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Sistem Komunikasi Satelit
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Sistem Komunikasi Satelit
Karya tulis mengenai sistem komunikasi satelitDeskripsi lengkap...
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Dwi Antony Verdugo
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PNPVCJ BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV XCEFMDSASME Fmamj crm lagomansmsn scpcrtn scbmrmel nen bcoutudme jmeusnm mbme neigrjmsn smelmtamd pcetnel% Pcdnellm uetub jcefmpmtbme neigrjmsn jcrcbm dmrus smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn fcelme ymel amneeym% Fcelme oclntu smrmem uetub ocrbgjuenbmsn kulm scjmbne omeymb omeymb rmlmjeym scnrnel fcelme ocrtmjomd jmkueym tcbegagln smmt nen% Vcbegagln bgjuenbmsn mtmu Vcacbgjuenbmsn ocrbcjomel fcelme pcsmt sckmame fcelme pcrbcjomelme naju pcelctmdume fme tcbegagln ymel kulm ocrbcjomel fcelme `cpmt% Dma nen fmpmt fnandmt fcelme fntcjubmeeym `mrm bgjuenbmsn fcelme kmrmb ymel `ubup kmud fcelme jcelluembme jcfnm tcrtcetu% Bgjuenbmsn fmtm jcrupmbme lmouelme fum jm`mj tcbenb! ymntu tcbenb bgjuenbmsn fme tcbenb pcelgamdme fmtm% Mfmpue sumtu bgjuenbmsn fmpmt tcrkmfn mpmonam ;
M%
*
Mfmeym neigrjmsn' fmtm ymel mbme fnbnrnjbme' fntcrnjm
*
Mfmeym pcjme`mr neigrjmsn
*
Mfmeym jcfnm trmesjnsn neigrjmsn
*
Mfmeym pcecrnjm neigrjmsn
*
Mfmeym bcscpmbmtme' prgtgbga pcelmtur bgjuenbmsn
KCENP BGJSENBMPN
Pc`mrm jcefmsmr! bgjuenbmsn fnomln jcekmfn tnlm kcens! ymntu ; m%
Pnjpa cx J gfc
Fmpmt kulm fnscout bgjuenbmsn smtu mrmd% Bgjuenbmsn kcens nen jcanomtbme bgefnsn fnjmem dmeym mfm smtu pcjme`mr fme smtu pcecrnjm% Mrtneym! fnsmmt pcjme`mr scfmel jcelnrnj neigrjmsn! pcjme`mr tcrscout tnfmb onsm jcecrnjm bcjoman rcspge fmrn amwme bgjuenbmsneym% Oclntupuam fnsmmt pcecrnjm jcecrnjm neigrjmsn fmrn pcjme`mr! pcecrnjm tcrscout kulm tnfmb fmpmt jcelnrnjbme bcjoman neigrjmsn bcpmfm amwme bgjuenbmsneym% Fcelme bmtm amne! tcrkmfn pcjnefmdme
=6
neigrjmsn metmrm pcecrnjm fme pcjme`mr! emjue tnfmb mfm tnjoma omanb ' rcspge fmrn jmsnel*jmsnel bgjpgece tcrscout% @getgd fmrn bgjuenbmsn kcens nen ymntu orgmf`mst snmrme tcacvnsn fme rmfng%
bgjuenbmsn snjpacx
Orgmf`mst tcacvnsn scomlmn `getgd bgjuenbmsn snpacx o%
D mai*Fupacx mai*Fupacx J gfc gfc
Jcrupmbme bgjuenbmsn fum mrmd% Ocrocfm fcelme snjpacx jgfc! fmamj Dmai* fupacx jgfc! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt tcrkmfn tnjoma omanb ' rcspge% Kmfn! pmfm bgefnsn tcrtcetu! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt smanel ocrtubmr neigrjmsn! fcelme jcjomanbbme bgefnsn fnjmem pcjme`mr ocrpcrme jcekmfn pcecrnjm! oclntupuam pcecrnjm fmpmt jcekmfn pcjme`mr% Emjue! fmamj snstcj nen! metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm tnfmb onsm scbmanlus smanel ocrtubmr neigrjmsn! fnbmrcembme dmeym jcelluembme smtu kmaur trmesjnsn!scdnellm dmrus ocrlmetnme fmamj jcelnrnjbme neigrjmsn% @getgd bgjuenbmsn kcens nen mfmamd rmfng bgjuenbmsn $DV.
Bgjuenbmsn dmai fupacx
_mfng DV scomlmn `getgd Bgjuenbmsn dmai fupacx
=3
`%
I uaa *Fupacx *Fupacx J gfc gfc
Iuaa*fupacx jgfc jcrupmbme bgjuenbmsn fum mrmd puam! emjue fmamj snstcj nen! ymel jcjocfmbmeeym fcelme snstcj Dmai*fupacx jgfc mfmamd snstcj nen jcelluembme fum kmaur trmesjnsn! fnjmem kmaur trmesjnsn pcrtmjm ocriuelsn uetub bgjuenbmsn fmrn jcfnm M bc O! scfmelbme kmaur trmesjnsn bcfum fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn fmrn jcfnm O bc M% Pcdnellm! metmrm jcfnm ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym fmpmt tcrkmfn pcrtubmrme neigrjmsn amelsuel tmepm pcrau ocrlmetnme jcelluembme kmaur trmesjnsn% @getgd bgjuenbmsn nen mfmamd tcacpge! dmefpdgec! dmefpdgec! faa%
Bgjuenbmsn iuaa fupacx
Dmefpdgec scomlmn `getgd bgjuenbmsn iuaa fupacx
O%
PNPVCJ VCACBGJSENBMPN
Pnstcj tcacbgjuenbmsn ymel ocrbcjomel pcsmt scjmbne jcjufmdbme jmeusnm fmamj ocrtubmr neigrjmsn% Mfmpue snstcj bgjuenbmsn fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn ocrnbut;
m%
Ocrfmsmrb Ocrfmsmrb me A gbmsn gbmsn
Bgjuenbmsn rclngema ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn ymel fnluembme fn sumtu fmcrmd mtmu wnamymd fmamj sumtu eclmrm% Pmtcant fmamj snstce nen fnluembme uetub bcpcetnelme prnomfn mtmu bcpcetnelme fmamj eclcrn
=9
Bgjuenbmsn fgjcstnb ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn ymel fnluembme bdusus uetub sumtu eclmrm mtmu bgjuenbsmn pcromtmsme metmr fum eclmrm%
Bgjuenbmsn Netcremsngema ; mfmamd bgjuenbmsn metmr eclmrm*eclmr fn scaurud fuenm
o%
Ocrfmsmrb Ocrfmsmrb me J cfnm Vr msjn msjn sn
Bgjuenbmsn
bmoca
$wnrcf
`gjjuen`mtnge.
;
bgjuenbmsn
ymel
jcelluembme scoumd bmwmt $bmoca. pcelduouel pcelduouel scomlmn jcfnm trmesjnsn! `getgd ; kmrnelme tcacpge! kmrnelme AME agbma%
Bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca $wnrcacss `gjjuen`mtnge. ; ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn bmoca! bgjuenbmsn kcens nen jcelluembme lcagjomel rmfng scomlmn jcfnm trmesjnsn neigrjmsn% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn nen! neigrjmsn fnbnrnjbme jcamaun prgscs jgfuamsn $pceujpmelme. bc sumtu pcjomwm $fmamj dma nen fnscout sneyma `mrrncr.! scdnellm fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb ymel kmud tcrlmetuel ircbucesn lcagjomel rmfng ymel fnluembme% @getgd ; \n*in! \AME! rmfng aneb! dmefpdgec! oauctggtd! rmfng MJ'IJ! fme bgjuenbmsn smtcant%
Fmrn pcellgagelme fnmtms! bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca acond omeymb kcenseym! bmrcem jcjnanbn omeymb bcacondme*bcacondme fnomefnel bgjuenbmsn fcelme bmoca! jnsmaeym ; *
Fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb ymel acond kmud
*
Acond cinsnce fme iacbsnoca
*
Nestmamsn ymel acond jufmd fme rnelbms
*
Jcjnanbn jgonantms acond omnb
Pc`mrm ujuj! bgjuenbmsn tmepm bmoca $wnrcacss. fmpmt fnlgagelbme jcekmfn fum kcens! ymntu ; =%
Bgju en bmsn bmsn Vcrcs Vcrcstn ma
Bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma mfmamd bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme rcpcmtcr ocrupm stmsnue rcpcmtcr oujn% _cpcmtcr mfmamd sumtu pceluamel! fnjmem fmamj sumtu rcpcmtcr tcrfmpmt pcjme`mr $Vx. fme pcecrnjm $_x. ymel mbme
=<
jcecrusbme neigrjmsn bc tcjpmt ymel acond kmud% Pcomlmn lmjomrme! pcrdmtnbme `getgd ocrnbut ;
Fnjnsmabme sntc = fme sntc 6 ocrmfm fn fmcrmd ymel smanel ocrkmudme kmrmbeym! scfmelbme fmym fm ym kmelbmu sntc sn tc = tnfmb jce`ubupn uetub smjpmn bc sntc 6% Mlmr neigrjmsn ymel fnbnrnjbme fnbnrn jbme gacd sntc = fmpmt fntcrnjm fnt crnjm fn sntc 6! jmbm sneyma neigrjmsn pcrtmjm bman fnbnrnjbme bc stmsnue rcpcmtcr tcracond fmduau% fmduau % Pctcamd ntu! omruamd neigrjmsn ymel fntcrnjm rcpcmtcr fmrn sntc = gacd rcpcmtcr fntcrusbme bc sntc 6% Fcelme fcjnbnme! bgeinlurmsn fmsmr sumtu rcpcmtcr fmpmt fnlmjomrbme scomlmn ocrnbut ;
Bgeinlurmsn rcpcmtcr
=4
Fcelme fcjnbnme! rcpcmtcr fmpmt jcemjomd fmym kmelbmu sneyma ymel fnbnrnjbme mlmr fmpmt fntcrnjm fmamj kmrmb ymel acond kmud% Dma nenamd ymel jcrupmbme pceycomo bcempm fmamj bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme lcagjomel rmfng fmpmt acond jceluetuelbme% ^mel pmstn! fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! rcpcmtcr ymel fnluembme scamau ocrmfm fn oujn%
?%
Bgjue nb msn msn Pmtcan mtcan t
Ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! pmfm bgjuenbmsn smtcant! rcpcmtcr ymel fnluembme uetub snstcj nen mfmamd scoumd smtcant ymel ocrmfm fn mtjgsinr oujn fcelme bctnellnme fme gront tcrtcetu% Pmtcant mfmamd scoumd stmsnue pceluamel ymel fnactmbme pmfm bctnellnme tcrtcetu fnmtms pcrjubmme oujn ! kmfn fmpmt fnbmtmbme omdwm smtcant scomlmn rcpcmtcr melbmsm% Fcelme prnesnp sumtu rcpcmtcr fnluembme mlmr fmpmt jcecrusbme neigrjmsn! bgjuenbmsn smtcant fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn fcelme kmrmb ymel smelmt kmud% Pneyma neigrjmsn ymel sufmd fnjgfuamsn fcelme sneyma pcjomwm fnpme`mrbme bc amelnt dnellm fntcrnjm smtcant! bcjufnme smtcant bcjoman jcelnrnjbme neigrjmsn tcrscout bcpmfm pcecrnjm ymel fntuku% Kcens bgjuenbmsn nen omeymb fnluembme uetub bgjuenbmsn netcremsngema! fnbmrcembme smtcant fnbmrcembme smtcant jcjnanbn fmym kmelbmu scocsmr scpcrtnlm omlnme oujn% oujn % Vcracond amln! bgjuenbmsn smtcant smelmt `g`gb fnluembme pmfm fmcrmd tcrpce`na mtmu fmcrmd ymel tcrfnrn fmrn puamu*puamu s cpcrtn Nefgecsnm%
=>
Pcocemreym! pmfm prnesnpeym bgjuenbmsn smtcant tnfmb kmud ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma! ymel jcjocfmbmeeym dmeymamd rcpcmtcr ymel fnluembme% Bgeinlurmsn ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant pue tnfmb omeymb kmud ocrocfm fcelme bgjuenbmsn bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma%
Bgeinlurmsn bgjuenbmsn smtcant
Mfmpue bcjnrnpme iuelsn rcpcmtcr pmfm bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma fcelme bgjuenbmsn smtcant metmrm amne ; *
Pneyma neput bc metceem _cpcmtcr $I ne : I _x. rcamtnvc smelmt acjmd fme fmtmel fmrn smamd smtu uent mtmu mrmd%
*
Vcrkmfn jnxnel fcelme ag`ma gs`naamtgr scdnellm jceldmsnabme trmesamsn ircbucesn $I gut tnfmb smjm fcelme I ne.% Dma nen fnjmbsufbme mlmr tnfmb tcrkmfn aggpom`b! ymntu pcecrnjmme ircbucesn ymel fnpme`mrbme scefnrn%
*
I gut mtmu I Vx rcpcmtcr fnpcrbumt fme fninatcr! amau bcjufnme fcelme fmym ymel rcamtni smelmt bumt fnpme`mrbme metcem uetub mrmd mtmu fmcrmd kmelbmume ymel kmud fme aums
*
Jcjnanbn omefwnftd tcrtcetu fcelme magbmsn bmema*bmemaeym
*
Actmb'sntc rcpcmtcr ymel scamau fntcjpmtbme pmfm bctnellnme tcrkmjne fme tcrscacellmrm%
Fmamj ampgrme nen! smym mbme jcjigbusbme pgbgb omdmsme pmfm snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant% Fnsnen smym mbme jcekcamsbme tcetmel kcens*kcens smtcant! pcelluemme ircbucesn fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! bgjpgece*bgjpgece ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! scrtm pcelluemme smtcant scomlmn YPMV $Ycry Pjmaa Mpmrturc Vcrjnema.
