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hc#ce hc#ce %!mi %!mie& e&um umcm cm &crc &crcml ml !$% !$%kr kr hcm hcm ie%k ie%kr+ r+ ec$c ec$c hc#ce hc#ce %!#c %!#ccm cmcm cm $!lictcmmc /cru hitiml$ct$cm) @!lict @!lictcm cm %!mue %!mue%u$ %u$cm cm cml cml t!r!m?c t!r!m?cmc mc hc%ct hc%ct e!mum e!mumcml cml $!#cm? $!#cm?crcm crcm h!#iN!r h!#iN!r cml ulc hc%ct hc%ct e!e%!r#cm?cr e!e%!r#cm?cr cru &crcml cml cml $!#ucr hcm ecu$ hi hc#ce hc#ce luhc luhcml ml++ $!eu $!euhc hc/c /cm m hc#c hc#ce e e!m e!mie ie%c %cm m !rtc !rtc %!m? %!m?cri cricm cm hcm hcm %!ric%cm &crcml !/imllc tihc$ t!rchi %!mue%u$cm &crcml cml &!r#!&i/cm hi hc#ce hc#ce luhcml luhcml c$i&ct c$i&ct &!#ue &!#ue ec$ie ec$iec#m c#mcc %!mllu %!mllumcc mccm m rucml rucml !/iml !/imllc lc tihc$ t!r?c%ci !
38
E!#i/ct E!#i/ct %!rluhcm %!rluhcmlcm lcm ^"): ^"):il il K?!cm "rcm%k "rcm%krtcec rtcec t!rhc%ct t!rhc%ct &!&!rc%c &!&!rc%c %!recc#c/cm cmtcrc #cim !riml t!rchimc $!tihc$ !ucicm %!mctccm &crcml hi$cr!mc$cm e!tkh! %!mue%u$cm &crcml cml tihc$ !uci h!mlcm %rk!hur hcm tctc #!tc$ &crcml cml $urcml $urcml hi%!r/cti$c hi%!r/cti$cm m !/imllc !/imllc hc%ct e!ml/ce&ct e!ml/ce&ct %rk! ecu$ hcm $!#ucrmc &crcml ulc eci/ t!rhc%ct $c%citc luhcml cml tihc$ t!r%c$ci h!mlcm k%tiec# umtu$ %!mue%u$cm &crcml !%!rti %kii &crcml cml eci/ e!mllumc$cm %c##!tiO! h!mlcm %!m!e%ctcm cml tihc$ t!rctur hcm tihc$ &!rhccr$cm -c$tu $!hctcmlcm &crcml ctcu Dirt Im Dirt Kut 'DIDK,) Q!/imllc Q!/imllc e!mu#it$cm e!mu#it$cm umtu$ umtu$ e!m?cri e!m?cri hcm e!m!e%ct$cm e!m!e%ct$cm &crcml cml !uci h!mlcm ih!mtitcmc+ !rtc %!mllumccm uti#ici #uc #cmtci cml tihc$ !
39
^X. ^X. DRCMC DRCMC GCY GCYC ACTLK ACTLK HCM ^X. ^X. AI^X AI^XC @TIHC @TIHC DCJCTI DCJCTI HI GC@CTXC XCJRM 4>34#.
