Sistem Komunikasi Satelit

PNPVCJ BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV XCEFMDSASME Fmamj crm lagomansmsn scpcrtn scbmrmel nen bcoutudme jmeusnm mbme neigrjmsn smelmtamd pcetnel% Pcdnellm uetub jcefmpmtbme neigrjmsn jcrcbm dmrus smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn fcelme ymel amneeym% Fcelme oclntu smrmem uetub   ocrbgjuenbmsn kulm scjmbne omeymb omeymb rmlmjeym scnrnel fcelme ocrtmjomd jmkueym tcbegagln smmt nen% Vcbegagln bgjuenbmsn mtmu Vcacbgjuenbmsn ocrbcjomel fcelme pcsmt sckmame fcelme pcrbcjomelme naju pcelctmdume fme tcbegagln ymel kulm  ocrbcjomel fcelme `cpmt% Dma nen fmpmt fnandmt fcelme fntcjubmeeym `mrm bgjuenbmsn fcelme kmrmb ymel `ubup kmud fcelme jcelluembme jcfnm tcrtcetu% Bgjuenbmsn fmtm jcrupmbme lmouelme fum jm`mj tcbenb! ymntu tcbenb  bgjuenbmsn fme tcbenb pcelgamdme fmtm% Mfmpue sumtu bgjuenbmsn fmpmt tcrkmfn mpmonam ;

M%

*

Mfmeym neigrjmsn' fmtm ymel mbme fnbnrnjbme' fntcrnjm

*

Mfmeym pcjme`mr neigrjmsn

*

Mfmeym jcfnm trmesjnsn neigrjmsn

*

Mfmeym pcecrnjm neigrjmsn

*

Mfmeym bcscpmbmtme' prgtgbga pcelmtur bgjuenbmsn

KCENP BGJSENBMPN

Pc`mrm jcefmsmr! bgjuenbmsn fnomln jcekmfn tnlm kcens! ymntu ; m%

Pnjpa cx J gfc 

Fmpmt kulm fnscout bgjuenbmsn smtu mrmd% Bgjuenbmsn kcens nen jcanomtbme bgefnsn fnjmem dmeym mfm smtu pcjme`mr fme smtu pcecrnjm% Mrtneym! fnsmmt  pcjme`mr scfmel jcelnrnj neigrjmsn! pcjme`mr tcrscout tnfmb onsm jcecrnjm bcjoman rcspge fmrn amwme bgjuenbmsneym% Oclntupuam fnsmmt pcecrnjm jcecrnjm neigrjmsn fmrn pcjme`mr! pcecrnjm tcrscout kulm tnfmb fmpmt jcelnrnjbme bcjoman neigrjmsn bcpmfm amwme bgjuenbmsneym% Fcelme bmtm amne! tcrkmfn pcjnefmdme

=6

neigrjmsn metmrm pcecrnjm fme pcjme`mr! emjue tnfmb mfm tnjoma omanb ' rcspge fmrn jmsnel*jmsnel bgjpgece tcrscout% @getgd fmrn bgjuenbmsn kcens nen ymntu  orgmf`mst snmrme tcacvnsn fme rmfng%

bgjuenbmsn snjpacx

Orgmf`mst tcacvnsn scomlmn `getgd bgjuenbmsn snpacx o%

D mai*Fupacx mai*Fupacx J gfc  gfc 

Jcrupmbme bgjuenbmsn fum mrmd% Ocrocfm fcelme snjpacx jgfc! fmamj Dmai* fupacx jgfc! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt tcrkmfn tnjoma omanb ' rcspge% Kmfn! pmfm bgefnsn tcrtcetu! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt smanel  ocrtubmr neigrjmsn! fcelme jcjomanbbme bgefnsn fnjmem pcjme`mr ocrpcrme jcekmfn pcecrnjm! oclntupuam pcecrnjm fmpmt jcekmfn pcjme`mr% Emjue! fmamj snstcj nen! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm tnfmb onsm scbmanlus smanel ocrtubmr  neigrjmsn! fnbmrcembme dmeym jcelluembme smtu kmaur trmesjnsn!scdnellm dmrus  ocrlmetnme fmamj jcelnrnjbme neigrjmsn% @getgd bgjuenbmsn kcens nen mfmamd rmfng bgjuenbmsn $DV.

Bgjuenbmsn dmai fupacx

_mfng DV scomlmn `getgd Bgjuenbmsn dmai fupacx

=3

`%

I uaa *Fupacx *Fupacx J gfc  gfc 

Iuaa*fupacx jgfc jcrupmbme bgjuenbmsn fum mrmd puam! emjue fmamj snstcj nen! ymel jcjocfmbmeeym fcelme snstcj Dmai*fupacx jgfc mfmamd snstcj nen jcelluembme fum kmaur trmesjnsn! fnjmem kmaur trmesjnsn pcrtmjm ocriuelsn uetub bgjuenbmsn fmrn jcfnm M bc O! scfmelbme kmaur trmesjnsn bcfum fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn fmrn jcfnm O bc M% Pcdnellm! metmrm jcfnm ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym fmpmt tcrkmfn pcrtubmrme neigrjmsn amelsuel tmepm pcrau ocrlmetnme jcelluembme kmaur trmesjnsn% @getgd bgjuenbmsn nen mfmamd tcacpge! dmefpdgec! dmefpdgec! faa%

Bgjuenbmsn iuaa fupacx

Dmefpdgec scomlmn `getgd bgjuenbmsn iuaa fupacx

O%

PNPVCJ VCACBGJSENBMPN

Pnstcj tcacbgjuenbmsn ymel ocrbcjomel pcsmt scjmbne jcjufmdbme jmeusnm fmamj ocrtubmr neigrjmsn% Mfmpue snstcj bgjuenbmsn fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn ocrnbut;

m%

Ocrfmsmrb Ocrfmsmrb me A gbmsn  gbmsn  

Bgjuenbmsn rclngema ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn ymel fnluembme fn sumtu fmcrmd mtmu wnamymd fmamj sumtu eclmrm% Pmtcant fmamj snstce nen fnluembme uetub  bcpcetnelme prnomfn mtmu bcpcetnelme fmamj eclcrn

=9



Bgjuenbmsn fgjcstnb ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn ymel fnluembme bdusus uetub  sumtu eclmrm mtmu bgjuenbsmn pcromtmsme metmr fum eclmrm%



Bgjuenbmsn Netcremsngema ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn metmr eclmrm*eclmr fn scaurud fuenm

o%

Ocrfmsmrb Ocrfmsmrb me J cfnm Vr msjn msjn sn  

Bgjuenbmsn

bmoca

$wnrcf

`gjjuen`mtnge.

;

bgjuenbmsn

ymel

jcelluembme scoumd bmwmt $bmoca. pcelduouel pcelduouel scomlmn jcfnm trmesjnsn! `getgd ; kmrnelme tcacpge! kmrnelme AME agbma% 

Bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca $wnrcacss `gjjuen`mtnge. ; ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn bmoca! bgjuenbmsn kcens nen jcelluembme lcagjomel rmfng scomlmn jcfnm trmesjnsn neigrjmsn% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn nen! neigrjmsn fnbnrnjbme jcamaun prgscs jgfuamsn $pceujpmelme. bc sumtu pcjomwm $fmamj dma nen fnscout sneyma `mrrncr.! scdnellm fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb  ymel kmud tcrlmetuel ircbucesn lcagjomel rmfng ymel fnluembme% @getgd ; \n*in! \AME! rmfng aneb! dmefpdgec! oauctggtd! rmfng MJ'IJ! fme bgjuenbmsn smtcant%

Fmrn pcellgagelme fnmtms! bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca acond omeymb kcenseym! bmrcem jcjnanbn omeymb bcacondme*bcacondme fnomefnel bgjuenbmsn fcelme bmoca! jnsmaeym ; *

Fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb ymel acond kmud

*

Acond cinsnce fme iacbsnoca

*

Nestmamsn ymel acond jufmd fme rnelbms

*

Jcjnanbn jgonantms acond omnb 

Pc`mrm ujuj! bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca $wnrcacss. fmpmt fnlgagelbme jcekmfn fum kcens! ymntu ; =%

Bgju en bmsn bmsn Vcrcs Vcrcstn ma 

Bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma mfmamd bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme rcpcmtcr ocrupm stmsnue rcpcmtcr oujn% _cpcmtcr mfmamd sumtu pceluamel! fnjmem fmamj sumtu rcpcmtcr tcrfmpmt pcjme`mr $Vx. fme pcecrnjm $_x. ymel mbme

=<

jcecrusbme neigrjmsn bc tcjpmt ymel acond kmud% Pcomlmn lmjomrme! pcrdmtnbme `getgd ocrnbut ;

Fnjnsmabme sntc = fme sntc 6 ocrmfm fn fmcrmd ymel smanel ocrkmudme  kmrmbeym! scfmelbme fmym fm ym kmelbmu sntc sn tc = tnfmb jce`ubupn uetub smjpmn bc sntc 6%  Mlmr neigrjmsn ymel fnbnrnjbme fnbnrn jbme gacd sntc = fmpmt fntcrnjm fnt crnjm fn sntc 6! jmbm sneyma  neigrjmsn pcrtmjm bman fnbnrnjbme bc stmsnue rcpcmtcr tcracond fmduau% fmduau % Pctcamd ntu!  omruamd neigrjmsn ymel fntcrnjm rcpcmtcr fmrn sntc = gacd rcpcmtcr fntcrusbme bc  sntc 6% Fcelme fcjnbnme! bgeinlurmsn fmsmr sumtu rcpcmtcr fmpmt fnlmjomrbme scomlmn ocrnbut ;

Bgeinlurmsn rcpcmtcr 

=4

Fcelme fcjnbnme! rcpcmtcr fmpmt jcemjomd fmym kmelbmu sneyma ymel fnbnrnjbme mlmr fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb ymel acond kmud% Dma nenamd ymel jcrupmbme pceycomo bcempm fmamj bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme lcagjomel rmfng fmpmt acond jceluetuelbme% ^mel pmstn! fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! rcpcmtcr ymel fnluembme scamau ocrmfm fn oujn%