?8
BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV M%
BAMPNINBMPN PMVCANV
Pcpcrtn
sufmd
fnkcamsbme
scocaujeym!
bgjuenbmsn
smtcant
mfmamd
bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss ymel jcelluembme rcpcmtcr ocrupm scoumd smtcant ymel ocrmfm fn mtms pcrjubmme oujn% Pc`mrm tcgrn! mpmonam bntm ocrbgjuenbmsn jcelluembme sntcj nen! fcelme fmym kmelbmu scpcrtnlm omlnme oujn! jmbm fcelme tnlm smtcant smkm jmbm bntm sufmd fmpmt ocrbgjuenbmsn bc scaurud fuenm% Emjue! pmfm bceymtmmeeym! smtcant tnfmb scamau scama u fnjmeimmtbme dmeym uetub bgjuenbmsn% Mfm smtcant ymel tcractmb pmfm gront fme bctnellnme tcrtcetu ymel fnjmeimmtbme uetub sumtu pcjmbmnme tcrtcetu puam% Fme pcrau fnbctmdun! fn melbmsm tcrfmpmt omeymb scbman smtcant*smtcant! fcelme pcjmbmnme fme iuelsn tcrtcetu% Gacd bmrcem ntu! smtcant fmpmt fnbamsninbmsnbme scomlmn ocrnbut ; =%
J ceu ru t Gront ' onfmel cfmr cfmr
Pmtcant Gront _cefmd $ ACG:Agw Cmrtd Gront .
Pmtcant nen ocrmfm pmfm bctnellnme =88*088 jnacs mtmu burmel acond ?%888 Bj! fme wmbtu ymel fnpraubme smtcant nen uetub jcelcananeln oujn mfmamd = bman fmamj =!3 kmj% Knbm K nbm bntm bnt m jcandmt fmrn oujn jmbm smtcant smtca nt nen n en mbme tcrandmt dmeym fmamj fmam j wmbtu ± kmj pcrdmrn% Gacd bmrcem ntu! smtcant nen kmrmel fnluembme fmamj tcacbgjuenbmsn bmrcem tnfmb jceluetuelbme%
* Bctnellnme
; <38 * ?%388 bj
* Xcrngfc
; ? * ?!3 kmj
Pmtcant Gront Pcfmel $JCG:Jcfnuj Cmrtd Gront.
Pmtcant
nen
jcjpueymn
gront
canps
fcelme
bctnellnme
9888*=?888
jnacs!wmbtu uetub smtu bman putmrme jcelcananeln oujn metmrm 3*=? kmj fme dmeyme fmpmt fnandmt metmrm ?*6 kmj'dmrn% Pmtcant nen burmel jceluetuelbme omln bgjuenbmsn *
Bctnellnme; <%388 ‐ =8%888 bj
*
Xcrngfc; 6!3 * 9 kmj
?=
Pmtcant Gront Vnelln
Pmtcant nen jcjpueymn gront fcelme bctnellnme =3%888 ‐ ?8%888 Bj fmrn oujn% @getgd pcjmeimmtme smtcant nen mfmamd LXP $Lagoma Xgsntngenel Pystcj.
* Bctnellnme
; =3888*?8888 bj
* Xcrngfc
; ==*=? kmj
Pmtcant Gront Xgamr
Pmtcant kcens nen jcjnanbn gront jcacwmtn fmcrmd butuo
Pmtcant Gront Nebanemsn
Pmtcant ymel wmbtu rgtmsneym smjm fcelme oujn! emjue tnfmb ocrmfm tcpmt fn bdmtuanstnwm
Pmtcant Gront Lcg*Ptmsngecr Lcg*Ptmsngecr $smtcant Lcg*Pye`drgegus. Lcg*Pye`drgegus.
*Bctnellnme ; 09888 bj *Xcrngfc
; ?6 kmj
Pmtcant nen jcjpueymn gront fnmtms cbumtgr fcelme bctnellnme 09%888 Bj fmrn oujn $??%088 jnacs.% Pmtcant ymel jcjpueymn bctnellnme scpcrtn nen anetmsmeeym mbme jcelcananeln oujn fcelme wmbtu ?6 kmj! jmbm smtcant nen mbme scamau tmjpmb fnmj tcrdmfmp sumtu pcrjubmme oujn% Dma nen fnbmrcembme wmbtu rgtmsneym smjm fcelme oujn% Pmtcant kcens nen pmanel jceluetuelbme fme omeymb fnpmbmn bmrcem smtcant nen scamau tmjpmb fnmj tcrdmfmp sumtu tntnb fn pcrjubmme oujn! jmbm onmym uetub jcelgetrga smtcant nen rcefmd% Bmrcem tcrandmt scamjm ?6 kmj! jmbm duouelmeeym tnfmb pcremd tcrputus% Pcamne ntu! kcens smtcant nenamd ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mlmr pcelmrmdme metcem pmfm smtcant jcekmfn acond jufmd fnambubme%
@getgd smtcant bgjuenbmsn gront lcgsye`drgegus lcgsye`drgegus ; Netcasmt!
pmampm! fso%
?%
J ceur ut iuelsn iuelsn ;
Pmtcant jmtm*jmtm! tcrjmsub smtcant mrjcf igr`c mef fcicesc $jnantcr.
Pmtcant @um`m fme Emvnlmsn
??
Pmtcant Xcelnefcrmme Kmrmb Kmud fme Xcjctmme Oujn $rcjgtc $ rcjgtc scesnel mef cmrtd jmppnel .
Pmtcant pceycanfnbme $rcscmr`d $rcscmr`d..
Pmtcant Bgjuenbmsn
0%
J ceu r ut snstc snstcj j stmona stmona ntms
Pmtcant spne
Pmtcant 0*mxns
?0
O% Gront smtcant Lcgsye`drgegus Lcgsye`drgegus $gront lcgstmsngecr. lcgstmsngecr.
Xmfm tmdue =>63!Mrtdur @% @amrbc jceymtmbme omdwm; ‑Pcoumd smtcant fcelme gront anelbmrme pmfm onfmel Cbumtgr fcelme rmfnus 03%496
bj mbme jcjnanbn pcrngfm pcrngfm $V. ymel smjm fcelme pcrngfm rgtmsn oujn‚%
Vcamd bntm bctmdun omdwm smtcant bgjuenbmsn tcractmb pmfm gront lcgstmsngecr fcelme bctnellnme ½ 09%888 Bj fn mtms lmrns cqumtgr $bdmtuanstnwm.% \mbtu rgtmsn ymel fnoutudbme gacd smtcant nen smjm fcelme wmbtu ymel fnoutudbme oujn uetub ocrgtmsn $?6 kmj.% Gacd bmrcem ntu! bmrcem actmbeym ymel scamau tctmp fme jcelnbutn pcrputmrme oujn! jmbm fnluembmeamd smtcant fn gront nen scomlmn smtcant bgjuenbmsn%
?6
Xgsnsn smtcant ymel scamau tctmp tcrscout fnjmbsufbme mlmr pmfm smmt metcem fnmrmdbme bc smtcant! mrmd metcem tcrscout fmpmt fnbctmdun fcelme pmstn% Xmfm gront lcgstmsngecr! anelbmrme gront ymel ymel tcrocetub fnscout `ne`ne `amrbc% @ne`ne `amrbc nen jcrupmbme gront fnjmem smtcant bgjuenbmsn ocrmfm% Pmtcant ymel ocrmfm fn gront `ne`ne `amrbc nen fnsc out smtcant lcgsye`drgegus smtcant lcgsye`drgegus%%
Pnimt ‐ snimt smtcant gront lcgsye`drgegus ; Jcelcananeln oujn scamau ocrmfm fnmtms bdmtuanstnwm Ocrkmrmb scbntmr 03%496 bj fmrn pcrjubmme oujn Bc`cpmtme fme mrmd gront smjm pcrsns $ snelbrge . fcelme bc`cpmtme fme mrmd rgtmsn oujn Onam fnpmefmel fmrn tcjpmt jmempue fn oujn mbme tcrandmt scpcrtn scoumd tntnb ymel fnmj fnmelbmsm%
@getgd smtcant lcgsye`drgegus
@% Ppcbtruj ircbucesn fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant
Fmamj bgjuenbmsn wnrcacss! jcfnm trmesjnsn ymel fnluembme mfmamd lcagjomel
rmfng% Lcagjomel rmfng tcrscout tcrbamsninbmsn jcekmfn sumtu
spcbtruj ircbucesn% Ocrfmsmrbme spcbtruj ircbucesn nenamd lcagjomel rmfng fn bcagjpgbme fme fnluembme uetub bcpcraume tcrtcetu%
?3
Omef
Xcelcrtnme Xcelcrtnme
Ircbucesn
Xmekmel lcagjomel
CAI
Cxtrcjcay Agw Ircquce`y
0 * 08 Dz
=88!888 * =8!888 bj
PAI
Pupcr Agw Ircquce`y
08 * 088 Dz
=8!888 * =!888 bj
SAI
Satrm Agw Ircquce`y
088 * 0888 Dz
=!888 * =88 bj
YAI
Ycry Agw Ircquce`y
0 * 08 bDz
=88 * =8 bj
AI
Agw Ircquce`y
08 * 088 bDz
=8 * = bj
JI
Jcfnuj Ircquce`y
088 * 0888 bDz
= bj * =88 j
DI
Dnld Ircquce`y
0 * 08 JDz
=88 * =8 j
YDI
Ycry Dnld Ircquce`y
08 * 088 JDz
=8 * = j
SDI
Satrm Dnld Ircquce`y
088 * 0888 JDz
= j * =8 `j
PDI
Pupcr Dnld Ircquce`y
0 * 08 LDz
=8 * = `j
CDI
Cxtrcjcay Dnld Ircquce`y
08 * 088 LDz
= `j * = jj
Vmoca spcbtruj ircbucesn Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! spcbtruj ircbucesn ymel fnluembme tcrlgagel fmamj spcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg $jn`rg wmvc. fcelme ircbucesn smelmt tnelln% Ppcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg nen jcjnanbn rmelc fmrn ircbucesn PDI omef dnellm CDI%
Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! spcbtruj lcagjomel jnbrg ymel fnluembme mfmamd scomlmn ocrnbut;
NI $Netcrjcfnmtc Ircquce`y.; 3?*44 JDz
@*omef ;
*
AG $smtcant. ; ???3 JDz
*
Spaneb; 3>?3*96?3 JDz
*
Fgweaneb ; 0<88*6?88 JDz
A*omef ;
*
Fgweaneb $nevcrtcf. ; >38*=638 JDz
*
AG $AEO. ; 3=38 JDz
?9
Cxtcefcf @*omef $Cx*@ omef.