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43
*c-cm?crc e!ru%c$cm uctu t!$mi$ %!mlue%u#cm hctc h!mlcm c#cm e!mlchc$cm $keumi$ci h!mlcm ue&!r hctc) @keumi$ci t!r!&ut hi#c$u$cm h!mlcm hic#kl 'tcmc c-c&, !?crc #icm+ &ci$ #cmluml ecu%um tihc$ #cmluml t!r$cit h!mlcm k&!$ %!m!#it icm) 1, Cml$ Cml$!t !t '@u! '@u!ik ikm! m!r, r, Cml$!t e!ru%c$cm c#ct %!mlue%u#cm hctc cml hicu$cm %chc r!%kmh!m !?crc t!rtu#i) (ctc cml imlim hi$ue%u#$cm t!r!&ut hic& hic&cr cr$c $cm m hc#ce hc#ce &!mt &!mtu$ u$ %!rt %!rtcm cmccm ccm t!rtu t!rtu#i #i hcm hcm r!%k r!%kmh mh!m !m e!e&!ri$cm c-c&cm !?crc t!rtu#i *. ^b-bf)')& ^b-bf)')&- @b?8' @b?8'&&& &&&- ! Fidrcry Fidrcry Tbsbcraj Tbsbcraj""
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44
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DCD II
FCMHCQCM XBKTI
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e!e%!r#ce&ct N!ri, !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct rcml$iml ';,) ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+3;H1+ !hcml$cm mi#ci cmtcrcmc ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk citu >+3;3H hcm mi#ci t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+3;8H) "imhc$cm ^") ^") :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm "rcm%kr %krtce tcecc chc#c/ chc#c/ /cru /cru e!e%!rt e!e%!rtc/c c/cm$c m$cm m $!umll $!umllu#c u#cm m t!r!&ut) 4) C%!$ 8utcwc: = 8utcwc: = %!eimhc/cm &crcml (cri /ci# tc&!# IA)0 hc%ct hi$!tc/ui &c/-c imhi$ctkr %!r%imhc/cm &crcml #cmluml $! t!e%ct %!mie%cmcm ', hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '30, !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '3,) ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+1099 hi&cmhiml$cm h!mlcm %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc+ mi#ci cmtcrc hi%!rk#!/ ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk h!mlcm mi#ci >+1909 hcm mi#ci cml t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") .i%tc .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+1;1) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut) Imhi$ctkr Imhi$ctkr %!mi#cicm %!mi#cicm %!eimhc/cm %!eimhc/cm $!hc!rc/hc! $!hc!rc/hc!rc/ rc/ umtu$ umtu$ %!ic#ici %!ic#ici %!mie%cmcm '0, hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '3, !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '1,) &c/-c ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec
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e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+4;;9 hi&cmhiml %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc citu ^") :ucmc :ucmc Gcc Gcc .crlk .crlk e!e%!r e!e%!rk#! k#!/ / mi#ci mi#ci cmtcrc cmtcrc >+4;1 >+4;1 hcm ^") ^") .i%tc .i%tc @rihc @rihc :c/cri e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!r!mhc/ citu >+ 4;>H) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut) Rmtu$ imhi$ctkr %!r%imhc/cm umtu$ %!mliriecm $!#ucr ';, hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml ', !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '34,) ^!rk#!/cm mi#ci t!rtimlli umtu$ ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+310 !hcml$cm mi#ci cmtcrc hi%!rk#!/ ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk >+340H hcm mi#ci t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") :il K?!cm trcm%krtcec) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri #!&i/ umllu# umllu# hc#ce hc#ce e!mcml e!mcmlcmi cmi %!r%im %!r%imhc/ hc/cm cm umtu$ umtu$ %!mliri %!mliriecm ecm &crcml &crcml $! #ucr #ucr $cr!m $cr!mcc %!tu %!tulc lc luhc luhcml ml uhc uhc/ / t!r# t!r#cti cti/ / hcm hcm $/u $/uu u e!mc e!mcml mlcm cmii 8utcwc: hihu$uml h!mlcm ekhc %!eimhc/cm &crcml cml $/uu umtu$ e!mluru %rk! t!r!&ut = tihc$ hilumc$cm umtu$ $!lictcm cml #cim) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!r&ci$i /c# t!r!&ut h!mlcm ?crc e!mli$uti %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc cml #!&i/ umllu#) umllu#) 1) C%!$ krhbr 8i4`iml = = %!mlce&i#cm %!cmcm %!#cmllcm %!#cmllcm (cri (cri /ci /ci## tc&! tc&!## IA) IA)0 hc%c hc%ctt hi$! hi$!tc tc/u /uii &c/&c/-cc imhi imhi$c $ctk tkrr %!mi %!mi#c #cic icm m %!mlce&i#cm !#uru/ euctcm 'H, hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '31, !hc !hcml ml$c $cm m hcri hcri ii ii %!#c %!#cml mllc lcm m e!mh e!mhc% c%ct ct rcml$ rcml$im iml l '9,) '9,) ^") ^") :il :il K?!c K?!cm m "rcm%krtcec >+4+ !hcml$cm ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk hcm ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/c :c/cri ri e!e% e!e%!r !rk# k#!/ !/ mi#ci mi#ci t!r!m t!r!mhc hc/ / >+49 >+498H 8H)) "imhc imhc$c $cm m ^") ^") :il :il K?!c K?!cm m "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut)
H;
Imhi$c Imhi$ctkr tkr %!mi#ci %!mi#cicm cm %!mlce %!mlce&i# &i#cm cm !&cli !&clicm cm euctcm euctcm '3>, '3>, hcri hcri ii ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml ';, !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '3>,) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+30>1 !hcml$cm ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci cmtcrc >+310+ hcm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!r!mhc/ >+3H9) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli hi$cr!mc$cm %!tulc cml e!mcmlcmimc t!#iti %chc cct %!m!#!$icm hcm %!mkrtircm &crcml cml c$cm hice&i# ) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!r&ci$i ctcu e!mli$uti $!umllu#cm %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc) Imhi Imhi$c $ctk tkrr %!mi %!mi#c #cic icm m %!ml %!mlce ce&i &i#c #cm m euct euctcm cm %!r %!r Okmc Okmc '33 '33, hcri hcri ii ii ecmc ecmc!e !e!m !m e!mh e!mhc% c%ct ct rcml rcml$i $iml ml '8, '8, !hcm !hcml$ l$cm cm hcri hcri %!ml %!mllc lcm m e!mh e!mhc% c%ct ct rcml$i rcml$iml ml '38,) '38,) ^") ^") :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm "rcm%kr %krtce tcecc e!e%!r e!e%!rk#! k#!/ / mi#ci mi#ci t!rtiml t!rtimlli li >+>;;1+ !hcml$cm ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk e!mhc%ct mi#ci cmtcrc >+>;09+ hcm mi#ci mi#ci t!r!m t!r!mhc/ hc/ hi%! hi%!rk rk#! #!/ / ^") ^") .i%t .i%tcc @rih @rihcc :c/c :c/cri ri h!ml h!mlcm cm mi#ci mi#ci >+>; >+>;;3 ;3)) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut) 8) C%!$ stkrclb = stkrclb = %!mie%cmcm euctcm (cri (cri /ci# /ci# tc&!# tc&!# IA) IA)0 hc%ct hc%ct hi$!tc/ hi$!tc/ui ui &c/-c &c/-c imhi$ct imhi$ctkr kr %!#cc %!#ccmcm mcm $c%citc $c%citc euctcm euctcm #cmtci '34, hcri ii ecmc!e!m ecmc!e!m e!e%!rk#!/ e!e%!rk#!/ rcml$iml rcml$iml '38, !hc !hcml ml$c $cm m hcri hcri ii ii %!#c %!#cml mllc lcm m e!mh e!mhc% c%ct ct rcml$ rcml$im iml l '8,) '8,) ^") ^") :il :il K?!c K?!cm m "rcm%krtcec e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+4;8> hcm mic#i cmtcrc hi%!rk#!/ ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk citu >+40>9+ !hcml$cm mi#ci t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^")