?%

Bgjue nb msn msn Pmtcan mtcan t 

Ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! pmfm bgjuenbmsn smtcant! rcpcmtcr  ymel fnluembme uetub snstcj nen mfmamd scoumd smtcant ymel ocrmfm fn mtjgsinr   oujn fcelme bctnellnme fme gront tcrtcetu% Pmtcant mfmamd scoumd stmsnue  pceluamel ymel fnactmbme pmfm bctnellnme tcrtcetu fnmtms pcrjubmme oujn ! kmfn fmpmt fnbmtmbme omdwm smtcant scomlmn rcpcmtcr melbmsm% Fcelme prnesnp sumtu rcpcmtcr fnluembme mlmr fmpmt jcecrusbme neigrjmsn! bgjuenbmsn smtcant fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn fcelme kmrmb ymel smelmt kmud% Pneyma neigrjmsn ymel sufmd fnjgfuamsn fcelme sneyma pcjomwm fnpme`mrbme bc amelnt dnellm fntcrnjm smtcant! bcjufnme smtcant bcjoman jcelnrnjbme neigrjmsn tcrscout bcpmfm  pcecrnjm ymel fntuku% Kcens bgjuenbmsn nen omeymb fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn netcremsngema! fnbmrcembme smtcant fnbmrcembme smtcant jcjnanbn fmym kmelbmu scocsmr scpcrtnlm omlnme oujn% oujn % Vcracond amln! bgjuenbmsn smtcant smelmt `g`gb fnluembme pmfm fmcrmd tcrpce`na mtmu fmcrmd ymel tcrfnrn fmrn puamu*puamu s cpcrtn Nefgecsnm%

=>

Pcocemreym! pmfm prnesnpeym bgjuenbmsn smtcant tnfmb kmud ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! ymel jcjocfmbmeeym dmeymamd rcpcmtcr ymel fnluembme% Bgeinlurmsn ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant pue tnfmb omeymb kmud  ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma%

Bgeinlurmsn bgjuenbmsn smtcant

Mfmpue bcjnrnpme iuelsn rcpcmtcr pmfm bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma fcelme bgjuenbmsn smtcant metmrm amne ; *

Pneyma neput bc metceem _cpcmtcr $I ne : I _x. rcamtnvc smelmt acjmd fme fmtmel fmrn smamd smtu uent mtmu mrmd%

*

Vcrkmfn jnxnel fcelme ag`ma gs`naamtgr scdnellm jceldmsnabme trmesamsn ircbucesn $I gut tnfmb smjm fcelme I ne.% Dma nen fnjmbsufbme mlmr tnfmb  tcrkmfn aggpom`b! ymntu pcecrnjmme ircbucesn ymel fnpme`mrbme scefnrn%

*

I gut mtmu I Vx rcpcmtcr fnpcrbumt fme fninatcr! amau bcjufnme fcelme fmym ymel rcamtni smelmt bumt fnpme`mrbme metcem uetub mrmd mtmu fmcrmd  kmelbmume ymel kmud fme aums

*

Jcjnanbn omefwnftd tcrtcetu fcelme magbmsn bmema*bmemaeym

*

Actmb'sntc rcpcmtcr ymel scamau fntcjpmtbme pmfm bctnellnme tcrkmjne fme tcrscacellmrm%

Fmamj ampgrme nen! smym mbme jcjigbusbme pgbgb omdmsme pmfm snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant% Fnsnen smym mbme jcekcamsbme tcetmel kcens*kcens smtcant!  pcelluemme ircbucesn fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! bgjpgece*bgjpgece ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! scrtm pcelluemme smtcant scomlmn YPMV $Ycry Pjmaa Mpmrturc Vcrjnema.

?8

BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV M%

BAMPNINBMPN PMVCANV

Pcpcrtn

sufmd

fnkcamsbme

scocaujeym!

bgjuenbmsn

smtcant

mfmamd

bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme rcpcmtcr ocrupm scoumd smtcant ymel  ocrmfm fn mtms pcrjubmme oujn% Pc`mrm tcgrn! mpmonam bntm ocrbgjuenbmsn jcelluembme sntcj nen! fcelme fmym kmelbmu scpcrtnlm omlnme oujn! jmbm fcelme tnlm smtcant smkm jmbm bntm sufmd fmpmt ocrbgjuenbmsn bc scaurud fuenm%  Emjue! pmfm bceymtmmeeym! smtcant tnfmb scamau scama u fnjmeimmtbme dmeym uetub  bgjuenbmsn% Mfm smtcant ymel tcractmb pmfm gront fme bctnellnme tcrtcetu ymel fnjmeimmtbme uetub sumtu pcjmbmnme tcrtcetu puam% Fme pcrau fnbctmdun! fn melbmsm tcrfmpmt omeymb scbman smtcant*smtcant! fcelme pcjmbmnme fme iuelsn tcrtcetu% Gacd bmrcem ntu! smtcant fmpmt fnbamsninbmsnbme scomlmn ocrnbut ; =% 

J ceu ru t Gront ' onfmel cfmr  cfmr 

Pmtcant Gront _cefmd $ ACG:Agw Cmrtd Gront .

Pmtcant nen ocrmfm pmfm bctnellnme =88*088 jnacs mtmu burmel acond ?%888 Bj! fme wmbtu ymel fnpraubme smtcant nen uetub jcelcananeln oujn mfmamd = bman fmamj =!3  kmj% Knbm K nbm bntm bnt m jcandmt fmrn oujn jmbm smtcant smtca nt nen n en mbme tcrandmt dmeym fmamj fmam j wmbtu ± kmj pcrdmrn% Gacd bmrcem ntu! smtcant nen kmrmel fnluembme fmamj tcacbgjuenbmsn bmrcem tnfmb jceluetuelbme%



* Bctnellnme

; <38 * ?%388 bj

* Xcrngfc

; ? * ?!3 kmj

Pmtcant Gront Pcfmel $JCG:Jcfnuj Cmrtd Gront.

Pmtcant

nen

jcjpueymn

gront

canps

fcelme

bctnellnme

9888*=?888

jnacs!wmbtu uetub smtu bman putmrme jcelcananeln oujn metmrm 3*=? kmj fme dmeyme fmpmt fnandmt metmrm ?*6 kmj'dmrn% Pmtcant nen burmel jceluetuelbme omln bgjuenbmsn *

Bctnellnme; <%388  ‐  =8%888 bj

*

Xcrngfc; 6!3 * 9 kmj

?=



Pmtcant Gront Vnelln

Pmtcant nen jcjpueymn gront fcelme bctnellnme =3%888  ‐  ?8%888 Bj fmrn oujn% @getgd pcjmeimmtme smtcant nen mfmamd LXP $Lagoma Xgsntngenel Pystcj.



* Bctnellnme

; =3888*?8888 bj

* Xcrngfc

; ==*=? kmj

Pmtcant Gront Xgamr

Pmtcant kcens nen jcjnanbn gront jcacwmtn fmcrmd butuo



Pmtcant Gront Nebanemsn

Pmtcant ymel wmbtu rgtmsneym smjm fcelme oujn! emjue tnfmb ocrmfm tcpmt fn bdmtuanstnwm



Pmtcant Gront Lcg*Ptmsngecr Lcg*Ptmsngecr $smtcant Lcg*Pye`drgegus. Lcg*Pye`drgegus.

*Bctnellnme ; 09888 bj *Xcrngfc

; ?6 kmj

Pmtcant nen jcjpueymn gront fnmtms cbumtgr fcelme bctnellnme 09%888 Bj fmrn  oujn $??%088 jnacs.% Pmtcant ymel jcjpueymn bctnellnme scpcrtn nen anetmsmeeym mbme jcelcananeln oujn fcelme wmbtu ?6 kmj! jmbm smtcant nen mbme scamau tmjpmb  fnmj tcrdmfmp sumtu pcrjubmme oujn% Dma nen fnbmrcembme wmbtu rgtmsneym smjm fcelme oujn% Pmtcant kcens nen pmanel jceluetuelbme fme omeymb fnpmbmn bmrcem smtcant nen scamau tmjpmb fnmj tcrdmfmp sumtu tntnb fn pcrjubmme oujn! jmbm onmym uetub jcelgetrga smtcant nen rcefmd% Bmrcem tcrandmt scamjm ?6 kmj! jmbm duouelmeeym tnfmb pcremd tcrputus% Pcamne ntu! kcens smtcant nenamd ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mlmr pcelmrmdme metcem pmfm smtcant jcekmfn acond jufmd fnambubme%

@getgd smtcant bgjuenbmsn gront lcgsye`drgegus lcgsye`drgegus ; Netcasmt!

 pmampm! fso%

?%

J ceur ut iuelsn iuelsn ; 



Pmtcant jmtm*jmtm! tcrjmsub smtcant mrjcf igr`c mef fcicesc $jnantcr.



Pmtcant @um`m fme Emvnlmsn

??



Pmtcant Xcelnefcrmme Kmrmb Kmud fme Xcjctmme Oujn $rcjgtc $ rcjgtc scesnel mef cmrtd jmppnel .



Pmtcant pceycanfnbme $rcscmr`d $rcscmr`d..



Pmtcant Bgjuenbmsn

0%

J ceu r ut snstc snstcj j stmona stmona ntms 



Pmtcant spne



Pmtcant 0*mxns

?0

O% Gront smtcant Lcgsye`drgegus Lcgsye`drgegus $gront lcgstmsngecr. lcgstmsngecr.

