SUGARCANE PRODUCTION
M.IRFAN ARSHAD CREDIT & VO HELP OFFICER
CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-II DISU, RAHIM YAR KHAN
UNDERSTANDING SUGARCANE PLANT Main parts are: 1. Leaf 2. St Sta alk 3. Root
SUGARCANE LEAF Two parts: 1. Sheath 2. Blade
Sheath and blade are connected by blade joint Sheath is attached at node and covers completely at least one internode of stalk Mature sugarcane plant has about ten leaves
SUGARCANE LEAF…
Three Types of Tissue in leaf blade 1) Epidermis (Protect mesophyll tissue and contain stomata)
2) Mesophyll (Perform photosynthesis)
3) Veins (Fibrovascular bundles- Contain bundles of xylem and phloem)
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Synthesis carbohydrates from CO 2 and H2O using sun energy 6CO2 + 6H2O (+sunlight)
C6H12 O6 + 6O2
Two molecules of glucose combine to form sucrose C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
C12 H22 O11 + H2O
RESPIRATION Consume O2 and release energy by disintegrating carbohydrates The released energy is used by plant pla nt C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O (+ usable energy)
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF…
• Functional life of a leaf is 60 to 75 days • Ideally leaf area index (LAI), ratio of leaf area to corresponding land, during July, August and September should be 3.1, 3.4 and 3.8 respectively
STALK OF SUGARCANE
Stalk consists of segments called joints Each joint is made of node and internode Node contains bud and root primordia
Joints at the base are short and length of internodes gradually increase
When seed cane is planted, each bud give rise to primary shoot which in turn produce secondary shoots (tillers)
STALK OF SUGARCANE…
Top 1/3 of stalk contains many buds and good nutrient supply, hence very good for use as seed
Lower 2/3 is high in sucrose and good for milling
The stalk contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
Xylem carries water and nutrients upward
Phloem conducts manufactured food to lower parts of the plant
ROOT OF SUGARCANE… • Buds on sets become active within three days after planting and set roots begin to grow from root band at the base of the internode • Set roots grow at a maximum rate of 24 mm per day and stop elongating when these are 150 to 250 mm long • These turn dark, decompose and disappear within 2 month after planting • Shoot roots begin to grow from short basal internode of the shoot immediately after its emergence from f rom soil • Earlier shoot roots are much thicker than set roots and penetrate soil at a higher speed keeping steep angle @ 40mm per day • Shoot roots produced later are finer and branch more freely than earlier shoot roots
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROOT
Anchoring support to the plant Uptake of water and required food nutrients Excretion of unwanted nutrients in the plant
SUGARCANE GERMINATION o
Soil temperature from 20 to 30 germination
Germination is checked below 10 and
Eight months old cane is best for f or germination
Sets with two nodes having viable buds should be used
Proper moisture contents of sets and soil is required
Less use of nitrogenous fertilizer at sowing because excessive use of N at sowing has adverse effect on germination
Sets should not have more than “2 soil cover
Seed treatment with fungicide accelerate germination process
C is ideal for o
above 40 C
SUGARCANE TILLERING
It is development of secondary shoots from primary prim ary shoot It is development of secondary shoots from primary shoot Early Tillering is necessary for good yield Early Tillering is necessary for good yield Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting give Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting give best yield best yield Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the quality of the cane quality of the cane Profused sun light is necessary for Tillering Profused sun light is necessary for Tillering Temperature from 20 to 30 oCo is required Temperature from 20 to 30 C is required More Tillers are produced in September sowing More Tillers are produced in September sowing After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is i s must After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is i s must to stop unwanted Tillers to stop unwanted Tillers
SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT STAGES • Tillering (Up to 120 DAP) • Stem Elongation (121 DAP-195 DAP) • Maturity (196 DAP-Harvesting)
DAP = Days after planting
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SUGARCANE
CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-II Rahim Yar Khan
LAND PREPARATION
Soil required: loam to heavy loam with good drainage and no salinity/sodicity problem
Rotavate remains of previous crop to plough back the biomass
Twice chisel cross-wise or once furrow turning to break the hard pan and increase root zone
LAND PREPARATION….
once or twice cultivate to pulverize the soil. Final seed bed should have fine granular shape
Leveling If Required. After rough land leveling, precision land leveling should also be done with laser if time permits
APPLICATION OF FARM YARD MANURE
If possible apply 3 to 4 trolleys of FYM per acre before sowing
After having 2 to 3 crops of sugarcane, green manuring manuring is necessary (jantar, guara, berseem etc)
Add half bag of Urea per acre at the time of ploughing back the green manure
Sow sugarcane after at least 30 days of of burrying green manure
Alternatively apply 2 to 4 trolleys of press mud mud
TIME OF PLANTING SPRING SOWING
Last week of January to 1st week of March is ideal
Yield is substantially reduced in sowings after 15th March
SEPTEMBER SOWING
Entire month of September is recommended.
