig (dej) sig (sej)
myself yourself himself/herself/itself
oss er sig (sej)
ourselves yourselves theirselves
The forms in parentheses are used in colloquial (spoken and written) Swedish. In fact, mig, dig and sig are pronounced as if they were written mej, dej and sej.
32. Commands Verbs that end in -ar in the present tense simply remove the -r to form the command (imperative). Verbs that end in -er in the present tense remove the -er to form the command. You cannot form the imperative if you only know the infinitive and not if the verb takes -ar or -er in the present tense. But if you do know that an infinitive is an -ar verb, you leave the -a in the imperative, and if the infinitive is an -er verb, you remove the -a. Present Tense öppnar väntar skriver läser
Imperative öppna! vänta! skriv! läs!
Translation open! wait! write! read!
33. Present & Past Perfect The present and past perfect tenses consist of two parts: har / hade and the supine form of the main verb. This is a compound tense that corresponds to has/have / had and a past participle in English. The main difference between Swedish and English in this tense, however, is that Swedish uses the supine form of the verb instead of the past participle. To form the supine, -ar verbs add -t to the infinitive; while -er verbs replace -a with -t in the infinitive. Infinitives ending in long vowels add -tt to form the supine. Infinitive arbeta fråga öppna tala ringa stänga
to work to ask to open to speak to ring to close
Present arbetar frågar öppnar talar ringer stänger 7
Past arbetade frågade öppnade talade ringde stängde
Supine arbetat frågat öppnat talat ringt stängt
följa bygga tänka röka läsa köpa tro bo
to follow to build to think to smoke to read to buy to believe to live, dwell
följer bygger tänker röker läser köper tror bor
följde byggde tänkte rökte läste köpte trodde bodde
följt byggt tänkt rökt läst köpt trott bott
Jag har läst boken. I have read the book. Hon hade öppnat dörren. She had opened the door.
34. Irregular Verbs Several verbs in Swedish are considered irregular because they do not follow the rules for the different conjugations. These forms need to be memorized since these verbs are very common. Infinitive vara ha komma göra ta säga veta låta hålla heta åka resa bära dra ligga lägga sätta slå falla äta sova stjäla gråta sälja välja
Imperative var ha kom gör ta, tag säg vet låt håll het åk res bär dra, drag ligg lägg sätt slå fall ät sov stjäl gråt sälj välj
Present är har kommer gör tar säger vet låter håller heter åker reser bär drar ligger lägger sätter slår faller äter sover stjäler gråter säljer väljer
Past var hade kom gjorde tog sa, sade visste lät höll hette åkte reste bar drog låg la, lade satte slog föll åt sov stal grät sålde valde 8
Supine varit haft kommit gjort tagit sagt vetat låtit hållit hetat åkt rest burit dragit legat lagt satt slagit fallit ätit sovit stulit gråtit sålt valt
Translation be have come do, make take say know let hold be called go travel carry pull, drag lie (down) put put hit fall eat sleep steal cry sell choose
vänja svälja skilja
vänj svälj skilj
vänjer sväljer skiljer
vande svalde skilde
vant svalt skilt
accustom swallow separate
Some -er verbs (and never -ar verbs) have irregular simple past and supine forms. Sometimes these involve a vowel change and lack of ending. Infinitive binda brinna dricka finna försvinna hinna rinna sitta slippa spricka springa sticka vinna bita gripa lida rida skina skriva slita stiga tiga vrida bjuda ljuga sjunga skjuta bryta flyga flyta frysa knyta krypa