Xmfm tmdue =>63!Mrtdur @% @amrbc jceymtmbme omdwm; ‑Pcoumd smtcant fcelme gront anelbmrme pmfm onfmel Cbumtgr fcelme rmfnus 03%496

bj mbme jcjnanbn pcrngfm pcrngfm $V. ymel smjm fcelme pcrngfm rgtmsn oujn‚%

Vcamd bntm bctmdun omdwm smtcant bgjuenbmsn tcractmb pmfm gront lcgstmsngecr fcelme bctnellnme ½ 09%888 Bj fn mtms lmrns cqumtgr  $bdmtuanstnwm.% \mbtu rgtmsn ymel fnoutudbme gacd smtcant nen smjm fcelme wmbtu ymel fnoutudbme oujn uetub ocrgtmsn $?6 kmj.% Gacd bmrcem ntu! bmrcem actmbeym ymel scamau tctmp fme jcelnbutn pcrputmrme oujn! jmbm fnluembmeamd smtcant fn gront nen scomlmn smtcant bgjuenbmsn%

?6

Xgsnsn smtcant ymel scamau tctmp tcrscout fnjmbsufbme mlmr pmfm smmt metcem fnmrmdbme bc smtcant! mrmd metcem tcrscout fmpmt fnbctmdun fcelme pmstn% Xmfm gront lcgstmsngecr! anelbmrme gront ymel ymel tcrocetub fnscout `ne`ne `amrbc% @ne`ne `amrbc nen jcrupmbme gront fnjmem smtcant bgjuenbmsn ocrmfm% Pmtcant ymel ocrmfm fn gront `ne`ne `amrbc nen fnsc out smtcant lcgsye`drgegus smtcant lcgsye`drgegus%%

Pnimt  ‐  snimt smtcant gront lcgsye`drgegus ; Jcelcananeln oujn scamau ocrmfm fnmtms bdmtuanstnwm Ocrkmrmb scbntmr 03%496 bj fmrn pcrjubmme oujn Bc`cpmtme fme mrmd gront smjm pcrsns $ snelbrge . fcelme bc`cpmtme fme mrmd rgtmsn oujn Onam fnpmefmel fmrn tcjpmt jmempue fn oujn mbme tcrandmt scpcrtn scoumd tntnb ymel fnmj fnmelbmsm%

@getgd smtcant lcgsye`drgegus

@% Ppcbtruj ircbucesn fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant

Fmamj bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss! jcfnm trmesjnsn ymel fnluembme mfmamd lcagjomel

rmfng% Lcagjomel rmfng tcrscout tcrbamsninbmsn jcekmfn sumtu

spcbtruj ircbucesn% Ocrfmsmrbme spcbtruj ircbucesn nenamd lcagjomel rmfng fn bcagjpgbme fme fnluembme uetub bcpcraume tcrtcetu%

?3

Omef

Xcelcrtnme Xcelcrtnme

Ircbucesn

Xmekmel lcagjomel

CAI

Cxtrcjcay Agw Ircquce`y

0 * 08 Dz

=88!888 * =8!888 bj

PAI

Pupcr Agw Ircquce`y

08 * 088 Dz

=8!888 * =!888 bj

SAI

Satrm Agw Ircquce`y

088 * 0888 Dz

=!888 * =88 bj

YAI

Ycry Agw Ircquce`y

0 * 08 bDz

=88 * =8 bj

AI

Agw Ircquce`y

08 * 088 bDz

=8 * = bj

JI

Jcfnuj Ircquce`y

088 * 0888 bDz

= bj * =88 j

DI

Dnld Ircquce`y

0 * 08 JDz

=88 * =8 j

YDI

Ycry Dnld Ircquce`y

08 * 088 JDz

=8 * = j

SDI

Satrm Dnld Ircquce`y

088 * 0888 JDz

= j * =8 `j

PDI

Pupcr Dnld Ircquce`y

0 * 08 LDz

=8 * = `j

CDI

Cxtrcjcay Dnld Ircquce`y

08 * 088 LDz

= `j * = jj

Vmoca spcbtruj ircbucesn Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! spcbtruj ircbucesn ymel fnluembme tcrlgagel fmamj spcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg $jn`rg wmvc. fcelme ircbucesn smelmt tnelln% Ppcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg nen jcjnanbn rmelc fmrn ircbucesn PDI omef dnellm CDI%

Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! spcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg ymel fnluembme mfmamd scomlmn ocrnbut; 

NI $Netcrjcfnmtc Ircquce`y.; 3?*44 JDz



@*omef ;



*

AG $smtcant. ; ???3 JDz

*

Spaneb; 3>?3*96?3 JDz

*

Fgweaneb ; 0<88*6?88 JDz

A*omef ;

*

Fgweaneb $nevcrtcf. ; >38*=638 JDz

*

AG $AEO. ; 3=38 JDz

?9











Cxtcefcf @*omef $Cx*@ omef.

*

AG $smtcant. ; 08?3 JDz

*

Spaneb; 9%6?3  ‐  9%938 JDz

*

Fgweaneb; 0%688  ‐  0%9?3 JDz

BS*omef

*

AG ; ?838 JDz

*

Spaneb ; =0%<38  ‐  =6%388 JDz

*

Fgweaneb ; ==%<88  ‐  =?%<38 JDz

T*omef

*

AG ; 3988 JDz

*

Spaneb ; 4=?8  ‐  4?<8 JDz

*

Fgweaneb ; ?3?8  ‐  ?9<8 JDz

BM*omef

*

AG ; ½ =8 LDz

*

Spaneb ; ½ 08 LDz

*

Fgweaneb ; ½ ?8 Ldz

P*omef

*

Spaneb ; ½ =%> LDz

*

Fgweaneb ; ½ ?%3 Ldz

Xmfm pcjomdmsme nen! smym dmeym mbme jcekcamsbme sc`mrm jcefctmna jcelcemn  omef ircbucesn NI! @*omef! fme A*omef! bmrcem pmfm fmsmreym! prnesnp fme  pcrdntuelme ymel fnluembme emetneym uetub omef ircbucesn amne tnfmb kmud  ocrocfm fcelme omef ircbucesn tcrscout%

?<

Lmjomrme spcbtruj ircbucesn fme omef ircbucesn i rcbucesn bgjuenbmsn smtcant

?4

F% Vrmespgefcr smtcant

Vrmespgefcr mfmamd sumtu suosnstcj fmrn smtcant ymel tcrfnrn mtms mamt  pcecrnjm! pcelumt! pceluomd ircbucesn! scrtm pcjme`mr uamel sneyma ymel fnbnrnjbme stmsnue oujn% Fmpmt fnbmtmbme omdwm smtcant jcrupmbme jcrupmbme scbujpuame trmespgefcr*trmespgefcr% Pcoumd trmespgefcr smtcant jcjnabn omefwnftd scocsmr  388 JDz% Xmfm ujujeym! ujujeym! trmespgefcr smtcant tcromln jcekmfn ?6 bmvanel! ymel tcromln mtms =? bmvanel trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme =? bmvanel trmespgefcr

ocrpgamrnsmsn

dgrnsgetma%

Jmsnel*jmsnel

bmvanel

trmespgefcr 

jcjnanbn omefwnftd scocsmr 09 JDz! ymel fnomtmsn fcelme  lumrf omef  scocsmr ? x ? JDz $? Jdz fn snsn bmeme fme ? Jdz fn snsn bnrn.% Lumrf omef ocriuelsn uetub  jce`clmd netcricrcesn metmrm bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym%

Fmamj trmespgefcr! mfm ococrmpm ircbucesn ymel fnluembme ocrsmjmme fmamj bmvanel trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme bmvanel trmespgefcr   ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma% Ircbucesn nen fnscout ircbucesn  _c*Ssc%  _c*Ssc% Fcelme  pcjocfmme pgamrnsmsn! jmbm bmvanel trmespgefcr fmpmt fmpmt fndcjmt dnellm 388 JDz%

Setub jcjmdmjneym! pcrdmtnbme pcekcamsme ocrnbut;

Ircbucesn bcrkm $rmelc. _I @*omef ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?3 JDz  ‐  96?3 JDz% Jmbm fmpmt fnmemaglnbme ocsmr omefwntd sumtu trmespgefcr ymntu;

Ocsmr omefwnftd omefwnf td trmespgefcr ;

96?3 * 3>?3: 388 Jdz

Ocsmr omefwnftd sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr mfmamd 09 JDz% Knbm fntmjomdbme fcelme lumrf omef scocsmr ? x ? JDz! jmbm ocsmr smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr sc`mrm tgtma mfmamd ; Ocsmr = bmvanel trmespgefcr $tgtma. ; 09 " $? x ?. : 68 JDz

?>

Pcdmruseym! knbm mfm ?6 bmvanel trmespgefcr! jmbm ocsmr omefwnftd trmespgefcr scdmruseym ; 68 x ?6: >98 JDz% Emjue! fcelme tcbenb pcjocfmme  pgamrnsmsn!jmbm ocsmr omefwnftd trmespgefcr fmpmt fndcjmt jcekmfn 388 JDz smkm%

Pcomlmn pmtgbme! knbm ircbucesn pmanel mwma sumtu trmespgefcr mfmamd 3>?3 JDz! jmbm onam fnocrnbme lumrf omef scocsmr ? JDz! jmbm mbme fnfmpmt omtms ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm scocsmr 3>?< JDz% Onam sumtu bmvanel jcjnanbn omefwnftd scocsmr 09 JDz! jmbm omtms mbdnr icbucesn bcrkm tcrscout mfmamd; 3>?< " 09: 3>90 JDz% Fmrn pcekcamsme tcrscout!jmbm fmpmt fnbctmdun  omdwm rmelc ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?<* 3>90 JDz%

Setub jcjufmdbme pcrdntuelme! onmsmeym sumtu trmespgefcr fntmefmn fcelme jcjpcrdmtnbme `cetcr ircquce`y  ‐ eym% eym% @cetcr

ircquce`y  mfmamd

ircbucesn ymel ocrmfm tcpmt fntcelmd*tcelmd sumtu rmelc ircbucesn% Kmfn! onam bntm mjona `getgd fnmtms! fmrn rmelc ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm ymel  ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?<* 3>90 JDz ! jmbm fmpmt bntm bctmdun enamn `cetcr ircquce`y*eym ymntu 3>63 JDz% Setub acond kcamseym! pcrdmtnbme lmjomr fnomwmd ;

08

Fmamj trmespgefcr! trmespgefcr bmvanel pcrtmjm ymel jcjnanbn `cetcr  ircquce`y scocsmr 3>63 JDz nen jcjnanbn pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma% Knbm fntcrusbme! jmbm mbme bntm fmpmtbme `cetcr ircquce`y trmespgefcr bcfum fcelme jcemjomd 68 JDz! scdnellm `cetcr ircquce`y trmespgefcr bcfum fnbctmdun scocsmr 3>43 JDz! fst% $eo ; smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr jcjnanbn kmrmb jmsnel*jmsnel 68 JDz.%

Metmrm trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma jcjnanbn pcrocfmme imsm scocsmr >8°! fme ocrkmrmb ?8 JDz% Kmfn! knbm `cetcr ircquce`y $@I. trmespgefcr pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma pcrtmjm $ocrnbuteym mbme bntm scout trmespgefcr =D. mfmamd 3>63 JDz! jmbm bntm fmpmt bctmdun @I trmespgefcr vcrtnbma ymel pcrtmjm $=Y. mfmamd ; 3>63 " ?8: 3>93 JDz%

Pcdnellm sufmd bntm bctmdun; 

Bmvanel trmespgefcr = D ; 3>63 JDz



Bmvanel trmespgefcr = Y ; 3>93 JDz

Setub jcelctmdun sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr! jnsmabme < D! jmbm bntm fmpmt luembme rujus ocrnbut;

Bmvanel trmespgefcr e $D'Y. : IV = $D'Y. " { $e*=. x Ot } Bctcrmelme ; IV= : ircbucesn trmespgefcr =D ' =Y

Ot : kmrmb trmespgefcr! scocsmr 68 JDz $bgestmetm.