Sowing during August results in over growth and lodging.
VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE Early Maturing Mid Maturing Late Maturing
Banned
CP 77-400
BL - 4
L 118
Triton
L 116
BF -162
COJ 84
COL 54
CP 72-2086
SPSG - 26
-
CO 1148 (Indian)
CPF 43-33
SPF -213
-
COL 29
CPF 237
SPF - 234
-
COL 44
HSF 240
SPF -245
-
-
HSF 242
-
-
-
CPF 243
-
-
-
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE
Seed should not be drawn from lodged field
Better if we grow separate seed block with intensive care
Damage to buds should be avoided during handling i.e., cutting, transportation, removing trash and preparation of sets etc.
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…
Trash
should
be
removed
completely
failing
which
germination will be less and chances of termite attack will increase.
Dipping of sets in fungicide solution for 5 minutes using 0.2% solution of benlate, or vitavex or Eglol or Aereton
Seed should be sown as soon as possible after cutting to avoid desiccation.
SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…
Seed should be drawn only from healthy crop
While preparing sets diseased and weak cane should be discarded
For spring sowing seed must not be drawn from ratoon crop
For September sowing seed can be obtained from ratoon of last year September crop
For spring crop sowing, seed from spring crop is better
Top 1/3 of cane is better for seed
SEED RATE OF SUGARCANE
Per acre 25 to 30 thousand sets each with two buds are required
These can be obtained from 80 to 100 maunds of cane
This much seed can be had from 12 to 16 marlas depending on health of the crop
In case of late sowing seed rate should be increased
PLANTING OF SUGARCANE
After seed bed preparation and leveling prepare 10 to 18 inches deep and four feet apart trenches with sugarcane ridger
Apply complete dose of phosphatic and potash fertilizers in trenches
PLANTING OF SUGARCANE…
Put head to head single set row on both sides of the ridge in a trench
Apply light soil cover manually but do not plank
Apply light irrigation, on drying again apply till sugarcane germinates
ADVANTAGES OF SOWING IN TRENCHES OVER TRADITIONAL METHOD 1.
More air, light and nutrients available to plants
2.
Interculture becomes easier Interculture
3.
Irrigation to alternate furrow can be applied and we can save water and lodging of the crop
4.
Fertilizer use efficiency is increased
5.
Pesticide application both granules and liquid becomes easier
6.
Harvesting of the crop becomes easier
WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE Common weeds of sugarcane are: 1. Itsit (Trianthema Portulacastrum) 2. Moti Khabal (Digitaria Sanguinalis) 3. Hazardani (Euphorbia Granulata) 4. Jangli Palak (Rumex Obtusifolius) 5. Bhakra (Tribulus Terrestris) 6. Deela (Scirpus Maritimus ) 7. Khabal Ghas (Cynodon Dactylon) 8. Mudhana (Dactyloctenium Aegyptium) 9. Morak (Cyperus Rotundus)
PICTORIAL VIEW OF WEEDS OF SUGARCANE
WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE…
Spray Ametryne + Atrazine in furrows when soil is in good good moist (Tarwatar) condition after Ist irrigation using following dose
Soil Type
Dose per acre in furrows only (Kg. in 50 to 75 liter water)
Loam
0.8
Clay Loam
1.0
Sandy loam or saline
0.5
In case of application on entire area dose should be doubled
The weedicide is effective for 8 to 10 weeks provided no hoeing is done after its application
Only Flat Fan nozzle should be used
Control weeds on beds through interculture
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE Macro Nutrients C, H, O
N, P, K,
Ca, Mg,
S
Micro Nutrients Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, cl (Si, Na) Elements of Nutritional Concern N, P, K,
Mg, B,
Cu, Fe,
Mn, SI, Zn
MOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN SUGARCANE PLANT Mobile Nutrients N, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cl Immobile B,
Fe,
Ca
Partially mobile Zn, Mn,
Cu, Mo
Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients first appear on older leaves and those of immobile on younger leaves
FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUGARCANE Fertility of Recommended Soil Nutrients Per Acre
Recommendations in bags Per Acre
N
P
K
Poor
119
69
50
4 Urea + 3 DAP + 2K2SO4
Average
93
46
50
3.25 Urea + 2 DAP + 2K 2SO4
Rich
67
23
25
2.5 Urea + 1 DAP + 1K 2SO4
METHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER Entire For
P2O5 and K2O should be applied in trenches at sowing
September sowing 1/3 N in November after completion of
germination, 1/3 in March and 1/3 in April just before earthing up For
spring plantation 1/3 in April, after complete germination, germination,
1/3 in May and 1/3 in June just before earthing up
IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE
For spring crop delta of water is 64 inches
Keeping in view harshness of weather irrigations need to be applied as under: PERIOD