HH
.i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+4;48) "imhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut) Imhi$ctkr %!mi#cicm ue#c/+ u$urcm hcm #k$ci %imtu%imtu'31, hcri ii ecmc ecmc!e !e!m !m e!e% e!e%!rk !rk#! #!/ / rcml rcml$i $iml ml '1, '1, !hcm !hcml$ l$cm cm hcri hcri ii ii %!#c %!#cml mllc lcm m e!e%!rk#!/ rcml$iml '39,) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+>40 + mi#ci cmtcrc hi%! hi%!rk rk#! #!/ / ^") ^") :ucm :ucmcc Gc Gcc .crl .crlk k hcm hcm ^") ^") :il :il K?!c K?!cm m "rcm% cm%kr krtc tcec ec e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!r!mhc/ >+>44) @!umllu#cm ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri hc#ce /c# ue#c/+ u$urcm hcm #k$ci %imtu $cr!mc uhc/ e!e!mu/i tcmhcrt luhcml cml &ci$ ii $iri luhcml h!mlcm ii $cmcm luhcml e!ei#i$i %imtu hcm u$urcm u$urcm cml cml cec) cec) "imh "imhc$c c$cm m ^") ^") :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm%k rcm%krtce rtcecc chc#c/ chc#c/ /cru /cru e!e%!r&ci$i /c# t!r!&ut ctcu e!mli$uti $!umllu#cm %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc) Imhi$c Imhi$ctkr tkr %!mi#ci %!mi#cicm cm crc$+ crc$+ u$urcm u$urcm hcm ue#c/ ue#c/ $k#ke $k#ke '38, '38, hcri hcri ii ecmc ecmc!e !e!m !m e!e% e!e%!rk !rk#!/ #!/ rcml rcml$i $iml ml '34, '34, !hc !hcml ml$c $cm m hcri hcri ii ii %!#c %!#cml mllc lcm m e!e%!rk#!/ rcml$iml ',) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!rtimlli >+>4>H >+>4>H++ mi#ci mi#ci cmtcrc cmtcrc hi%!rk hi%!rk#!/ #!/ ^") ^") :ucmc :ucmc Gcc Gcc .crlk .crlk >+48;H >+48;H++ hcm mi#ci mi#ci t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec >+49H) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri :c/cri #!&i/ #!&i/ umllu umllu## hi&cmh hi&cmhiml iml %!ruc %!ruc/cc /ccm m #cim $cr!mc $cr!mc crc$+ crc$+ u$urcm u$urcm hcm ue#c/ $k#ke umtu$ e!mie%cm &crcml uhc/ e!e!mu/i crct luhcml cml &ci$ hcm $k#ke %!mie%cmcm &crcmlmc ulc e!ei#i$i %!i
3>>
9) C%!$ sji88iml = = %!mliriecm euctcm :!rh :!rhc ccr cr$c $cm m
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%!ml!#ucrcm &crcml '39, hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '3, !hcml$cm hcri ii i i %!#cmllcm e!mhc%ct$cm rcml$iml '30,) 6cml 6cml e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci mi#ci t!rtiml t!rtimlli li ^") ^") .i%tc .i%tc @rihc @rihc :c/cri :c/cri >+>4>H >+>4>H++ mi#ci mi#ci cmtcrc cmtcrc hi%!rk hi%!rk#!/ #!/ ^") ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk >+>4>9+ hcm mi#ci cml t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec >+>4>0) ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri #!&i/ umllu# hc#ce %!#ccmcm %rk! %!ml!#ucrcm &crcml hi$cr!mc$cm &cmc$ %imtu%imtu umtu$ e!#c$u$cm %rk! t!r!&ut) K#!/ $cr!mc $cr! mc itu timhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!r&ci$i /c# t!r!&ut ctcu e!mli$uti $!umllu#cm %!ruc/ccm %!cimlmc) Imhi$ctkr %!#ccmcm %!e!ri$ccm &crcml cml c$cm hi$c%c#$cm '3, hcri ii ecmc!e!m e!mhc%ct rcml$iml '33, !hcml$cm hcri ii %!#cmllcm e!mhc% e!mhc%ct ct rcml$i rcml$iml ml '0,) '0,) 6cml e!e%!r e!e%!rk#!/ k#!/ mi#ci mi#ci t!rtim t!rtimlli lli ^") ^") :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm%krtcec >+48>9+ mi#ci cmtcrc hi%!rk#!/ ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk+ hcm mi#ci t!r!mhc/ hi%!rk#!/ ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+4183) K#!/ $cr!mc itu timhc$cm ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec /cru e!e%!rtc/cm$cm $!umllu#cm t!r!&ut) Imhi$ctkr %rmi#cicm N!ri+3088+ ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci cmtcrc >+39; hcm cml e!e%!rk#!/ mi#ci t!r!mhc/ citu ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri >+3;3) K#!/ $cr!m r!mc