Jmbm! pceycacsmnmeeym mfmamd scomlmn ocrnbut ; Bmvanel trmespgefcr 63 3>63 " { $<*=. x 68 } : 3>63 " $ 9 x 68 . : 3>63 " ?68 : 9=43 JDz

0=

Knbm fnandmt fmrn pcrdntuelme tcrscout! jmbm bmvanel*bmvanel trmespgefcr  fmpmt fnandmt scpcrtn tmoca fn omwmd nen ;

Vrmespgefcr

@cetcr ircquce`y

Vrmespgefcr

@cetcr ircquce`y

=D

3>63

=Y

3>93

?D

3>43

?Y

9883

0D

98?3

0Y

9863

6D

9893

6Y

9843

3D

9=83

3Y

9=?3

9D

9=63

9Y

9=93


9=43


9?83

4D

9??3

4Y

9?63

>D

9?93

>Y

9?43

=8D

9083

=8Y

90?3

==D

9063

==Y

9093

=?D

9043

=?Y

9683

EO;

Ircbucesn trmespgefcr fnsnen mfmamd ircbucesn upaneb $fmamj JDz. Omef ircbucesn _I ymel fnpme`mrbme fme fntcrnjm metcem scamau  jcellue jcellue mbme ir cbu cesn @*omef 

Setub jcefmpmtbme ircbucesn fgweaneb! scamau burmeln ircbucesn upaneb  fcelme AG smtcant $uetub snstcj @*omef; ???3 JDz.

0?

  r   c    f   e   g   p   s   e   m   r    t   m    f   m   p   l   e    n    a   v   m    b   *   l   e    n    a   v   m    b   e   m    f    n   s   e   c   u    b   c   r    i   e   m   r   m    o   j   m    L

00

C% Xcrdntuelme trmesamsn ircbucesn

Pcpcrtn ymel tcamd fkcamsbme fn omo mwma! Vrmespgefcr fmpmt ocriuelsn scomlmn pcecrnjm! pcelumt! pceluomd ircbucesn! scrtm pcjme`mr uamel% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! pcruomdme ircbucesn ymel tcrkmfn fnscout trmesamsn ircbucesn%

Fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! sneyma neigrjmsn mtmu fmtm fnuomd tcracond fmduau jcekmfn sneyma NI% Pctcamd jcekmfn NI! sneyma tcrscout mbme fnuomd jcekmfn sneyma _I fme fnpme`mrbme jcamaun metcem% Pctcamd fntcrnjm gacd smtcant! jmbm smtcant mbme jcjme`mrbme bcjoman sneyma _I tcrscout bc pcecrnjm ymel fntuku% Fmamj prgscs nenamd! tcrkmfn trmesamsn ircbucesn% Fmamj trmesamsn ircbucesn! mfm ococrmpm spcbtruj ircbucesn ymel fmpmt fnluembme% Fnsnen smym mbme jcjomdms trmesamsn fmamj snstcj @*omef fme snstcj A*omef%

m% Vr mesamsn mesamsn fmamj snstc snstcj j @* omef 

Pcocaujeym! bntm tcamd jcelctmdun tcetmel pcrdntuelme bmvanel ircbucesn  pmfm trmespgefcr% Fmamj sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr! tcrfmpmt magbmsn ircbucesn ymel fnluembme uetub bcpcraume tcrtcetu% Ircbucesn ymel fnluembme pmfm bmvanel trmespgefcr tcrscout fnpcelmrudn gacd ircbucesn bcrkm NI ymel bntm luembme% Xcrdmtnbme `getgd ocrnbut ; Fnjnsmabme mefm mbme jcelluembme NI scocsmr 33 JDz pmfm jgfcj! fme trmespgefcr ymel mbme mefm luembme mfmamd trmespgefcr 3Y% Jmbm mfm ococrmpm  pgnet ymel dmrus mefm mefm bctmdun! ymntu ; =%  ircbucesn upaneb ymel fnluembme ?%  ircbucesn fgweaneb ymel fnluembme fnluembme Setub jceldntuel ircbucesn upaneb! bntm dmrus jcelctmdun ocrmpm `cetcr  ircquce`y fmrn trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme% Fmamj dma nen! trmespgefcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd trmespgefcr 3Y% Jmbm `cetcr ircquce`y*eym; Bmvanel trmespgefcr 3Y : 3>93 3>93 " { $3*=. x 68 } : 3>93 " $ 6 x 68 . :3>93 " =98 : 9=?3 JDz

06

Xcrau fnpmdmjn! omdwm rmelc ircbucesn NI $3?*44 JDz. kulm jcjnanbn  omefwntd scocsmr 09 JDz puam! smjm fcelme smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr% Pcdnellm! fmpmt fnbmtmbme pgsnsn ircbucesn NI sckmkmr fcelme ircbucesn tr mespgefcr%

Onam ircbucesn NI ymel bntm luembme 33 JDz! jmbm fmpmt fnbmtmbme  ircbucesn bcrkm bntm ocrlcscr bc mrmd bnrn fmrn `cetcr ircquce`y NI $<8 JDz.  scocsmr =3 JDz % Kmfn! ircbucesn pmfm trmespgefcr kulm tcrkmfn fcjnbnme% Knbm ircbucesn bmvanel ymel bntm luembme scocsmr 9=?3 JDz! jmbm ircbucesn jmbm  ircbucesn bcrkm bntm bucesnn upane b bntm mfmamd ;  kulm nbut ocrlcscr scocsmr =3 JDz ! scdnellm ocsmr  ir cbuces

9=?3  ‐  =3: 9==8 JDz

Setub ircbucesn fgweaneb! ymel pcrau bntm pcrdmtnbme mfmamd ag`ma gs`namtgr $AG. smtcant tcrscout% Setub snstcj @*omef! ocsmreym AG smtcant mfmamd ???3 JDz%  Ircbucesn fgweaneb fnfmpmt fcelme jcelurmeln ircbucesn upaneb  bucesn fgwean eb bntm mfmamd ; 9==8  ‐  fcelme ag`ma AG smtcant % Jmbm! ocsmr  ir cbucesn

???3: 0443 JDz

Pcomlmn naustrmsn!trmesamsn ircbucesn fnmtms fmpmt fnlmjomrbme scpcrtn fn  omwmd nen ;

Lmjomr trmesamsn mrmd upaneb 

03

Lmjomr trmesamsn mrmd fgweaneb 

@getgd amne  ; ircbucesn bcrkm NI mefm ocrmfm fn <> JDz fcelme

jcelluembme trmespgefcr 4D% Jmbm ; Ircbucesn pmfm trmespgefcr  Bmvanel trmespgefcr 4D : 3>63 3>63 " { $4*=. x 68 } : 3>63 " $ < x 68 . :3>63 " ?48 : 9??3 JDz

Ircbucesn upaneb  NI: <>  ‐  <8 : $">. Jmbm upaneb: 9??3 " > : 9?06 JDz

Ircbucesn fgweaneb  Ircbucesn upaneb: 9?06 JDz Jmbm fgweaneb: 9?06  ‐  ???3 : 688> JDz

Xcrdntuelme trmesamsn ircbucesn nen emetneym fnluembme uetub jcelcsct  pmrmjctcr pmfm jgfcj fme GFS% Ircbucesn ymel bntm dntuel tcrscout tnfmb ogacd smamd! bmrcem onsm ocrmbnomt jcellmellu pcelluem smtcant ymel amne%

09

o% Vr mesamsn mesamsn fma mj snstc snstcj j A *omef 

Bdusus uetub A*omef! ymel jcelluembme spcbtr ! trmesamsn pcbtr uj ne vcr vcr tcf  tcf  fnambubme fcelme jcelurmeln AG fmrn pcrmelbmt $jnsma OS@ mtmu AEO. fcelme  ircbucesn A*omef $>38*=638 A*omef  $>38*=638 JDz. ymel bntm luembme uetub jceluomd ircbucesn  A*omef jcekmfn @*omef  $nelmt! ircbucesn ymel fnpme`mrbme metcem scamau jcelluembme @*omef.% Bcomeymbme! AG ymel fnluembme fmamj snstcj A* omef mfmamd soo; * AG OS@ $nevcrtcf spc`truj. scocsmr <0<3 JDz * AG AEO ' AE@ $nevcrtcf spc`truj. scocsmr 3=38 Jdz @getgd;  knbm bntm jcelluembme jgfcj A*omef! ircbucesn bcrkm bntm

 ocrmfm fn ==88 JDz! fme bntm jcelluembme OS@ fcelme AG <0<3 JDz! fme jcelluembme scoumd AEO% Jmbm ; Ircbucesn upaneb : AG OS@  ‐  ircbucesn bcrkm : <0<3  ‐  ==88 : 9?<3 JDz

Ircbucesn fgweaneb  : ircbucesn upaneb  ‐   ‐  AG smtcant : 9?<3  ‐  ???3 : 6838 JDz

Ircbucesn rc`cnvc A*omef : AG AEO  ‐  ircbucesn fgweaneb  : 3=38  ‐  6838 : ==88 JDz

0<

Lmjomr trmesamsn fmamj jgfc A*omef mrmd upaneb 

Lmjomr trmesamsn fmamj jgfc A*omef mrmd fgweaneb 

Xcrau fnbctmdun omdwm `getgd tcrscout dmeymamd smamd smtu lmjomrme ujuj uetub  jcjmdmjn

trmesamsn

ircbucesn

fmamj

snstcj

A*omef%

Emjue!

pmfm

 pcelmpanbmsnmeeym! AG ymel fnluembme pmfm jmsnel*jmsnel OS@ ocrocfm*ocfm! tcrlmetuel

fmrn

sctcame

prgfusce

$`getgdeym

pmfm

OS@

EK_@!