NO. OF IRRIGATIONS
INTERVAL OF IRRIGATIONS
March – April May – June
2-3 5-6
20 to 30 Days 10 to 12 Days
July – August September – October November – February
3-4 2-3 2-3
15 to 20 Days 20 to 30 Days 40 to 60 Days
14-19
-
Total Irrigations
For September sowing 20 irrigations are required
Every irrigation about “4 deep
IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE… To
save water irrigations can be give in alternate furrows.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE TOP BORER ACTIVE PERIOD March to October
MODE OF DAMAGE Damage is caused by caterpillar which is generally found in the top portion of sugarcane. The shoots attacked by first two broods (April-June) are killed. The subsequent broods attacking the terminal portions of canes, cause bunchy tops. Canes affected by third brood (July) remain stunted in growth and there is generally decrease of 14-15% in height of such canes
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… TOP BORER… MANAGEMENT – Cut and destroy the attacked tillers from April to June. – Destroy hibernating larvae by cutting attacked tops before 15th of February. – Use light traps to kill moths. – Apply granular insecticide insecticide in early crop stage, Furadan 3 GB @ 15 kg./acre.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
STEM BORER ACTIVE PERIOD March to October
MODE OF DAMAGE This is very injurious pest and its caterpillars destroy about 20% of the young shoots during April to June annually. The larvae after hatching from the eggs reach the plant base, bore b ore into shoot and feed there. In years of severe infestation, damage may be as high as 67%. The caterpillars feed in the stem and cut off growing points (central whorl of the leaves). The central dead shoot is called “dead heart” and such plants never grow
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… STEM BORER… MANAGEMENT – Use light traps. – Bio-control by Trichogramma. – Apply granular insecticide in early crop stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
ROOT BORER ACTIVE PERIOD April to November
MODE OF DAMAGE The larvae bore into stem below the soil surface. The attacked plants dry up. In certain years the young plants are killed
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… ROOT BORER… MANAGEMENT – Use light traps. – Bio-control by Trichogramma. – Apply granular insecticide insecticide in early crop, Furadan @ 15 kg/acre
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
GURDASPUR BORER ACTIVE PERIOD July to October
MODE OF DAMAGE The first generation caterpillars appear in July (Monsoon)
when
crop
is
established.
Make
characteristic punctures in the aerial port of the cane in a circular fashion that the cane is cut in two parts those ultimately lodge. The dried cane tops can be spotted in a field. Later large patches of dried canes appear in the fields which are clear indication of this pest attack
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… GURDASPUR BORER… MANAGEMENT – Destroy infested tops. – Earthing up ratoon crop in May-June. – Use light traps. – Bio-control by Trichogramma
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
LEAF HOPPER ACTIVE PERIOD Through out the year
MODE OF DAMAGE The insects feed on the underside of leaves and desap the plants, Their feeding produces honeydew which provides a good medium for the growth of sooty black mould. This black mould interferes with plant photosynthesis and thus very little sugar is obtained
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… LEAF HOPPER… MANAGEMENT – Destroy egg masses. – Bio-control with Epiricania melanoleuca and Tetrastichus. – Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning. – Apply granular insecticide during early crop stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE BLACK BUG ACTIVE PERIOD Through out the year
MODE OF DAMAGE Both nymph and adult cluster in central leaf whorl, sheath bases of lower leaves of young plants and suck sap. The attacked leaves show pale, brown patches and dry up gradually. Holes of their feeding are also noticeable. In severe attack whole crop looks as if have been burnt up.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… SUGARCANE BLACK BUG… MANAGEMENT – Destroy stumps to avoid over-wintering adults. – Avoid ratooing of heavily infested fields. – Frequent irrigations.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE WHITEFLY ACTIVE PERIOD May to October
MODE OF DAMAGE The nymphs damage by sucking cell sap that affect keeping quality of “Gur”/sugar.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… SUGARCANE WHITEFLY… MANAGEMENT – Avoid insecticide spray. – Avoid trash burning. – Removal of severely infested leaves. – Introduction of natural enemies (Chrysoperla and Coccinellids)) Coccinellids – Apply granular insecticides, insecticides, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg/acre. .