Past band brann drack fann försvann hann rann satt slapp sprack sprang stack vann bet grep led red sken skrev slet steg teg vred bjöd ljög sjöng sköt bröt flög flöt frös knöt kröp
Supine bundit brunnit druckit funnit försvunnit hunnit runnit suttit sluppit spruckit sprungit stuckit vunnit bitit gripit lidit ridit skinit skrivit slitit stigit tigit vridit bjudit ljugit sjungit skjutit brutit flugit flutit frusit knutit krupit
Translations to bind / bound / bound to burn / burned / burned to drink / drank / drunk to find / found / found to disappear / disappeared / disappeared to manage / managed / managed to run, flow / ran, flowed / run, flowed to sit / sat / sat to get out of / got out of / gotten out of to split / split / split to run / ran / run to stick / stuck / stuck to win / won / won to bite / bit / bitten to grip / gripped / gripped to suffer / suffered / suffered to ride / rode / ridden to shine / shone / shone to write / wrote / written to wear out / wore out / worn out to rise / rose / risen to be silent / was silent / been silent to turn / turned / turned to invite / invited / invited to lie / lied / lied (to tell a lie) to sing / sang / sung to shoot / shot / shot to break / broke / broken to fly / flew / flown to float / floated / floated to freeze / froze / frozen to tie up / tied up / tied up to crawl / crawled / crawled
A few infinitives in Swedish do not end in -a. These are short verbs and they end in a long, stressed vowel. The infinitive is the same as the imperative, and the present tense is formed by adding -r. The past tense if formed by adding -dde to the infinitive, and the supine is formed by adding -tt to the infinitive. However, a few of the short verbs have an irregular form in the past. 9
Infinitive / Present Tense Past Tense Imperative Short verbs with a regular past: tro tror trodde ske sker skedde nå når nådde bo bor bodde må mår mådde klä klär klädde Short verbs with an irregular past: få får fick gå går gick ge ger gav se ser såg dö dör dog stå står stod be ber bad
Supine
Translation
trott skett nått bott mått klätt
believe, think happen reach live (dwell) feel (of health) dress
fått gått gett sett dött stått bett
get, receive go, walk give see die stand ask, pray
35. Food & Meals bacon beef beer beverage biscuit bread breakfast butter cake cheese chicken coffee cream dessert dinner egg fried egg soft-boiled egg fat flour ham honey jam
bacon / fläsk (n) nötkött (n) öl (n) dryck kaka bröd (n) frukost smör (n) kaka / tårta ost kyckling kaffe grädde dessert middag ägg (n) stekta ägg kokta ägg fett (n) mjöl (n) skinka honung sylt
salt sandwich sauce sausage soup stew sugar supper tea veal vegetables vinegar wine basin bottle can opener coffee pot colander corkscrew cup dish fork frying pan 10
salt (n) smörgås sås korv soppa gryta socker (n) middag te (n) kalvkött (n) grönsaker ättika / vinäger vin (n) skål flaska konservöppnare kaffekanna durkslag korkskruv kopp fat (n) gaffel stekpanna
lunch meal meat milk mustard mutton oil omelet pepper pork roll salad
lunch måltid kött (n) mjölk senap fårkött (n) olja omelett peppar fläsk (n) bulle sallad
glass jug kettle knife lid napkin plate saucer saucepan spoon tablecloth teapot
glas (n) kruka kittel kniv lock (n) servett tallrik tefat (n) kastrull sked duk tekanna
If you are referring to a brand of beer, öl is a neutral noun instead of common.