ymel

jcelluembme AG scocsmr 6>88 JDz. % Emjue! pcrdntuelme ymel fnluembme pmfm ujujeym tnfmb kmud ocromfm fmrn bgescp pcrdntuelme pmfm `getgd ymel fnkcamsbme tcrscout

04

Xcelluemme smtcant scomlmn YPMV

M% Xcelcrtnme Xcelcrtnme YPMV

YPMV jcrupmbme bcpcefcbme fmrn Ycry Pjmaa Mpmrturc Vcrjnema % YPMV mfmamd scoumd tcrjnema  pgnet tg pgnet  ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn fmtm! sumrm! mtmu vnfcg jcelluembme smtcant% Pumtu Bgjsmt fmpmt fnlgagelbme YPMV mpmonam tcrkmfn sumtu bgjuenbmsn metmrm fum sntc stmsnue oujn ymel fnduouelbme $iuaa fupacx jgfc.! scdnellm fmpmt fnbmtmbme orgmf`mst VY ocromymr oubmeamd YPMV%

Mfmpue stmsnue oujn fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn ocrnbut ; =% J ceur ut ubu rme metcem*ey metcem*eym m ; 

* Ptmsnue Oujn Ocsmr  * Ptmsnue Oujn Pcfmel * Ptmsnue Oujn Bc`na * Ptmsnue Oujn Jnen ' jnbrg * Ptmsnue Oujn Vrmespgrtmoac

?% J ceur ut i uelsn uelsn ' bcfuf bcfufubme ubme ; 

* Ptmsnue Oujn Nefub'Duo * Ptmsnue Oujn Stmjm ' lmtcwmy * Ptmsnue Oujn Xcelcefman 'VV ) @ * Ptmsnue Oujn _cicrce`c pmfm stmsnue oujn systcj fnlntma * Ptmsnue Oujn Onmsm! tcrjmsub stmsnue oujn YPMV

YPMV tcrjmsub bc fmamj kcens stmsnue oujn jnen ' jnbrg! bmrcem uburme metcem ymel fnluembme bc`na% Bgeinlurmsn YPMV kulm fmpmt tcrduouel bc scoumd duo stmtnge! scdnellm jcjocetub sumtu kmrnelme smtcant fcelme tgpgagln tcrtcetu% Ococrmpm tgpgagln YPMV ymel scrnel fnluembme mfmamd ;

0>



Ptmr 

Pcjum sntc fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn smtu smjm amne fcelme sumtu pcrmetmrm ymel fnscout DSO stmtnge%



J csd 

Metmrm sntc ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn pgnet ocrbgjuenbmsn  pgnet tg  pgnet tmepm  pgnet tmepm jcelluembme duo%

68



Dyornf 

Jcrupmbme bgjonemsn fmrn tgpgagln stmr fme jcsd

O% Bgjpgece*bgjpgece Bgjpgece*bgjpgece stmsnue oujn

Fmamj YPMV! tcrkmfn bgjuenbmsn metmrm sumtu stmsnue oujn tcrtcetu fcelme stmsnue oujn amneeym% Fn omo nen! bntm mbme jcjomdms tcetmel bgjpgece* bgjpgece ymel mfm fmamj stmsnue oujn% Pc`mrm ujuj! bgjpgece YPMV tcromln jcekmfn ; * FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. * NFS $Nefggr Sent. * GFS $Gutfggr Sent. Bcfum stmsnue oujn! omnb pcjme`mr $VT. mtmupue pcecrnjm $_T. jcjnanbn bgeinlurmsn ymel smjm% Bcscaurudme pcrmelbmt tcrscout pmfm prnesnpeym  ocriuelsn uetub jceluomd sneyma neigrjmsn jcekmfn lcagjomel rmfng $_I. mtmupue scomanbeym% FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. jcrupmbme sumtu tcrjnema ymel jcjprgscs neigrjmsn% Pumtu neigrjmsn fmpmt ocrocetub sumrm! fmtm! lmjomr ' vnfcg! fa% Neigrjmsn fnsnen mbme fnbnrnjbme bc NFS ymel emetneym sneyma neigrjmsn fnsnen mbme fnruomd jcekmfn sneyma NI ymel tcrjgfuamsn% Bcjufnme sneyma NI fmrn NFS mbme fnbnrnjbme bc GFS fme mbme fnbgevcrsn jcekmfn sneyma _I $@*omef.!

6=

bcjufnme fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant% Pctcamd smtcant jcelnrnj bcjoman sneyma _I! jmbm sneyma _I tcrscout mbme fntcrnjm gacd metcem pcecrnjm fme fnbnrnjbme bcpmfm GFS% Fnsnen! GFS mbme jcelbgevcrsn sneyma _I jcekmfn sneym NI% Pneyma NI tcrscout bcjufnme fnbnrnjbme bc NFS fme mbme fnruomd bcjoman jcekmfn fmtm fcelme prgscs fcjgfuamsn! fme fmtm mbme fnprgscs fn FVC pcecrnjm%

Xcrmelbmt YPMV aneb sc`mrm lmrns ocsmr fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn  ocrnbut; =% NFS $Nefggr Sent.!ymel tcromln fmrn;

*

Jgfcj

*

Netcrim`c

*

Juatnpacxcr 

?% GFS $Gutfggr Sent.! ymel tcromln fmrn ;

*

AEM'O'@ $Agw Egnsc Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr.

*

GJV $Grtdg Jgfc Vrmesfu`cr.!onmsm fnscout Iccfdgre fnscout Iccfdgre

*

Sp @gevcrtcr+

*

Fgwe @gevcrtcr+

*

PPXM $Pganf Ptmtc Xgwcr Mjpanincr.+

0% Metcem

*

_ciacbtgr metcem

*

Jguetnel metcem

Srmnme jcelcemn bgjpgece*bgjpgece tcrscout mbme fnomdms fme fnkcamsbme pmfm dmamjme ocrnbuteym%

6?

   n   j   u    o   e   u    n   s   m    t   s    d   m   u    o   c   s    a   m    b    n   p    n    t   j   m   r   l   m    n    f    b   g    a    O

60

=%

NFS $Nefggr Sent.

m% Jgfcj $Jgfuamtgr*fcjgfuamtgr.

Jgfcj ocriuelsn uetub jcjgfuamsn sneyma fnlntma $fmtm. jcekmfn sneyma NI ymel mbme fnbnrnjbme scrtm jce*fcjgfuamsn sneyma NI ymel fntcrnjm jcekmfn sneyma fnlntma% Mfmpuam kcens jgfcj fcelme gutput ircbucesn A*omef%

@getgd jgfcj NI $_mfyec FJF*?8.

@getgd jgfcj A*omef $PMVECV PNV*3=88.

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66

jcamaun `getrga pgwcr fme fn bnrnjbme bc pgrt gutput VT% Vcrmbdnr sneyma tcrscout mbme jcamaun smbamr ge'gii uetub jcelmbtnibme mtmu jcjutusbme `mrrncr gutput%

?. Xmfm Pmmt _c`cnvc Xmfm smmt rc`cnvc sneyma _x NI fmrn GFS mbme jmsub bc oagb inatcr  NI!bcjufnme bc ML@ Mjpanincr% Oagb ML@ nen jcjpueymn fnemjnb rmelc ymel `ubup ocsmr fme jcelgetrga sneyma gutput mlmr tctmp pmfm acvca ymel gptnjma% Fmrn ML@ mjpanincr sneyma NI jmsub oagb fcjgfuamtgr fme fnruomd fmrn ocetub memagl jcekmfn ocetub fnlntma ymel bcjufnme fmpmt fnjgentgr jcamaun pcrmelbmt juatnjcfnm scpcrtn Xcrsgema Bgjputcr $X@.%

Mlmr fmpmt tcrkmfn bgjuenbmsn! metmrm jgfcj fn VT fme fn _T dmrus fnsmjmbme pmrmjctcreym% Bgefnsn fnjmem bcfum jgfcj tcrduouel fnscout bgefnsn Pye`d $snelbrge.% Xcrau fnbctmdun! jgfuamsn ymel fnluembme pmfm snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant nen mfmamd jgfuamsn fnlntma! oubme scpcrtn jgfuamsn memagl $MJ'IJ.%

o% Netcrim`c

Netcrim`c mfmamd bgjpgece cacbtrnbma ymel jcelduouelbme metmrm FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. fcelme jgfcj% @getgdeym; •

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•

L<80 omame`cf

•

Netcrect Xrgtg`ga $NX. omsc

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Netcrim`c ymel fnjmbsufbme fnsnen mfmamd omlmnjmem ocetub cacbtrnbma fmtm tcrscout! oubme ocrigbus pmfm insnb% Kmfn! onsm fnbmtmbme omdwm sumtu bgecbtgr  ymel smjm ocauj tcetu jcjnanbn pcelluemme netcrim`c ymel smjm puam% Jmsnel* jmsnel netcrim`c jcjnanbn fmtm rmtc tcrtcetu ymel ocrocfm*ocfm puam%

63

Ocrnbut `getgd bgecbtgr ymel scrnel fntcjun uetub netcrim`c;

Xcelluemme sumtu netcrim`c tcrlmetuel fmrn pcjmbmnmeeym% Jnsma! knbm bntm jmu jcelluembme _P*?0? scomlmn netcrim`c! jmbm omeymb pnandme ymel onsm bntm luembme! fme tcrlmetuel fmrn bgecbtgr netcrim`c ymel mfm pmfm pcrmelbmt% Jnsmabme pmfm FVC jcjnanbn sagt netcrim`c FO*> icjmac! bcjufnme pmfm jgfcj jcjnanbn sagt netcrim`c FO*?3 icjmac! jmbm kcens bgecbtgr netcrim`c ymel bntm luembme mfmamd FO*> jmac tg FO*?3 jmac