*
AG $smtcant. ; 08?3 JDz
*
Spaneb; 9%6?3 ‐ 9%938 JDz
*
Fgweaneb; 0%688 ‐ 0%9?3 JDz
BS*omef
*
AG ; ?838 JDz
*
Spaneb ; =0%<38 ‐ =6%388 JDz
*
Fgweaneb ; ==%<88 ‐ =?%<38 JDz
T*omef
*
AG ; 3988 JDz
*
Spaneb ; 4=?8 ‐ 4?<8 JDz
*
Fgweaneb ; ?3?8 ‐ ?9<8 JDz
BM*omef
*
AG ; ½ =8 LDz
*
Spaneb ; ½ 08 LDz
*
Fgweaneb ; ½ ?8 Ldz
P*omef
*
Spaneb ; ½ =%> LDz
*
Fgweaneb ; ½ ?%3 Ldz
Xmfm pcjomdmsme nen! smym dmeym mbme jcekcamsbme sc`mrm jcefctmna jcelcemn omef ircbucesn NI! @*omef! fme A*omef! bmrcem pmfm fmsmreym! prnesnp fme pcrdntuelme ymel fnluembme emetneym uetub omef ircbucesn amne tnfmb kmud ocrocfm fcelme omef ircbucesn tcrscout%
?<
Lmjomrme spcbtruj ircbucesn fme omef ircbucesn i rcbucesn bgjuenbmsn smtcant
?4
F% Vrmespgefcr smtcant
Vrmespgefcr mfmamd sumtu suosnstcj fmrn smtcant ymel tcrfnrn mtms mamt pcecrnjm! pcelumt! pceluomd ircbucesn! scrtm pcjme`mr uamel sneyma ymel fnbnrnjbme stmsnue oujn% Fmpmt fnbmtmbme omdwm smtcant jcrupmbme jcrupmbme scbujpuame trmespgefcr*trmespgefcr% Pcoumd trmespgefcr smtcant jcjnabn omefwnftd scocsmr 388 JDz% Xmfm ujujeym! ujujeym! trmespgefcr smtcant tcromln jcekmfn ?6 bmvanel! ymel tcromln mtms =? bmvanel trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme =? bmvanel trmespgefcr
ocrpgamrnsmsn
dgrnsgetma%
Jmsnel*jmsnel
bmvanel
trmespgefcr
jcjnanbn omefwnftd scocsmr 09 JDz! ymel fnomtmsn fcelme lumrf omef scocsmr ? x ? JDz $? Jdz fn snsn bmeme fme ? Jdz fn snsn bnrn.% Lumrf omef ocriuelsn uetub jce`clmd netcricrcesn metmrm bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym%
Fmamj trmespgefcr! mfm ococrmpm ircbucesn ymel fnluembme ocrsmjmme fmamj bmvanel trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme bmvanel trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma% Ircbucesn nen fnscout ircbucesn _c*Ssc% _c*Ssc% Fcelme pcjocfmme pgamrnsmsn! jmbm bmvanel trmespgefcr fmpmt fmpmt fndcjmt dnellm 388 JDz%
Setub jcjmdmjneym! pcrdmtnbme pcekcamsme ocrnbut;
Ircbucesn bcrkm $rmelc. _I @*omef ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?3 JDz ‐ 96?3 JDz% Jmbm fmpmt fnmemaglnbme ocsmr omefwntd sumtu trmespgefcr ymntu;
Ocsmr omefwnftd omefwnf td trmespgefcr ;
96?3 * 3>?3: 388 Jdz
Ocsmr omefwnftd sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr mfmamd 09 JDz% Knbm fntmjomdbme fcelme lumrf omef scocsmr ? x ? JDz! jmbm ocsmr smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr sc`mrm tgtma mfmamd ; Ocsmr = bmvanel trmespgefcr $tgtma. ; 09 " $? x ?. : 68 JDz
?>
Pcdmruseym! knbm mfm ?6 bmvanel trmespgefcr! jmbm ocsmr omefwnftd trmespgefcr scdmruseym ; 68 x ?6: >98 JDz% Emjue! fcelme tcbenb pcjocfmme pgamrnsmsn!jmbm ocsmr omefwnftd trmespgefcr fmpmt fndcjmt jcekmfn 388 JDz smkm%
Pcomlmn pmtgbme! knbm ircbucesn pmanel mwma sumtu trmespgefcr mfmamd 3>?3 JDz! jmbm onam fnocrnbme lumrf omef scocsmr ? JDz! jmbm mbme fnfmpmt omtms ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm scocsmr 3>?< JDz% Onam sumtu bmvanel jcjnanbn omefwnftd scocsmr 09 JDz! jmbm omtms mbdnr icbucesn bcrkm tcrscout mfmamd; 3>?< " 09: 3>90 JDz% Fmrn pcekcamsme tcrscout!jmbm fmpmt fnbctmdun omdwm rmelc ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?<* 3>90 JDz%
Setub jcjufmdbme pcrdntuelme! onmsmeym sumtu trmespgefcr fntmefmn fcelme jcjpcrdmtnbme `cetcr ircquce`y ‐ eym% eym% @cetcr
ircquce`y mfmamd
ircbucesn ymel ocrmfm tcpmt fntcelmd*tcelmd sumtu rmelc ircbucesn% Kmfn! onam bntm mjona `getgd fnmtms! fmrn rmelc ircbucesn bmvanel trmespgefcr pcrtmjm ymel ocrbnsmr fmrn 3>?<* 3>90 JDz ! jmbm fmpmt bntm bctmdun enamn `cetcr ircquce`y*eym ymntu 3>63 JDz% Setub acond kcamseym! pcrdmtnbme lmjomr fnomwmd ;
08
Fmamj trmespgefcr! trmespgefcr bmvanel pcrtmjm ymel jcjnanbn `cetcr ircquce`y scocsmr 3>63 JDz nen jcjnanbn pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma% Knbm fntcrusbme! jmbm mbme bntm fmpmtbme `cetcr ircquce`y trmespgefcr bcfum fcelme jcemjomd 68 JDz! scdnellm `cetcr ircquce`y trmespgefcr bcfum fnbctmdun scocsmr 3>43 JDz! fst% $eo ; smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr jcjnanbn kmrmb jmsnel*jmsnel 68 JDz.%
Metmrm trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma jcjnanbn pcrocfmme imsm scocsmr >8°! fme ocrkmrmb ?8 JDz% Kmfn! knbm `cetcr ircquce`y $@I. trmespgefcr pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma pcrtmjm $ocrnbuteym mbme bntm scout trmespgefcr =D. mfmamd 3>63 JDz! jmbm bntm fmpmt bctmdun @I trmespgefcr vcrtnbma ymel pcrtmjm $=Y. mfmamd ; 3>63 " ?8: 3>93 JDz%
Pcdnellm sufmd bntm bctmdun;
Bmvanel trmespgefcr = D ; 3>63 JDz
Bmvanel trmespgefcr = Y ; 3>93 JDz
Setub jcelctmdun sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr! jnsmabme < D! jmbm bntm fmpmt luembme rujus ocrnbut;
Bmvanel trmespgefcr e $D'Y. : IV = $D'Y. " { $e*=. x Ot } Bctcrmelme ; IV= : ircbucesn trmespgefcr =D ' =Y
Ot : kmrmb trmespgefcr! scocsmr 68 JDz $bgestmetm.
Jmbm! pceycacsmnmeeym mfmamd scomlmn ocrnbut ; Bmvanel trmespgefcr
63 3>63 " { $<*=. x 68 } : 3>63 " $ 9 x 68 . : 3>63 " ?68 : 9=43 JDz
0=
Knbm fnandmt fmrn pcrdntuelme tcrscout! jmbm bmvanel*bmvanel trmespgefcr fmpmt fnandmt scpcrtn tmoca fn omwmd nen ;
Vrmespgefcr
@cetcr ircquce`y
Vrmespgefcr
@cetcr ircquce`y
=D
3>63
=Y
3>93
?D
3>43
?Y
9883
0D
98?3
0Y
9863
6D
9893
6Y
9843
3D
9=83
3Y
9=?3
9D
9=63
9Y
9=93
9=43
9?83
4D
9??3
4Y
9?63
>D
9?93
>Y
9?43
=8D
9083
=8Y
90?3
==D
9063
==Y
9093
=?D
9043
=?Y
9683
EO;
Ircbucesn trmespgefcr fnsnen mfmamd ircbucesn upaneb $fmamj JDz. Omef ircbucesn _I ymel fnpme`mrbme fme fntcrnjm metcem scamau jcellue jcellue mbme ir cbu cesn @*omef
Setub jcefmpmtbme ircbucesn fgweaneb! scamau burmeln ircbucesn upaneb fcelme AG smtcant $uetub snstcj @*omef; ???3 JDz.
0?
r c f e g p s e m r t m f m p l e n a v m b * l e n a v m b e m f n s e c u b c r i e m r m o j m L
00
C% Xcrdntuelme trmesamsn ircbucesn
Pcpcrtn ymel tcamd fkcamsbme fn omo mwma! Vrmespgefcr fmpmt ocriuelsn scomlmn pcecrnjm! pcelumt! pceluomd ircbucesn! scrtm pcjme`mr uamel% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! pcruomdme ircbucesn ymel tcrkmfn fnscout trmesamsn ircbucesn%
Fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! sneyma neigrjmsn mtmu fmtm fnuomd tcracond fmduau jcekmfn sneyma NI% Pctcamd jcekmfn NI! sneyma tcrscout mbme fnuomd jcekmfn sneyma _I fme fnpme`mrbme jcamaun metcem% Pctcamd fntcrnjm gacd smtcant! jmbm smtcant mbme jcjme`mrbme bcjoman sneyma _I tcrscout bc pcecrnjm ymel fntuku% Fmamj prgscs nenamd! tcrkmfn trmesamsn ircbucesn% Fmamj trmesamsn ircbucesn! mfm ococrmpm spcbtruj ircbucesn ymel fmpmt fnluembme% Fnsnen smym mbme jcjomdms trmesamsn fmamj snstcj @*omef fme snstcj A*omef%
m% Vr mesamsn mesamsn fmamj snstc snstcj j @* omef
Pcocaujeym! bntm tcamd jcelctmdun tcetmel pcrdntuelme bmvanel ircbucesn pmfm trmespgefcr% Fmamj sumtu bmvanel trmespgefcr! tcrfmpmt magbmsn ircbucesn ymel fnluembme uetub bcpcraume tcrtcetu% Ircbucesn ymel fnluembme pmfm bmvanel trmespgefcr tcrscout fnpcelmrudn gacd ircbucesn bcrkm NI ymel bntm luembme% Xcrdmtnbme `getgd ocrnbut ; Fnjnsmabme mefm mbme jcelluembme NI scocsmr 33 JDz pmfm jgfcj! fme trmespgefcr ymel mbme mefm luembme mfmamd trmespgefcr 3Y% Jmbm mfm ococrmpm pgnet ymel dmrus mefm mefm bctmdun! ymntu ; =% ircbucesn upaneb ymel fnluembme ?% ircbucesn fgweaneb ymel fnluembme fnluembme Setub jceldntuel ircbucesn upaneb! bntm dmrus jcelctmdun ocrmpm `cetcr ircquce`y fmrn trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme% Fmamj dma nen! trmespgefcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd trmespgefcr 3Y% Jmbm `cetcr ircquce`y*eym; Bmvanel trmespgefcr 3Y : 3>93 3>93 " { $3*=. x 68 } : 3>93 " $ 6 x 68 . :3>93 " =98 : 9=?3 JDz
06
Xcrau fnpmdmjn! omdwm rmelc ircbucesn NI $3?*44 JDz. kulm jcjnanbn omefwntd scocsmr 09 JDz puam! smjm fcelme smtu bmvanel trmespgefcr% Pcdnellm! fmpmt fnbmtmbme pgsnsn ircbucesn NI sckmkmr fcelme ircbucesn tr mespgefcr%
Onam ircbucesn NI ymel bntm luembme 33 JDz! jmbm fmpmt fnbmtmbme ircbucesn bcrkm bntm ocrlcscr bc mrmd bnrn fmrn `cetcr ircquce`y NI $<8 JDz. scocsmr =3 JDz % Kmfn! ircbucesn pmfm trmespgefcr kulm tcrkmfn fcjnbnme% Knbm ircbucesn bmvanel ymel bntm luembme scocsmr 9=?3 JDz! jmbm ircbucesn jmbm ircbucesn bcrkm bntm bucesnn upane b bntm mfmamd ; kulm nbut ocrlcscr scocsmr =3 JDz ! scdnellm ocsmr ir cbuces
9=?3 ‐ =3: 9==8 JDz
Setub ircbucesn fgweaneb! ymel pcrau bntm pcrdmtnbme mfmamd ag`ma gs`namtgr $AG. smtcant tcrscout% Setub snstcj @*omef! ocsmreym AG smtcant mfmamd ???3 JDz% Ircbucesn fgweaneb fnfmpmt fcelme jcelurmeln ircbucesn upaneb bucesn fgwean eb bntm mfmamd ; 9==8 ‐ fcelme ag`ma AG smtcant % Jmbm! ocsmr ir cbucesn
???3: 0443 JDz
Pcomlmn naustrmsn!trmesamsn ircbucesn fnmtms fmpmt fnlmjomrbme scpcrtn fn omwmd nen ;
Lmjomr trmesamsn mrmd upaneb
03
Lmjomr trmesamsn mrmd fgweaneb
@getgd amne ; ircbucesn bcrkm NI mefm ocrmfm fn <> JDz fcelme
jcelluembme trmespgefcr 4D% Jmbm ; Ircbucesn pmfm trmespgefcr Bmvanel trmespgefcr 4D : 3>63 3>63 " { $4*=. x 68 } : 3>63 " $ < x 68 . :3>63 " ?48 : 9??3 JDz
Ircbucesn upaneb NI: <> ‐ <8 : $">. Jmbm upaneb: 9??3 " > : 9?06 JDz
Ircbucesn fgweaneb Ircbucesn upaneb: 9?06 JDz Jmbm fgweaneb: 9?06 ‐ ???3 : 688> JDz
Xcrdntuelme trmesamsn ircbucesn nen emetneym fnluembme uetub jcelcsct pmrmjctcr pmfm jgfcj fme GFS% Ircbucesn ymel bntm dntuel tcrscout tnfmb ogacd smamd! bmrcem onsm ocrmbnomt jcellmellu pcelluem smtcant ymel amne%
09
o% Vr mesamsn mesamsn fma mj snstc snstcj j A *omef
Bdusus uetub A*omef! ymel jcelluembme spcbtr ! trmesamsn pcbtr uj ne vcr vcr tcf tcf fnambubme fcelme jcelurmeln AG fmrn pcrmelbmt $jnsma OS@ mtmu AEO. fcelme ircbucesn A*omef $>38*=638 A*omef $>38*=638 JDz. ymel bntm luembme uetub jceluomd ircbucesn A*omef jcekmfn @*omef $nelmt! ircbucesn ymel fnpme`mrbme metcem scamau jcelluembme @*omef.% Bcomeymbme! AG ymel fnluembme fmamj snstcj A* omef mfmamd soo; * AG OS@ $nevcrtcf spc`truj. scocsmr <0<3 JDz * AG AEO ' AE@ $nevcrtcf spc`truj. scocsmr 3=38 Jdz @getgd; knbm bntm jcelluembme jgfcj A*omef! ircbucesn bcrkm bntm
ocrmfm fn ==88 JDz! fme bntm jcelluembme OS@ fcelme AG <0<3 JDz! fme jcelluembme scoumd AEO% Jmbm ; Ircbucesn upaneb : AG OS@ ‐ ircbucesn bcrkm : <0<3 ‐ ==88 : 9?<3 JDz
Ircbucesn fgweaneb : ircbucesn upaneb ‐ ‐ AG smtcant : 9?<3 ‐ ???3 : 6838 JDz
Ircbucesn rc`cnvc A*omef : AG AEO ‐ ircbucesn fgweaneb : 3=38 ‐ 6838 : ==88 JDz
0<
Lmjomr trmesamsn fmamj jgfc A*omef mrmd upaneb
Lmjomr trmesamsn fmamj jgfc A*omef mrmd fgweaneb
Xcrau fnbctmdun omdwm `getgd tcrscout dmeymamd smamd smtu lmjomrme ujuj uetub jcjmdmjn
trmesamsn
ircbucesn
fmamj
snstcj
A*omef%
Emjue!