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
TERMITES ACTIVE PERIOD April to June and October
MODE OF DAMAGE Termite attack results in poor germination and drying up of shoots. The termites live on cellulose which they obtain from dead and living vegetative matter.
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… TERMITES… MANAGEMENT – Use well rotten FYM. – Irrigation reduces attack. – Apply chlorpyrifos @ 2 litre/acre with irrigation from April to June
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE
SUGARCANE MITE ACTIVE PERIOD April to June
MODE OF DAMAGE Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves MANAGEMENT –Clean cultivation. –Do not allow to grow “baru” grass in and around the sugarcane fields. –Irrigation reduces pest incidence. incidence .
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… RODENTS • ACTIVE PERIOD –THROUGH OUT THE YEAR • MODE OF DAMAGE
Cut the sugarcane soil level
stem at
MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE… RODENTS • MANAGEMENT – Make wats and bunds afresh annually. – Removal of weeds and wild plantation. – Mechanical control through traps and cages etc. – Avoid killing of jackals, cats and owls. – Apply Zinc phosphide @ 5% bait. – Fumigate the rat holes with Phosphin gas (Agtoxin) @ 1-2 tablets per hole.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… •RED ROT –Casual organism:- Fungus - Physalospora
•Symptoms and mode of damage The disease appear in the month of September and October. Basically affect the stalk. If stalk is splited lengthwise, dull red tissues throughout internode are seen. Redness travels to adjoining internode through the node. The pith gradually dries up and cane get shrivelled and looses its weight. Translocation of water and nutrients to leaves are hampered which result in dieing of leaves and ultimately whole field gets dried up and is visible from distance.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… RED ROT… MANAGEMENT 1.Plant resistant varieties 2.Seed used for planting must be disease free 3.The diseased fields should not be ratooned 4.Sets should be dipped in vitavax (1:800) or Dithane M45 (1:400) or Benlate (1:1600) solution s olution before sowing
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… •SUGARCANE SMUT –Casual organism:- Fungus – Ustilago scitaminea •Symptoms and mode of damage –The disease is characterized by the emergence of a long whip like shoot from terminal bud. It is dull white at first and later become black and dusty. The whip is usually 60 to 90 cm long and may be coiled or curved back on itself. The infested plant before appearance of whip may be recognized by their small narrow leaves and slender stalk with widely spaced nodes. After production of the smutted top, the buds down below begin to sprout and every one of them produce black whip. The affected cane hardly give any yield.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… SUGARCANE SMUT… MANAGEMENT 1.Sow only resistant varieties 2.Use healthy seed 3.Diseased crop should not be ratooned 4.Diseased shoots should be covered with plastic bag and removed carefully to check spread of spores 5.Sets before sowing should be dipped in 0.5% solution of Agalol or 0.03% benlate solution or 0.1% solution of Dithane M-45 or 0.05% solution of vitavax
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… •SUGARCANE MOSAIC Casual organism:- Virus (Strains A, B, C, D, E, F and G) •Symptoms and mode of damage –Leaves
loose
chlorophyll
in
patches
and
yellowish areas appear on leaves. These areas later elongate and take the shape of irregular stripes. Their symptoms are more distinct on actively growing basal portions of young leaves. The disease spread very rapidly and severely affect photosynthesis process