`% Juatnpacxcr

Bgjpgece juatnpacxcr fnluembme uetub jcjomln mtmu jceymtubme sumtu sneyma neputme% Bgjpgece nen omeymb fnluembme pmfm snstcj J@X@ ymel jcanomtbme omeymb neputme% Pc`mrm prnesnp! Juatnpacxcr tcromln fmrn ? kcens!ymntu ; =% @gjonecr ; uetub jcellmouelbme ococrmpm neput jcekmfn smtu gutput ?% Fnvnfcr ' spanttcr ; uetub jcjomln smtu neput jcekmfn ococrmpm gutput Mfmpuam juatnpacxcr ymel jcjnanbn F@ oag`b! iuelsneym uetub  jcjgentgrnel acwmt spcbtruj memayzcr $ EO; spcbtruj memanzcr tnfmb ogacd fnmanrn tclmelme F@! bmrcem fmpmt jcrusmb spcbtruj memayzcr t crscout .% .%

69

Ocetub fme tnpc juatnpacxcr tcrlmetuel fmrn omeymbeym `momel ymel mbme fnluembme

fme

tnpc

bgecbtgr

ymel

fnluembme%

Jnsma!

knbm

bntm

mbme

jcellmouelbme ? sneyma neput fcelme jcelluembme bgecbtgr tnpc E! jmbm juatnpacxcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd @gjonecr =;? tnpc E $icjmac.%fst Pcbmrmel nen! onmsmeym sumtu juatnpacxcr jcjnanbn fum iuelsn amelsuel! mrtneym fnm onsm fnluembme amelsuel scomlmn `gjonecr mtmu fnvnfcr! tcrlmetuel bcoutudme% Ocrnbut jm`mj*jm`mj juatnpacxcr ymel omeymb tcrscfnm fn pmsmrme;

Fnomwmd nen mfmamd `getgd bgecbtgr ymel ymel scrnel fnpmbmn uetub jcetrmesjnsnbme sneyma NI fme _I;

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GFS $Gutfggr Sent.

m% AEM'AEO'AE@ $Agw Egnsc Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr. Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr.

Xmfm fmsmreym! AEM'O'@ ocriuelsn ocriuelsn scomlmn rc`cnvcr% AEM'O'@ AEM'O'@ jcecrnjm fme jcjpcrbumt sneyma _I @*Omef ymel ocrmsma fmrn metcem $fgweaneb. mtmu jcruomdeym jcekmfn sneyma A*Omef% Mfmpue pcrocfmme sc`mrm ujuj metmrm bctnlm mamt tcrscout mfmamd; •

AEM ; fmpmt fnluembme dmeym uetub @*omef

•

AEO ; bdusus scomlmn rc`cnvcr A*omef $jcjnanbn AG scocsmr 3=38.

•

AE@ ; fmpmt ocbcrkm pmfm @*omef fme A*omef! fme jcelluembme snstcj omefwntd anjntcr pmfm anjntcr pmfm snstcj pcecrnjmmeeym

Fnsmjpnel lmne ymel fndmsnabme gacd mjpaninbmsneym! mfm scfnbnt  pcelnjoudme Egnsc ymel tcrkmfn fmamj prgscseym% Pcjmbne bc`na Egnsc Vcjpcrmtur AEM'O'@ jmbm mbme scjmbne omnb% Sjujym! spcsninbmsneym scocsmr  scbntmr 63 fcrmkmt Bcavne

o% GJV $Grtdglgema Jgfc Vrmesfu`cr.

GJV $iccfdgre. mfmamd mamt ymel jcjme`mrbme sneyma _I bc metcem scbmanlus jcecrnjm sneyma _I fmrn smtcant ymel tcamd fntcrnjm metcem% GJV mfm fum kcens!ymntu; =% GJV pgamrnsmsn anecmr $vcrtnbma ' dgrnsgetma. ?% GJV pgamrnsmsn `nr`uamr $_D@X ' AD@X.

64

Fmamj GJV tcrfmpmt kmaur trmesjnt fme rc`cnvc% Xcrmelbmt AEM'O'@ kulm tcrpmsmel pmfm snsn rc`cnvc pcrmelbmt nen% Metmrm kmaur trmesjnt fme kmaur rc`cnvc fnpnsmd fcelme sumtu mamt ymel fnemjmbme rckc`t inatcr % Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV fnjmbsufbme mlmr pgamrnsmsn trmesjnt bntm scsumn fcelme bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme%`getgdeym! knbm bntm jcelluembme ircbucesn 3>38 $eo;ircbucesn rc*usc.! jmbm knbm bntm mbme jcelluembme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma $=D.! jmbm mrmd pgamrnsmsn GJV bntm kulm dmrus fnsct pmfm pgam pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma puam%

Ocetub insnb GJV

GJV ymel sufmd fnpmsmeln AEO fme tcr*jguetnel pmfm metcem

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`% Sp `gevcrtcr

Sp `gevcrtcr ocriuelsn jcruomd sneyma NI $VT. fmrn jgfcj jcekmfn sneyma _I% Pcamne ntu! up `gevcrtcr kulm jcjpcrbumt sneyma ymel mbme fnpme`mrbme! jcsbnpue tnfmb scocsmr pcelumtme pmfm PPXM% Xmfm metcem*metcem  ocsmr! onmsmeym up `gevcrtcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd up `gevcrtcr kcens rm`b  jguetnel % Pcfmelbme uetub metcem bc`na! onmsmeym up `gevcrtcr tcamd fnlmouel fmamj OS@ $emetneym mbme fnkcamsbme pmfm pcjomdmsme OS@.

Sp `gevcrtcr tnpc rm`b jguetnel _mfyec PI@*9688M

f% Fgwe `gevcrtcr

Ocrocfm fcelme up `gevcrtcr! fgwe `gevcrtcr fmpmt fnbmtmbme scomlmn bcomanbme up `gevcrtcr% Fgwe `gevcrtcr ocriuelsn jcruomd sneyma _I fgweaneb  ymel fntcrnjm fmrn AEM'O'@ jcekmfn sneyma NI $_T. fme jcelnrnjbmeeym bc fcjgfuamtgr pmfm pmfm jgfcj% Fgwe `gevcrtcr kulm jcjpcrbumt sneyma NI% Pmjm scpcrtn up `gevcrtcr! fmamj pcelluemmeeym pmfm metcem bc`na! fgwe `gevcrtcr nen  kulm onmsmeym tcrlmouel pmfm OS@%

Fgwe `gevcrtcr tnpc rm`b jguetnel _mfyec PI@*6?88M

38

c% PPXM $Pganf Ptmtc Xgwcr Mjpanincr.

PPXM Ocriuelsn jcelumtbme fmym ' pgwcr sneyma _I fmrn up `gevcrtcr  mlmr fmpmt fnbnrnj bc smtcant jcamaun metcem% Mfmpue scamne PPXM! mfm puam ymel jcelluembme DXM $Dnld Xgwcr Mjpanincr.! ymel ocromsns pcelumt tmouel! emjue sufmd kmrmel fnluembme sc`mrm ujuj% Xcelluemme PPXM nen kulm smjm scpcrtn up `gevcrtcr fme fgwe `gevcrtcr% Xmfm metcem ymel jcelluembme fmym ocsmr! onmsmeym fnluembme PPXM  kcens rm`b jguetnel! scfmelbme uetub uetub fmym bc`na! onmsmeym sufmd tcrlmouel fmamj OS@%

@getgd PPXM rm`b jguetnel 688 wmtt YC_VCT _PN

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3=

i% OS@ $Oag`b Sp @gevcrtcr.

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OS@ MEMPMV =8 wmtt

OS@ MEMPMV =88 wmtt

Bcacondme OS@ mfmamd pcrmelbmt nen fmpmt jcelluembme rcfuefmet systcj! fnjmem fum oumd OS@ fnlmouelbme jcekmfn smtu fme fnluembme sc`mrm  ocrlmetnme% Pnstcj nen fnmtur gacd scoumd prgtc`tnge prgtc`tnge swnt`d `getrgacr%

@getgd pcelluemme rcfuefmet OS@

Xrgtc`tnge swnt`d `getrgacr OS@

3?

0%

Metcem

Metcem ocriuelsn uetub jcjigbusbme sneyma ymel fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant fme sneyma ymel fntcrnjm fmrn smtcant% Mfmpue metcem sc`mrm ujuj tcromln fmrn ?  omlnme!ymntu ; m% _ciacbtgr ' fnsd  o% Jguetnel

Pcjmbne ocsmr uburme metcem! jmbm fmym pme`mr fme pcelumtme $lmne. metcem kulm scjmbne ocsmr% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm tnlm kcens metcem ymel scrnel fnluembme!ymntu ; m%  Xrnjc ig`us iccf  o% Giisct iccf  `% @mssclrmne ' lrclgrnme iccf 

30

m% Kcens*kcens metcem bgjuenbmsn smtcant



Xrnjc ig`us iccf

Metcem nen jcjnanbn cinsncesn ymel omlus! emjue bcburmelmeeym tcractmb   pmfm bcsuantme pcelmturme pgamrnsmsn GJV% Bmrcem ntu! metcem nen acond scrnel fnluembme pmfm metcem ocrfnmjctcr bc`na $1 6!3 J.