pmfm
pcelmpanbmsnmeeym! AG ymel fnluembme pmfm jmsnel*jmsnel OS@ ocrocfm*ocfm! tcrlmetuel
fmrn
sctcame
prgfusce
$`getgdeym
pmfm
OS@
EK_@!
ymel
jcelluembme AG scocsmr 6>88 JDz. % Emjue! pcrdntuelme ymel fnluembme pmfm ujujeym tnfmb kmud ocromfm fmrn bgescp pcrdntuelme pmfm `getgd ymel fnkcamsbme tcrscout
04
Xcelluemme smtcant scomlmn YPMV
M% Xcelcrtnme Xcelcrtnme YPMV
YPMV jcrupmbme bcpcefcbme fmrn Ycry Pjmaa Mpmrturc Vcrjnema % YPMV mfmamd scoumd tcrjnema pgnet tg pgnet ymel fnluembme fmamj bgjuenbmsn fmtm! sumrm! mtmu vnfcg jcelluembme smtcant% Pumtu Bgjsmt fmpmt fnlgagelbme YPMV mpmonam tcrkmfn sumtu bgjuenbmsn metmrm fum sntc stmsnue oujn ymel fnduouelbme $iuaa fupacx jgfc.! scdnellm fmpmt fnbmtmbme orgmf`mst VY ocromymr oubmeamd YPMV%
Mfmpue stmsnue oujn fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn ocrnbut ; =% J ceur ut ubu rme metcem*ey metcem*eym m ;
* Ptmsnue Oujn Ocsmr * Ptmsnue Oujn Pcfmel * Ptmsnue Oujn Bc`na * Ptmsnue Oujn Jnen ' jnbrg * Ptmsnue Oujn Vrmespgrtmoac
?% J ceur ut i uelsn uelsn ' bcfuf bcfufubme ubme ;
* Ptmsnue Oujn Nefub'Duo * Ptmsnue Oujn Stmjm ' lmtcwmy * Ptmsnue Oujn Xcelcefman 'VV ) @ * Ptmsnue Oujn _cicrce`c pmfm stmsnue oujn systcj fnlntma * Ptmsnue Oujn Onmsm! tcrjmsub stmsnue oujn YPMV
YPMV tcrjmsub bc fmamj kcens stmsnue oujn jnen ' jnbrg! bmrcem uburme metcem ymel fnluembme bc`na% Bgeinlurmsn YPMV kulm fmpmt tcrduouel bc scoumd duo stmtnge! scdnellm jcjocetub sumtu kmrnelme smtcant fcelme tgpgagln tcrtcetu% Ococrmpm tgpgagln YPMV ymel scrnel fnluembme mfmamd ;
0>
Ptmr
Pcjum sntc fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn smtu smjm amne fcelme sumtu pcrmetmrm ymel fnscout DSO stmtnge%
J csd
Metmrm sntc ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn pgnet ocrbgjuenbmsn pgnet tg pgnet tmepm pgnet tmepm jcelluembme duo%
68
Dyornf
Jcrupmbme bgjonemsn fmrn tgpgagln stmr fme jcsd
O% Bgjpgece*bgjpgece Bgjpgece*bgjpgece stmsnue oujn
Fmamj YPMV! tcrkmfn bgjuenbmsn metmrm sumtu stmsnue oujn tcrtcetu fcelme stmsnue oujn amneeym% Fn omo nen! bntm mbme jcjomdms tcetmel bgjpgece* bgjpgece ymel mfm fmamj stmsnue oujn% Pc`mrm ujuj! bgjpgece YPMV tcromln jcekmfn ; * FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. * NFS $Nefggr Sent. * GFS $Gutfggr Sent. Bcfum stmsnue oujn! omnb pcjme`mr $VT. mtmupue pcecrnjm $_T. jcjnanbn bgeinlurmsn ymel smjm% Bcscaurudme pcrmelbmt tcrscout pmfm prnesnpeym ocriuelsn uetub jceluomd sneyma neigrjmsn jcekmfn lcagjomel rmfng $_I. mtmupue scomanbeym% FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. jcrupmbme sumtu tcrjnema ymel jcjprgscs neigrjmsn% Pumtu neigrjmsn fmpmt ocrocetub sumrm! fmtm! lmjomr ' vnfcg! fa% Neigrjmsn fnsnen mbme fnbnrnjbme bc NFS ymel emetneym sneyma neigrjmsn fnsnen mbme fnruomd jcekmfn sneyma NI ymel tcrjgfuamsn% Bcjufnme sneyma NI fmrn NFS mbme fnbnrnjbme bc GFS fme mbme fnbgevcrsn jcekmfn sneyma _I $@*omef.!
6=
bcjufnme fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant% Pctcamd smtcant jcelnrnj bcjoman sneyma _I! jmbm sneyma _I tcrscout mbme fntcrnjm gacd metcem pcecrnjm fme fnbnrnjbme bcpmfm GFS% Fnsnen! GFS mbme jcelbgevcrsn sneyma _I jcekmfn sneym NI% Pneyma NI tcrscout bcjufnme fnbnrnjbme bc NFS fme mbme fnruomd bcjoman jcekmfn fmtm fcelme prgscs fcjgfuamsn! fme fmtm mbme fnprgscs fn FVC pcecrnjm%
Xcrmelbmt YPMV aneb sc`mrm lmrns ocsmr fmpmt fnlgagelbme scomlmn ocrnbut; =% NFS $Nefggr Sent.!ymel tcromln fmrn;
*
Jgfcj
*
Netcrim`c
*
Juatnpacxcr
?% GFS $Gutfggr Sent.! ymel tcromln fmrn ;
*
AEM'O'@ $Agw Egnsc Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr.
*
GJV $Grtdg Jgfc Vrmesfu`cr.!onmsm fnscout Iccfdgre fnscout Iccfdgre
*
Sp @gevcrtcr+
*
Fgwe @gevcrtcr+
*
PPXM $Pganf Ptmtc Xgwcr Mjpanincr.+
0% Metcem
*
_ciacbtgr metcem
*
Jguetnel metcem
Srmnme jcelcemn bgjpgece*bgjpgece tcrscout mbme fnomdms fme fnkcamsbme pmfm dmamjme ocrnbuteym%
6?
n j u o e u n s m t s d m u o c s a m b n p n t j m r l m n f b g a O
60
=%
NFS $Nefggr Sent.
m% Jgfcj $Jgfuamtgr*fcjgfuamtgr.
Jgfcj ocriuelsn uetub jcjgfuamsn sneyma fnlntma $fmtm. jcekmfn sneyma NI ymel mbme fnbnrnjbme scrtm jce*fcjgfuamsn sneyma NI ymel fntcrnjm jcekmfn sneyma fnlntma% Mfmpuam kcens jgfcj fcelme gutput ircbucesn A*omef%
@getgd jgfcj NI $_mfyec FJF*?8.
@getgd jgfcj A*omef $PMVECV PNV*3=88.