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3>3
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3>4
:ucmc Gcc .crlk hcm ^") .i%tc @rihc :c/cri hi Gc$crtc "c/um 4>34+ h!mlcm e!mllumc$cm e!tkh! dbm4jecr`iml '%ctk$ '%ctk$ hulc, hc%ct hice&i# $!ie%u#cm !&clci &!ri$ut7 >. E!tkh! dbm4jecr`iml $ke%!titi< $ke%!titi< cml hi#c$cmc$cm %chc ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%kr "rcm%krtcec tcec !&clci %!#c$cmc %!#c$cmc dbm4jecr`im dbm4jecr`iml. l. ^") :ucmc Gcc .crlk hcm hcm
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rb4bi1iml = %!m!rieccm &crcml hi luhcml+ 8utcwc: = 8utcwc: = %!eimhc/cm &crcml hi luhcml+ krhbr 8i4`iml = = %!mlce&i#cm %!cmcm+ stkrclb %!cmcm+ stkrclb = %!mie%cmcm &crcml hi luhcml hcm sji88iml hcm sji88iml = %!mliriecm &crcml hcri luhcml) "!rhc%ct 30 ctri ctri&u &utt %!#c %!#ccm cmcm cm cit citu u ^!e&k ^!e&kml ml$c $crcm rcm %rkh %rkhu$ u$ c$tu c$tuc# c# hcri hcri ekhc ekhc %!mlcml$utcm+ ^!e&crucm ?ctctcm %!r!hiccm luhcml+ ^!e!ri$ccm $!ruc $!ruc$cm $cm &crcml &crcml++ A!ri
3>1
N. Jci# dbm4jecr`iml hcri hcri %!rcimlcm %!rcimlcm %!#ccmcm %!#ccmcm cc wcrbjkusiml ^") ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec hcri tuu/ &!#c imhi$ctkr %!#ccmcm umllu# h!mlcm Q!%u Q!%u#u #u/ /
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3>8
3) E!ml!e&cml$cm e!tkh! dbm4 dbm4je jecr cr`i `iml ml umtu$ umtu$ e!ml!N e!ml!Nc#u c#uci ci c%!$ c%!$ %!#ccmcm cc wcrbjkusiml %chc %chc ^") ^") :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm "rcm%kr %krtce tcecc #!&i/ #!&i/ #cmut cml hc%ct hi%rc$crci k#!/ ecmc!e!m h!mlcm t!r#!&i/ hc/u#u e!miml e!miml$ct $ct$cm $cm $uc#itc $uc#itc %!#cc %!#ccmcm mcm hcm $!umll $!umllu#c u#cm m %!ruc %!ruc/cc /ccm m !mhir !mhirii !rt !rtcc ^") ^") :ucm :ucmcc Gc Gcc .crl .crlk k hcm hcm ^") ^") .i%t .i%tcc @rih @rihcc :c/c :c/cri ri !&c !&clc lcii %!e&cmhiml) 4) E!tkh! dbm4jecr`iml cml cml hi#c$u$cm k#!/ %!m!#iti hc%ct hichi$cm c?ucm &cli %!#c$cmcm dbm4jecr`iml k#!/ k#!/ ^") ^") :il :il K?!cm K?!cm "rcm rcm%k %krt rtcec cec ecmc!e!m h!mlcm tk#k$ u$ur cml #!&i/ e!echci) N. E!ml E!mlch chc$ c$cm cm %!r& %!r&ci$ ci$cm cm %!r& %!r&ci ci$c $cm m t!r/ t!r/ch chc% c% c%! c%!$ $ %!#c %!#ccmc cmcm m cc cc wcrbjkusiml ^") ^") :il K?!cm "rcm% "rcm%krtcec krtcec h!mlcm h!mlcm e!mlc?u e!mlc?u %chc #iec c%!$ %!$ %!#c !#cccmcm mcm
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^!r&ci$cm ^!r&ci$cm %!r&ci$cm %!r&ci$cm t!r!&ut t!r!&ut e!ml!mci e!ml!mci $uc#itc $uc#itc %!#ccmcm %!#ccmcm t!r/chc% %!#cmllcm hcm %!mlc-ccm ecmc!e!m $!%chc %!tulc #c%cmlcm = luhcml) Qcrcm %!ml!e&cmlcm &cli ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec chc#c/ e!e&!mtu$ tie rbsbcr4j cmh hb1bfk8ebmt wcrbjkusiml + e!e&!mtu$ tie ri!t %ccr+ %!mlc-ccm cml #!&i/ $!tct hi#c$u$cm ecmc!e!m ^") :il K?!cm "rcm%krtcec t!r/chc% $crc-cmmc hi luhcml hcm %!mce&c/cm %!rc#ctcm &kml$cr euct &crcml hi luhcml)
3>9
HC$XCT ^RQXC@C
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