36



Giisct iccf

Cinsncesn metcem nen acond omnb fmrn tnpc prnjc ig`us! bmrcem ocrburmeleym  oag`bnel% Pcamne ntu metcem nen acond prmbtns fme jufmd fmamj jcambubme pgnetnel mtmu jceluomd pcelmturme

33



@mssclrmne ' Lrclgrnme iccf

Metcem kcens nen onmsm fnpmbmn pmfm metcem ocruburme ocsmr $56!9 J.! bmrcem acond mjme fme jufmd fmamj pcelmturme uetub jcjpcrgacd dmsna ymel jmbsnjma% Metcem nen onmsmeym jcelluembme snstcj jgtgrnzc fmamj pcelmturme mznjutd fme cacvmsn% Onmsmeym metcem nen fnluembme pmfm duo stmtnge% @nrn bdusus metcem nen mfmamd metcem nen scamau jcelluembme suo*rciac`tgr pmfm GJV*eym

39

o% Vrm`bnel ' pgnetnel metcem bc smtcant

Xmfm smmt fnluembme! tcetueym metcem dmrus fnmrmdbme bc smtcant ymel fntuku fme fnluembme% Xcelmrmdme metcem nen fnscout trm`bnel metcem mtmu pgnetnel metcem% Xmfm smmt trm`bnel! ococrmpm dma ymel dmrus fnpcrdmtnbme ymntu ; 

Xgsnsn smtcant



Mznjutd metcem



Cacvmsn metcem



Xgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV

Ocrnbut pcekcamsme fmrn pmrmjctcr tcrscout ; 

Xgsnsn smtcant

Xgsnsn metcem mbme fnmrmdbme% ujujeym tcrfnrn fmrn pmrmjctcr mznjutd fme cacvmsn% Xcrau fnbctmdun! tnmp fmcrmd jcjnanbn pgsnsn mznjutd fme cacvmsn ymel  ocrocfm*ocfm% Xmrmjctcr tcrscout fmpmt fnbctmdun fcelme jcelluembme sgitwmrc s gitwmrc ymel jcjnanbn fmtmomsc smtcant! jnsmaeym jnsma eym PMVJMPVC_ X_G

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Ocrnbut `getgd fmrn pcelluemme PMVJMPVC_ X_G% Fmrn fmtm acelbmp smtcant! ujujeym! ymel pcrau fnbctmdun mfmamd mznjutd fme cacvmsn metcem% Fmpmt fnandmt  pmfm smtcant XMAMXM @?! metmrm Kmbmrtm fme Omefuel jcjnanbn mznjutd fme cacvmsn ocrocfm;

34



Mznjutd metcem

Mznjutd mfmamd ocsmr sufut snjpmel ymel scamau pgsntni fndntuel tcpmt juamn fmrn mrmd mrmd Stmrm% Enamn 8 scamau fndntuel fndntuel fcelme fcelme pmtgbme pmtgbme mrmd utmrm! utmrm! fme scjmbne ocsmr ocramwmeme mrmd kmruj kmj% Pcdnellm fmpmt fnbmtmbme mrmd omrmt jcjnanb jcjnanbnn sufut sufut snjpme snjpmel l >8 >8 ! scamtm scamtme e =48 =48 ! fme fme tnjur tnjur ?<8 ?<8 % Stmrm 

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8 ° 

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Bgjpms uetub jcelubur sufut mznjutd

Cacvmtnge frnvcr scomlmn  pmtgbme mrmd metcem

Jcelmtur mznjutd fcelme jcjutmr  mznjutd pgsntngecr 

3>

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Cacvmsn metcem

Cacvmsn mfmamd ocsmr sufut ymel fndntuel juamn fmrn mrmd dgrnsgetma% Ocsmr  sufut cacvmsn jmbsnjuj mfmamd >8¸% Dgrnsgetma  8 ° 

Ycrtnbma  > 8 ° 

Mfmpue cacvmsn fnubur fcelme jcelluembme nebanegjctcr ' acvca melac% Fcelme ocrpmtgbme pmfm spmr metcem! ocsmr cacvmsn pmfm metcem fmpmt fnmtur  fcelme jcjutmr Cacvmtnge frnvcr pmfm metcem%

Ococrmpm jm`mj ocetub nebanegjctcr 

Ppmr metcem scomlmn  pmtgbme sufut cacvmsn

Jcelmtur cacvmsn pmfm cacvmtnge frnvcr 

98



Xgamrnsmsn GJV

Xgamrnsmsn fntcetubme fcelme jcjutmr GJV% Ocsmr pcrocfmme sufut metmrm  pgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fcelme dgrnsgetma scocsmr >8¸% Dma nen fnambubme mpmonam kcens GJV ymel fnluembme mfmamd GJV anecmr% Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn tcrlmetuel fmrn trmespgefcr ymel fnluembme! mpmonam trmespgefcr D ymel bntm luembme! jmbm mrmd  pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV bntm mtur puam bc mrmd dgrnsgetma! oclntupue oclntupue scomanbeym% Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV fnjmbsufbme mlmr pgamrnsmsn trmesjnt bntm scsumn fcelme bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme%`getgdeym! knbm bntm jcelluembme ircbucesn 3>38 $eo;ircbucesn rc*usc.! jmbm knbm bntm mbme jcelluembme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma $=D.! jmbm mrmd pgamrnsmsn GJV bntm kulm dmrus fnsct pmfm pgam pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma puam%

Mrmd pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma

Jcelmtur pgamrnsmsn pgamrnsmsn fcelme jcruomd jcruomd mrmd GJV Mrmd pgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma

Vmjomdme; Xmfm metcem*metcem ocsmr ymel ocrfnmjctcr 59 jctcr! mfm prgscfur bdusus ymel fnemjmbme pmttcrenel metcem% Xmttcrenel metcem fnjmbsufbme uetub jcjnenjmansmsnbme MPN $Mssnljcet

Pmtcaantc Netcricrce`c.! ymntu netcricrcesn sneyma tcrdmfmp smtcant amne mlmr fnfmpmt pcelgpcrmsnme gptnjma% Xmttcrenel metcem jcjcraubme tcgrn bdusus! bmrcem ntu tnfmb onsm smym omdms fnsnen%

9=

`% Pcttnelme pmrmjctcr pmrmjctcr pmfm NFS fme GFS



Xmrmjctcr NFS $Jgfcj.

Mfm ococrmpm pmrmjctcr utmjm ymel pcrau fnscttnel fn jgfcj! mlmr metmrm  pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn $ sye`d.  sye`d. fnmetmrmeym; *

Ircbucesn $NI.

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Xcelmturme fmpmt fnambubme fcelme jcecbme tgjoga iuelsn ymel mfm pmfm jgfcj mtmu jcamaun sgitwmrc!omnb sgitwmrc omwmme pmornb jmupue dypcr  tcrjnema%

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Xmrmjctcr GFS

Mfmpue pmfm GFS! pmrmjctcr utmjm ymel dmrus fnpcrdmtnbme mfmamd ; *

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GFS kulm fmpmt fnscttnel jcamaun sgitwmrc mtmu jcelluembme dmefdcaf  `gesgac% Bdusus uetub pcelmturme pmfm dmefdcaf! mfm dmefdcaf ymel amelsuel jcelcsct jcamaun tgjoga bgetrga tcrtcetu! fme mfmpuam ymel jcelluembme  pcrnetmd*pcrnetmd bdusus%

Dmefdcaf tcrjnema fme pcjmsmelmeeym pmfm GFS

90

@getgd pcelluemme sgitwmrc `gesganel MEMPMV PSXC_YNPG_ 

96

@%

Nestrujce pceluburme

Fmamj pcrce`memme bgjuenbmsn smtcant! fnluembme mamt ubur ymel ocriuelsn uetub  jcelctmdun sumtu ocsmrme tcrtcetu% Dma nen fnjmbsufbme mlmr bntm fmpmt jcelctmdun fme jcelmtmsn ocromlmn jm`mj jmsmamd ymel tnjoua% Ocrnbut  ococrmpm mamt ubur ymel scrnel bntm tcjun fme fnluembme fmamj pcrce`memme bgjuenbmsn smtcant ;

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Juatnjctcr

Juatnjctcr fnluembme uetub jcelubur ocsmreym tclmelme! mrus! fme dmjomtme% Mfm fum kcens juatnjctcr! ymntu juatnjctcr fnlntma fme juatnjctcr  memagl%

Fnlntma

Memagl

Juatnjctcr scrnel fnluembme uetub jcelctmdun tclmelme fme mrus anstrnb M@ mtmupue F@! jcelc`cb bgecbtnvntms bmoca! scrtm jcelctmdun enamn dmjomtme sumtu  ocefm ' gokcb ubur%

93



Ppcbtruj memayzcr

Ppcbtruj memayzcr ocriuelsn uetub jcelubur sneyma fme jcandmt ocetub  lcagjomel! scrtm jcelctmdun acvca sumtu lcagjomel% Pcnrnel fcelme bcjmkume tcbegagln! spcbtruj memayzcr bnen mfm ymel ocrsnimt `gjpm`t fme acond bc`n a



Xgwcr jctcr

Xgwcr jctcr ocriuelsn uetub jcelubur ocsmreym fmym $pgwcr. gutput sumtu  pcrmelbmt% Xgwcr jctcr scamau fnacelbmpn fcelme pgwcr scesgr% Onmsmeym mamt nen fnluembme uetub jcelubur acvca gutput fmrn jgfcj mtmu GFS! mtmu pcrmelbmt*  pcrmelbmt amneeym%

Xgwcr jctcr

Xgwcr scesgr 

99



Ont Crrgr _mtc Vcst

OC_*tcst ocriuelsn scomlmn lcecrmtgr fmtm% Pcamne ntu! OC_ tcst kulm fnluembme uetub jceldntuel kujamd ont crrgr ymel fndmsnabme fmrn sumtu pcrmelbmt% Pcpcrtn spcbtruj memayzcr! bnen OC_*tcst kulm mfm ymel ocrocetub `gjpm`t puam%

Pcamne nestrujce ubur ymel fnscoutbme fnmtms! mfm puam snjuamtgr fme lcecrmtgr  ymel scrnel fnluembme fmamj pceluburme! jnsmaeym; *

ircquce`y `guetcr ; uetub jceldntuel ocrmpm ircbucesn gutput ymel

fndmsnabme fmrn sumtu pcrmelbmt *

snlema lcecrmtgr $Pnl*Lce. ; fnluembme uetub jceldmsnabme sumtu sneyma

NI mtmu _I *

Egnsc lcecrmtgr ; uetub jceldmsnabme egnsc pmfm smmt pcrdntuelme agss

mtmu CoEg! scdnellm jnrnp fcelme smmt sneyma fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant% *

Vrmesamtgr ; fnluembme uetub jcesnjuamsn smtcant! fnjmem mamt nen

jceldmsnabme AG fme jcetrmesamsn sneyma scpcrtn trmespgefcr smtcant%

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XC_CE@MEMME PSMVS PNPVCJ BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV

Pumtu smtcant jcjnanbn omefwnftd! pgwcr fme wmbtu mbscs ymel pmfm fmsmreym

jcjnanbn

bctcromtmsme

tcrtcetu%

Bmrcem

ntuamd

pmrm

pceycfnm!

 pceycacellmrm jmupue pcelluem scamau ocrusmdm sconsm juelbne jcenelbmtbme cinsncesn fmamj snsbgjsmt% Setub ntu fnluembme ocromlmn jm`mj jctgfc luem jcelcinsncesnbme pcelluemme smtcant bgjuenbmsn% Fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm fum jctgfc mbscs ymel pmanel scrnel fnluembme! ymntu IFJM fme VFJM% Xmfm omo nen! smym mbme jcekcamsbme jcelcemn jctgfc mbscs ymel scrnel fnluembme fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant %

M%

Jctgfc Xcjocrnme Magbmsn Ircbucesn

Mfm fum jctgfc pcjocrnme magbmsn ircbucesn!ymntu ; 

XMJ M $Xcrjme cet M ssnle jcet jcet J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css. 