Xrnesnp bcrkm jgfcj fmpmt fnkcamsbme scomlmn ocrnbut; =. Xmfm Pmmt Vrmesjnt Xmfm smmt trmesjnt fmtm jmsub jcamaun om`b pmeca fme fnocrn `ag`bnel pmfm jgfcj tcrscout bcjufnme fmtm jcamaun ococrmpm prgscs ymntu! fcs`rmjoac! fnce`gfc fnicrcetnma fme fnce`gfc `gevgautngema % Jgfuamtgr fmpmt jcelce`gfc IC@ $Igrwmrf Crrgr @grrc`tnge. fmtm fcelme bgfc `gevgautngema ymel scsumn fcelme spcsninbmsn fmrn kcens IC@ ymel tcrfmpmt pmfm jgfcj tcrscout%Fmtm ymel sufmd fnprgscs bcjufnme jmsub bc oag`b fnlntma jmt`dcf inatcr! bcjufnme fn jgfuamsnbme jcelluembme jctgfc Xdmsc Pdnit Bcynel $XPB. mtmupue kcens jgfuamsn amneeym!uetub jcjgfuamsn sneyma `mrrncr NI% Pneyma NI tcrscout mbme
66
jcamaun `getrga pgwcr fme fn bnrnjbme bc pgrt gutput VT% Vcrmbdnr sneyma tcrscout mbme jcamaun smbamr ge'gii uetub jcelmbtnibme mtmu jcjutusbme `mrrncr gutput%
?. Xmfm Pmmt _c`cnvc Xmfm smmt rc`cnvc sneyma _x NI fmrn GFS mbme jmsub bc oagb inatcr NI!bcjufnme bc ML@ Mjpanincr% Oagb ML@ nen jcjpueymn fnemjnb rmelc ymel `ubup ocsmr fme jcelgetrga sneyma gutput mlmr tctmp pmfm acvca ymel gptnjma% Fmrn ML@ mjpanincr sneyma NI jmsub oagb fcjgfuamtgr fme fnruomd fmrn ocetub memagl jcekmfn ocetub fnlntma ymel bcjufnme fmpmt fnjgentgr jcamaun pcrmelbmt juatnjcfnm scpcrtn Xcrsgema Bgjputcr $X@.%
Mlmr fmpmt tcrkmfn bgjuenbmsn! metmrm jgfcj fn VT fme fn _T dmrus fnsmjmbme pmrmjctcreym% Bgefnsn fnjmem bcfum jgfcj tcrduouel fnscout bgefnsn Pye`d $snelbrge.% Xcrau fnbctmdun! jgfuamsn ymel fnluembme pmfm snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant nen mfmamd jgfuamsn fnlntma! oubme scpcrtn jgfuamsn memagl $MJ'IJ.%
o% Netcrim`c
Netcrim`c mfmamd bgjpgece cacbtrnbma ymel jcelduouelbme metmrm FVC $Fmtm Vcrjnema Cqunpjcet. fcelme jgfcj% @getgdeym; •
Y*03 iuaa C*=
•
L<80 omame`cf
•
Netcrect Xrgtg`ga $NX. omsc
•
_P ?0?! faa
Netcrim`c ymel fnjmbsufbme fnsnen mfmamd omlmnjmem ocetub cacbtrnbma fmtm tcrscout! oubme ocrigbus pmfm insnb% Kmfn! onsm fnbmtmbme omdwm sumtu bgecbtgr ymel smjm ocauj tcetu jcjnanbn pcelluemme netcrim`c ymel smjm puam% Jmsnel* jmsnel netcrim`c jcjnanbn fmtm rmtc tcrtcetu ymel ocrocfm*ocfm puam%
63
Ocrnbut `getgd bgecbtgr ymel scrnel fntcjun uetub netcrim`c;
Xcelluemme sumtu netcrim`c tcrlmetuel fmrn pcjmbmnmeeym% Jnsma! knbm bntm jmu jcelluembme _P*?0? scomlmn netcrim`c! jmbm omeymb pnandme ymel onsm bntm luembme! fme tcrlmetuel fmrn bgecbtgr netcrim`c ymel mfm pmfm pcrmelbmt% Jnsmabme pmfm FVC jcjnanbn sagt netcrim`c FO*> icjmac! bcjufnme pmfm jgfcj jcjnanbn sagt netcrim`c FO*?3 icjmac! jmbm kcens bgecbtgr netcrim`c ymel bntm luembme mfmamd FO*> jmac tg FO*?3 jmac
`% Juatnpacxcr
Bgjpgece juatnpacxcr fnluembme uetub jcjomln mtmu jceymtubme sumtu sneyma neputme% Bgjpgece nen omeymb fnluembme pmfm snstcj J@X@ ymel jcanomtbme omeymb neputme% Pc`mrm prnesnp! Juatnpacxcr tcromln fmrn ? kcens!ymntu ; =% @gjonecr ; uetub jcellmouelbme ococrmpm neput jcekmfn smtu gutput ?% Fnvnfcr ' spanttcr ; uetub jcjomln smtu neput jcekmfn ococrmpm gutput Mfmpuam juatnpacxcr ymel jcjnanbn F@ oag`b! iuelsneym uetub jcjgentgrnel acwmt spcbtruj memayzcr $ EO; spcbtruj memanzcr tnfmb ogacd fnmanrn tclmelme F@! bmrcem fmpmt jcrusmb spcbtruj memayzcr t crscout .% .%
69
Ocetub fme tnpc juatnpacxcr tcrlmetuel fmrn omeymbeym `momel ymel mbme fnluembme
fme
tnpc
bgecbtgr
ymel
fnluembme%
Jnsma!
knbm
bntm
mbme
jcellmouelbme ? sneyma neput fcelme jcelluembme bgecbtgr tnpc E! jmbm juatnpacxcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd @gjonecr =;? tnpc E $icjmac.%fst Pcbmrmel nen! onmsmeym sumtu juatnpacxcr jcjnanbn fum iuelsn amelsuel! mrtneym fnm onsm fnluembme amelsuel scomlmn `gjonecr mtmu fnvnfcr! tcrlmetuel bcoutudme% Ocrnbut jm`mj*jm`mj juatnpacxcr ymel omeymb tcrscfnm fn pmsmrme;
Fnomwmd nen mfmamd `getgd bgecbtgr ymel ymel scrnel fnpmbmn uetub jcetrmesjnsnbme sneyma NI fme _I;
6<
?%
GFS $Gutfggr Sent.
m% AEM'AEO'AE@ $Agw Egnsc Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr. Mjpanincr'Oag`b'@gevcrtcr.
Xmfm fmsmreym! AEM'O'@ ocriuelsn ocriuelsn scomlmn rc`cnvcr% AEM'O'@ AEM'O'@ jcecrnjm fme jcjpcrbumt sneyma _I @*Omef ymel ocrmsma fmrn metcem $fgweaneb. mtmu jcruomdeym jcekmfn sneyma A*Omef% Mfmpue pcrocfmme sc`mrm ujuj metmrm bctnlm mamt tcrscout mfmamd; •
AEM ; fmpmt fnluembme dmeym uetub @*omef
•
AEO ; bdusus scomlmn rc`cnvcr A*omef $jcjnanbn AG scocsmr 3=38.
•
AE@ ; fmpmt ocbcrkm pmfm @*omef fme A*omef! fme jcelluembme snstcj omefwntd anjntcr pmfm anjntcr pmfm snstcj pcecrnjmmeeym
Fnsmjpnel lmne ymel fndmsnabme gacd mjpaninbmsneym! mfm scfnbnt pcelnjoudme Egnsc ymel tcrkmfn fmamj prgscseym% Pcjmbne bc`na Egnsc Vcjpcrmtur AEM'O'@ jmbm mbme scjmbne omnb% Sjujym! spcsninbmsneym scocsmr scbntmr 63 fcrmkmt Bcavne
o% GJV $Grtdglgema Jgfc Vrmesfu`cr.
GJV $iccfdgre. mfmamd mamt ymel jcjme`mrbme sneyma _I bc metcem scbmanlus jcecrnjm sneyma _I fmrn smtcant ymel tcamd fntcrnjm metcem% GJV mfm fum kcens!ymntu; =% GJV pgamrnsmsn anecmr $vcrtnbma ' dgrnsgetma. ?% GJV pgamrnsmsn `nr`uamr $_D@X ' AD@X.
64
Fmamj GJV tcrfmpmt kmaur trmesjnt fme rc`cnvc% Xcrmelbmt AEM'O'@ kulm tcrpmsmel pmfm snsn rc`cnvc pcrmelbmt nen% Metmrm kmaur trmesjnt fme kmaur rc`cnvc fnpnsmd fcelme sumtu mamt ymel fnemjmbme rckc`t inatcr % Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV fnjmbsufbme mlmr pgamrnsmsn trmesjnt bntm scsumn fcelme bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme%`getgdeym! knbm bntm jcelluembme ircbucesn 3>38 $eo;ircbucesn rc*usc.! jmbm knbm bntm mbme jcelluembme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma $=D.! jmbm mrmd pgamrnsmsn GJV bntm kulm dmrus fnsct pmfm pgam pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma puam%
Ocetub insnb GJV
GJV ymel sufmd fnpmsmeln AEO fme tcr*jguetnel pmfm metcem
6>
`% Sp `gevcrtcr
Sp `gevcrtcr ocriuelsn jcruomd sneyma NI $VT. fmrn jgfcj jcekmfn sneyma _I% Pcamne ntu! up `gevcrtcr kulm jcjpcrbumt sneyma ymel mbme fnpme`mrbme! jcsbnpue tnfmb scocsmr pcelumtme pmfm PPXM% Xmfm metcem*metcem ocsmr! onmsmeym up `gevcrtcr ymel fnluembme mfmamd up `gevcrtcr kcens rm`b jguetnel % Pcfmelbme uetub metcem bc`na! onmsmeym up `gevcrtcr tcamd fnlmouel fmamj OS@ $emetneym mbme fnkcamsbme pmfm pcjomdmsme OS@.
Sp `gevcrtcr tnpc rm`b jguetnel _mfyec PI@*9688M
f% Fgwe `gevcrtcr
Ocrocfm fcelme up `gevcrtcr! fgwe `gevcrtcr fmpmt fnbmtmbme scomlmn bcomanbme up `gevcrtcr% Fgwe `gevcrtcr ocriuelsn jcruomd sneyma _I fgweaneb ymel fntcrnjm fmrn AEM'O'@ jcekmfn sneyma NI $_T. fme jcelnrnjbmeeym bc fcjgfuamtgr pmfm pmfm jgfcj% Fgwe `gevcrtcr kulm jcjpcrbumt sneyma NI% Pmjm scpcrtn up `gevcrtcr! fmamj pcelluemmeeym pmfm metcem bc`na! fgwe `gevcrtcr nen kulm onmsmeym tcrlmouel pmfm OS@%
Fgwe `gevcrtcr tnpc rm`b jguetnel _mfyec PI@*6?88M
38
c% PPXM $Pganf Ptmtc Xgwcr Mjpanincr.
PPXM Ocriuelsn jcelumtbme fmym ' pgwcr sneyma _I fmrn up `gevcrtcr mlmr fmpmt fnbnrnj bc smtcant jcamaun metcem% Mfmpue scamne PPXM! mfm puam ymel jcelluembme DXM $Dnld Xgwcr Mjpanincr.! ymel ocromsns pcelumt tmouel! emjue sufmd kmrmel fnluembme sc`mrm ujuj% Xcelluemme PPXM nen kulm smjm scpcrtn up `gevcrtcr fme fgwe `gevcrtcr% Xmfm metcem ymel jcelluembme fmym ocsmr! onmsmeym fnluembme PPXM kcens rm`b jguetnel! scfmelbme uetub uetub fmym bc`na! onmsmeym sufmd tcrlmouel fmamj OS@%
@getgd PPXM rm`b jguetnel 688 wmtt YC_VCT _PN
@getgd PPXM PPXM gutfggr =8 wmtt MEM@GJ
3=
i% OS@ $Oag`b Sp @gevcrtcr.
OS@ $Oag`b Sp @gevcrtcr. jcrupmbme sumtu pcrmelbmt _I $_I uent. snelac pm`bct ymel tcrfnrn fmrn Sp `gevcrtcr! Fgwe `gevcrtcr! fme PPXM ymel fnkmfnbme amelsuel fmamj smtu oagb% Onmsmeym OS@ nen fnactmbbme fn aumr rumelme! tnfmb scpcrtn tnpc jguetnel rm`b ymel fnactmbbme fn fmamj sumtu rumel bgetrga% Pcamne ntu! pcjmsmelme kulm acond rnelbms fme acond cinsnce%
OS@ MEMPMV =8 wmtt
OS@ MEMPMV =88 wmtt
Bcacondme OS@ mfmamd pcrmelbmt nen fmpmt jcelluembme rcfuefmet systcj! fnjmem fum oumd OS@ fnlmouelbme jcekmfn smtu fme fnluembme sc`mrm ocrlmetnme% Pnstcj nen fnmtur gacd scoumd prgtc`tnge prgtc`tnge swnt`d `getrgacr%
@getgd pcelluemme rcfuefmet OS@
Xrgtc`tnge swnt`d `getrgacr OS@
3?
0%
Metcem
Metcem ocriuelsn uetub jcjigbusbme sneyma ymel fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant fme sneyma ymel fntcrnjm fmrn smtcant% Mfmpue metcem sc`mrm ujuj tcromln fmrn ? omlnme!ymntu ; m% _ciacbtgr ' fnsd o% Jguetnel
Pcjmbne ocsmr uburme metcem! jmbm fmym pme`mr fme pcelumtme $lmne. metcem kulm scjmbne ocsmr% Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm tnlm kcens metcem ymel scrnel fnluembme!ymntu ; m% Xrnjc ig`us iccf o% Giisct iccf `% @mssclrmne ' lrclgrnme iccf
30
m% Kcens*kcens metcem bgjuenbmsn smtcant
Xrnjc ig`us iccf
Metcem nen jcjnanbn cinsncesn ymel omlus! emjue bcburmelmeeym tcractmb pmfm bcsuantme pcelmturme pgamrnsmsn GJV% Bmrcem ntu! metcem nen acond scrnel fnluembme pmfm metcem ocrfnmjctcr bc`na $1 6!3 J.