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… SUGARCANE MOSAIC… MANAGEMENT Transmission from one crop to the next is through seed. Normally aphids are the vector. Control operations should include the following. 1. Use Use re resi sist stan antt vari variet etie iess 2. Us Use e he heal alth thy y see seed d 3. Ratoon Ratooning ing of of disease diseased d fields fields shoul should d be avoid avoided ed 4. Tools used for cutting cutting seed shou should ld be flamed perio periodicall dically. y.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG Casual organism:- Gibberella moniliformis
Symptoms and mode of damage The disease is characterized by the presence of chlorotic areas on the basal portions of some leaves. As the affected leaves mature, irregular reddish stripes and specks develop within the chlorotic parts. The most advanced and serious stage of Pokkah boeng is the top rot. The young spindle is killed and the entire top of the plant dies. Photosynthesis is seriously affected and yield is reduced
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG… MANAGEMENT 1. Cu Cult ltiv ivat ate e only only res resis ista tant nt var varie ieti ties es.. 2. Th The e dise disease ased d plan plants ts sho showin wing g top top rot rot.. Symp Symptom tom sh shoul ould d not be used for seed.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… •SUGARCANE RED STRIPE –Casual organism:- bacterium - Xanthomonas rubriieans •Symptoms and mode of damage Red strips disease consists of two forms, leaf stripe and top rot. Leaf stripes have first a water soaked appearance but later brown dark red to maroon. Usually, the stripes appear midway in the leaf and near the midrib. Red stripe occurs mostly on the young and middle aged leaves, rather than oldest leaves of the plant. The disease may attack the leaves which are partially unrolled and if sufficiently severe, cause a top rot.
MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES… SUGARCANE RED STRIPE… MANAGEMENT 1. Cu Cult ltiv ivat atio ion n of res resis ista tanc nce e vari variet etie iess 2. Se Seed ed fro from m the the aff affec ecte ted d pla plant ntss shou should ld not not be be used used
RATOON SUGARCANE
Crop to be kept ratoon should be harvested from end January to 1st week of March. This is best time for tillering of ratoon crop
If early harvested crop is kept for ratoon the buds are damaged due to low temperature
For filling the gaps stubbles of the same variety may be transplanted from a field which is not to be kept as ratoon.
Stubble shaver or rotavator should be used for better germination but it must not go deeper than 1 to 1.5 inches
THANK YOU
PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE Variety
Sugar
Maturity
release
Achievable Yield Potential (mds/acre)
Ratoon
Tillering
Disease resistance
%age
Period
BL-116
1968
1300
10.34
Dec. to Mar.
Average
Low
Susceptible
L-116
1973
925
10.81
Nov. to Mar.
Good
High
-do-
L-118
1975
1025
8.28
Feb. to Apr.
V. Good
High
-do-
BF-162
1990
1300
10.35
Dec. to Mar.
Good
Mid
-do-
CP-77-400
1996
1300
11.90
Nov. to Mar.
Good
High
Resistant
CP-77-2086
1996
1085
12.35
Oct. to Mar.
Good
High
-do-
975
11.60
Nov. to Mar.
V. Good
V. High
-do-
CP-43-33
Year of
PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE... Variety
Year of Achievable Yield release Potential (mds/acre)
Sugar %age
Maturity
Ratoon
Tillering
Disease resistance
High
Resistant
Period
CPF-237
2000
1400
12.50 Oct. to Mar. V. Good
SPF-213
2000
1300
10.50
Dec. to Mar.
V. Good
V. High
-do-
SPF-245
2004
1200
11.00
Dec. to Mar.
V. Good
High
Tolerant
COJ-84
2000
1200
9.80
V. High
-do-
HSF-240
2002
1355
11.70
Nov. to Apr.
V. Good
V. High
Resistant
HSF-234
2002
1450
11.60
Dec. to Apr.
V. Good
V. High
Tolerant
SPSG-26
1999
1200
11.50
Dec. to Mar.
Average
Low
Susceptible
Jan. to Apr. V. Good
GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE
For sugarcane green manuring is recommended when fields are being replanted because it
does not result in loss of one crop year
Does not interfere with germination of the cane
helps in control of weeds
Results in significant increase of yield
GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE…
Jantar, Guara, Berseem etc. can be used as green manure crop.