36. Fruits & Vegetables almond apple apple tree apricot ash bark beech berry birch blackberry branch cherry cherry tree chestnut chestnut tree currant cypress date elm fig fir fruit grapes hazelnut kernel laurel
mandel äpple (n) äppelträd (n) aprikos ask bark bok bär (n) björk björnbär (n) gren körsbär (n) körsbärsträd (n) kastanj kastanjeträd (n) vinbär (n) cypress dadel alm fikon (n) gran frukt vindruvor hasselnöt kärna lagerträd (n)
strawberry tree tree trunk vine walnut willow artichoke asparagus barley bean (broad) bean (kidney) brussel sprouts cabbage carrot cauliflower celery corn cucumber eggplant garlic herb horse-radish lentil lettuce maize mint 11
jordgubbe träd (n) stam vinstock valnöt pil kronärtskocka sparris korn (n) böna kidneyböna brysselkål kål morot blomkål selleri majs gurka aubergine vitlök ört pepparrot lins sallad majs mynta
leaf lemon lime tree melon oak olive olive tree orange orange tree peach pear pear tree pine pineapple plum poplar raspberry root
blad (n) citron lind melon ek oliv olivträd (n) apelsin apelsinträd (n) persika päron (pl) päronträd tall ananas plommon (n) poppel hallon (n) rot
mushroom oats onion parsley pea potato pumpkin radish rice rye sage seed spinach stalk tomato turnip wheat
37. Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions och eller men för så som antingen...eller varken...eller
and or but because, for so as either...or neither...nor Subordinating Conjunctions
att då eftersom för att därför att innan / förrän medan när om fast sedan
that when because, as in order to, so that because before while when if, whether (interrogation) even if, although since, as 12
svamp havre lök persilja ärta potatis pumpa rädisa ris (n) råg salvia frö (n) spenat stjälk tomat rova vete (n)
nu då
now that
38. Word Order In general, the word order of Swedish is the same as English: Subject + Verb + Object. However, the word order is slightly different from English when something other than the subject of the verb begins the sentence. In declarative sentences, the main verb is always in the second position (but not necessarily the second word!). For example, if a sentence begins with an adverb or an object, the verb will be the second element in the sentence, and the subject will come after the verb. Then any other forms of verbs (such as participles or infinitives) will come after the subject. Adverb or Object
Main Verb
Subject (Participle / Infinitive) Translation
I morgon
åker
jag
till Sverige.
I affären
köper
jag
bröd.
I'm going to Sweden tomorrow. I buy bread in the store.
In sentences that begin with a subordinate clause, the second (independent) clause will have inversion of the verb and subject. The subordinate clause is the first element in the sentence, so the verb must be second, and the subject is third. Subordinate Clause
Main Verb Subject
Rest of Sentence Translation
När jag var ung, bodde
jag
i Sverige.
Nu då hon har kommit
vi
börja.
kan
When I was young, I lived in Sweden. Now that she's arrived we can begin.
Furthermore, adverbs that modify the entire sentence come before the verb in subordinate clauses, whereas they normally occur after the verb in regular sentences. Besides inte (not), these adverbs include: aldrig (never), alltid (always), alltså (so, then), möjligtvis (maybe), gärna (gladly, with pleasure), bara (only) and säkert (surely). Han säger att han inte kan åka bil till Stockholm. He said that he cannot come to Stockholm by car.
39. Asking Questions Yes/No questions: Invert the subject and verb so that the verb begins the question. Arbetar han? Does he work? Regnar det? Is it raining? Question Words: The question word begins the question, and the verb comes next, followed by the subject. 13
Var bor Sten? Where does Sten live? Vad gör Elsa? What does Elsa do?
40. Holiday Phrases
God Jul! Gott Nytt År! Glad Påsk! Grattis på födelsedagen!
Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Happy Easter! Happy Birthday!
The Swedish National Anthem Du gamla, du fria, du fjällhöga Nord, Du tysta, du glädjerika sköna! Jag hälsar dig, vänaste land uppå jord, Din sol, din himmel, dina ängder gröna. Din sol, din himmel, dina ängder gröna. Du tronar på minnen från fornstora da'r, då ärat ditt namn flög över jorden. Jag vet att du är och du blir, vad du var. Ja, jag vill leva, jag vill dö i Norden. Ja, jag vill leva, jag vill dö i Norden. You ancient, free and mountainous North, Of quiet, joyful beauty, I greet you, loveliest land on earth, Your sun, your sky, your green meadows. Your sun, your sky, your green meadows. You are throned on memories of olden days When the honour of your name spread over the earth. I know that you are and will remain what you were. Oh, may I live, may die in the Nordic North! Oh, may I live, may die in the Nordic North!
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