36
Giisct iccf
Cinsncesn metcem nen acond omnb fmrn tnpc prnjc ig`us! bmrcem ocrburmeleym oag`bnel% Pcamne ntu metcem nen acond prmbtns fme jufmd fmamj jcambubme pgnetnel mtmu jceluomd pcelmturme
33
@mssclrmne ' Lrclgrnme iccf
Metcem kcens nen onmsm fnpmbmn pmfm metcem ocruburme ocsmr $56!9 J.! bmrcem acond mjme fme jufmd fmamj pcelmturme uetub jcjpcrgacd dmsna ymel jmbsnjma% Metcem nen onmsmeym jcelluembme snstcj jgtgrnzc fmamj pcelmturme mznjutd fme cacvmsn% Onmsmeym metcem nen fnluembme pmfm duo stmtnge% @nrn bdusus metcem nen mfmamd metcem nen scamau jcelluembme suo*rciac`tgr pmfm GJV*eym
39
o% Vrm`bnel ' pgnetnel metcem bc smtcant
Xmfm smmt fnluembme! tcetueym metcem dmrus fnmrmdbme bc smtcant ymel fntuku fme fnluembme% Xcelmrmdme metcem nen fnscout trm`bnel metcem mtmu pgnetnel metcem% Xmfm smmt trm`bnel! ococrmpm dma ymel dmrus fnpcrdmtnbme ymntu ;
Xgsnsn smtcant
Mznjutd metcem
Cacvmsn metcem
Xgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV
Ocrnbut pcekcamsme fmrn pmrmjctcr tcrscout ;
Xgsnsn smtcant
Xgsnsn metcem mbme fnmrmdbme% ujujeym tcrfnrn fmrn pmrmjctcr mznjutd fme cacvmsn% Xcrau fnbctmdun! tnmp fmcrmd jcjnanbn pgsnsn mznjutd fme cacvmsn ymel ocrocfm*ocfm% Xmrmjctcr tcrscout fmpmt fnbctmdun fcelme jcelluembme sgitwmrc s gitwmrc ymel jcjnanbn fmtmomsc smtcant! jnsmaeym jnsma eym PMVJMPVC_ X_G
3<
Ocrnbut `getgd fmrn pcelluemme PMVJMPVC_ X_G% Fmrn fmtm acelbmp smtcant! ujujeym! ymel pcrau fnbctmdun mfmamd mznjutd fme cacvmsn metcem% Fmpmt fnandmt pmfm smtcant XMAMXM @?! metmrm Kmbmrtm fme Omefuel jcjnanbn mznjutd fme cacvmsn ocrocfm;
34
Mznjutd metcem
Mznjutd mfmamd ocsmr sufut snjpmel ymel scamau pgsntni fndntuel tcpmt juamn fmrn mrmd mrmd Stmrm% Enamn 8 scamau fndntuel fndntuel fcelme fcelme pmtgbme pmtgbme mrmd utmrm! utmrm! fme scjmbne ocsmr ocramwmeme mrmd kmruj kmj% Pcdnellm fmpmt fnbmtmbme mrmd omrmt jcjnanb jcjnanbnn sufut sufut snjpme snjpmel l >8 >8 ! scamtm scamtme e =48 =48 ! fme fme tnjur tnjur ?<8 ?<8 % Stmrm
Vnjur
Pcamtme
8 °
> 8 °
=48°
Omrmt ? < 8
Stmrm 0 9 8
Mznjutd fnubur fcelme jcelluembme bgjpms% Fcelme ocrpmtgbme metcem jceldmfmp bc fcpme fme nefnbmtgr lmrns aurus pmfm bgjpms sckmkmr fcelme cacvmtnge frnvcr pmfm metcem! jmbm mrmd mznjutd pmfm metcem fmpmt fnmtur fcelme jcjutmr Mznjutd*Cacvmtnge $Mz*Ca. pgsntngecr pmfm metcem%
Bgjpms uetub jcelubur sufut mznjutd
Cacvmtnge frnvcr scomlmn pmtgbme mrmd metcem
Jcelmtur mznjutd fcelme jcjutmr mznjutd pgsntngecr
3>
Cacvmsn metcem
Cacvmsn mfmamd ocsmr sufut ymel fndntuel juamn fmrn mrmd dgrnsgetma% Ocsmr sufut cacvmsn jmbsnjuj mfmamd >8¸% Dgrnsgetma 8 °
Ycrtnbma > 8 °
Mfmpue cacvmsn fnubur fcelme jcelluembme nebanegjctcr ' acvca melac% Fcelme ocrpmtgbme pmfm spmr metcem! ocsmr cacvmsn pmfm metcem fmpmt fnmtur fcelme jcjutmr Cacvmtnge frnvcr pmfm metcem%
Ococrmpm jm`mj ocetub nebanegjctcr
Ppmr metcem scomlmn pmtgbme sufut cacvmsn
Jcelmtur cacvmsn pmfm cacvmtnge frnvcr
98
Xgamrnsmsn GJV
Xgamrnsmsn fntcetubme fcelme jcjutmr GJV% Ocsmr pcrocfmme sufut metmrm pgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma fcelme dgrnsgetma scocsmr >8¸% Dma nen fnambubme mpmonam kcens GJV ymel fnluembme mfmamd GJV anecmr% Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn tcrlmetuel fmrn trmespgefcr ymel fnluembme! mpmonam trmespgefcr D ymel bntm luembme! jmbm mrmd pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV bntm mtur puam bc mrmd dgrnsgetma! oclntupue oclntupue scomanbeym% Xcelmturme pgamrnsmsn pmfm GJV fnjmbsufbme mlmr pgamrnsmsn trmesjnt bntm scsumn fcelme bmvanel trmespgefcr ymel bntm luembme%`getgdeym! knbm bntm jcelluembme ircbucesn 3>38 $eo;ircbucesn rc*usc.! jmbm knbm bntm mbme jcelluembme trmespgefcr ocrpgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma $=D.! jmbm mrmd pgamrnsmsn GJV bntm kulm dmrus fnsct pmfm pgam pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma puam%
Mrmd pgamrnsmsn dgrnsgetma
Jcelmtur pgamrnsmsn pgamrnsmsn fcelme jcruomd jcruomd mrmd GJV Mrmd pgamrnsmsn vcrtnbma
Vmjomdme; Xmfm metcem*metcem ocsmr ymel ocrfnmjctcr 59 jctcr! mfm prgscfur bdusus ymel fnemjmbme pmttcrenel metcem% Xmttcrenel metcem fnjmbsufbme uetub jcjnenjmansmsnbme MPN $Mssnljcet
Pmtcaantc Netcricrce`c.! ymntu netcricrcesn sneyma tcrdmfmp smtcant amne mlmr fnfmpmt pcelgpcrmsnme gptnjma% Xmttcrenel metcem jcjcraubme tcgrn bdusus! bmrcem ntu tnfmb onsm smym omdms fnsnen%
9=
`% Pcttnelme pmrmjctcr pmrmjctcr pmfm NFS fme GFS
Xmrmjctcr NFS $Jgfcj.
Mfm ococrmpm pmrmjctcr utmjm ymel pcrau fnscttnel fn jgfcj! mlmr metmrm pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm fmpmt smanel ocrbgjuenbmsn $ sye`d. sye`d. fnmetmrmeym; *
Ircbucesn $NI.
*
Kcens IC@ $Igrwmrf Crrgr @grrc`tnge.
*
Vnpc jgfuamsn $OXPB! ]XPB! 4XPB.
*
Fmtm rmtc
*
Netcrim`c
Xcelmturme fmpmt fnambubme fcelme jcecbme tgjoga iuelsn ymel mfm pmfm jgfcj mtmu jcamaun sgitwmrc!omnb sgitwmrc omwmme pmornb jmupue dypcr tcrjnema%
Xcelmturme jcamaun tgjoga pmeca jgfcj
@getgd pcelluemme pcelluemme dypcr tcrjnema uetub uetub `gesganel jgfcj
9?
Xmrmjctcr GFS
Mfmpue pmfm GFS! pmrmjctcr utmjm ymel dmrus fnpcrdmtnbme mfmamd ; *
Ircbucesn VT
*
Ircbucesn _T
*
Acvca lmne trmesjnt
*
Acvca lmne rc`cnvc
*
VT swnt`d $ge ' gii.
GFS kulm fmpmt fnscttnel jcamaun sgitwmrc mtmu jcelluembme dmefdcaf `gesgac% Bdusus uetub pcelmturme pmfm dmefdcaf! mfm dmefdcaf ymel amelsuel jcelcsct jcamaun tgjoga bgetrga tcrtcetu! fme mfmpuam ymel jcelluembme pcrnetmd*pcrnetmd bdusus%
Dmefdcaf tcrjnema fme pcjmsmelmeeym pmfm GFS
90
@getgd pcelluemme sgitwmrc `gesganel MEMPMV PSXC_YNPG_
96
@%
Nestrujce pceluburme
Fmamj pcrce`memme bgjuenbmsn smtcant! fnluembme mamt ubur ymel ocriuelsn uetub jcelctmdun sumtu ocsmrme tcrtcetu% Dma nen fnjmbsufbme mlmr bntm fmpmt jcelctmdun fme jcelmtmsn ocromlmn jm`mj jmsmamd ymel tnjoua% Ocrnbut ococrmpm mamt ubur ymel scrnel bntm tcjun fme fnluembme fmamj pcrce`memme bgjuenbmsn smtcant ;
Juatnjctcr
Juatnjctcr fnluembme uetub jcelubur ocsmreym tclmelme! mrus! fme dmjomtme% Mfm fum kcens juatnjctcr! ymntu juatnjctcr fnlntma fme juatnjctcr memagl%
Fnlntma
Memagl
Juatnjctcr scrnel fnluembme uetub jcelctmdun tclmelme fme mrus anstrnb M@ mtmupue F@! jcelc`cb bgecbtnvntms bmoca! scrtm jcelctmdun enamn dmjomtme sumtu ocefm ' gokcb ubur%
93
Ppcbtruj memayzcr
Ppcbtruj memayzcr ocriuelsn uetub jcelubur sneyma fme jcandmt ocetub lcagjomel! scrtm jcelctmdun acvca sumtu lcagjomel% Pcnrnel fcelme bcjmkume tcbegagln! spcbtruj memayzcr bnen mfm ymel ocrsnimt `gjpm`t fme acond bc`n a
Xgwcr jctcr
Xgwcr jctcr ocriuelsn uetub jcelubur ocsmreym fmym $pgwcr. gutput sumtu pcrmelbmt% Xgwcr jctcr scamau fnacelbmpn fcelme pgwcr scesgr% Onmsmeym mamt nen fnluembme uetub jcelubur acvca gutput fmrn jgfcj mtmu GFS! mtmu pcrmelbmt* pcrmelbmt amneeym%
Xgwcr jctcr
Xgwcr scesgr
99
Ont Crrgr _mtc Vcst
OC_*tcst ocriuelsn scomlmn lcecrmtgr fmtm% Pcamne ntu! OC_ tcst kulm fnluembme uetub jceldntuel kujamd ont crrgr ymel fndmsnabme fmrn sumtu pcrmelbmt% Pcpcrtn spcbtruj memayzcr! bnen OC_*tcst kulm mfm ymel ocrocetub `gjpm`t puam%
Pcamne nestrujce ubur ymel fnscoutbme fnmtms! mfm puam snjuamtgr fme lcecrmtgr ymel scrnel fnluembme fmamj pceluburme! jnsmaeym; *
ircquce`y `guetcr ; uetub jceldntuel ocrmpm ircbucesn gutput ymel
fndmsnabme fmrn sumtu pcrmelbmt *
snlema lcecrmtgr $Pnl*Lce. ; fnluembme uetub jceldmsnabme sumtu sneyma
NI mtmu _I *
Egnsc lcecrmtgr ; uetub jceldmsnabme egnsc pmfm smmt pcrdntuelme agss
mtmu CoEg! scdnellm jnrnp fcelme smmt sneyma fnpme`mrbme bc smtcant% *
Vrmesamtgr ; fnluembme uetub jcesnjuamsn smtcant! fnjmem mamt nen
jceldmsnabme AG fme jcetrmesamsn sneyma scpcrtn trmespgefcr smtcant%
9<
XC_CE@MEMME PSMVS PNPVCJ BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV
Pumtu smtcant jcjnanbn omefwnftd! pgwcr fme wmbtu mbscs ymel pmfm fmsmreym
jcjnanbn
bctcromtmsme
tcrtcetu%
Bmrcem
ntuamd
pmrm
pceycfnm!
pceycacellmrm jmupue pcelluem scamau ocrusmdm sconsm juelbne jcenelbmtbme cinsncesn fmamj snsbgjsmt% Setub ntu fnluembme ocromlmn jm`mj jctgfc luem jcelcinsncesnbme pcelluemme smtcant bgjuenbmsn% Fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm fum jctgfc mbscs ymel pmanel scrnel fnluembme! ymntu IFJM fme VFJM% Xmfm omo nen! smym mbme jcekcamsbme jcelcemn jctgfc mbscs ymel scrnel fnluembme fmamj snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant %
M%
Jctgfc Xcjocrnme Magbmsn Ircbucesn
Mfm fum jctgfc pcjocrnme magbmsn ircbucesn!ymntu ;
XMJ M $Xcrjme cet M ssnle jcet jcet J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css.