Legume seed may be inoculated before sowing to ensure good nitrogen fixation
Legumes should be incorporated in soil when approximately 50% of the plants are flowering. Going beyond this stage and earlier to this stage will result in lower N return to soil
Sugarcane
should
be
planted
incorporation of green biomass. incorporation
about
30
days
after
ADVANTAGES OF GREEN MANURING Increase
microbial activity in soil
Increase
soil water retention
Fixes
atmospheric N
Provides
recycling of nutrients
Controls
weeds
Controls
soil erosion
Some
legumes used as green manure help in control of plant parasitic nematodes
NUTRIENT PERCENTAGE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS Nutrient % age
Fertilizer
N
Total Nutrients Per Bag (Kg)
P2O5 K2O
N
P2O5
K2O
Urea
46
-
-
23.0
-
-
Nitrophos
23
23
-
11.5
11.5
-
Ammonium Nitrate
26
-
-
13.0
-
-
Single Super Phosphate
-
18
-
-
9.0
-
Triple Super Phosphate
-
46
-
-
23.0
-
Diammonium phosphate
18
46
-
9.0
23.0
-
Mono ammonium Phosphate
11
52
-
5.0
23.7
-
Potassium Sulphate
-
-
50
-
-
25
Potassium Chloride
-
-
60
-
-
30
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRESS MUD COMPONENT Sugar Organic matter Inorganic matter Iron Copper Zinc Sulphur Phosphorus Potash Nitrogen Calcium Chloride Magnesium
PERCENT 0.85 69.15 19.165 0.006 0.004 0.002 5.8 1.00 0.80 2.00 1.00 0.163 0.04
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Taken up as No3, NH+4 and Urea
Used in synthesis of amino acids, which are used for protein and nucleic acid formation
Integral part of chloroph chlorophyll yll
Adequate N availability is necessary for vegetative growth.
N application is required in all types of soils
Split doses required to increase use efficiency.
Adequate N supply at critical growth stages is must.
Inadequate supply of N can result in stunted plants, premature ripening, reduced biomass and less sugar yields.
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE..
Applied N is converted to No 3 which is taken up by sugarcane plant
Since No3 is negatively charged, it cannot be absorbed on exchange complex having negative charge. So it is more prone to leaching losses and are required to be applied when it is most required by plants (grand growth period)
NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCA SUGARCANE.. NE..
Deficiency of N results in uniformly pale green to yellow leaf blade of older leaves. Internodal growth is reduced and stalk becomes short. If deficiency continues, the tips and margins of older leaves become necrotic.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Taken up as H2PO4- , HPO4-- (Orthophosp (Orthophosphate hate ions). H2PO4- and HPO4-- are absorbed better at low and high pH respectively. Some phosphorus is also absorbed in its organic form i.e. Nucleic acid and phytin.
Integral part of ADP and ATP (Adenosine di and tri phosphate) which are energy storage and transfer agents. The energy basically generated through photosynthesis, stored and transported by ADP and AT P is used in vegetative and reproductive growth.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….
Important component of nucleic acid coenzymes, nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and sugar phosphates
Helps in seed formation and reproductive growth
Adequate P availability is necessary for development, high yield of sugarcane and sucrose
P application for sugarcane is required in all types of soils
Deficiency of P results in inadequate use of moisture, and nutrients
Deficiency of P is more prominent in ratoon crop
root
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….
Deficiency
symptoms
first
appear on older leaves, which turn bluish green in colour. Red and purple colour is also seen. Internode length, total stalk
length
diameter
are
and
stalk
reduced.
In
acute deficiency leaf foliage dies back from leaf tip and along leaf margins.
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Potassium is taken up as K + ion.
In plants mostly it exists as K+ ion and does not react with other substance to form coordinated compounds.
Being in ionic form helps to maintain Turgidity of cells and plants. Deficiency of K results in malfunctioning of stomata; hence reduction in photosynthesis
80% enzymes inside plants require K+ for their activation.
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Provides osmotic pull that draws water into plant roots. K deficient plants are less able to use available soil moisture.
K regulates stomatal opening and hence decide rate of transpiration.
K helps in formation of ATP and ADP which are store houses and transporting agents of energy.
Uptake of N is also reduced in K deficient plants. This is also due to less production of ATP and ADP.
K application for sugarcane is required for all types of soils
POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency
of
K
results
in
depressed growth, slender stalk, and distortion of leaves to orange or reddish brown, Symptoms first appear on older leaves. Severe deficiency cause distortion of leaf spindle producing bunchy top.
Due to K deficiency use efficiency of other nutrients and water also goes down.