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FM J M $F cjmef Mssnle Mssnle jcet jcet J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css. 

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O%

Jctgfc Mbscs

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94

m% I FJ M $I rcquce`y rcquce`y Fnvnsnge Fnvnsnge J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css. 

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njc ? wmstcf smtcantc `mpm`nty

= ircquce`y

0

A

= m`tnvc ? eg trmin`

0 m`tnvc

A m`tnvc

Bcburmelme fmrn systcj nen mfmamd jufmd tcrkmfn lmellume mtmu fnstgrsn netcrjgfuamsn bmrcem tcrfmpmteym ircbucesn ocfm jmsub fmamj pcelumt% Pcfmelbme bcuetuelme utmjmeym mfmamd nevcstmsn pcrtmjmeym ymel jurmd! rcmontneym $bcmefmameeym. `ubup omnb! pcjcandmrmmeym ymel jufmd%snstcj IFJM jcjpueymn cinsncesn ymel omnb uetub tcrjnema ymel ocr trmiin` rcefmd% Vctmpn  pmfm systcj nen ! jcjnabn brntcrnm ymel dmrus fnkmamebme fcelme omnb metmrm amne ymntu ; *

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*

Bcpmfmtme bgjuenbmsn smelmt rnelme $=*? `dmeeca.%

*

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Jctgfc P@X@ $Pnelac @dmeeca Xcr `mrrncr.

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NEVC_IM@C

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NEVC_IM@C

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JSAVN

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<8

A

ont rmtc _

`

0 ? =

njc

wmstcf smtcaantc `mpm`nty

VFJM irmjc furmtnge

ircquce`y

=

m`tnvc ?

eg trmin`

0

m`tnvc

A

m`tnvc

Bcuetuelme systcj nen mfmamd fmpmt jcelluembme pgwcr gutput fmrn trmespgefcr sc`mrm pceud tmepm tmbut mbme tnjouaeym frmw netcrjgfuamsn! dma nen fnscomobme dmeym jcelluembme smtu sneyma `mrrncr smkm! scamne ntu systcj VFJM acond iacbsnoca fmamj pceycfnmme juatnpac m``css tcrdmfmp smtcant bmrcem  pcruomdme pgsnsn bmema pmfm omsc*omef tnfmb jceycomobme pcruomdme tcrdmfmp mamt*mamt pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm scpcrtn ymel tcrkmfn pmfm IFJM% Pcfmelbme bcburmelme snstcj nen mfmamd nevcstmsn mwma ymel jmdma%! scrtm snebrgensmsn ourst ymel jmdma uetub scjum stmsnue fmamj systcj VFJM%

<=

Pcamne fum snstcj jctgfc mbscs ymel fnscoutbme fn mtms! mfmpuam kcens jctgfc mbscs amne! ymntu ;

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@FJ M $@gfc $@gfc Fnvnsge Fnvnsge J ua tnpa c M``c M``css. 

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Se sagttcf agttcf MA GD M

Nen mfmamd sumtu jctgfm ymel acond tcpmt onam fnbmtmbme rcoutme fmrn pmrm  pcellnanrme bmrcem pmfm jctgfc nen sctnmp tcrjnema mbme jcjme`mrbme sneyma neigrjmsn sctnmp bman tcrjnema tcrscout jcjcraubmeeym tmepm pcrau tmdu mpmbmd bmema neigrjmsn tcrscout bgsgel mtmu tnfmb% Bcacjmdme snstcj nen jufmd tcrkmfn tmormbme metmr neigrjmsn ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym onam fnluembme pmfm trmiin` ymel tnelln! cinsncesn pcelluemme bmema dmeym =<*=4 # sctnmp bman  pcelluemme%

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@%

Xcrdntuelme Aneb Ouflct

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Xmrmjctcr Aneb ouflct mfmamd soo ; =%

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0%

Omefwnftd fmrn trmespgefcr%

6%

Gutput Om`b Gii fmrn trmespgefcr 

3%

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9%

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==%

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Lmellume fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant

Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm ocromlmn jm`mj lmellume trmesjnsn! ymel  ocrupm netcricrcesn netcri crcesn $lmellume ymel ocrmsma fmrn snstcj mtmu mamt ymel fnluembme. fme njpmnrjcet $lmellume ymel ocrmsma fmrn mamj.% m% 

N etcr etcr icrces icrcesn  n 

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Netcricrcesn fmrn smtcant amne $MPN. Vcrkmfn mpmonam sumtu stmsnue oujn jcjme`mrbme sumtu `mrrncr ymel

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Netcricrcesn bmrcem netcrjgfuamtnge Lmellume nen jue`ua pmfm smmt sumtu stmsnue oujn jcelnrnjbme ococrmpm

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Njpmnrjcet 

_mne imfc Mfmamd rcfmjme lcagjomel lcagjomel ymel fnscomobme gacd dukme%

Dukme fmpmt jcenjouabme mosgrsn! fnirmbsn! fme rcirmbsn tcrdmfmp `mrrncr scdnellm cinsncesn fme jutu pcjme`mrme metcem jceurue bmrcemeym% Dma nen fbmrcembme jyamrf pmfm GJV tcrlcemel gacd mnr dukme tmfn% Pcamne ntu! onam rciacbtgr metcem burmel fnauomeln jmbm mnr dukme mbme jcellcemeln rc iacbtgr metceem% Netcricrcesn bmrcem rmne imfc nen tnfmb fmpmt fn`clmd! bmrcem snimteym tcrlmetuel pmfm mamj%



Pue gutmlc tcrkmfn smmt pgsnsn smtcant fme jmtmdmrn ocrmfm fmamj smtu lmrns aurus!

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gutmlc dmeym fum bman fmamj sctmdue ymntu ouame Jmrct fme Pcptcjocr tcrlmetuel fnjmem actmb stmsnue oujneym% Dma nen dmeym tcrkmfn ococrmpm jcent smkm%



P`netnaamtnge P`netnaamtnge tcrkmfn bmrcem mfmeym pcruomdme bgjpgsnsn fn mtjgsinr ymel

jceycomobme emnb turueeym acvca pmfm sneyma% Mbme tctmpn lmellume nen smelmt  kmrmel tcrkmfn%



Xcrlcscrme gront smtcant Fmamj pcrcfmrmeeym jcelcananeln oujn

?6 kmj sctnmp dmrn fnmelbmsm! smtcant nen mbme jcelmamjn omeymb lmellume mamjn scpcrtn jnsmaeym lmym tmrnb jcemrnb ocefm amelnt! rgtmsn  oujn pmfm pgrgseym wmamupue bc`na tctmpn tcrfmpmt fcvnmsneym!bcjufnme smtcant ntu scefnrn jcjpueymn jcamjomt%Emjue

bc`cefruelme fcelme

mfmeym

uetub  systcj

 pcekmlmme stmsnue $stmsnue bccpnel. jmbm smtcant fmpmt fnbgetrga fmrn oujn% Xcrlcrmbbme smtcant fnomtmsn pmfm sumtu grontma ogx scbntmr 8!83 mtmu pcmb tg pcmb  8!=8 ousur fcrmkmt smkm%

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Bcuetuelme fme bcrulnme fmamj pcelluemme bgjuenbmsn smtcant

Fmamj pcjmeimmtmeeym! snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant omeymb jcjometu fmamj bcdnfupme scdmrn*dmrn% Emjue! fnsmjpnel ntu mfm puam bcrulnme fmrn snstcj nen

M%

BCSEVSELME BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV

=%

Kmelbmume `mbupmeeym ymel aums omnb emsngema! r clngema jmupue lagoma%

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0%

Bgjuenbmsn fmpmt fnambubme omnb tntnb bc tntnb jmupue fmrn smtu tntnb bc  omeymb tntnb sc`mrm orgmf`mstnel! juatn`mstnel

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Bc`cpmtme ont mbscs tnelln fme omefwnftd acomr% YPMV onsm fnpmsmel fnjmem smkm scamjm jmsub fmamj kmelbmume smtcant!

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BC_SLNME BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV

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M%

Metcem Iay*mwmy

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Metcem PEL

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Ocetub bgestrubsn metcem PEL

@mrm jcelmtur mznjutd Xmfm metcem PEL

@mrm jcelmtur cacvmsn Xmfm metcem PEL

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@%

Metcem @JGY

@nrn bdusus @JGY mfmamd metcem smtcant ymel scamau tcrlmouel amelsuel fmamj bcefmrmme% Ocrocfm fcelme PEL fme iay*mwmy! metcem kcens nen onmsmeym sufmd amelsuel tcrpmsmel%

Onmsmeym fnluembme fnluembme gacd stmsnue tcacvnsn! pgansn!

jnantcr! fme stmsnue rmfng% Metcem nen mfm fum kcens! ymntu ymel jcelluembme jmeuma mfkusjcet fme jgtgrnzc mfkustjcet% Emjue bcomeymbme ymel fnkujpmn mfmamd tnpc jgtgrnzc mfkusjcet! bmrcem tnfmb suant fme acond jufmd pcelmturmeeym% Pcamne ntu! mfm puam ymel jcelluembme metcem ymel ocrsnimt mutg trm`bnel! mrtneym metcem tcrscout fmpmt jce`mrn fme jcelmrmdbme fnrneym bc smtcant ymel fntuku sc`mrm gtgjmtns%

@JGY jmeuma jmeuma mf ustjcet ustjcet

@JGY jmeuma jmeuma mf ustjcet ustjcet

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Metcem G_ONV

Kcens metcem bdusus nen omeymb fnluembme pmfm bmpma amut% Metcem nen tcrlgagel fmamj kcens fuma giisct lrclgrnme%% lrclgrnme%% Metcem nen kulm fnacelbmpn fcelme intur  mutg* trm`bnel % Pcamne ntu! metcem nen kulm tcrbgecbsn fcelme LXP% Bdusus uetub  Xcelmturme cacvmsn metcem kcens nen! metcem nen jcelluembme fuma mxns $T*^.

Ocetub strubtur bgestrubsn metcem G_ONV

Metcem G_ONV ymel tcamd fnpmsmeln rmfgjc  pcanefuel 4?