Magbmsn ircbucesn fnocrnbme bcpmfm pcjmbmn sc`mrm pcrjmece! omnb ntu fnpmbmn mtmu tnfmb% Dma nen dmeym cicbtni uetub pcjmbmnme smrmem bgjuenbmsn ymel amau anetmseym pmfmt mtmu dgtanec scrvn`cs
FM J M $F cjmef Mssnle Mssnle jcet jcet J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css.
Magbmsn ircbucesn mbme fnocrnbme bcpmfm pcjmbmn smmt fnpcraubme! scdnellm fnscfnmbme smtu pgga ircbucesn ymel fmpmt fnluembme ocrsmjm*smjm% Onam mfm pcjmbmn ymel nelne jcambubme bgjuenbmsn! jmbm pmfm smmt ntu fnm mbme fnocrnbme magbmsn ircbucesn% Knbm sufmd scacsmn! fnbcjomanbme bc fmamj pgga scdnellm onsm fnpmbmn gacd ymel amne% Fn snen magbmsn ircbucesn tnfmb pcrau fnscfnmbme scomeymb kujamd pcjmbmn! scdnellm pcjmbmnme ircbucesn jcekmfn acond cinsnce
O%
Jctgfc Mbscs
Fmamj pcelluemmeeym! snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant omeymb jcelluembme jctgfc mbscs IFJM $Ircquce`y Fnvnsnge Juatnpac M``css. fme VFJM $Vnjc Fnvnsnge Juatnpac M``css.%
94
m% I FJ M $I rcquce`y rcquce`y Fnvnsnge Fnvnsnge J ua tnpa c M``cs M``css.
Xrnesnp fmsmr snstcj IFJM! ymntu tnmp stmsnue oujn fnocrn omefwnftd tcrtcetu scdnellm tgtma fmrn scaurud pcelluemme omefwnftd fmpmt jcjceudn omefwnftdeym pmfm trmespgefcr smtcant ymel fnluembme% ont rmtc _`
njc ? wmstcf smtcantc `mpm`nty
= ircquce`y
0
A
= m`tnvc ? eg trmin`
0 m`tnvc
A m`tnvc
Bcburmelme fmrn systcj nen mfmamd jufmd tcrkmfn lmellume mtmu fnstgrsn netcrjgfuamsn bmrcem tcrfmpmteym ircbucesn ocfm jmsub fmamj pcelumt% Pcfmelbme bcuetuelme utmjmeym mfmamd nevcstmsn pcrtmjmeym ymel jurmd! rcmontneym $bcmefmameeym. `ubup omnb! pcjcandmrmmeym ymel jufmd%snstcj IFJM jcjpueymn cinsncesn ymel omnb uetub tcrjnema ymel ocr trmiin` rcefmd% Vctmpn pmfm systcj nen ! jcjnabn brntcrnm ymel dmrus fnkmamebme fcelme omnb metmrm amne ymntu ; *
Bgjuenbmsn pgnet tg pgnet metmrm amne uetub dgt anec
*
Bcpmfmtme bgjuenbmsn smelmt rnelme $=*? `dmeeca.%
*
Jmemkcjce jmetmp fme fnsnpane pmrm pcelluem fmpmt fnpcrtmelluel kmwmobme%
Fmamj pcelluemme snstcj IFJM nen! mfm fum jctgfc pcelluemme bmema ircbucesn! ymntu ;
9>
Jctgfc P@X@ $Pnelac @dmeeca Xcr `mrrncr.
Pmtu `mrrncr ircbucesn $lcagjomel pcjomwm. jcjgfuamsn fme jcjomwm smtu bmema fmtm
NEVC_IM@C
JGFCJ
_I
_I
JGFCJ
PMVCANV
SENV
SENV
PMVCANV
NEVC_IM@C
J@X@ $Juatn @dmeeca Xcr @mrrncr.
Pmtu `mrrncr ircbucesn $lcagjomel pcjomwm. jcjgfuamsn ococrmpm bmema sumrm mtmu fmtm
JSAVN
JGFCJ
_I
_I
JGFCJ
JSAVN
XACTC_
PMVCANV
SENV
SENV
PMVCANV
XACTC_
o% VF J M $Vn jc Fn vnsnge vnsnge J ua tnpa c M``c M``css.
Pnstcj VFJM jcjpcrluembme smtu lcagjomel pcjomwm uetub amymen sckujamd stmsnue oujn% Lcagjomel `mrrncr fnfmamj spcbtruj smtcant fnpcrluembme jceurut pcjomlnme wmbtu gacd tnmp*tnmp stmsnue oujn% Ptmsnue oujn dmeym fmpmt jcelnrnjbme sneyma ymel ocrupm ourst pmfm wmbtu ymel fnocrnbme uetubeym% Kmfn pmfm wmbtu fme bcscjpmtme ymel tcpmt mtmu pmfm smmt lnanrmeeym stmsnue oujn fmpmt jcambubme trmesjnt%
<8
A
ont rmtc _
`
0 ? =
njc
wmstcf smtcaantc `mpm`nty
VFJM irmjc furmtnge
ircquce`y
=
m`tnvc ?
eg trmin`
0
m`tnvc
A
m`tnvc
Bcuetuelme systcj nen mfmamd fmpmt jcelluembme pgwcr gutput fmrn trmespgefcr sc`mrm pceud tmepm tmbut mbme tnjouaeym frmw netcrjgfuamsn! dma nen fnscomobme dmeym jcelluembme smtu sneyma `mrrncr smkm! scamne ntu systcj VFJM acond iacbsnoca fmamj pceycfnmme juatnpac m``css tcrdmfmp smtcant bmrcem pcruomdme pgsnsn bmema pmfm omsc*omef tnfmb jceycomobme pcruomdme tcrdmfmp mamt*mamt pcjme`mr fme pcecrnjm scpcrtn ymel tcrkmfn pmfm IFJM% Pcfmelbme bcburmelme snstcj nen mfmamd nevcstmsn mwma ymel jmdma%! scrtm snebrgensmsn ourst ymel jmdma uetub scjum stmsnue fmamj systcj VFJM%
<=
Pcamne fum snstcj jctgfc mbscs ymel fnscoutbme fn mtms! mfmpuam kcens jctgfc mbscs amne! ymntu ;
@FJ M $@gfc $@gfc Fnvnsge Fnvnsge J ua tnpa c M``c M``css.
Fmamj systcj @FJM nen scjum stmsnue jcjme`mr pmfm ircbucesn fme wmbtu ymel smjm% Bcnstnjcwmme systcj nen mfmamd! systcj nen fnrme`mel scfcjnbnme rupm scdnellm jmsnel*jmsnel stmsnue jcetrmesjntbme sneyma neigrjmsneym fcelme jcelluembme bgfceym scefnrn*scefnrn fme dmeym tcrjnema ymel jcjpueymn bgfc smjm ymel fmpmt jcecrnjmeym% Bcuetuelme systcj nen mfmamd tnfmb juelbne tcrkmfn netcrircesn% Pcfmelbme bcburmelmeeym mfmamd onmym ymel smelmt jmdma uetub systcj nen dmeym fnluembme pmfm systcj bdusus jnsmaeym fmamj bcpcraume jnantcr ymel jcjcraubme bcrmdmsnmme fme bcmjmeme%
Se sagttcf agttcf MA GD M
Nen mfmamd sumtu jctgfm ymel acond tcpmt onam fnbmtmbme rcoutme fmrn pmrm pcellnanrme bmrcem pmfm jctgfc nen sctnmp tcrjnema mbme jcjme`mrbme sneyma neigrjmsn sctnmp bman tcrjnema tcrscout jcjcraubmeeym tmepm pcrau tmdu mpmbmd bmema neigrjmsn tcrscout bgsgel mtmu tnfmb% Bcacjmdme snstcj nen jufmd tcrkmfn tmormbme metmr neigrjmsn ymel smtu fcelme ymel amneeym onam fnluembme pmfm trmiin` ymel tnelln! cinsncesn pcelluemme bmema dmeym =<*=4 # sctnmp bman pcelluemme%
Pagttcf agttcf MA GD M
Nen mfmamd sumtu jctgfm ymel ogacd fnbmtmbme jctgfc pcromnbme fmrn jctgfm uesagttcf MAGDM fnmtms% Xmfm jctgfm nen bcjuelbneme tmormbme metmr sneyma neigrjmsn ymel smtu fcelme ymel anmeeym fmpmt fnbutrmeln fcelme `mrm onam mfm tcrjnema ymel scfmel jcjme`mrbme neigrjmsn dmeym ogacd scamau fntcjpmtbme pmfm wmaa sagt! ocrmrtn rcspge tnjceym tn jceym acond ocsmr fnomefnelbme jctgfc uesagttcf MAGDM% Cinsncesn pcelluemme bmema emnb smjpmn 0< # fmamj sctnmp bman pcelluemme%
@%
Xcrdntuelme Aneb Ouflct
Aneb ouflct mfmamd pcrdntuelme fmrn ruln*ruln trmesjnsn $trmesjnssnge agsscs. fme egnsc% Xcrdntuelme nen fnluembme uetub jcecetubme pmrmjctcr* pmrmjctcr supmym jcefmpmtbme bumantms aneb fmrn smtu Cmrtd Ptmtnge bc Cmrtd Ptmtnge amne vnm smtcant ymel ocoms crrgr% Xmfm pcjomdmsme nen! smym tnfmb jcjomdms sc`mrm jcefctmna jcelcemn aneb ouflct! bmrcem dma nen jcjcraubme pcjomdmsme bdusus% Pmym dmeym mbme jcekcamsbme mpm smkm pmrmjctcr ymel fnpcrdntuelbme fmamj aneb ouflct%
Xmrmjctcr Aneb ouflct mfmamd soo ; =%
CN_X $Ciic`tnvc Nsgtrgpn` _mfnmtcf Xgwcr. fme PIF $Pmturmtcf Iaux Fcesnty. fmrn trmespgefcr%
?%
Enamn L'V $Lmne Gvcr Vcjpcrmturc. smtcant $scesntnvntms trmespgefcr.
0%
Omefwnftd fmrn trmespgefcr%
6%
Gutput Om`b Gii fmrn trmespgefcr
3%
Neput Om`b Gii fmrn trmespgefcr
9%
Amtntufc fme agelntufc agelntufc fmrn upaneb fme fgweaneb fgweaneb stmsnue oujn
<%
Neigrjmtnge rmtc ' fmtm rmtc $bops.%
4%
Vnpc Jgfuamsn $OXPB! ]XPB! 4*XPB.
>%
Vnpc igrwmrf crrgr `grrc`tnge rmtc $='? ! 0'6! <'4 .