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE
Sulfur is absorbed as So4++
Small quantities of So2 can also be absorbed through leaves, but high concentrations are toxic.
Elemental S can also be absorbed in limited quantity through leaves.
Required for synthesis of S – containing amino acids which are essential components of protein.
S is also needed for synthesis of other metabolites like Co enzyme A and vitamin B1
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…
Sulfur as nutrient is not required to be added as sufficient quantity is present in some N, P and K fertilizers. It is also present in atmosphere as SO 2 and SO3 which is added to soil along with rain water
Sulfur when added help in reducing soil pH and improve availability of micronutrients which is best at 7 to 7.5 pH whereas normally soils in R.Y.Khan have pH above 8. Its
addition
recommended.
as
soil
ameliorator
in
furrows
is
SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…
Sulfur
deficiency
characterized
by
is
general
chlorosis and yellowing of leaves, especially younger leaves. The young leaves may develop a faint purplish ting
on
their
margins.
Leaves become small and narrow.
CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE Ca
is absorbed as Ca++
Important
for structure and permeability of cell membrane.
Ca
enhances up take of No3 - N.
Our
soils are basically calcareous and there are remote chances of its deficiency.
Shortage
of Ca, if any , will lead to rapid deterioration of plant health
CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE… Ca
deficiency result in
limited top and root growth, older leaves acquire rusty appearance and show signs of mottling and chlorosis. Young leaves are distorted
MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE
Mg is absorbed as Mg++
Primary constituent of the chlorophyll molecule – 15 to 20 % w/w of chloroph chlorophyll yll
Very important for protein synthesis
Magnesium is important component of the chlorophyll molecule and is essinal for photosynth photosynthesis esis photosynthes is
So for this element is not deficient in our soils
MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE… Its
is
deficiency, if any, distinguished
by
rust like red bricking (light brown spot) on older leaves.
BORON REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed by plants as boric acid (H3 BO3)
Very important for the developme development nt of meristematic tissues
Helps in flowering and fruit development
Helps in translocation of sugars, sugars, starches, starches, N and P
Boron is readily leached from root zone
Its application in furrows at sowing is recommended @ 1 lb B per acre in case it is found deficient in any field after soil test
In B deficient plants young leaves contain clear lesions or water sacks.
COPPER REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed by plants as Cu++
Absorption of Cu is decreased with increase in pH
Can be applied through soil and foliage folia ge
So far it is not deficient in our soils
Copper deficiency, if any, is characterized by dark green spots on slightly chlorite and wilted leaf blade.
IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Iron is absorbed by plant roots as Fe++ and Fe+++
Very important for some metabolic processes
Important for oxidation and reduction reactions within the plants
Important for chlorophyll synthesis
So far it is not deficient in our soils for sugarcane growing
IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency of Iron result in new leaves bearing yellowish
intervenous
chlorosis while mid rib may remain green.
MANGANESE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
It is absorbed by plants as Mn++
Helps in photosynthesis
Takes part in oxidation reduction processes
Deficiency of manganese result in Intervenous chlorosis of newer leaves which progresses into grey-brownish lesions.
ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Zn is important for chlorophyll formation
Zn deficiency deficiency is mostly mostly due to to anaerobic condition conditionss and high h igh hig h P contents.
Zn is less available in alkaline soils as compared to neutral and acids soils
Zn deficiency effect ability of plants to regulate P accumulation.
ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…
Deficiency of Zn result in
Plants
reduced
having
a
development
and a smaller leaf area formation possible
with
a
intervenous
cholorisis which begins at the new leaves.
SILICON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed by plants as monosilicic acid - Si(OH) 4
It contributes to the structure of the cell walls
Reduces water loss from the plant
Retard fungal infection
SODIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed
by plants as Na +
Important for maintaining turgor Help
in Co2-fixation
CHLORIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
It is absorbed by plants as Cl-
Concentration in plants is 0.2 to 10% Concentration
It plays role in cation neutralization
Maintain turgor of leaves
Suppress many diseases in plants
MOLYBDENUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE
Absorbed as molybdate (MoO4++)
Have a role in iron absorption and its translocation within plants
Molybdenum deficiency is not frequent. However, a low level of this nutrient in the tissues affects the nitrogen assimilation of the plant. Blotchy appearance may occur on lower leaves.