=8%
Ircbucesn Spaneb mef Fgweaneb
==%
Fnmjctcr Metcem ymel fnluembme
=?%
Cinsncesn upaneb fme fgweaneb metcem
=0%
Jnenjuj fnlntma fnlntma snlema strceltd $CO'Eg. $CO'Eg. scsumn fcelme Ont Crrgr _mtc $OC_. ymel fnnelnebme
<0
Lmellume fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant
Fmamj bgjuenbmsn smtcant! mfm ocromlmn jm`mj lmellume trmesjnsn! ymel ocrupm netcricrcesn netcri crcesn $lmellume ymel ocrmsma fmrn snstcj mtmu mamt ymel fnluembme. fme njpmnrjcet $lmellume ymel ocrmsma fmrn mamj.% m%
N etcr etcr icrces icrcesn n
Netcricrcesn bmrcem njoms pgnetnel Vcrkmfn bmrcem mfmeym ircbucesn fmrn stmsnue oujn amne% Bmrcem sctnmp
`mrrncr fmrn stmsnue oujn ocrocfm CN_X*eym jmbm mbme tcrkmfn njoms*jcelnjoms metmrm tnmp `mrrncr% Bmrcem ntu smelmtamd pcetnel jcambubme trm`bnel metcem uetub jcjpcrgacd mrmd metcem ymel tcpmt% Onam pcelmrmdme mtmu pgnetnel bntm tnfmb tcpmt! jmbm oubme dmeym trmesjnt bntm smkm ymel tnfmb jmbsnjma tctmpn kulm mbme jcellmellu sneyma stmsnue amneeym fme trmesjnt fmrn stmsnue amne kulm mbme jcellmellu sneyma bntm%
Netcricrcesn fmrn smtcant amne $MPN. Vcrkmfn mpmonam sumtu stmsnue oujn jcjme`mrbme sumtu `mrrncr ymel
jcjnanbn pgwcr tcramau ocsmr! scdnellm mbme jceycomobme `mrrncr mbme jmsub bc smtcant amne% Netcricrcesn nen fnscout MPN $Mssnljcet Pmtcantc Netcricrce`c.% Setub jcelmtmsn dma nen! jmbm fnambubmeamd pmttcrenel fme pcelmturme acvca ymel fnscsumnbme%
<6
Netcricrcesn bmrcem netcrjgfuamtnge Lmellume nen jue`ua pmfm smmt sumtu stmsnue oujn jcelnrnjbme ococrmpm
`mrrncr% Fmamj pcelgpcrmsnmeeym omeymb stmsnue oujn ymel jcel*SpAneb ococrmpm `mrrncr ymel fn bgjonemsnbme fme fnmpanbmsnbme fcelme scoumd PPXM% Bmrcemeym! mbme tnjoua sumtu ircbucesn membme ymel fnscout ircbucesn spgrnus% Ocsmreym spgrnus nen jnenjma dmrus ocrmfm fnomwmd ?4 fO`! mlmr tnfmb jcellmelu trmespgefcr ymel ocrsmelbutme% Setub jcelmtmsneym! jmbm PPXM fnocrnbme om`b*gii scocsmr 9 fO
o%
Njpmnrjcet
_mne imfc Mfmamd rcfmjme lcagjomel lcagjomel ymel fnscomobme gacd dukme%
Dukme fmpmt jcenjouabme mosgrsn! fnirmbsn! fme rcirmbsn tcrdmfmp `mrrncr scdnellm cinsncesn fme jutu pcjme`mrme metcem jceurue bmrcemeym% Dma nen fbmrcembme jyamrf pmfm GJV tcrlcemel gacd mnr dukme tmfn% Pcamne ntu! onam rciacbtgr metcem burmel fnauomeln jmbm mnr dukme mbme jcellcemeln rc iacbtgr metceem% Netcricrcesn bmrcem rmne imfc nen tnfmb fmpmt fn`clmd! bmrcem snimteym tcrlmetuel pmfm mamj%
Pue gutmlc tcrkmfn smmt pgsnsn smtcant fme jmtmdmrn ocrmfm fmamj smtu lmrns aurus!
scdnellm jcemnbbme egnsc tdcrjma AEM'O'@! scdnellm smtcant tnfmb fmpmt fnluembme smjm scbman scamjm tcrkmfneym sue gutmlc% Bcjuelbneme tcrkmfneym sue
<3
gutmlc dmeym fum bman fmamj sctmdue ymntu ouame Jmrct fme Pcptcjocr tcrlmetuel fnjmem actmb stmsnue oujneym% Dma nen dmeym tcrkmfn ococrmpm jcent smkm%
P`netnaamtnge P`netnaamtnge tcrkmfn bmrcem mfmeym pcruomdme bgjpgsnsn fn mtjgsinr ymel
jceycomobme emnb turueeym acvca pmfm sneyma% Mbme tctmpn lmellume nen smelmt kmrmel tcrkmfn%
Xcrlcscrme gront smtcant Fmamj pcrcfmrmeeym jcelcananeln oujn
?6 kmj sctnmp dmrn fnmelbmsm! smtcant nen mbme jcelmamjn omeymb lmellume mamjn scpcrtn jnsmaeym lmym tmrnb jcemrnb ocefm amelnt! rgtmsn oujn pmfm pgrgseym wmamupue bc`na tctmpn tcrfmpmt fcvnmsneym!bcjufnme smtcant ntu scefnrn jcjpueymn jcamjomt%Emjue
bc`cefruelme fcelme
mfmeym
uetub systcj
pcekmlmme stmsnue $stmsnue bccpnel. jmbm smtcant fmpmt fnbgetrga fmrn oujn% Xcrlcrmbbme smtcant fnomtmsn pmfm sumtu grontma ogx scbntmr 8!83 mtmu pcmb tg pcmb 8!=8 ousur fcrmkmt smkm%
<9
Bcuetuelme fme bcrulnme fmamj pcelluemme bgjuenbmsn smtcant
Fmamj pcjmeimmtmeeym! snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant omeymb jcjometu fmamj bcdnfupme scdmrn*dmrn% Emjue! fnsmjpnel ntu mfm puam bcrulnme fmrn snstcj nen
M%
BCSEVSELME BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV
=%
Kmelbmume `mbupmeeym ymel aums omnb emsngema! r clngema jmupue lagoma%
?%
Xcjomelueme neirmstrubtureym rcamtni `cpmt fme jurmd uetub fmcrmd fmcrmd ymel aums! fnomefnel tcrcstcrnma%
0%
Bgjuenbmsn fmpmt fnambubme omnb tntnb bc tntnb jmupue fmrn smtu tntnb bc omeymb tntnb sc`mrm orgmf`mstnel! juatn`mstnel
6%
Bc`cpmtme ont mbscs tnelln fme omefwnftd acomr% YPMV onsm fnpmsmel fnjmem smkm scamjm jmsub fmamj kmelbmume smtcant!
3%
Dmefma fme onsm fnluembme uetub bgecbsn vgn`c! vnfcg fme fmtm! fcelme jceycfnmbme omefwnftd ymel acomr
9%
Knbm bc netcrect kmrnelme mbscs amelsuel bc NPX rgutcr fcelme bcmefmameeym jcefcbmtn =88#
<%
Pmelmt omnb uetub fmcrmd ymel bcpmfmtme pcefufubeym kmrmel fme ocauj jcjpueymn neirmstubtur tcacbgjuenbmsn%
4%
@cpmt fme Jufmd Nestmamsn scamjm tnfmb tnfmb mfm pceldmamel bc mrmd smtcant $gostm`bac.
>%
Jcjpueymn
bcjmjpume
tcbegagln
neigrjmsn
tcromru
fme
ocrsnimt
uplrmfmoac% =8% Pmelmt omnb uetub mpanbmsn orgmf`mst fme juatn`mst ==% Bcjufmdme uetub fnjgentgr fme fnbgetrga =?% Vnelbmt Pc`urnty Vnelln =0% Pmelmt bgjpmtnoca fcelme XPVE $Kmrnelme Bmoca. fme Kmrnelme \nrcacss =6% Pmelmt cbgegjns uetub eclmrm bcpuamume fme jcjnanbn fmrmtme ymel aums%
<<
O%
BC_SLNME BGJSENBMPN PMVCANV
=% Setub jcacwmtbme sneyma V@X'NX! ocsmreym tdrguldput mbme tcromtmsn bmrcem fcamy prgpmlmsn smtcant lcgstmsngecr% Bnen ocromlmn tcbenb prgtgbga aneb sufmd fnbcjomelbme scdnellm fmpmt jcelmtmsn prgoacj tcrscout% Fnmetmrmeym pcelluemme Igrwmrf Crrgr @grrc`tnge ymel jcekmjne bc`naeym bcjuelbneme pcelnrnjme uamel% ?% \mbtu ymel fnoutudbme fmrn smtu tntnb fn mtms oujn bc tntnb amneeym jcamaun smtcant mfmamd scbntmr <88 jnansc`gef! scjcetmrm fmamj bgjuenbmsn tcrcstnma dmeym outud wmbtu scbntmr 68 jnansc`gef% Dma nen fnscomobme gacd kmrmb ymel dmrus fntcjpud gacd fmtm ymntu fmrn oujn bc smtcant fme bcjoman bc oujn% Pmtcant lcgstmsngecr scefnrn ocrbctnellnme scbntmr 09%888 bnagjctcr fn mtms pcrjubmme oujn% 0% _mpud tcrdmfmp `urmd dukme ymel tnelln; Pcjmbne tnelln ircbucesn sneyma ymel fnpmbmn jmbm mbme scjmbne tnelln rcfmjme bmrcem `urmd dukme% Pmmt nen omef ircbucesn ymel omeymb fnpmbmn uetub mpanbmsn orgmf`mstnel mfmamd P*omef! @* Omef fme Bu*Omef% Setub fmcrmd scpcrtn Nefgecsnm fcelme `urmd dukme ymel tnelln pcelluemme Bu*omef mbme smelmt jcelurmeln mvmnamonanty aneb smtcant ymel fndmrmpbme% Pcfmelbme uetub fmcrmd fmcrmd suo trgpns fcelme `urmd dukme ymel rcefmd pcelluemme Bu*Omef mbme smelmt omnb% Xcjnandme ircbucesn nen mbme ocrpcelmrud tcrdmfmp uburme tcrjnema ymel mbme fnpmbmn gacd jmsnel* jmsnel pcamellme% 6% Pue Gutmlc ymel jceycomobme snstcj bgjuenbmsn smtcant tnfmb ocriuelsn 3% Dmrlm scwm trmespgefcr ymel rcamtni jmdma 9% Fcamy prgpmlmsn ymel `ubup tnelln ½?38 js
<4
MEVCEM PVMPNSE OSJN V_MEPXG_VMOAC
Vcbegagln
YPMV
smelmt
omeymb
fnluembme
fmamj
nefustrn
tcacbgjuenbmsn% Setub ococrmpm bcpcraume! fnrme`melamd sumtu stmsnue oujn ymel ocrsnimt fmpmt ocrpnefmd*pnefmd agbmsn% Ptmsnue oujn trmespgrtmoac nen onmsmeym fnluembme pmfm bcefmrmme*bcefmrmme tcrtcetu scpcrtn jgona fme bmpma amut% Onmsmeym! fcsmne metcem ymel fnluembme bdusus fme ocrsnimt `gjpm`t! fcelme pcjmsmelme fme pcjogelbmrme pcjogelbmrme ymel acond jufmd% Ocrnbut jm`mj*jm`mj metcem pmfm stmsnue oujn trmespgrtmoac ymel scrnel fnluembme;
M%
Metcem Iay*mwmy
Metcem iay*mwmy dmjpnr jnrnp scpcrtn metcem inxcf onmsm! dmeym smkm strubtur bgestrubsneym fnoumt scfcjnbnme rupm scdnellm acond jufmd fnpmsmel fme fnogelbmr% Metcem kcens nen onmsmeym ocruburme bc`na! scbntmr ½ =!? jctcr% Metcem kcens nen onmsm fnluembme uetub bcpcraume jnantcr mtmupue stmsnue tcacvnsn%
<>
O%
Metcem PEL
Metcem nen fnfcsmne bdusus mlmr smmt fnsnjpme tnfmb jcjmbme omeymb tcjpmt! pcjmsmelme fme pcelmturmeeym pue kulm smelmt jufmd% Kcens metcem nen omeymb fnluembme gacd stmsnue tcacvnsn%
Ocetub bgestrubsn metcem PEL
@mrm jcelmtur mznjutd Xmfm metcem PEL
@mrm jcelmtur cacvmsn Xmfm metcem PEL
48
@%
Metcem @JGY
@nrn bdusus @JGY mfmamd metcem smtcant ymel scamau tcrlmouel amelsuel fmamj bcefmrmme% Ocrocfm fcelme PEL fme iay*mwmy! metcem kcens nen onmsmeym sufmd amelsuel tcrpmsmel%
Onmsmeym fnluembme fnluembme gacd stmsnue tcacvnsn! pgansn!
jnantcr! fme stmsnue rmfng% Metcem nen mfm fum kcens! ymntu ymel jcelluembme jmeuma mfkusjcet fme jgtgrnzc mfkustjcet% Emjue bcomeymbme ymel fnkujpmn mfmamd tnpc jgtgrnzc mfkusjcet! bmrcem tnfmb suant fme acond jufmd pcelmturmeeym% Pcamne ntu! mfm puam ymel jcelluembme metcem ymel ocrsnimt mutg trm`bnel! mrtneym metcem tcrscout fmpmt jce`mrn fme jcelmrmdbme fnrneym bc smtcant ymel fntuku sc`mrm gtgjmtns%
@JGY jmeuma jmeuma mf ustjcet ustjcet
@JGY jmeuma jmeuma mf ustjcet ustjcet
4=
F%
Metcem G_ONV
Kcens metcem bdusus nen omeymb fnluembme pmfm bmpma amut% Metcem nen tcrlgagel fmamj kcens fuma giisct lrclgrnme%% lrclgrnme%% Metcem nen kulm fnacelbmpn fcelme intur mutg* trm`bnel % Pcamne ntu! metcem nen kulm tcrbgecbsn fcelme LXP% Bdusus uetub Xcelmturme cacvmsn metcem kcens nen! metcem nen jcelluembme fuma mxns $T*^.
Ocetub strubtur bgestrubsn metcem G_ONV
Metcem G_ONV ymel tcamd fnpmsmeln rmfgjc pcanefuel 4?
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